Waste Ceramic Tiles

Chapter No.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world, valued for its
strength, durability, and versatility. It is a composite material composed of coarse and fine
aggregates bonded together with a cementitious binder, typically Portland cement, mixed
with water. The properties of concrete can be tailored to suit a wide range of applications,
making it suitable for everything from buildings and bridges to roads and dams.
One of the key characteristics of concrete is its compressive strength, which is its ability to
withstand loads that tend to crush it. This makes concrete an ideal material for supporting
structures that must bear heavy loads, such as foundations and columns. Concrete's
compressive strength is largely determined by the ratio of cement to aggregate and the water-
cement ratio. A lower water-cement ratio generally results in higher compressive strength,
but it can also lead to reduced workability, making it more difficult to place and compact
the concrete.
In addition to compressive strength, concrete also possesses other important properties that
make it an attractive construction material. These include durability, which refers to its
ability to resist deterioration over time due to environmental factors such as moisture,
chemicals, and temperature fluctuations. Proper mix design and curing practices can
enhance concrete's durability, ensuring that it remains structurally sound for many years.
Another key property of concrete is its ability to be molded into virtually any shape or size,
allowing for the creation of complex structures with relative ease. This versatility, combined
with its strength and durability, has made concrete the material of choice for a wide range
of construction projects, from small residential buildings to large-scale infrastructure
projects.
Despite its many advantages, concrete does have some limitations. One of the main
challenges associated with concrete is its relatively high carbon footprint. The production
of cement, which is a key ingredient in concrete, is energy-intensive and produces a
significant amount of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. Efforts are underway to develop
more sustainable alternatives to traditional cement, such as using supplementary
cementitious materials like fly ash and slag, or exploring new binders altogether. Concrete
is a versatile and durable construction material that has played a crucial role in the
development of modern infrastructure. Its strength, durability, and ability to be molded into
various shapes make it an ideal choice for a wide range of construction applications.
However, its high carbon footprint is a concern, and efforts are ongoing to develop more
sustainable alternatives.
1.2 Importance of sustainable practices in construction
Sustainable practices in construction are becoming increasingly important as the world faces
environmental challenges such as climate change, resource depletion, and pollution.
Sustainable construction aims to minimize the environmental impact of buildings and
infrastructure throughout their lifecycle, from design and construction to operation and
demolition. This approach is essential for ensuring that future generations can meet their
own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.
One of the key aspects of sustainable construction is reducing energy consumption.

Buildings account for a significant portion of global energy use and greenhouse gas
emissions. By incorporating energy-efficient design principles and using sustainable
materials, buildings can reduce their energy consumption and environmental impact. This
can be achieved through strategies such as using passive solar design, installing energy-
efficient HVAC systems, and incorporating renewable energy sources like solar panels and
wind turbines.
Another important aspect of sustainable construction is reducing water usage. Water scarcity
is a growing concern in many parts of the world, and buildings can play a role in conserving
this precious resource. Sustainable construction practices include using water-efficient
fixtures and fittings, capturing and reusing rainwater, and implementing landscaping
techniques that minimize water use. These practices not only reduce water consumption but
also help to protect water quality by reducing runoff and pollution.
Sustainable construction also focuses on using environmentally friendly materials.

Traditional building materials such as concrete and steel have a high environmental impact
due to their production processes and carbon footprint. Sustainable alternatives include
using recycled materials, such as reclaimed wood or recycled concrete aggregates, and using
renewable materials, such as bamboo or straw bales. These materials have a lower
environmental impact and can help reduce the overall carbon footprint of a building.
In addition to reducing energy consumption, water usage, and using sustainable materials,
sustainable construction also emphasizes the importance of considering the social and
economic impacts of construction projects. This includes creating healthy and comfortable
indoor environments for occupants, providing access to natural light and ventilation, and
supporting local communities by using local labor and materials.
The construction industry is one of the largest producers of waste globally, with significant
environmental implications. In this context, the management and disposal of construction
and demolition waste, including waste ceramic tiles, have become pressing issues. Ceramic
tiles are widely used in construction for their durability, aesthetic appeal, and resistance to
wear and tear. However, the production and disposal of ceramic tiles contribute to
environmental degradation and resource depletion.
Waste ceramic tiles are generated from various sources, including demolition sites,
renovation projects, and manufacturing processes. These tiles often end up in landfills,
where they contribute to the accumulation of non-biodegradable waste. This not only
occupies valuable landfill space but also poses environmental risks due to leachate and
greenhouse gas emissions.
To address these challenges, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative uses for
waste ceramic tiles, particularly in the construction sector. One promising approach is the
partial replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete with waste ceramic tiles. This not only
helps to reduce the environmental impact of waste ceramic tiles but also offers potential
benefits in terms of improved concrete properties.
The use of waste ceramic tiles as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete has
been studied extensively in recent years. Research has shown that incorporating waste
ceramic tiles into concrete can improve its compressive strength, flexural strength, and
durability. Additionally, using waste ceramic tiles in concrete can help to reduce the
consumption of natural aggregates, thus conserving natural resources and reducing the
carbon footprint of concrete production.
In our project, we aim to investigate the feasibility of using waste ceramic tiles as a partial
replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete. We will conduct a series of experiments to
evaluate the mechanical properties, durability, and sustainability of concrete mixes
containing varying percentages of waste ceramic tiles. By doing so, we hope to contribute
to the body of knowledge on sustainable construction practices and provide insights that can
inform the development of more environmentally friendly construction materials.
Overall, sustainable construction is essential for reducing the environmental impact of the
built environment and promoting a more sustainable future. By incorporating sustainable
practices into construction projects, we can reduce energy consumption, conserve water,
reduce waste, and create healthier and more environmentally friendly buildings and
infrastructure.
1.3 Problem Statements
The construction industry is a significant contributor to environmental degradation,

primarily through the generation of construction and demolition waste. Among these wastes,
ceramic tiles pose a particular challenge due to their non-biodegradable nature and the
volume in which they are produced. The disposal of waste ceramic tiles in landfills not only
consumes valuable space but also contributes to environmental pollution and greenhouse
gas emissions.
In light of these challenges, there is a need to explore sustainable solutions for managing
waste ceramic tiles. One such solution is the incorporation of waste ceramic tiles into
concrete as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate. This approach has the potential to
reduce the environmental impact of waste ceramic tiles while improving the properties of
concrete.
However, despite the potential benefits, there is limited research on the use of waste ceramic
tiles in concrete, especially regarding their effects on the mechanical properties, durability,
and sustainability of concrete. There is a lack of comprehensive studies that investigate the
optimal percentage of waste ceramic tiles as a replacement for coarse aggregate and the
implications of this replacement on the overall performance of concrete.
Therefore, the problem addressed in this study is the lack of comprehensive understanding
regarding the use of waste ceramic tiles as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in
concrete. This includes the optimal percentage of replacement, the effects on mechanical
properties such as compressive strength and flexural strength, and the long-term durability
and sustainability of concrete containing waste ceramic tiles. Addressing this gap in
knowledge is essential for promoting sustainable construction practices and reducing the
environmental impact of the construction industry.
1.4 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of using waste ceramic
tiles as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete. The scope of the study
includes the following aspects:
 Selection of Materials: The study will involve the selection of appropriate waste
ceramic tiles and other materials, such as cement, fine aggregate, and water, for the
concrete mixes. The characteristics and properties of these materials will be carefully
considered to ensure compatibility and optimal performance.
 Mix Design: Different concrete mixes will be designed, varying the percentage of
waste ceramic tiles as a replacement for coarse aggregate. The mix designs will be
based on established standards and guidelines, taking into account factors such as
strength requirements, workability, and durability.
 Experimental Testing: The study will involve the casting, curing, and testing of
concrete specimens to evaluate their mechanical properties. Tests such as
compressive strength, flexural strength, and durability tests will be conducted
according to relevant standards.
 Analysis of Results: The test results will be analyzed to assess the effects of the
waste ceramic tiles on the mechanical properties of concrete. The optimal percentage
of replacement that achieves the desired properties will be determined.
 Sustainability Assessment: The study will also include an assessment of the

sustainability aspects of using waste ceramic tiles in concrete. This will involve
evaluating the environmental impact, resource conservation, and economic viability
of the proposed approach.
 Limitations: The study will acknowledge any limitations, such as the availability of
materials, laboratory constraints, and the scale of the study, which may impact the
generalizability of the findings.
 Recommendations: Based on the findings of the study, recommendations will be

provided for the practical application of using waste ceramic tiles in concrete. This
may include guidelines for mix design, construction practices, and potential areas
for further research.
It is important to note that while this study aims to provide valuable insights into the use of
waste ceramic tiles in concrete, it may not cover all possible scenarios or applications. The
findings of this study should be interpreted within the context of the specific experimental
conditions and materials used.
Chapter No. 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of Literature
Subedi, B., Wagle, D. K., & Basnet, K. (2020). Utilization of Crushed Ceramic Tile
Wastes as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Production
The study highlights the potential of utilizing crushed ceramic tile waste as a sustainable
aggregate in concrete production, offering solutions for waste management and reducing
the reliance on natural aggregates. Incorporating 15 to 25 percent of ceramic tile aggregate
was found to enhance concrete quality. This approach not only improves the mechanical
properties of concrete but also contributes to environmental conservation by reducing the
environmental impact of natural aggregate extraction. The research also suggests that using
waste ceramic tile aggregate is economically feasible, offering cost savings in concrete
production. These findings underscore the multiple benefits of incorporating waste ceramic
tiles in concrete, including improved concrete quality, environmental sustainability, and
economic efficiency. This study provides valuable insights into sustainable construction
practices and highlights the potential of waste ceramic tiles as a valuable resource in
concrete production. Further research in this area could explore optimal mix designs and
the long-term durability of concrete containing waste ceramic tiles, contributing to the
advancement of sustainable construction practices.
G Saravana Kumar in 2016
In a study, the partial replacement of sand by ceramic waste in concrete was investigated.
Different percentages of ceramic waste (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) were used to
replace sand in M25 grade concrete, and compressive and tensile strength were evaluated
at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. The results indicated that ceramic waste can indeed be used
as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. However, it was observed that as
the percentage of ceramic waste increased, there was a reduction in the strength of the
concrete. The tensile strength results showed consistency in achieving the required range
for replacements of 10% and 20% at 14 days, while the compressive strength results for
replacements of 10% and 20% also demonstrated consistent performance. Based on these
findings, it was concluded that the replacement of river sand with 30% ceramic waste in
M25 grade concrete could provide the required strength and could be considered as the
optimum percentage. This study contributes to the growing body of research on sustainable
construction practices by demonstrating the feasibility of using ceramic waste in concrete
production, albeit within certain limits to maintain the desired strength properties. Further
research could explore the effects of ceramic waste on other properties of concrete, such as
Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology Page | 7

durability and workability, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of its potential

applications in concrete production.
Swathi DP in 2020
In this study, the partial replacement of sand with ceramic waste in concrete was
investigated. Various percentages of ceramic waste (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) were used
to replace fine aggregate in M20 grade concrete, and the compressive and tensile strength
were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days of curing. The results showed that an increase in the
percentage of ceramic waste as a replacement for sand led to an increase in compressive
strength up to 30%, beyond which there was a gradual decrease in strength. For the 28-day
curing period, the tensile strength of concrete increased with the addition of ceramic waste:
concrete with 10% ceramic showed a 41.4% increase, 20% ceramic showed a 61.42%
increase, and 30% ceramic showed a 51.42% increase. Based on these findings, it was
concluded that ceramic waste can be effectively used in M20 grade concrete as a
replacement for fine aggregate up to 30%. This study adds to the existing body of
knowledge on sustainable construction practices by demonstrating the potential of ceramic
waste as a viable alternative to natural aggregates in concrete production. Further research
could explore the effects of ceramic waste on other properties of concrete, such as durability
and workability, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of its applications in
concrete production.
Murlidharan T in 2018
In this study, the partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete using ceramic waste was
investigated. Different percentages of ceramic waste (15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) were used
to replace fine aggregate in M25 grade concrete, and the compressive and tensile strength
were determined at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. The results indicated that ceramic waste
can indeed be used as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. However, it was
observed that as the percentage of ceramic waste increased, there was a reduction in the
strength of the concrete. The tensile strength results showed consistency in achieving the
required range for replacements of 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% at 14 days, while the
compressive strength results for replacements of 15% and 20% also demonstrated
consistent performance. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the replacement of
river sand with 30% ceramic waste in M25 grade concrete could provide the required
strength and could be considered as the optimum percentage. This study contributes to the
growing body of research on sustainable construction practices by demonstrating the

feasibility of using ceramic waste in concrete production, albeit within certain limits to
maintain the desired strength properties. Further research could explore the effects of
ceramic waste on other properties of concrete, such as durability and workability, to provide
a more comprehensive understanding of its potential applications in concrete production.
Mostafa Samadi in 2014
In a study conducted by, the effects of ceramic powder on mortar by using ceramic waste
as a cement replacement were investigated. Different percentages of finer ceramic waste
(10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) were used to replace cement in mortar, and the compressive
strength was determined at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. The results indicated that the use
of finer ceramic powder at 20% replacement of cement produced the highest compressive
strength at all ages of testing. This suggests that ceramic waste, in the form of fine powder,
can act as a pozzolanic material, enhancing the performance of mortar. The study highlights
the potential of using ceramic waste as a sustainable alternative to traditional cement in
mortar production, which could help reduce landfill and environmental problems associated
with ceramic waste disposal. Further research could explore the optimal percentage of
ceramic waste replacement for cement and its effects on other properties of mortar, such as
durability and workability, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of its potential
applications in construction.
Reusing ceramic wastes in concrete by F. Pacheco-Torgal , S. Jalali ( 7 November 2009)
This paper examines the feasibility of using ceramic wastes in concrete. Results show that
concrete with 20% cement replacement although it has a minor strength loss possess
increase durability performance. Results also show that concrete mixtures with ceramic
aggregates perform better than the control concrete mixtures concerning compressive
strength, capillary water absorption, oxygen permeability and chloride diffusion thus
leading to more durable concrete structures. Water cement ratio 0.5 was taken.
Reusing ceramic wastes in concrete by F. Pacheco-Torgal a, S. Jalali b (7 November

2009)
The ceramic industry is known to generate large amounts of calcined-clay wastes each year.
So far a huge part is used in landfills. Reusing these wastes in concrete could be a win–win
situation. For one hand by solving the ceramic industry waste problem and at the same time
leading to a more sustainable concrete industry by reducing the use of non renewable
resources like cement and aggregates and avoiding environmental problems related to land
filled wastes. This paper examines the feasibility of using ceramic wastes in concrete.
Results show that concrete with 20% cement replacement although it has a minor strength
loss possess increase durability performance. Results also show that concrete mixtures with
ceramic aggregates perform better than the control concrete mixtures concerning
compressive strength, capillary water absorption, oxygen permeability and chloride
diffusion thus leading to more durable concrete structures.
Properties of recycled ceramic aggregate concretes: Water resistance by C. Medina , M.I.

Sánchez de Rojas , M. Frías (17 April 2013)
Water permeability is a durability indicator, for it quantifies concrete resistance to

penetration by external agents, due to that water is one of the main carriers of aggressive
substances. The present study explores whether substituting 20% and 25% recycled
sanitary ware for gravel in coarse aggregate affects structural recycled concrete resistance
to water. The findings reveal that the slightly higher porosity in the recycled concrete does
not translate into greater permeability. These new recycled concretes, which prove to be as
durable as the conventional material, will therefore perform well throughout their design
service life.
Properties of recycled ceramic aggregate concretes: Water resistance C. Medina , M.I.

Sánchez de Rojas , M. Frías ( 17 April 2013) Water permeability is a durability indicator,
for it quantifies concrete resistance to penetration by external agents, due to that water is
one of the main carriers of aggressive substances. The present study explores whether
substituting 20% and 25% recycled sanitary ware for gravel in coarse aggregate affects
structural recycled concrete resistance to water. The findings reveal that the slightly higher
porosity in the recycled concrete does not translate into greater permeability. These new
recycled concretes, which prove to be as durable as the conventional material, will therefore
perform well throughout their design service life. Abrupt temperature change (freeze-thaw
cycles) is one of the most damaging actions affecting concrete, in as much as it induces
microcracking. The formation of this crack reduces the mechanical behaviour of the
material, moreover increase the penetration of aggressive substances into the concrete
matrix, reducing its durability and possibly leading to structural collapse. The present study
explored the durability of concrete made with aggregate containing 20-25% ceramic
sanitary ware industry waste, analysing the scaled surface, exploring aggregate/paste de-
bonding and measuring the mean and maximum crack widths in both the paste and at the
interfacial transition zone between paste-aggregate after 56 freeze thaw cycles. The
findings showed that concrete freeze-thaw resistance rose with rising recycled aggregate
content. This better performance was due to the high mechanical quality of recycled
concrete and the intrinsic properties of the new aggregate.
Leaching in concretes containing recycled ceramic aggregate from the sanitary ware
industry by César Medina , Moisés Frías , María Isabel Sánchez de Rojas (5 November
2013)
The re-use of construction and demolition, ceramic and similar waste in the construction
industry has aroused considerable interest in recent years, as an avenue for furthering the
sustainable use of resources and reducing the volume of waste dumped in landfills.
Recycling materials as components in the manufacture of cement-based products, however,
calls for an understanding of the leachability of the elements present in the new materials
that may be harmful to human health or the respective ecosystems. The present study
addresses the effect of including recycled ceramic sanitary ware waste as a partial substitute
(25%) for natural coarse aggregate in the manufacture of recycled concrete in direct contact
with water intended for human consumption. The findings show that the inclusion of
ceramic aggregate raises the alkali concentration (Na and K) slightly and lowers the
concentration of other elements (B, Si, Cl and Mg) in the water. The levels of all the leached
elements were observed to be lower than the limits specified in the legislation in effect on
water for human consumption.
Properties of high performance concrete made with recycled fine ceramic and coarse
mixed aggregates by Gonzalez Corominas, M. Etxeberria (3 July 2014)
In this study thewaste material has been obtained from building demolition and also from
the ceramic industry (knownfor the production of large amounts of rejected ceramic
wastes). High performance concretes (HPC) wasproduced using fine ceramic aggregates
(FCA) in substitution of 15% and 30% of natural sand, and using 20%, 50% and 100% of
coarse mixed aggregates (CMA) on substitution of natural coarse aggregates. The physical,
mechanical and durability properties of the recycled aggregate concretes were determined
and compared to those of the results of conventional concrete. The results showed that
concrete produced with up to 30% of FCA achieved similar or improved mechanical and
durability properties to those of conventional concrete. Concrete made with up to 20% of
CMA achieved similar compressive strength to High Performance conventional Concrete
of 100 MPa. At 180 days of curing the concretes produced with up to 50% CMA obtained
low corrosion risk.
Utilization of crushed floor and wall tile wastes as aggregate in concrete production by
Hakan Elçi (1 July 2015)

Industrial wastes are often used as aggregate in concrete production to lower their
production cost. Large quantities of tiles are discarded during the tile production in the
ceramic factories due to substandard and low quality production. The tile waste can reach
up to 7% of the total tile production in the ceramic tile sector. At present, the tile wastes
are not used for any purposes in Turkey, they are continuously stored at waste dumps.
Studies are carried out to determine the possibility of using the tile waste as aggregates in
concrete production to decrease the production cost and also to minimise the environmental
impact of tile wastes. Properties of tile made concretes are compared with the properties of
the concrete made using the limestone aggregates
Durability of recycled concrete made with recycled ceramic sanitary ware aggregate.
Inter-indicator relationships by C. Medina , M.I. Sánchez de Rojas , C. Thomas , J.A.
Polanco , M. Frías ( 22 December 2015)
Direct and indirect durability indices can be used to ensure that such concrete is able to
withstand the actions to which it will be exposed throughout its service life to design safety,
functionality and aesthetics and with no unexpected maintenance costs. In the present
study, 20% and 25% of the natural coarse aggregate in concrete was replaced with recycled
aggregate from the sanitary ware industry to explore the effect on chloride penetration and
electrical resistivity, as well as the relationship among the durability indicators that predict
concrete performance during its service life. The findings showed that chloride penetration
was slightly deeper in recycled concretes, while no alterations were observed in the
relationship among durability indicators. Electrical resistivity, in turn, was observed to rise
with the use of recycled aggregate due to the intrinsic characteristics of this material. The
new concretes proved to be as durable as the conventional material, performing
satisfactorily throughout their service life.
2.2 Literature Gap
The literature review you provided offers a comprehensive overview of the research
conducted on the utilization of waste ceramic tiles in concrete production. Based on the
studies reviewed, it is evident that there is a growing interest in incorporating waste ceramic
materials as partial replacements for natural aggregates in concrete. These studies highlight
the potential benefits of using waste ceramic tiles, including improved mechanical
properties of concrete, environmental sustainability through waste reduction, and cost
savings in concrete production.
However, a literature gap exists regarding the specific use of waste ceramic tiles at
percentages of 18%, 20%, 22%, 23%, and 25% in M30 grade concrete. While several
studies have explored the use of waste ceramic materials in concrete, none of them have
specifically investigated these replacement percentages in the context of M30 grade
concrete. This gap indicates a need for further research to evaluate the effects of these
specific replacement percentages on the properties of M30 grade concrete, including its
mechanical strength, durability, and other relevant characteristics.
By addressing this gap in the literature, your project aims to contribute valuable insights
into the feasibility and effectiveness of using waste ceramic tiles as partial replacements
for coarse aggregate in M30 grade concrete. This research could provide practical guidance
for the construction industry on optimizing the use of waste ceramic materials in concrete
production, thereby promoting sustainable construction practices and reducing the
environmental impact of construction activities.

Chapter No. 3
AIM AND OBJECTIVE

3. AIM AND OBJECTIVE
3.1 Aim
The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility and impact of partially replacing coarse
aggregate in M30 grade concrete with waste ceramic tiles.
3.2 Objective
 Assess the feasibility of utilizing ceramic waste in concrete production by examining

its impact on concrete quality, particularly in terms of compressive strength.
 Conduct material testing on cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate to analyze
their physical and mechanical properties
 Determine the effect of various replacement percentages (18%, 20%, 22%, 23%, and
25%) of waste ceramic tiles on the compressive strength of concrete cubes through
experimental testing.
 Perform comparative analysis between the compressive strength results of concrete

cubes containing waste ceramic tile replacements and those of conventional concrete
cubes.
 Identify the optimum replacement percentage that maximizes compressive strength

while utilizing waste ceramic tiles, considering both material characteristics and
concrete performance.
 Investigate any potential correlations between the material properties of cement, fine
aggregate, and coarse aggregate, and the compressive strength of concrete, providing
insights into the underlying mechanisms of strength enhancement or degradation.
 Propose recommendations for optimizing mix designs based on the material

properties of waste ceramic tiles and traditional concrete components, aiming to
enhance the sustainability and durability of concrete structures.

Chapter No. 4
MATERIAL AND METHODS

4. MATERIAL AND METHODS
4.1 Material used

4.1.1 Cement
Cement is a binding agent in concrete that plays a critical role in holding the components of
the mix together. In normal concrete, cement is mixed with water and aggregates (both
coarse and fine) to form a paste that hardens over time, creating a strong and durable
material. The type of cement used, such as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) or Portland
Pozzolana Cement (PPC), can impact the properties of the concrete, including its strength
and durability.
In the case of partial replacement of coarse aggregate in M30 concrete with waste ceramic
tiles, cement remains a crucial component. The cement paste binds the remaining coarse
aggregate, fine aggregate, and waste ceramic tiles together, forming a solid matrix that gives
the concrete its strength. Proper proportioning of cement is essential to ensure that the
concrete mix has the desired properties.
When using waste ceramic tiles as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate, it is important
to consider the impact on the cement paste. The properties of the tiles, such as their size,
shape, and surface texture, can affect the bonding between the tiles and the cement paste.
Careful selection and preparation of the tiles are necessary to ensure that they contribute
effectively to the strength and durability of the concrete.
In summary, cement is a crucial component of concrete mixes, whether in normal concrete

or in concrete with partial replacement of coarse aggregate with waste ceramic tiles. Proper
selection and proportioning of cement are essential for achieving a high-quality concrete
mix with the desired properties.
Fig. 4.1: Cement

Despite its widespread use, cement production is a resource-intensive process that
contributes to carbon dioxide emissions, a major greenhouse gas. Efforts are underway to

develop more sustainable alternatives, such as using alternative binders or incorporating

recycled materials in cement production, to reduce its environmental impact.
4.1.1.1 Chemical composition of cement
Table 4.1: Chemical Composition of Cement
Ingredients Percentage
Lime 60-65 %
Silica 17-25 %
Alumina 3-8 %
Magnesia 1-3 %
Iron oxide 0.5-6 %
Calcium sulfate 0.1-0.5 %
Sulfur trioxide 1-3 %
Alkaline 0-1 %
(Source - www.civilengineeringrealities.com)
4.1.1.2 Testing on Cement

Testing of cement is a critical aspect in the construction industry to ensure the material's
adherence to quality standards. Various parameters are examined to assess the suitability
and performance of cement in concrete construction. These tests are conducted in
accordance with the Indian Standard (IS) Code, primarily IS 4031, to guarantee compliance
with established norms. The following are key tests conducted on cement, each serving a
specific purpose in evaluating its properties.
1. Fineness Test (IS: 4031 (Part 1) - 1996):
The fineness test on cement is conducted to determine the particle size of cement. It is
important because the fineness of cement affects hydration rate and thus the strength of
concrete. The test is conducted by sieving cement through a standard sieve and measuring
the percentage of cement retained on the sieve.
2. Initial Setting Time Test (IS 4031 Part 5 - 1988):
The Initial Setting Time of cement, according to IS Code (IS 4031 Part 5), is the duration
from the addition of water to the point when the cement paste begins to lose its plasticity
and resist penetration. This test is essential in construction scheduling, helping determine
the time available for transportation, handling, and placement of concrete.

3. Final Setting Time Test (IS 4031 Part 5 - 1988):
The Final Setting Time test, following the IS Code (IS 4031 Part 5) guidelines, is the
duration from the addition of water to the point when the cement paste attains sufficient
rigidity to resist certain pressures. This property is crucial to ensure that the concrete has set
adequately before finishing operations commence.
4. Normal Consistency Test (IS 4031 Part 4 - 1988):

The Normal Consistency test, in adherence to the IS Code (IS 4031 Part 4), is performed to
determine the water content required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency.
This test aids in understanding the cement's behavior under various conditions and ensures
uniformity in its performance.
5. Color Test (IS 4031 Part 2 - 1999):

The Color test, as specified by the IS Code (IS 4031 Part 2), involves visually inspecting
the color of the cement. While color may not directly impact the structural properties, it can
be indicative of certain impurities or variations in raw materials. This test contributes to the
overall assessment of cement quality.
OPC 43 Grade of Cement (confirming IS-269) is used for casting of Normal Concrete
samples and Waste Ceramic Tiles Concrete samples
4.1.2 Coarse Aggregates

Coarse aggregate, typically consisting of gravel or crushed stone, is a key component in
concrete mixes, providing strength and durability to the finished product. In normal
concrete, coarse aggregate is used alongside fine aggregate to form the bulk of the concrete
matrix, with the cement paste binding the aggregates together.
tiles, the role of coarse aggregate remains vital. The characteristics of the coarse aggregate,
such as size, shape, and texture, influence the strength and workability of the concrete mix.
Properly graded coarse aggregate helps to create a dense and durable concrete structure.
When incorporating waste ceramic tiles as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate, it is
essential to consider the properties of both the tiles and the remaining coarse aggregate. The
tiles should be crushed to a suitable size and shape to ensure they effectively bond with the
cement paste and contribute to the overall strength of the concrete.
The use of waste ceramic tiles as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate offers several

potential benefits, including reducing the environmental impact of construction by diverting

waste from landfills. However, it is important to carefully assess the properties of the waste
tiles and their compatibility with the remaining coarse aggregate to ensure that the concrete
mix meets the desired performance requirements.
Coarse aggregate plays a crucial role in determining the strength and durability of concrete
mixes, whether in normal concrete or in concrete with partial replacement of coarse
aggregate with waste ceramic tiles. Proper selection and management of coarse aggregate
are essential for achieving a high-quality concrete structure.
Some common types of aggregates used in concrete include:

1. Crushed stone: This is the most commonly used aggregate in pervious concrete.
Crushed stone is durable, available in a range of sizes, and provides good structural
support.
2. Gravel: Gravel is another commonly used aggregate for pervious concrete. It is less
durable than crushed stone but provides better water permeability due to its larger
void spaces.
3. Expanded shale or clay: These lightweight aggregates are used to reduce the
weight of pervious concrete and can be effective in reducing cracking and improving
permeability.
4. Porous ceramic aggregates: These aggregates are made from fired clay and have a
porous structure that enhances the permeability of the pervious concrete.
Fig. 4.2: Coarse Aggregate

When selecting aggregates for concrete, it is important to consider factors such as the
aggregate size, shape, and surface texture, as well as the gradation of the aggregate mix.
Proper selection and proportioning of the aggregates can help to ensure that the pervious
concrete performs optimally in terms of strength, permeability, and durability.
4.1.2.1 Qualities of Coarse Aggregates.
Following are the most important qualities of an Aggregate.
1. It should be chemically inert, i.e., they should not react with cement or any other
aggregate or admixture.
2. It should possess sufficient hardness to resist scratching and abrasion in the hardened
state.
3. It should possess sufficient toughness to bear impact and vibratory loads.
4. It should be strong enough to bear compressive and normal tensile loads in the ordinary
mixture.
5. It should be free from impurities, inorganic or organic in nature, which will affect
adversely on its quality.
6. It should be capable of producing an easily workable plastic mixture on combining

with cement and water.
4.1.2.2 Aggregate Tests:
1. Specific Gravity
The aggregate specific gravity is a dimensionless value used to determine the volume of
aggregate in concrete mixes. The determination of specific gravity was done according to
respectively. The specific gravity of natural and recycled aggregate was found to be 2.65
and 2.42.
2. Water Absorption
Water absorption of aggregate is the weight of water present in aggregate pores expressed
as percentage of aggregate dry weight. IS: 2386 (part 3)-1997 was used to determine coarse
aggregate absorption. The aggregate absorption was found to be 0.5% for natural aggregate
and 4.31 % for recycled aggregate.
3. Moisture Content:
Moisture content of aggregate is the amount of water present in the aggregate. It is
determined by drying a sample of aggregate to constant weight in an oven at a specified

temperature. The moisture content of natural and recycled aggregate was found to be 0.5%
and 1.2% respectively.
4. Sieve Analysis:
Sieve analysis is a method used to determine the particle size distribution of aggregates. It
is performed by passing a sample of aggregate through a series of sieves with progressively
smaller openings and weighing the amount retained on each sieve.
5. Impact Value:
This test is done to determine the aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates as per IS:
2386 (Part IV) — 1963. The impact value of natural and recycled aggregate was found to
be 20.19% and 35.961% respectively.
6. Abrasion Value:
This test is done to determine the aggregate abrasion value of coarse aggregate as per IS:
2386 (part IV) -1997. The aggregate abrasion value for natural and recycled aggregate was
found to be 22% and 44.2% respectively.
20 mm to 40mm Coarse aggregate was used in this project for both Normal and
Waste Ceramic Tiles Concrete. Coarse aggregate sieve analysis was determined
according to ASTM C 136.
4.1.3 Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregate, also known as sand, is an essential component of concrete and is typically
composed of particles smaller than 4.75 millimeters in diameter. It plays a crucial role in the
strength and workability of concrete mixtures.
Fine aggregate is a fundamental component in concrete mixes, contributing to its

workability, strength, and durability. In normal concrete, sand fills the voids between coarse
aggregates, enhancing the workability of the mix by reducing the space for water to occupy,
which in turn helps in achieving a dense and strong concrete structure.
tiles, the role of fine aggregate remains crucial. The properties of the fine aggregate, such
as particle size, shape, and grading, influence the workability and strength of the concrete.
Properly graded sand ensures good bonding with the cement paste, contributing to the
overall strength of the concrete.

When incorporating waste ceramic tiles as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate, the
properties of the fine aggregate become even more important. The fine aggregate must be
carefully selected and graded to accommodate the changes in the concrete mix caused by
the inclusion of the tiles. The use of high-quality fine aggregate helps in maintaining the
desired workability and strength of the concrete.
It is also important to consider the environmental impact of using waste ceramic tiles in
concrete. By incorporating waste materials into the concrete mix, the project can contribute
to sustainable construction practices by reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills.
Fine aggregate, whether in normal concrete or in concrete with partial replacement of coarse
aggregate with waste ceramic tiles, plays a critical role in determining the properties and
performance of the concrete mix. Proper selection and management of fine aggregate are
essential for achieving a durable and sustainable concrete structure.
Fig. 4.3: Fine Aggregate
The composition of fine aggregate varies, depending on the local rock sources and
conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-
tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
The second most common type of sand is calcium carbonate, for example, aragonite, which
has mostly been created, over the past half billion years, by various forms of life, like coral
and shellfish. For example, it is the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have
dominated the ecosystem for millions of years like the Caribbean.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral
particles

4.1.3.1 Testing on Fine Aggregate
1. Sieve Analysis (IS: 2386 Part I)

Sieve analysis is used to determine the particle size distribution of fine aggregate. A sample
of fine aggregate is passed through a series of sieves with progressively smaller openings,
and the percentage of material retained on each sieve is determined.
2. Specific Gravity (IS: 2386 Part III)

The specific gravity of fine aggregate is determined by using a pycnometer. The specific
gravity is the ratio of the mass of a given volume of aggregate (including the volume of
voids between the particles) to the mass of an equal volume of water at a specified
temperature.
3. Water Absorption (IS: 2386 Part III)

Water absorption of fine aggregate is determined by soaking a sample of aggregate in water
for a specified period and then determining the increase in mass. The water absorption is
expressed as a percentage of the dry mass of the aggregate.
4. Moisture Content (IS: 2386 Part II)

The moisture content of fine aggregate is determined by drying a sample of aggregate to
constant weight at a specified temperature and then calculating the percentage of moisture
content based on the difference in weight before and after drying.
Fine aggregate was used in this project conformed to IS : 2386 for both Normal
and Waste Ceramic Tiles Concrete. Coarse aggregate.
4.1.4 Water
Water is a critical component in concrete mixtures, playing several important roles in
the mixing, placing, and curing processes. In normal concrete, water is used to hydrate
the cement, which is essential for the setting and hardening of the concrete. The water-
to-cement ratio (w/c ratio) is a crucial factor that influences the strength and durability
of the concrete. A lower w/c ratio generally results in higher strength and durability,
as it promotes better hydration of the cement.
In the case of partial replacement of coarse aggregate in M30 concrete with waste
ceramic tiles, the role of water remains essential. However, the w/c ratio may need to
be adjusted to account for any changes in the properties of the concrete due to the
inclusion of the waste ceramic tiles. The water content in the concrete mix should be
carefully controlled to ensure that the concrete has the desired workability and
strength.

It is also important to consider the absorption characteristics of the waste ceramic tiles
when determining the water content in the concrete mix. The tiles may absorb some of
the water, which could affect the overall w/c ratio of the concrete. Properly curing the
concrete is essential to ensure that it develops the required strength and durability.
Curing helps to prevent the loss of moisture from the concrete, which is critical for the
hydration process.
Overall, water plays a crucial role in concrete mixtures, and its proper management is
essential for achieving the desired properties and performance of the concrete, whether
in normal concrete or in concrete with partial replacement of coarse aggregate with
waste ceramic tiles.
Water used in the experimental work is conformed to IS : 456-2000 for mixing as

well as curing of concrete specimens. Water is used for both Normal and Waste
Ceramic Tiles Concrete
4.1.4.1 Requirement of water used in concrete:-
1) Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts
of Oils, Acids, Alkalis, Salts, Sugar, Organic materials.
2) Potable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing concrete.
3) The pH value shall not be less than 6.
Fig. 4.4: Water used in Concrete
4.1.5 Waste Ceramic Tiles
Waste ceramic tiles can be used as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete
mixes, offering a sustainable solution for reusing discarded materials. When incorporated
into concrete, waste ceramic tiles can contribute to the strength and durability of the final
product while reducing the environmental impact of construction projects.

In the partial replacement of coarse aggregate in M30 concrete with waste ceramic tiles,
several factors need to be considered to ensure the effectiveness of the substitution. The tiles
should be crushed to an appropriate size and shape to match the characteristics of the coarse
aggregate, ensuring good bonding with the cement paste. Proper grading of the crushed tiles
is essential to maintain the desired workability and strength of the concrete mix.
The use of waste ceramic tiles in concrete mixes offers several potential benefits. It reduces
the demand for natural aggregates, conserving natural resources. It also helps in managing
waste by diverting ceramic tiles from landfills, contributing to sustainable construction
practices. Additionally, incorporating waste ceramic tiles into concrete can improve the
thermal and acoustic properties of the concrete, depending on the type and size of the tiles
used.
However, it is important to note that the properties of the waste ceramic tiles, such as their
chemical composition and surface characteristics, can influence the properties of the
concrete. Careful consideration and testing are necessary to ensure that the concrete mix
with waste ceramic tiles meets the required specifications for strength, durability, and
workability.
The partial replacement of coarse aggregate in M30 concrete with waste ceramic tiles offers
a sustainable solution for reducing waste and conserving natural resources in construction
projects. Proper selection, preparation, and incorporation of waste ceramic tiles are essential
to ensure the quality and performance of the concrete mix.
4.1.5.1 Properties of Waste Ceramic Tiles Powder (Bhavin k vaghadia et. al 2016)
1. Inorganic: Ceramic powder is made up of inorganic materials, which means it does

not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds like organic compounds. This gives it different
properties compared to organic materials.
2. Highly resistant to chemical and biological forces: Ceramic powder is resistant to

chemical and biological degradation, making it suitable for use in harsh
environments where other materials may deteriorate.
3. Mainly composed of silica (69.4%) and alumina (18.2%): Silica and alumina are the
primary components of ceramic powder, giving it its unique properties such as high
strength and resistance to heat.
4. High strength: Ceramic powder exhibits high strength, making it suitable for
applications where durability and toughness are required.

5. Good frictional behavior: Ceramic powder has good frictional properties, which can
be advantageous in applications where low friction is desired, such as in bearings or
brake pads.
6. Thermal expansion coefficient similar to cement: The thermal expansion coefficient

of ceramic powder is similar to that of cement, which means it can be used in
combination with cement without significant issues related to differential expansion.
7. Corrosion resistance in acids and alkalis: Ceramic powder is resistant to corrosion

from acids and alkalis, making it suitable for use in environments where these
chemicals are present.
8. Modulus of elasticity is similar to steel: The modulus of elasticity of ceramic powder

is similar to that of steel, which means it can withstand significant loads without
deforming permanently.
These properties make ceramic powder a versatile material with applications in a wide range
of industries, including construction, aerospace, and electronics.
Fig. 4.5: Waste Ceramic Tiles
In our project, Waste Ceramic Tiles is being used as a partial replacement for coarse
aggregate in concrete mixes. This means that a portion of the coarse aggregate in the
concrete mix is being replaced with Waste Ceramic Tiles. The percentage of
replacement can vary depending on the desired properties of the concrete.

4.2 METHODOLOGY
Collection of Materials
Testing of Materials
Mix Design
Mixing at Specified Proportion
Moulding
Remoulding After 24 Hours
Curing for 7 Days and 28 Days
Testing of Specimen
Result Analysis and Conclusion
Fig. 4.6: Schematic Flow of Methodology

Step 1- Collection of Materials:
This initial step involves gathering all the necessary materials to create the concrete mix and
specimens for testing. These would typically include:
Cement
Sand
Gravel
Water
Waste Ceramic Tiles
Step 2 - Mix Design:
In this phase, the researcher determines the specific quantities of each ingredient to be used
in the concrete mix. This will influence the final properties of the concrete, including its
strength. The researcher will likely experiment with different mix ratios to find the optimal
combination for incorporating waste plastic bottles while achieving the desired strength.
Step 3- Mixing at Specified Proportion:
Once the mix design is finalized, the concrete ingredients are combined according to the
predetermined proportions. This might involve using a mechanical mixer to ensure a
homogenous mixture.
Step 4 -Molding:
The prepared concrete mix is then poured into molds. These molds will determine the shape
of the concrete specimens that will be subsequently tested for strength.
Step 5 - Remolding After 24 Hours:
After 24 hours, the concrete specimens are removed from the initial molds.
Step 7 -Curing for 7 Days and 28 Days:
Curing is a vital process that allows the concrete to gain strength. During curing, the molded
concrete specimens are placed in a controlled environment with specific temperature and
humidity conditions. The flowchart specifies curing periods of 7 days and 28 days.
Step 8 - Testing of Specimens:
After the curing period, the concrete specimens undergo testing to determine their
mechanical properties, such as compressive strength and flexural strength. This data is used

to assess the effectiveness of the mix design in incorporating waste plastic bottles for
strength optimization.
Step 9 - Result Analysis & Conclusion:
Finally, the researcher analyzes the data collected from the tests performed on the concrete
specimens. This analysis helps determine the optimal mix design for using waste plastic
bottles to achieve the desired strength in fiber-reinforced concrete.
4.2.1 Collection of Raw Materials for Normal and Rice Husk Ash Concrete
Portland Pozzolona Cement (PPC): Ultratech cement collected from local market traders,
Gaddigodam, Nagpur
Fine Aggregate: Fine aggregate collected from the Kanhan Quarry
Coarse aggregate: Aggregates passing through 20mm IS sieve
Waste Ceramic Tiles: Collected from Janta Traders, Godhni, Nagpur
Water: Collected from tap water
4.2.2 Testing on Material
Cement
1. Finesse Testing
2. Normal Consistency
3. Initial setting time
4. Final setting time
Coarse Aggregate
1. Sieve Analysis
2. Specific Gravity
3. Water Absorption
4. Moisture Content
5. Crushing Test Value
6. Impact Value
Fine Aggregate
1. Sieve Analysis
2. Specific Gravity
3. Water Absorption

4. Moisture Content
4.3 Result of test conducted on various material
1) Cement
Table 4.2 Test result of Cement
Sr. no. Test Performed Result

1 Fineness Test 3.667 % (should be less than 10%)
2 Initial setting time 35 min (initial setting time should be more

than 30 min)
3 final setting time 330 min (final setting time should be less
than 600 min)
4 Consistency test 31 % range (25-35 %)
Fig. 4.7: Testing on Cement Using Vicat Apparatus
2) Coarse Aggregate
Table 4.3 Test result of Coarse Aggregate

1 Specific gravity 3.88
2 Water absorption 1.98 % (it should not exceed 3%)
3 Moisture Content 3%
4 Crushing Test Value 27.45%

5. Impact Value 16.67 %

Fig. 4.8: Abrasion Testing Machine
3) Fine Aggregate
Table 4.4 Test result of Fine Aggregate

1 Specific gravity 2.66 % (it should be around 2.65 to 2.67 )
2 Water absorption 1.33 %
3 Moisture Content 3.17%
Fig. 4.9: Specific Gravity Test By Pycnometer and Moisture Content Test of Fine
aggregate

4.4 Mix Design
Mix design is defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and
determining their relative proportions with the object of producing concrete of certain
minimum strength and durability as economically as possible. Generally we are using M30
grade of concrete for better result
Mix design of M30 grade concrete as per Indian standard codebook:
Normally we used w/c ratio falls under 0.4 to 0.6 as per IS Code 10262 for nominal mix
M30 (1:0.75:1.5)
4.4.1 Stipulations for Concrete Mix Design
a) Grade designation = M 30
b) Type of cement = PPC 53 grade confirming to IS 8112
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate = 20 mm
d) Minimum cement content =320 kg/m3
e) Maximum water-cement ratio = 0.42 (0.4 to 0.6 as per IS 456-2000)
f) Workability = 50-75 mm (slump)
g) Exposure condition = Severe (for reinforced concrete)
h) Method of concrete placing = Pumping
i) Degree of supervision = Good
j) Type of aggregate = Crushed angular aggregate
k) Maximum Cement Content = 450 kg/m3.
4.4.2 Mixing of Waste Ceramic Tiles
In our experiments, we are focusing on M30 grade concrete mixed with waste ceramic tiles
as an admixture. This research involves replacing a range of coarse aggregate with waste
ceramic tiles, specifically 18%, 20%, 22%, 23%, and 25%. The primary objective of this
study is to assess how the inclusion of waste ceramic tiles affects the performance
characteristics of the concrete. By using waste materials as substitutes for traditional
components, we aim to explore sustainable practices in concrete production, reduce
environmental impact, and promote recycling efforts. This research is crucial for advancing
sustainable construction practices and addressing environmental challenges in the
construction industry.
Water-cement ratio 0.47 was used in this research. The details of mixes are shown below in
Table 4.4

4.4.3 Mix Design Calculation for Normal PPC
Table 4.5 Mix Design Calculation
Trail Mix No.

Mix Requirement Mix Input Data
Grade M-30 Material Specific Source
Gravity
Min. Slump. 100 mm Cement 3.15 Birla A1
Exposure Type Moderate Coarse 20mm 2.88 Panchgaon

Maximum Size of 20 mm Aggregate 12mm 2.88
Aggregate
Fine Natural 2.67 Kanhan
Aggregate Sand
1.Target Mean Strength 27

(Mpa) As per MORTH 6.Cement Content(Kg/Cum) 300
Section-1700
2.Maximum W/C Ratio as per 0.45
MORTH Rev. Fourth 7.Adopted W/C Ratio 0.42
Section-1700
3.Minimum Cement 300
Content(Kg/Cum) as per 8.Water Content (Kg/Cum) 190
MORTH Rev. Fourth
Section-1700
4. Fine Aggregate(%) 40% Natural Sand 70
(Na. Sand )
5. Coarse Aggregate (%) 60% 20mm Agg.(%) 65
(20mm and 10mm) 10mm Agg.(%) 35
A) Volume of expected air [a] 0.01 Cu.m
(As specified through IS 10262)
B) Volume of the Solid Concrete = (1-a ) 0.98 Cu.m
C) Volume of Cement = (Weight of cement/Sp.Gr of 0.12518 Cu.m
Cement)/1000
D) Volume of Water = (Weight of water/Sp.Gr of 0.19716 Cu.m
water)/1000
E) Volume of Admixture = (Weight of Admixture/Sp.Gr of 0.0000 Cu.m
Admixture)/1000
F) Volume of Total aggregate = (B - (C+D+E)) 0.66766 Cu.m
G) Volume of Fine Aggregate = (F x % of Fine Aggregate) 0.38 Cu.m

Natural Sand (%) 0.1937026 Cu.m

H)Volume of Coarse Aggregate = (F - G) 0.62 Cu.m
I) Volume of 20mm Aggregate = (H x % of 20mm) 0.2698 Cu.m

J)Volume of 10mm Aggregate = (H - I) 0.1452769 Cu.m
K)Weight of Sand = (G x Sp. Gr of Sand )X1000
Weight of Natural Sand 484.256 Kgs
I) Weight of Coarse Aggregate 20mm = (I x Sp.Gr of 20mm 779.72 Kgs
Aggregate)x1000
M) Weight of Coarse Aggregate 10mm = (I x Sp.Gr of 10mm 419.85 Kgs
Aggregate)x1000
Quantity of Material Cement Water Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
per Cu.m of Concrete
(Kg) Na. 20mm 10 mm
Sand
300Kg 186Kg 689.39 722.6 Kg 48.7335
79Kg Kg
4.4.4 Proportion of Concrete used 1:1.7:2.3

The proportion of concrete used in the ratio of 1:1.7:2.3 (cement:sand:aggregate) has been
selected based on careful consideration of various factors essential for achieving the desired
concrete properties. This ratio strikes a balance between strength, workability, and
durability requirements, ensuring optimal performance of the concrete mix. It also offers
economic benefits by efficiently utilizing materials while meeting project specifications.
Moreover, the chosen proportion is compatible with available materials and construction
practices, ensuring seamless implementation on-site. Overall, this proportion of concrete
has been deemed suitable for the intended application, providing a reliable and effective
solution for the construction project.
4.5 Casting of Specimens

All the specimens were casted referring to the mix proportions mentioned in table. For
these mix proportions, required quantities were weighed. Under this project, casting of
specimens for different properties. Specimens for Compressive Strength 150x150x150
mm sized cube (18 Cubes) specimens were prepared for compressive strength and
split tensile strength. The materials required were weighed according to the mix
proportion. Cement, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, fine aggregates and coarse
aggregates were dry mixed first to have a uniform colour.
After that 50% of the total water required was added to the mix to have thorough mixing
for 3-4 minutes. Then 40% of the water was added with addition to the mix. Remaining

10% of water was sprinkled on the above mix and it was thoroughly mixed in the mixer.
The oiled samples were then filled with the mix prepared and then filled moulds were
put on the vibrating table for their proper mixing. Immediately after casting cubes, the
specimens were placed into open air for curing for 24 hours.
4.6 Curing
In the context of your project investigating the partial replacement of coarse aggregate in
M30 concrete with waste ceramic tiles, the curing process is essential to ensure that the
concrete attains the required strength, durability, and other desired properties. The curing
process for concrete containing waste ceramic tiles would follow similar principles to
standard concrete curing but with specific considerations for the effects of the tiles on
hydration and strength development.
1. Moisture Retention: Maintaining adequate moisture levels is crucial for the proper
hydration of cement and the development of concrete strength. For concrete
containing waste ceramic tiles, methods such as covering the concrete with wet
burlap or using curing compounds may be used to retain moisture.
2. Temperature Control: The curing temperature for concrete with waste ceramic tiles
should be controlled to ensure optimal hydration and strength development. It is
important to cure the concrete at the correct temperature range recommended for the
specific mix design.
3. Duration: The curing duration for concrete with waste ceramic tiles may vary
depending on factors such as ambient conditions and mix design. Following the
recommended curing period is important to allow for sufficient hydration and
strength gain.
4. Quality Control: Regular monitoring of the curing process is essential to ensure that
the specified conditions are maintained. This includes inspecting curing conditions
and concrete samples to assess hydration progress and strength development.
5. Testing and Analysis: After curing, the concrete specimens should be tested for
various properties, including compressive strength, to assess the effectiveness of
waste ceramic tiles as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate. This testing will
help evaluate the impact of the tiles on the concrete's performance.
The curing process for concrete containing waste ceramic tiles should be carefully
controlled and monitored to ensure that the concrete meets the required performance

characteristics. By optimizing the curing process, you can assess the benefits of using waste
ceramic tiles as a sustainable alternative in concrete production.
Fig. 4.10: Curing of Cubes

4.7 Testing of Specimens
After casting, specimens were tested after 7 and 28 days of curing. Under this project,
the procedure followed for testing of specimens is mentioned for evaluating various
properties like compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, young’s modulus of
elasticity and rapid chloride permeability of concrete on the basis of different curing
methods. Mechanical Properties
4.7.1 Compressive Strength

Compressive strength is a fundamental mechanical property that measures a material's
ability to withstand axial loads, such as those encountered in structural applications.
When it comes to Normal Concrete and Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with
Waste Ceramic Tiles, the compressive strength is a critical parameter that reflects the
material's overall performance and durability. In the experimental procedure, specimens
were demolded from their molds after 24 hours of casting. Subsequently, they were
submerged in a curing tank for a predefined period to ensure proper hydration and
strength development. Upon reaching the testing age, the specimens were removed from
the tank and allowed to surface dry for 10-15 minutes to eliminate excess moisture.
Compression tests were conducted using a Compression Testing Machine (CTM) at a

specified load rate of 5 kN/sec, as per the guidelines outlined in IS: 516-1959. The CTM
used in the experiments had a capacity of 5000 kN, ensuring compatibility with the
testing requirements. The failure load of the specimens was then determined, providing
valuable data on the compressive strength of the Normal Concrete and Partial
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Waste Ceramic Tiles. This meticulous testing
procedure ensures that the compressive strength values obtained are reliable and
reflective of the actual performance of Normal Concrete and Partial Replacement of

Coarse Aggregate with Waste Ceramic Tiles. The results of these tests are crucial for
evaluating the effectiveness of waste ceramic tiles as a sustainable alternative in concrete
production and for informing future construction practices.
4.7.2 Target Mean Compressive Strength
As per IS 10262:2009, the target mean compressive strength of concrete is determined

to ensure that not more than the specified proportion of test results are likely to fall
below the characteristic strength. This target mean compressive strength (fck) is
calculated using the following relation:
fck = fck' + 1.65 * s
Where:
fck is the target mean compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2,
fck' is the characteristic compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2, and
s is the standard deviation in N/mm2.
The standard deviation (s) is calculated based on the test results of concrete samples.
The total number of test results required for calculating the standard deviation should
not be less than 30. If significant changes are made in the production of concrete batches,
such as changes in materials, mix proportioning, or equipment, the standard deviation
should be separately calculated for these batches.
If sufficient test results are not available for a particular grade of concrete, an assumed
standard deviation can be used initially. However, as soon as actual test results become
available, the calculated standard deviation should be used for proper mix proportioning.
Table 1 of IS 10262:2009 provides assumed standard deviation values for different

grades of concrete, ranging from M10 to M55. These values are based on proper site
control practices, including proper storage of cement, weigh batching of materials,
controlled addition of water, and regular checking of material properties. If there are
deviations from these practices, the standard deviation values given in the table may
need to be adjusted accordingly.

Table 4.6 Assumed Standard Deviation

(Clauses 3.2.1.2, A-3 and B-3) (IS 10262:2009)
Grade of Concrete Assumed Standard Deviation (N/mm2)

M10 3.5
M15 3.5
M20 4.0
M25 4.0
M30 5.0
M35 5.0
M40 5.0
M45 5.0
M50 5.0
M55 5.0
Fig. 4.11 : Universal testing Machine (UTM)

Chapter No. 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Compression test of Concrete Cube
5.1.1 Compressive Strength of Normal Concrete Cube

Target Mean Strength for 28 Days as per IS 456-2000
fck = fck +1.65s
M 30 = 30 + 1.65 x 5
M 30 = 38.25 N/mm2
Target Mean Strength for 7 Days as per IS 456-2000
Strength at 7 days is about less than or equal to 0.67 times the Characteristic compressive
strength 28 days compressive strength
Therefore,
M 30 = 38.25 x 0.67
M 30 = 25.6275 N/mm2
Table 5.1: Compressive strength of Normal Concrete Cube
No. Compressive strength (N/mm2) Compressive strength (N/mm2)

7th Day 28th Day
Cube 1 19.55 31.20
Cube 2 19.20 Average 31.89 Average
19.46 31.55
Cube 3 19.64 31.56
5.1.2 Compressive Strength of 18% Replacement of Waste Ceramic Tiles
Table 5.2: Compressive strength of 18% Replacement of waste ceramic tiles With
coarse aggregate
No. Compressive strength (N/mm2) Compressive strength (N/mm2) 28th

7th Day Day
Cube 1 20.59 32.56
20.93 32.26
Cube 3 21.30 32.25

coarse aggregate

7th Day 28th Day
Cube 1 21.90 32.95
22.28 33.01
Cube 3 22.65 33.25
coarse aggregate

7th Day 28th Day
Cube 1 21.00 31.25
21.067 31.00
Cube 3 21.05 30.84
coarse aggregate

7th Day 28th Day
Cube 1 20.50 30.22
20.41 30.14
Cube 3 20.32 30.05

coarse aggregate

7th Day 28th Day
Cube 1 19.55 29.95
19.70 29.84
Cube 3 19.75 29.77
Compressive Strength of Cubes (7th Day)

23
22
21
20
19
18
17
Cube 1 Cube 2 Cube 3
Normal Cube 18% Replacement 20% Replacement

22% Replacement 23% Replacement 25% Replacement
Fig 5.1 Compressive Strength of Cubes (7th Day)

Compressive Strength of Cubes (28th Day)

34
33
32
31
30
29
28
Cube 1 Cube 2 Cube 3
Normal Cube 18% Replacement 20% Replacement

22% Replacement 23% Replacement 25% Replacement
Fig 5.2 Compressive Strength of Cubes (28th Day)
5.2 Discussion
The compressive strength analysis of concrete cubes with varying percentages of waste
ceramic tile replacements provides valuable insights into the potential use of ceramic waste
in concrete production. Our findings highlight the enhancement of concrete quality with the
incorporation of ceramic tile waste. Similarly demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing
ceramic waste as a partial replacement for fine aggregate, leading to improvements in
concrete strength.
In our investigation, it was observed that up to a certain replacement percentage, the

compressive strength of concrete increased, indicating the positive influence of waste
ceramic tiles on concrete properties. This trend is consistent where an increase in the
percentage of ceramic waste as a replacement for fine aggregate resulted in enhanced
compressive strength. However, beyond a certain threshold, we observed a decline in
compressive strength, suggesting a limit to the optimal replacement percentage. This
observation corresponds to consider the percentage of ceramic waste within certain limits
to maintain desired strength properties.
Moreover, our study contributes to the existing knowledge by providing specific data on the
compressive strength of concrete cubes at different replacement percentages, ranging from
18% to 25%. This detailed analysis allows for a better understanding of the relationship
between ceramic waste content and concrete strength, supporting the conclusions drawn by
previous researchers. Additionally, our findings underscore the importance of optimizing

mix designs to achieve the desired strength while incorporating waste ceramic tiles.
Overall, our study builds upon the foundation laid by previous research papers, further
validating the potential of waste ceramic tiles as a sustainable alternative in concrete
production. By synthesizing our findings with existing literature, we contribute to the
advancement of sustainable construction practices and materials development, highlighting
the need for continued research to optimize ceramic waste utilization in concrete while
ensuring durability and performance.

Chapter No. 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 Conclusion
 Up to 20% replacement of coarse aggregate with waste ceramic tiles resulted in

increased compressive strength.
 The highest strength was observed at this replacement level, indicating an optimal
percentage for achieving desired strength characteristics.
 Beyond 20% replacement, compressive strength started to decrease, suggesting

limitations to the extent of replacement.
 This study underscores the potential of waste ceramic tiles as a sustainable

alternative to conventional coarse aggregates in concrete production.
 Incorporating waste ceramic tiles into concrete mixes can effectively manage
ceramic waste disposal and reduce environmental impact.
 Further research could explore the effects of waste ceramic tile replacement on other
concrete properties such as durability, workability, and shrinkage.
 Long-term performance studies of concrete structures with waste ceramic tile

incorporation could provide valuable insights for real-world applications.
 Overall, this research contributes to the knowledge base on sustainable construction

materials and practices, highlighting the role of waste ceramic tiles in enhancing
concrete structure performance and sustainability.

6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.2 Future Scope
 Optimization of mix proportions to achieve desired strength and durability with

mosaic tile replacement. Study the effects of different percentages of mosaic tile
replacement (e.g., 10%, 20%, and 30%) on concrete properties.
 Identify optimal mix designs for various applications based on mosaic tile content.
Investigate the long-term durability of concrete containing mosaic tiles, including
resistance to environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks.
 Understand the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength,

tensile strength) of concrete with mosaic tile aggregates. Develop sustainable
construction practices and guidelines for using mosaic tiles in concrete.
 Explore the environmental impact of using mosaic tiles in concrete and assess their
sustainability. Conduct field applications and case studies of concrete structures
incorporating mosaic tiles to gather real-world performance data.
 Contribute to broader goals of sustainable and innovative construction practices

through comprehensive research and development.

REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Research Papers
[1] Hemanth kumaret al- Effect of Waste Ceramic Tiles in Partial Replacement of Coarse
and Fine Aggregate of Concrete, International Advanced Research Journal in Science,
Engineering and Technology Vol. 2, Issue 6, June 2015 ISSN (Online) 2393-8021 ISSN
(Print) 2394-1588
[2] IS 4031 - 1(1996) : Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement , part 1-6 (CED 2:
cement and concrete)
[3] IS 2386 -1 (1963) : Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, part1 : particles size and
shape (CED 2:cement and concrete)
[4] M. Veera Reddy, Investigations on Stone Dust and Ceramic Scrap as Aggregate
Replacement In Concrete, Int. J. Civil Struct. Engin., 1(3), 661-666 (2010).
[5] G. Shivaprakash, Experimental study on partial replacement of sand by ceramic waste

in concrete, Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 14(S1), 2016, 266-274 ISSN 0972-768X.
[6] Rashmi rawat, investigation of ceramic waste as supplementary cementitious material in

concrete, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume
14, Number 9, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications.
[7] Ahmed, A. E. and EI. Kourd A. A. ( 1989), ‘Properties of concrete incorporating natural
sand and crushed stone very fine sand’, American Concrete Journal, 86(4), 417-424
[8] Parminder Singh and Dr. Rakesh Kumar Singla- Utilization Of Waste Ceramic Tiles As
Coarse Aggregate In Concrete, Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and
Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 11, November – 2015.
[9] C. Karthik and S. Ramesh Kumar, “Experimental Investigation on Concrete with

Ceramic Waste as A Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate” (2016)
[10] Electricwala Fatima, AnkitaJhamb, Rakeshkumar “Ceramic dust as construction

material in rigid pavement” American journal of civil engineering and architecture,2013
vol 1, no. 5, 112-116.
[11] O zimbili, W. salim, M. Ndambuki “A review on the usages of ceramic wastes in

concrete production” International journal of civil and environment engineering, vol: 8, no.
1, 2014.

REFERENCES
[12] Bhavin k vaghadia, Prof. M. R. Bhatt “A study on effect of waste ceramic tiles in
flexible pavement” International journal of advance engineering and research development
vol: 3, issue 10, October-2016.
[13] Nataraj, M.C., Nagaraj, T.S., Reddy, A., “proportioning concretemixex with quarry
wastes” CemConct Aggregate 23(2): 81-88,2001.
[14] HanifiBinici, “Effect of crushed ceramic and basaltic pumice asfine aggregates on
concrete mortars properties” Construction andBuilding Materials 21 1191-1197, 2007.
[15] C. Medina, M.I, Sanchez, M. Frias, “Reuse of sanitary waste ascoarse aggregate in
eco- efficient concretes”, cement and concretecomposites 34, 48-54, 2012.
[16] AsokanPappu, Mohini S., Shyam R.A., “Solid waste generation inIndia and their
recycling potential in building material”, buildingand environment, 42, 2311 2320, 2007.
[17] PinchaTorkittikul, ArnonChaipanich, “Utilization of ceramicwaste as fine aggregate

within portland cement and fly ashconcretes”, cement and concrete composites 32, 440
449,2010.
[18] Gomes, M., de Brito, J. Structural concrete with incorporation ofcoarse recycled
concrete and ceramic aggregates: durabilityperformance. Materials and Structures, 42(5),
663-675, 2009.
[19] Silva,J.,deBrito, J., Veiga R. Fine ceramics replacing cement inmortars partial
replacement of cement with fine ceramics inrendering mortars. Mater Struct. 41, 1334-44,
2008.
[20] Binici, H. Effect of crushed ceramic and basaltic pumice as fineaggregates on concrete
mortars properties. Construction andBuilding Materials, 21 (6) 1191-1197, 2007.
[21] Frías, M., Rodríguez, O., Vegas, I. & Vigil, R. Properties ofCalcined Clay Waste and
its Influence on Blended CementBehavior. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 91(4),
1226-1230, 2008.
[22] A. Juan, C. Medina, M. Ignacio Guerra, J. M. Morán, P. J. Aguado, M. I. Sánchez de

Rojas M. Frías and O. Rodríguez, “ReUse of Ceramic Wastes in Construction,” In:
Wunderlich, W. (ed.) Ceramic Materials. Rijeka, Croatia: Sciyo, 2012, pp. 197211.

REFERENCES
IS Codes
1. IS: 516-1959 method of test for strength of concrete
2. IS 4031-2 (1999) for fineness test procedure
3. IS 4031-11 (1998) for specific gravity of cement
4. IS 383:1970 for sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregate.

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Chapter No.

1.2 Importance of sustainable practices in construction

One of the key aspects of sustainable construction is reducing energy consumption.

Sustainable construction also focuses on using environmentally friendly materials.

1.3 Problem Statements

The construction industry is a significant contributor to environmental degradation,

1.4 Scope of the Study

 Sustainability Assessment: The study will also include an assessment of the

 Recommendations: Based on the findings of the study, recommendations will be

2.1 Review of Literature

G Saravana Kumar in 2016

Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology Page | 7

durability and workability, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of its potential

Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology Page | 8

Mostafa Samadi in 2014

Reusing ceramic wastes in concrete by F. Pacheco-Torgal , S. Jalali ( 7 November 2009)

Reusing ceramic wastes in concrete by F. Pacheco-Torgal a, S. Jalali b (7 November

Properties of recycled ceramic aggregate concretes: Water resistance by C. Medina , M.I.

Water permeability is a durability indicator, for it quantifies concrete resistance to

Properties of recycled ceramic aggregate concretes: Water resistance C. Medina , M.I.

concrete and the intrinsic properties of the new aggregate.

Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology Page | 11

2.2 Literature Gap

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AIM AND OBJECTIVE

 Assess the feasibility of utilizing ceramic waste in concrete production by examining

 Perform comparative analysis between the compressive strength results of concrete

 Identify the optimum replacement percentage that maximizes compressive strength

 Propose recommendations for optimizing mix designs based on the material

Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology Page | 14

MATERIAL AND METHODS

4.1 Material used

In summary, cement is a crucial component of concrete mixes, whether in normal concrete

Fig. 4.1: Cement

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develop more sustainable alternatives, such as using alternative binders or incorporating

4.1.1.1 Chemical composition of cement

Table 4.1: Chemical Composition of Cement

4.1.1.2 Testing on Cement

1. Fineness Test (IS: 4031 (Part 1) - 1996):

2. Initial Setting Time Test (IS 4031 Part 5 - 1988):

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3. Final Setting Time Test (IS 4031 Part 5 - 1988):

4. Normal Consistency Test (IS 4031 Part 4 - 1988):

5. Color Test (IS 4031 Part 2 - 1999):

4.1.2 Coarse Aggregates

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potential benefits, including reducing the environmental impact of construction by diverting

Some common types of aggregates used in concrete include:

Fig. 4.2: Coarse Aggregate

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4.1.2.1 Qualities of Coarse Aggregates.

Following are the most important qualities of an Aggregate.

3. It should possess sufficient toughness to bear impact and vibratory loads.

6. It should be capable of producing an easily workable plastic mixture on combining

4.1.2.2 Aggregate Tests:

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4.1.3 Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregate is a fundamental component in concrete mixes, contributing to its

Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology Page | 20

Fig. 4.3: Fine Aggregate

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4.1.3.1 Testing on Fine Aggregate

1. Sieve Analysis (IS: 2386 Part I)