HEAT TREATMENTS, HEAT INPUTS, PRE-HEATS

CARBON CONTENTS
1. What is the effect of tempering after quenching?
a. Toughness and strength are increased.
b. Toughness and strength are reduced.
c. Toughness reduced and strength are increased.
d. Toughness increased and strength are reduced.
e. Toughness increased and hardness increased.

2. The toughness and yield strength of steel is reduced by:

a. Reducing the grain size
b. Increasing the heat input
c. Reducing the heat input
d. Both a & b

3. What is the possible effect of having the heat input too low during welding?
a. Low toughness, entrapped hydrogen and low hardness
b. High hardness, lack of fusion and entrapped hydrogen
c. Entrapped hydrogen, low toughness and high ductility
d. Lack of fusion, low toughness and a reduction in ductility

4. Increasing the carbon content of a steel will:

a. Increase the hardness and toughness
b. Decrease the hardness and toughness
c. Increase the hardness, decrease toughness
d. Decrease the hardness, increase toughness

5. Which of the following is applicable for the HAZ on a C/Mn steel weld if the heat input increases:
a. Both hardness and width is increased
b. Hardness decreases, width increases
c. Both hardness and width decreases
d. Hardness increases, width decreases

6. What is the effect of full annealing compared to normalizing?

a. A reduction in grain
b. An increase in grain size
c. An increase in toughness
d. The grain size will not be affected
e. none of the above

7. Which of the following is applicable to the heat treatment process of normalizing carbon-manganese
steel
a. It is always carried out below the lower critical limit
b. It is carried out to ensure the material has maximum tensile strength
c. It is carried out to ensure the material is of maximum ductility and malleability in preparation
for extensive cold working operations
d. It is carried out at approx. 910C for the purpose of grain refinement

8. What is the main reason for the application of pre-heat

a. To change the chemical composition of the weld and parent material
b. To control the hydrogen and prevent cracking
c. To remove residual stresses
d. Both a & b
e. All of the above

9. The heat affected zone of a carbon steel fusion weld

a. Usually has the highest tensile strength and highest toughness values
b. Usually has the lowest toughness values and cannot be avoided
c. Is usually gamma iron phase and cannot be avoided
d. Both a & c
 e. All of the above

10. The need of pre-heat for steel will increase if:

a. The material thickness reduces
b. Faster welding speeds
c. The use of larger welding electrode
d. All of the above

11. A large HAZ grain size, caused by high heat input welding of a C-Mn steel, may show …
a. low ductility
b. low toughness
c. high toughness
d. high hardness

12. The temperature range over which a steel goes from having high toughness to low toughness …
is called….
a. the critical transformation temperature
b. the ductility dip temperature
c. the bi-modal temperature
d. the transition temperature

13. Exceeding the maximum inter-pass temperature specified for a C-Mn steel weld joint, may give ….
a. excessive porosity
b. burn through
c. lower toughness
d. all of the above

14. The highest and lowest heat input positions are considered to be ….
a. PF highest; PG lowest
b. PE highest; PC lowest
c. PD highest; PB lowest
d. PB highest; PA lowest

15. The main reason for pre-heating steel prior to welding is:
a. To reduce distortion
b. To reduce residual stresses in the finished joints
c. to reduce the risk of hydrogen cracking
d. to drive out any moisture from the base materials

16. The heat affected zone HAZ of a C-Mn steel that is welded using very low heat input may show…
a. higher hardness
b. low residual stress
c. high ductility
d. low srength

17. Carbon equivalent values (CEV's) for steel are used to:
a. estimate HAZ toughness
b. asesss the risk of lamellar tearing
c. determine the preheat to be used
d. the root face is too large

18. High residual stresses in a welded steel component may …

a. reduce resistance to brittle fracture
b. affect shape/dimensional tolerances during any post weld machining
c. be as high as the yield stress of the base material
d. all of the above

19. A recrystallization heat treatment is;

a. used to improve the toughness of weld metal
b. used to restore the ductility of the base material after bending and shaping
c. another name for a post weld stress relief heat treatment
d. is used to reduce the hardness of the HAZ
20. Which of the following applies to the heat treatment process of tempering
a. It is always carried out at a temperature above upper critical limit.
b. It is carried out to increase the strength and toughness of weldments.
c. Tempering is generally carried out before quench hardening
d. None of the above

21. Welds made with high heat inputs show a reduction in one of the following properties?
a. Ductility
b. Toughness
c. Elongation
d. Penetration

22. A carbon equivalent (CE) of 0.5%:

a. Is high for carbon manganese steel and may require a preheat over 100C
b. Is generally significant for carbon for manganese steels and is certainly not to be taken into
consideration for pre-heat temperature
c. Is high for carbon manganese steels and may require a preheat temperature over 300C as to
avoid cracking
d. Is calculated from the heat input formula

23. In martensitic grain structure what you expect to increase?

a. Ductility
b. Hardness
c. Toughness
d. All of the above

24. Which of the following heat treatments on steel cools down in air from the austenite region?
a. Normalizing
b. Annealing
c. Tempering
d. Stress relieving

25. Which of the following will most likely require the preheat temperature to be increased?
a. An increase in travel speed
b. A reduction in material thickness
c. An increase in electrode diameter
d. None of the above

26. Which of the following are reasons for applying preheat?

a. The removal of residual stress
b. To aid slow cooling and reduce the carbon content
c. To reduce the chance of a brittle grain structure and to reduce the chance of hydrogen entrapment
d. Increase the ultimate tensile strength values and increase overall weldability.

27. What are the possible results of having a heat input to low?
a. An increase in hardness, lower yield strength and lack of fusion
b. A reduction in toughness, hydrogen entrapment and an increase in hardness
c. Entrapped hydrogen, an increase in hardness and lack of fusion
d. Entrapped hydrogen, a reduction in carbon content and lack of fusion

28. The possible effects of having a travel speed too fast:

a. low toughness, slag inclusions and cap undercut
b. high hardness, slag inclusions and a narrow thin weld bead
c. high hardness, excessive deposition and cold laps
d. low toughness, poor fusion and slag inclusions

29. When considering thermal cutting local hardening can be reduced by:
a. Increasing the cutting speed
b. the use of propane as a fuel gas
c. preheating the material to be cut
d. all of the above
30. Pre-heat prior to the welding of a carbon steel butt weld:
a. must always be carried out
b. is always carried out using a gas flame
c. need not be carried out if PWHT is to follow
d. none of the above

31. In steel the element with the greatest effect on hardness is:
a. chromium
b. manganese
c. carbon
d. nickel

32. Applying preheat when welding carbon manganese steel is normally done to avoid:
a. slag inclusions
b. hydrogen cracking
c. lack of sidewall fusion
d. porosity

33. Which of the following mechanical properties of a weld in carbon manganese steel is most
affected if the heat input per unit length of weld is excessively high?
a. Elongation
b. Tensile strength
c. Hardness
d. Toughness

34. For which of the following is pre-heating most likely to be required?

a. austenitic stainless steels
b. high strength allow steels
c. low and medium strength steels
d. low carbon steels

35. Pre-heating a carbon steel manual metal arc welding is carried out to minimize the risk of
a. scattered porosity
b. worm hole porosity
c. parent metal cracking
d. lack of penetration

36. Pre-heating for arc welding applies to:

a. assembly welding only
b. assembly and tack welding
c. joint over 25mm thick only
d. cruciform welds only

37. Which of the following chemical elements has the greater effect on the harden ability of a
steel plate?
a. molybdenum
b. chromium
c. titanium
d. carbon

38. Welds made with high heat inputs show a reduction in one of the following properties?
a. ductility
b. toughness
c. fatigue strength
d. mechanical strength

39. A steel described, as QT will have improved tensile properties it has?

a. had control of chemical composition
b. been heat treated
c. been quality tested
d. been vacuum melted
40. In a steel, which has improved creep properties at elevated temperature, which one of the following
elements helps in this improvement?
a. tungsten
b. manganese
c. molybdenum
d. carbon

41. Welding procedures may require welds to be deposited at a controlled rate heat input.
High heat inputs would?
a. have poor profile
b. have larger grain size
c. have high hardness in the HAZ
d. have low elongation properties
42. A large grain structure in steels is said to produce:
a. low ductility values
b. low fracture toughness values
c. high fracture toughness values
d. high tensile strength

43. The process of tempering is often carried out to regain toughness after which of the following processes:
a. annealing
b. normalizing
c. hardening
d. stress releiving

44. The important point if high temperature steel is that:

a. they can withstand creep failure
b. they may suffer re-heat cracking problems
c. they may suffer loss of toughness
d. all of the above
45. Carbon equivalent values are useful to determine:
a. weld ability aspects
b. crack sensitivity aspects
c. typical mechanical properties
d. all of the above

46. Post heat treatment:

a. must be applied to welds if a crack free weld is required
b. should never exceed 300C
c. may stress relieve
d. must always be applied using gas flames

47. Pre-heating prior to welding:

a. must always be carried out
b. need not be carried out if post heat treatment is to follow welding
c. is always carried out using gas flames
d. none of the above
e. all of the above

48. What does pre heat prior to welding have an effect on:
a. hardenability
b. weldability
c. cooling rate
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

49. Pre-heating a low alloy steel, prior to welding, is done to minimize the risk of…..
a. porosity
b. excessive distortion
c. HAZ cracking
d. lack of fusion

50. Which of the following would be considered to be high heat input welding?
a. 550 J/mm
b. 55 J/mm
c. 5.5 J/mm
d. 5.0 KJ/mm

51. What is the arc energy for the following welding process parameters?
Amps 140, Volts 21, Travel speed 250mm/min.
a. 0.7 KJ/mm
b. 0.6 KJ/mm
c. 0.01 KJ/mm
d. 0.7 J/mm

52. Which of the following flame types would you expect to be used for the cutting of mild steel?
a. carburising flame
b. oxidising flame
c. reducing flame
d. neutral flame

53. Which of the following units is used to express Heat Input?

a. joules
b. N/mm2
c. J/mm2
d. KJ/mm
54. If welding travel speed is doubled, but the current and voltage remain the same, the heat input will
a. be reduced by 50%
b. be increased by a factor of two
c. be about the same
d. be reduced by approx. 25%

55. A typical temperature used for normalizing C/Mn steels is…..

a. 600C
b. 1000C
c. 750C
d. 900C

56. A carbon manganese steel is being welded by MMA and the electrode run-out-lengths that
are being used are much shorter than specified by the WPS. This deviation may cause….
a. hydrogen cracking
b. solidification cracking
c. the HAZ toughness to be lower than specified
d. the HAZ hardness to be lower than specified

57. Which element has the greatest effect on the HAZ hardness of a C/Mn steel?
a. carbon
b. niobium
c. vanadium
d. aluminum

58. If a WPS may specifies pre-heating of a 75mm thick C-Mn steel plate with a CEV of 0.48
it will be to……
a. drive out moisture from the plate
b. increase resistance to HAZ hydrogen cracking
c. prevent the formation of carbides
d. improve the mechanical properties of the weld

59. Welds in C-Mn steels that have been made using very high heat input will show a reduction in…..
a. Tensile ductility
b. Charpy V-notch toughness
c. Fatigue strength
d. Creep resistance

60. During PWHT of a complex fabrication, it is heated to the soak temperature at a much faster
rate than specified by the procedure. This may……..
a. cause excessive oxidation
b. not allow sufficient time for stress relief to occur
c. introduce excessive compressive stresses
d. cause distortion

61. Carbon equivalent values (CEV) are used to determine how to avoid the risk of…….
a. hydrogen cracking
b. lamellar tearing
c. solidification cracking
d. weld decay

62. To calculate welding Heat Input it is necessary to know……

a. the current and voltage used
b. the current, voltage and travel speed
c. the current and weld length
d. the current, voltage and wire speed
63. Which steel has the highest Carbon Equivalent Value (CEV)
a. 0.08%C, 0.8%Mn
b. 0.16%C, 1.2%Mn
c. 0.08%C, 1.2%Mn
d. 0.05%C, rimming steel

64. The hardest part of a multi-pass welded joint, assuming no post weld heat treatment has have
taken place is:
a. the HAZ on the cap
b. the HAZ on the root
c. the root
d. the cap

65. Is it permissible to allow a multi-pass butt weld to cool down between weld passes?
a. it should be up to the welding inspector
b. no the weld must be kept hot at all times
c. it defends on the welder
d. it defends on the specification

66. Welding a steel plate with a CE of 0.45 would require pre-heating to?
a. prevent the formation of sulphides
b. prevent hardening in the HAZ
c. prevent the formation of carbides
d. to reduce the amount of current required

67. Which of the following are considerations for the selection of a pre-heat temperature:
a. Carbon equivalent, joint design, welding process type and plate material quality
b. All joints over 25mm thick, hydrogen levels, welding process, carbon equivalent
c. Arc energy, material thickness, hydrogen scale and carbon equivalent
d. All of the above are considerations for the selection of a pre-heat temperature

68. The HAZ associated with a fusion weld:

a. can not be avoided
b. usually has the highest tensile strength
c. is usually martensitic
d. both a & b
e. all of the above

69. Assuming that the welding process, material thickness, carbon equivalent and the welding
parameters to be the same, which of the following joint types would normally require
the highest pre-heat temperature
a. edge joint
b. lap joint
c. butt joint (single V)
d. tee joint (fillet)

70. Which of the following properties may be applicable to a carbon steel weld (CE 0.48) welded
without pre-heat?
a. Narrow heat affected zone and hardness value in excess of 400 HV
b. broad heat affected zone and hardness values in excess of 400 HV
c. a very tough and narrow heat affected zone
d. narrow heat affected zone and low hardness values

71. Which of the following test pieces taken from a charpy test on a C/Mn steel weld, welded
with a high heat input is most likely to have the lowest toughness
a. test piece taken from parent metal
b. test piece taken from weld metal
c. test piece taken from HAZ
d. all of the above values will be the same
72. Which is the correct heat input for the following parameters, amps 350, volts 32 and the
travel speed 310mm/min (MMA welding process)
a. 2.16 KJ/mm
b. 0.036 KJ/mm
c. 2160 KJ/mm
d. 3.6 KJ/mm

73. A multi pass MMA butt weld made on carbon steel consists of 5 passes deposited using
a 6mm diameter electrode. A 12 pass weld made on the same joint deposited using a 4mm
diameter electrode on the same material will have:
a. a lower heat input and a higher degree of grain refinement
b. a lower heat input and a coarse grain structure
c. a lower amount of distortion and a higher degree of grain refinement
d. a higher amount of distortion and a lower degree of grain refinement

74. An undesirable property of aluminum oxide residue, when welding is that it:
a. Decreases weld pool fluidity
b. Requires more heat to melt it when compared to aluminum
c. Causes the welder to travel to quickly
d. The presence of the oxide makes aluminum impossible to weld

75. Sress relief is not helpful in one of the following cases. Which one?
a. in improving resistance to stress corrosion cracking
b. in dimensional stability after machining improving
c. in lowering the peak residual stress
d. in softening the steel

76. What is the maximum hardness usually recommended for the HAZ of a medium
strength ferritic steel weld?
a. 100 DP Hv
b. 350 DP HV
c. 500 DP Hv
d. 750 DP Hv

77. You see a welder using oxy-acetylene flame with along feathered inner cone. What would be
the effect of this on carbon steel
a. the weld could be hard and brittle
b. the weld metal could be too soft
c. there will be no effect on the weld
d. the weld have undercut

78. Welding a steel plate of CE of 0.45 would require pre-heating to?

a. prevent the formation of sulphides
b. prevent hardening in the HAZ
c. prevent the formation of carbides
d. to improve mechanical properties in the weld

79. Oxy pressure and nozzle size would imfluence what in flame cutting:
a. the temperature required for cut initiation
b. the ability to cut stainless steels
c. the depth of cut obtainable
d. none of the above

80. The main uses of arc cutting/gouging processes is in:

a. the cutting of single bevel preparation
b. the removal of deposited welds
c. the cutting of single U-type preparation
81. What do you understand by the term "minimum interpass temperature"
a. minimum preheat temperature
b. minimum stress relieve temperature
c. the lowest temperature to be used when normalizing
d. the lowest temperature allowed during welding and between passes
82. Is it permissible to allow a single "V" butt weld to cool down passes?
a. It is solely the decision of the welder
b. It defends on the requirement of the procedure and specification
c. It is solely the decision of the welding inspector
d. No, all welds should be completed before dropping the temperature to ambient

83. What is the term given for the area of a welded joint just outside the weld metal that has
undergone microstructural changes?
a. HAZ
b. the weld zone
c. fusion zone
d. all of the above terms may be used
Q. No. ANSWER Q. No. ANSWER
1 D 43 C
2 B 44 D
3 B 45 D
4 C 46 C
5 B 47 D
6 B 48 D
7 A 49 C
8 B 50 D
9 B 51 A
10 B 52 B
11 B 53 A
12 D 54 A
13 C 55 D
14 A 56 C
15 C 57 A
16 A 58 B
17 C 59 B
18 D 60 D
19 B 61 A
20 B 62 B
21 B 63 B
22 A 64 A
23 B 65 D
24 A 66 B
25 A 67 C
26 C 68 A
27 C 69 C
28 B 70 A
29 C 71 C
30 D 72 A
31 C 73 A
32 B 74 B
33 D 75 B
34 D 76 B
35 C 77 A
36 B 78 B
37 D 79 C
38 B 80 B
39 B 81 D
40 C 82 B
41 B 83 A
42 B