T H E N EG R O

IN O U R H IS T O R Y

BY

Edi t o r o f
CA R T ER G
T h e J o u rn a l o f N
.

eg
W
r o H
O O D S O N , Ph D
i s t o ry , a u t h o r o f T h e
.

E
.

d uc a t io n
o f t h e N eg ro Prio r t o 1 8 61 , A Cen t u ry o f N eg ro M g ra t o n , i i
a n d o f Th e H is t o ry o f t h e N eg ro Ch u rc h

T HE A SS O C I A TE D P U B LI S H E R S , IN C .

W A S HINGTON ,
D . C .
 p i
Co yr g h t , 19 2 2
 To

M Y B R O T H ER
R OB E R T W O OD S O N
 P R E FA CE

T H IS bo ok w as writ t en fiv e y ears ag o an d wo ul d h ave

b een p u b l ish ed at t h at t im e h ad n o t t h e hi g h c o s t o f p ri n t
,

in g d u ri n g t h e Wo rl d W ar ren d e red it s m an u f ac t u re t o o
e xp en s i ve. A f ew p ag es h av e b een a dde d t o b ri n g t h e w o rk
n ear er t o t h e p res en t d a t e b u t t h e l e a d i n g f a c t s as set f o rt h
,

h erei n app ear as t hey w ere o ri gin a lly wr i tt en .

Th e pu rp o s e in w ri t i n g t his b o o k w as t o p res en t t o t he
a v erag e re ad er in succi n c t f o rm t h e hi s t o ry o f t h e U n i t ed

S t at es as it h as b een i n flu en c ed b y t he p res en c e o f t he Neg ro

in t his c o u n t ry . Th e a im h ere is t o s uppl y als o t h e n eed o f
s c h o o ls l o n g s i n c e d esi ri n g s uch a w o rk in h an dy f o rm wi t h
.

a d equ at e ref eren c es f o r t h o se s t i m ul ated t o m o re a dv an c ed

s t u dy.

In t his c o n den s ed f o rm c ertai n si t u at i o n s an d que s t i o n s

c o ul d n o t b e a d e qu at el y d iscussed an d in en d e av o ri n g t h u s
,

t o t ell t h e s t o ry t h e au t h o r m ay h av e l e f t u n s a i d wh at
o t h ers c o n si d er m o re i m p o rt an t P rac t ic al l y all ph as es o f
.

N egr o li f e an d h is t o ry h ave b een t reat ed in t h ei r v ari o u s

r am ific at i o n s h o w ev er t o d em o n s t rat e h o w t h e N eg ro h as
, ,

b een i n flu en c ed b y c o n t act w i t h t h e C au c asi an an d t o em

p h as iz e wh at t h e f o rm er h as c o n t ribu t ed t o ci v iliz at i o n .
.

Th e au t h o r is i n deb ted t o Mr D av i d A L an e Jr wh o
. .
,
.
,

kin dly ass is t ed him in readin g t h e en t i re p ro o f .

CAR TE R G WOOD SON

. .

W as hi n gt o n D 0
, . .

A p ril 1 922
, .
 CO N TE N T S

T H E NE G RO IN A FRI CA
T H E NE G RO E N S LAVE D
S LA VER Y IN I T S MILD FOR M
T H E NE G R O A N D T H E R I G H T S OF MA N
R E A CT ION
A D E C LININ G A N T IS L A VER Y M O VE M EN T
E C ONO M I C S L A VERY
T H E FREE NE G RO
B LA Z IN G T HE WAY
COLONIZAT ION
A B OLI T ION
FU R T H ER PRO T E S T
S L A VER Y AN D T H E C ON S T I T U T ION
T H E I RRE P RE SS I B LE CON FLI C T
T H E NE G RO IN T H E CIVIL W A R
T H E R E C ON S T R U CT ION
FIND IN G A W AY OF E S C APE
A C H IE VE M EN T S IN FRE E D O M
T H E NE G RO IN T H E W ORLD W A R
T H E NE G RO AN D S O C I A L JU S T I C E
A PPEN D IX
I ND EX
 LI S T O F I LLU S TR A T I O N S

F RE DERI C K D O UGL A S S Fro n t i pi

s ec e

AN A FRI C AN YOUT H
W A G IN G W AR T O S U PP LY T H E AFRI C AN S L A V E TRA DE
S LA VER Y A M O N G T H E A N C I E s
A N AFRI C AN KIN G AN D C O UN C I L
G U S T A V U S VA S A
A N A FR I C AN S L A V E M ARKE T
I N S P E C TIN G A NE G R O C A PT I V E
B RAN D IN G A N E G RO W O M AN S L A V E
TH E F AI T H FU L S L A V E
TH E D A S H F OR L I B ER T Y
A N A D V ER T I S E M EN T O F A R UNA W A Y S L A V E
G RAN VI LL E S H AR P
A t t n y fo r th e S l v i n t h e S m
or e a e t C o e rs e a se .

TH E P UNI S HM EN T O F A R UNA W A Y S L A V E
E N TER T AIN M EN T
TH E D EA T H O F C RI S P U S A TT U C K S IN T H E B OS T O N M A S S A C R E

P E T ER S ALE M A T B U NKER H I LL
L E M UE L H A Y NE S
A N S o d er
eg ro l i i n th e
A m er ican R ev o l ut i n nd l t a
o a a er

di t i
s i
n g u s h ed C o ng reg a t o n a i l p re a c h e r to W h i t p pl i n
e eo e
N ew E n g a n d l .

F A CS I M I L E O F AN H O N O RA B L E D I SC H AR G E OF A N E G R O S OL D IER
F R O M W A S H IN G T O N S A R M Y ’

P H Y LL I S W H EA T L E Y
B EN J A M IN B ANNEKER S AL M ANA C ’

TO U SS AIN T L O UV ERT URE

’

Th e L ib e ra t o r O f Ha t ii .

B EN J A M IN F RANK L IN
An A dvo c at e Of Fre e d o m .
 xii I ll u st r a t io n s

R I C H AR D ALL EN
Th e Fo u n de r Of th e A fr i ca n M et h o d i s t E pi s c o p a l C h u rch .

AN E AR LY C OTT O N G I N
A N OT H ER S OR T O F S L A V ER Y
TH O M A S J E FF ER SO N
An A nt i l
s a v er
y R e f o r m er .

TH E NE G R O C A LLS A H AL T
NA T TURNER
TH E M O T H ER AN D C H I L D
JOS IA H H EN SO N
p f Un l T m C
Pro t o t y e O c e o
’
s a b in .

A S LAVE AU CTI O N
A P L AN T A T I O N
R I LLI EU X S E V AP O RA T IN G P AN
’

TH E P UR S UI T O F A S LA V E
H ARRIE TT M AN TUB
N E W YORK A F RI C AN F REE S C H OO L N O 2 .

B il t a t y g
u c en u r a o .

F REE D O M S JO URNA L ’

A N g N w p p d it d a
e rot y e s a er e e cen u r ag o .

E M L EN I N S T I T U T E
A S d y S h l in M
ec o n C ar c oo e rc e r o u nt y , Oh i o ,
a dm itt i ng
N g i n 18 4 2
e ro e s .

E LL EN C RA FT
A F g it i di g i d h er M t
u ve s u se as a s er .

W I LL IA M ST I LL
An Ag t f the U d g d R il
en O n er ro u n a ro a d .

MY L M INER
RTI L A

A i i n yT h
m ss o f N ar ea c er O eg ro e s .

D R J M C C UNE S M I T H
. .

F REE N E G R O E S IN T H E C RI S I S
W I LL IA M W E LLS B R O W N
AL E XAN DER C RU MM E LL
HE N R Y H I G H L AN D G ARNE T T .

J W C P E NNIN G T O N
. . .

S A M UEL R W AR D .

H ARRIE TT B EE C H ER ST O WE
P AU L C U FF E
T h e fi r t a t ual C l i s c o o n z er .
 I ll u s t r a t io n s

LO TT C AR Y
JO H N B R U SS W UR M
.

R OB ER T P UR VI S
W I LLIA M W LB I EB FO R C E

M AR T IN R D E L ANE Y
.

A n A t h Ph y i i
u d L
o r, s c an, an e a der b e f o re t h e C i il
v War .

W I LL IA M L LOY D G ARRI S O N
L E W I S TAPP AN
W EN DELL P H I LL I P S
A N T I SL A V ER Y A P OS T L ES
P RU DEN C E C RAN DA LL
A M t y i n t h e pli ft of t h e
ar r u N eg r o .

LUN S F OR D L ANE
'
i
A N a t v e O f N o rt h C a ro li na , w ho l e c t u re d in the N o rt h
i
a g a n s t s a v e ry l .

L U C RET IA M OTT
C H ARL E S LEN OX R E M O N D
S OJ OURNER TRU T H
F RED ERI C K D OU GLA S S
S OU T H E R N A B OL I T I O NI S T S
G ER RI T S M I T H
W H I T E M AR T Y R S IN T H E C AU S E O F A B O L I T I O N
S ENAT OR JO H N P H A L E .

JO H N QUIN CY A DA M S
T h e Ch a m pi on Of Free S p e e c h .

JO H N C . C A L H OUN
JOS H UA R G I DD IN GS
.

F RIEN D S O F T H E F U G I T I V E S
W I LL IA M H S E W AR D.

P R O M O T ER S OF T H E U N DER G R O UN D R AI L R OA D
JO S E P H C IN QUE
C H AR L E S S U M NER
H ENR Y W AR D B EE CH EB
A Ch a m pi n f F d m o O r ee o .

B EN J A M IN F W A D E .

Th D fi
e e f th e S
er O i it ec e s s o n s s .

JO H N B R O W N
A B RA H A M L IN COL N
X iv I ll u st r a t io n s

NEG R O E S IN T H E S ERV I C E OF T H E C O N F E D RA T E S E

U S G RAN T
. .

F A C S I M I L E O F T H E O RI G INAL D RAF T O F T H E E M AN C I PA T I O N
P R O CL A M A T I O N
R OB ER T G O U L D S H A W
L d i g t h e Fi f t y f
ea th M
n h tt R g im t -
o ur a ss a c u se s e en .

C OL T W H I GG IN SO N
. . .

A C m m d of N g T p o an er e ro ro o s .

TEA C H IN G T H E F REE DM EN
S O M E F A C T OR S IN T H E R E CO N S TRU C T O N I

G ENERA L O O H O W A D . . R

JO H N M LAN GS T O N .

JO H N R L Y N C H .

A M mb f C ng e er O o re s s .

H R R E V E LS
. .

U it d St tn S t e f m M i i ippi a es en a o r ro l ss ss .

S O M E N E G R O C O N G E SS M EN R

B K B RU C E
. .

U it d St tn S t e f m M i i ippi a es en a o r ro ss ss .

JOS E P H H R AINE Y .

A M mb f C ng e er O o re s s .

J A M E S T R A P IER .

A M mb f C g e er O on re s s .

P B S P IN C H B A C K
. . .

A ti g G c f L i i
n o v e rn o r O o u s ana .

TH E N E W F REE D O M
T h fi t m ix d j e y i n t h e D i t i t of C l m bi
rs e ur s r c o u a .

R T G REENER
. .

J O S E P H C PRI C E .

K E LLY M I LL ER
B I SH O P H M TURNER . .

A f l S p k m fo r h i P pl
ea r ess o es an s eo e .

B OO KER T W A SH IN G T O N .

B D U B OI S .

( )S W AI G ARRI S O N VI LL AR D
- D

MOO R F IE L D ST O RE Y A F RIEN D O F T H E O PP RE SS E D ,

P id t f th e N t i l A
re s eni t i n fo r t h e A d
O m t a o na s so c a o va n c e en

f C l
O d P pl o o re eo e .
 I ll u s t r at io n s

A E G RO COUN TR Y S EA T
N
Th H m of S t t B
e o ed co on .

TH E R E S I D EN C E O F M D A M E C J WA L KER A . .

J U L IU S R OS EN WALD
A N D REW C ARNE G IE
JO H N D RD CK F LL AN D H I S S O N
. E E ER

R OB ER T R U SS A M OT O N
M Z LG S L A S T IN G M A C H INE
’
AT E I ER

G RAN V I LL E T WOO D S .

H O TANNER S Ch i t
. . d Ni d m
’
r s an co e us

PA UL L AU REN C E D UN B AR
A R ES U L T OF T H E M I G RA T I O N
A N g T h w i t h P pil of b t h R
e ro ea c er u s o a ces .

C OLO NE L C H AR LE S YOUN G
TH E N EW YORK F I FT EEN TH IN T H E WO R L D WAR
M A J O R JO E L E SP IN G ARN .

An m y f p j di
en e i n th e A m y
O re u ce r .

F IR S T S E PARA T B A TT A L I O N O F T H E D I S T RI C T O F C O L U M B IA
E

R i i g t h e C iX d G
ec e v n in F n rO e u e rre ra ce .

JA M E S WE LDO N JO H N SO N
S t f the N t i
ec re a r
y l A i t i fo r t h e A d
O a o na s so c a on va n c e
m t f C len Od P pl o o re eo e .

M I SS M A Y W H I T E O VIN G T O N
R

Ch i m n f t h e B
a r a d of D i O t f th e N t i o arl A re c o rs O a o na s so
i t i n fo r t h e A d n m t f C l
c a o d P pl va ce en O o o re eo e .

D R F RAN C I S J G RI M K E
. .

AP h f the N w D m
re ac er O y e e o c ra c .

A R C H IB A L D H G RI M K E .

“
A D f nd f h i P pl
e e er O s eo e .

MAP S
TH E D I S T RI B U T I O N O F T H E NE G R O P OP U L A T I O N IN 18 60
P R C EN T A G E N E G R O IN T H E P O P U L A T I O N O F T H E U NI T E D ST A T E S
E

B Y C OUN T IE S 19 10 ,
 T H E NE G R O IN O U R H IST O R Y

C H A PT E R I

T HE NE G RO IN AFRI C A

T HE wi t h whi c h t h e N eg ro t h ri ves in c en t ers O f

e as e

m o dern c i v ili z at i o n in c o n t ra d i s t i n c t i o n t o t h e d es t ruc t i v e

,

eff ec t O f t his i n flu en c e On t h e b e l at ed p eo pl e s lik e t h e

I n di ans h as evo k ed a d m i rat i o n an d c o m m en t In t h e
, .

b eg i nn i n g o f t h e t reat m ent O f t h e rOl e pl ay ed T h e cul t ure

b y t e N eg o in o u r his t o y t h en it
h r r m ay b e O
,
f N eg ro eS
,

well b ri efl y t o ex am i n e t h e si t u at i o n in A f ric a wi t h a Vi ew
t o d et ermi n i n g ex a c t l y wh at a cc o u n t s f o r t h e f a cili t y wi t h
which th e cul t u re o f t h e N eg ro e s b ro u g h t t o E u ro p e an d
A m eric a h as s o e as il y f u s ed w i t h t h e cul t u re g en erall y
.

kn o wn as t h at o f t h e wh i t e m an H as t he cul t u re o f t h e .

Negro an y t h i n g in c o m m o n w i t h t h at o f t h e w est ern n a

t i o n s o r is t h e N eg ro m erel y i m i t at i v e as is Oft en ass ert ed
, ,

b y m an y w ri t ers ? Si n ce m o s t h i s t o ri an s in t his fi el d kn o w
p rac t ic all y n o t hi n g ab o u t t h e Neg ro e s in A f ric a p ri o r t o
t h ei r en s l av em en t it w ill b e p ro fi ta bl e t o g ive t h ei r si t u a
,

t i o n in t h at l an d at l eas t a cu rs o ry e x am i n a t i o n .
‘

In c o n s i d er i n g t h e f o rc es effe c tiv e i n m aki n g t h e ci v iliz a

t i o n Of A f r ic a it is w ell t o n o t e t h a t al t h o u g h it is t h e s ec o n d
co n t i n en t i n si z e it h as such f ew i n l et s t h at i t h as t h e
,

1 x i
Fo r m o re e t en s ve t rea t m e n t s e e W Z R ey s R a c es o f E u r o p e ,
. . ipl ’

J Den ke r s R a c es o f M en , J F n o t e R a c e Pr ej u d c e , F R a t z el s Th e
. i
’ ’
. i ’
i .

His t o ry o f M a n k n d , Fra n i ’
o as s z B
T h e M n d o f Pr m t v e M am , i i ii
S pill ’
i
er s I n t e r R a c a l P r o b l e m s , C
-
B ii c h e r s I n d u s t ri a l R e v o l u t o n ,
’
. i
i
Ca s e l y B a y f o rd s E t h o p ia U n b o u n d a n d h is N a t v e I n s t t u t o ns ,
’
i i i
J a m e s ryc e s I m p res s on s o f S o u t h A fr ca , Leo Fro b en iu s s Th e
B ’
i ’
i
Vo ic e o f A fri ca , a n d G S e rg i s T h e M ed it erra n ea n R ac e
’
. .
s h o rt es t c o as t - li n e S o m e hi st o ri an s will t h eref ore
Of al l .

i n f o rm u s t h at o w i n g t o t h is l ack O f g o o d h arb o rs A f ri ca
h as n o t h ad t h ro u g h c o m m erc e s u fli c ien t c o n
Ph y i g r p hi c
s o a , ,

f at ure o f
e s ta c t wi t h t h e o u t er w o rl d t o k eep it s ci v iliz a
A m ca
t i o n ab r eas t w it h t h at o f o t h er c o n t i n en t s
"

A l t h o u g h A f ric a h as valu abl e l an d it suff ers f ro m t h e h an

,

d ic ap o f b ei n g in t h e m ai n
a hi gh el ev at ed t abl e
l an d wi t h rapi d s an d f alls
ren d eri n g d i fficul t t h e ap

p ro ach f ro m t h e o ut er
w o rl d ; an d t h e f o u r g reat
ri vers t h e Z am b ezi
,
th e ,

N i g er t h e C o n g o an d t h e
, ,

N il e are n o t suffici en t t o
,

f urn ish f a cili t i es f or

t ran s p o rt at i o n ev en in t h e
i n t eri or A f ri c a li es in
.

t h at p art O f t h e t ro pic al
wo rl d wh ere b ec aus e o f ,

it s p eculi ar l o c at i o n wit h
r ef eren c e t o t h e d i re c t i o n s

O f t h e w i n d s t h e clim at e ,

is u n u su al ly w arm an d
d ry ex c ep t in t h e reg i o n
A N A FRI C AN YO UTH
d ra i n e d b y t h e C o n g o ,

W h ere t h e abu n d an t ra i n f all p ro duc es c o n d i t i o n s v ery m uch

l ik e t h o s e in o t h er p art s o f t h e t o rr i d z o n e .

B ec au se Of t h ese p eculi ar g eo gr ap hi c c o n di t i o n s t h ere

exis t v ari o us ci v ili z at i o n s d et erm i n ed l arg el y b y t h e are a s

in w hi c h t h ey h av e d evel o p ed Fo r g en eral pu rp o s es
.

A f ric a m ay b e d i v i d ed i n t o t h ree z o n es S t ret chi n g f ro m

.

A f ri c an a li t t l e a b o v e t h e e qu at o r t o t h e s o u t h o f t h at

C i Vfl i t i n S
za c i r c l e is t h e reg i o n O f t h e h eav i es t r a i n f all
o

an d c o n s e q u en t l y t h e m o s t ab u n d an t v eg et at i o n T h ere .
 '

4 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
h a ve lived u n d er t h e eq uat o r wh ere t h e re is n o s t ru gg l e f o r
li f e h ave n o t m ade m u ch advan cem en t I n t h at sec t i o n it .

E nvi ro nment , has n o t b e en p o ss ibl e f o r n e cess i t y t o b ec o m e

“ a f ac wn th e m o t h er O f i n v en t i o n T h o s e li v i n g in t h e
.

a re as re qui ri n g cul t i v at i o n o f t h e s o il h ave m ad e m o s t p ro g

‘

ress . It h as b een n e c es sary f o r t h em t o b ri n g u n d er t hei r

c o n t ro l c e rt a i n fo r c es O f n at u re t o i n c r ea se t h e f o o d s u
'

p
p l y w hi c h n a t u r e in t h a t z o n e n i gg ar d l y y i el ds Th e dw ell
.

e rs in t h e a ri d reg i o n s are h an d i c app ed b y b ei n g r es t r i c t ed

t o m erel y o n e i n d us t ry f ro m w h i c h ret u rn s ar e O b t ai n ed
-

wi t h i n c reas i n g d i ffi cul ty Wh il e u n d er su ch c i rc u m s t anc es 1

.

t h e a chi ev em en t s o f t h e p eo pl e m ay in o n e o r t w o r es p ec t s
re a ch a hi g h s t ag e t h ey m u s t rem a i n a b a ck w ard s t o ck f o r
‘

l a ck Of p ro p er en v i ro n m en t an d o pp o rt u n i t y
’

T h i s s i t u at i o n t h ro w s m u ch li g h t o n s l av ery an d it s c o n
c o m it an t s in A f r ic a A s t h ere is n o t v ery m uch o f an
.

e ff o rt t o e arn a li v i n g in t h e reg i o n u n d er t h e e qu at o r ,

s l av ery I n t h at se c t i o n s el d o m ex t en ds b ey o n d t h at o f "

w o m en w h o ar e usu all y at t a ch ed t o m en as w i ves A ma . n

i

Sl av ery in in n eed O f l ab o r pu rc h ases a dd i t i o n al w i v es

A f ri c a "
t o suppl y t h at n ee d an d a w i f e is u s u all y
,
.

w o rt h s o m an y c o w s . A s v ery f ew sl aves are requi red an d

t h ere is O f t en a sc arci t y O f m eat s c ann ib ali sm is p rac t i c ed
, ,
.

as t h e t as t e O f hum an fl esh d o e s n o t d i ff er m a t eri all y f ro m

t h at o f o t h er an i m als In t h e c as e o f w ars t h eref o re w h en

.
, ,

c ap t i v es are t ak en t h ey can b e eas il y d i s p o s ed o f b y s al e ,

f o r t h e re as o n t h at t h ey are n o t n eed ed in t h e ec o n o my o f
t h e c o u n t ry .

In t h e z o n e f art h er n o rt h t h ere is an u rg en t n eed f o r

h
t e l a b o r Of sl a v e s A . li v i n g i s Ob t a i n e d t h e r e w i t h
mo e r d i ffi c ul t y t h a n in t h e e qu at o r i a l z o n e a n,
d t h e eff o r t

on t e h p a r t O f o n e t o shi f t a r d u o us l a b o r t o t h e s h o u l d e rs

Of a n o t h e r r es u l t s in t h e e n s l a v em e n t Of t h e w e a k t o d o t h e

w o rk O f t h e s t ro n g . I n t h e ar i d z o n e a s l av e c l a s s is n o t
co ns di e r e d i n d i s p e n s a bl e S i n ,
c e it ca n n o t ea s il y m a i n t ai n
 T h e N e g r o I II A f ric a 5

i t self t h ere an d a t t h e s am e t i m e s u pp o rt s up eri o rs A s all .

o f t h e p o p u l at i o n m u s t w o rk f ree rat her t h an s l ave l ab o r ,

is t h e rul e .

Th e p eo pl e O f A f ric a i n h abi t i n g t h ese v ari o us z o n es a re

c o mm o n ly kn o wn as t h e bl ac k race b u t b ec ause Of cli m at ic ,

difi eren c es m en in t h es e p art s h ave b e c o m e w i d el y d if

f eren t f ro m ea ch o t h er T h e rec o rd s o f a rc h eo l o g is t s i n d i
.

c at e th at t h e p rim i t i ve A f ric an w as n o t n eces Af ri can

sarily bl ack b u t O f an A s i at ic t y p e O f N e P ° ° P13 3
,

g ro id f eat u res Th ere are c ert ai n rec o rd s which l ead

3
.

t o t h e co n c lu s i o n t h at at o n e t i m e t he p eo pl es o f A f ri c a w ere
l arg ely o f t h e m ul a t t o ty p e an d t o d ay t h e n at i ves o f ,
V

A f ric a a re n o t g en eral l y bl a ck b u t exh ibi t in t h ei r ra c i al

c h ara c t er is t i cs a ll O f t h e d i v e rg en ci es f o u n d am o n g t h e

p eo pl e O f co l o r in t h e Un i t ed S t at es T h ere are in t h e m a i n .

such ty p es as t h e s m all p ri m i t i v e s t o c k t h e l arger f o res t ,

Neg ro in t h e c en t er an d o n t h e w es t c o as t an d t h e t all ,

bl acks in t h e Su d an .

T h ere seem s t o h av e b een a m ov em en t O f p eo pl es an d O f

ci viliz at i o n s f ro m A s i a i n t o E gy p t an d f ro m E gy p t up t h e
N il e i n t o t h e i n t eri o r O f A f ri c a an d ag ai n f ro m E gy p t West ,
.

w ard t o t h e A t l a n t ic n ear t h e G u l f O f G u i n ea T h e mo v e
.

Th ere w as t o o a b ackward m o vem en t f ro m m ent s o f

p eo m
, ,
es
th e W es t t o t h e E as t c a u s i n g a c o n flic t a
‘

f u s i o n an d a d es t ru c t i o n o f c ul t u res
, O u t O f t his ch ao s .

d evel o p ed t h e B an t u c alli n g t h em s el ves t h e p eo p l e a w ar

, ,

like n at i o n w h ich i m p o s ed it s s w ay an d l an g u ag e o n all

O f S o u t h ern A f ric a ex t en d i n g f ro m t h e Gul f o f Gui n e a .

In t h e n o rt h t h e c o n t ro lli n g f o rces c en t ered f o r s o m e

,

3 Fo r a d is i i
A f r c a n ra ce s s e e Th e A t l a n t a Un vers t y
c u ss o n Of i i
i i
Pu b l c a t o n s , N O 2 0 ; S e l ec t D is c u s si o n s o f R a c e Pro b l em
. M o re d e .

il
t a ed i i
n f o rm a t o n m a y b e O t a n e d f ro m G S
’
er s b i
Pa p ers o n . pill
I n t er R a c a l Pr o b l e m s ; T h e A m er ic a n J o u rn a l o f A n a t o m y , Vo l
-
i .

IX, pp 15 6 1 5 9 ; S c en c e N S , Vo l XXX I , i 1 7 1 18 6 ; Th o m a s s pp
’
- -
. . . . .

S o u rc e B o o k f o r S o c ia l O ri g n s , 15 6 169 ; T h e J o u rn a l o f R a ce D e
i pp .
-

v e l o p m en t , Vo l I, NO 4 , . 4 8 2 5 00 ; a n d
. pp
o a s s Th e M n d of t h e
.
-
B ’
i
ii
Pr im t v e M a n , 251 27 8 pp .
-
.
6 T he N eg ro I n O ur H ist o ry
c en t u ri es in E g y p t whi ch al t h o u g h c o mm o n ly reg ard ed as
, ,

a c o u n t ry O f A s i a t ic c i v ili z a t i o n w as lik e o t h er p art s O f , ,

E gy pt and A f ric a m o l d ed in t h i s c rucibl e O f cul t u res

the N M “
, .

I t was t h e l an d O f m ix ed b reed s o r p ers o ns

;

c o m p arabl e t o N eg ro es p ass in g in t h i s c o u n t ry as p eo pl e
Of c o l o r Wh en t h es e p eo pl e w ere in as cen d an c e t h e g reat
.
,

n at i o n s o f t h e M ed i t erran ean w o rl d lik e t h e G reek s t h e , ,

I t ali an s an d C art h ag i n i an s c am e i n t o c o n t ac t w i t h t h em
, ,

an d w ere t h ereb y i n flu en c ed t o t h e ex t en t t h at i n v es t i g a

t o rs c o n t en d t h at t h e c i v iliz at i o n s O f so u t h ern E u rO p e
h ad A f ric an r at h er t h an E u ro p ean o ri g i n T h es e ci vili "

z at io n s h o w ev er d id n o t en d u re
, , .

It will n o do ub t b e i n t eres t i n g t h eref o re t o t rac e b ri efly , ,

t h e rise an d f al l o f s o m e O f t h es e em pi res T h e hi g h es t 5
.

o f t h es e c i v iliz at i o n s c en t ered in t h e N il e r eg io n i w it h ,

E th i o pi a ar o un d th e h ead w at ers O f t h at ri v er a n d Eg y p t
Th e ri s e o f al o n g t h e l o w er Th e p eo pl e o f t hi s co u n t ry
.

emp i res
'
.
w ere m ix ed b reeds as ev i d en c ed b y t h eir m o n ,

u m en t s exhibi t i n g N eg ro a n d m ul at t o f a c es A t l eas t o n e .

t hi rd O f t h e E gy p t i an s w ere d i st i n c t l y bl a ck H i st o ry Seems .

t o i n d ic a t e t h at t h e c o u n t ry w as fi rs t s et t l e d b y a Neg ro
t rib e t h at m i n g l ed l at er w i t h t h e M ed i t erran ean p eo pl e
c o m i n g f ro m t h e No rt h T h ro u g h t hi s p ro c ess a l ar g e.

n u m b er O f N eg ro es w en t i n t o Gr e ec e an d ev en i n t o I t al y ,

wh ere t h ey i n flu en c ed civ ili z at i o n n o t as sl av es b u t as p er

s o n s r i s i n g t o p o s i t i o n s o f u s e f ul n es s A s s uch E g y p t o n c e .
,

“
l ed t h e w o rl d in cul t u re E gyp t s ay s C h am b erl a in
.
, ,

“
a c t ed as a c h an n el b y w hich t h e g en iu s O f Neg ro l an d

was d ra f t ed O ff i n t o t h e s erv ic e o f M ed i t err an ean an d

A si at ic cul t u re .

E t hi o pi a an d E gy p t w ere at firs t u n i t ed b u t in t h e ,

c o u rs e O f t i m e s ep arat ed as t wo d i st i n ct em pi res T h ere .

4 Th e J o u rn a l o f N eg ro H i s t o ry , Vo l I I
.
, p . 331 .

5 i
Th e r s e O f t h es e e m p ire s i s t re at e d in Fe
‘
lix D u B O is s
’
Ti m b uc t o o
t h e M y s t er i o us , a n d i n F L S Lu g a rd s T ro p
.
'

.
’
. i l D ep
ca en d en cy .
 T he N eg ro I n A f rica
w ere vari o us wars b et ween t h e E gy p t i a n s an d t he E t hio
pi an s wh en t h e f o rm er was t ry i n g t o wres t th e c o un t ry f ro m
t h e i n v a d ers O f t h e n o rt h . A t n o t i m e h o w Et hi o p i a an d
,

ev er d id t e
,
h N eg ro e s f a il t O fi g u re C O D S p i c u E gyp t

o u s l y in t h e ci v ili z a t i o n o f E g y pt as is ev i d en c e d b y t h e f a c t
,

S L A VER Y A M O N G TH E A N C IE N T S
t h at f ull
bl o o d ed Negr o es lik e R a Neh esi an d Nef ert ari sat
-

o n t h e E g y p t i an t h ro n e an d t h at m an
, y o t h er o f it s rul ers
w ere O f d ec i d ed l y N eg ro i d f e at u res T h e aff a i rs o f t h e
.

E t h i o pi an an d E g y p t i an em p i res did n o t s eem t o b e c o m e

 8 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
p arat e u n t il d uri n g t h e m i d dl e em pi re Of E gy p t wh en
se ,

N ep a t a an d M ero e b ecam e c en t ers O f a l arg ely h at i v e

c i v ili z at i o n T h e n ew em pi re h o w ev er c o n t i n u ed it s w ars
.
, ,

a g ai n s t t h e E t h i o pi an s an d g ra d u all y i n co rp o r a t ed t h e
c o un t ry u n t il E t h i o pi a fi n a ll y b e c am e s u bj e c t t o t h at l an d
,
.

I n t h e c o u rs e O f t i m e h o w ever E t h i o pi a as s ert ed i t s el f
, , ,

e as il y O ve r r an E gyp t an d a pp o i n t e d a so n O f t h e ki n g Of
,

E th i o pi a t o rul e t h e l an d O f t h e P h arao hs .

T h e N eg ro w as t h en at h is b es t as a c o n s t i t u en t f ac t o r
in t h e aff a i rs O f t h e E gy p t o E t h i o pi an em pi re -
Wh en .
,

h o w ev er t h e c o u n t ry w as co n qu ered b y t h e A ssy ri an s an d
,

t h en b y t h e P ers i an s E g y p t b ec am e S l ib j ec t t o t h e in
,

T h e N egro v a d ers f ro m A s i a w h er eas E t h i o pi a c o n t i n u ed

,

In t h mp ire i t s W E t h i o pi a w as ag a i n i n v aded b y a
l

e e
ay
°
.

Greek i n flu en c e f ro m t h e E ast an d t h e i nfl u en c es O f t h e
t r ib e s f ro m t h e S u d an o n t h e W es t b u t t h e E t hi o pi an
‘

l an g u ag e an d g o v ern m en t t en ded t o en du re E th io pi an s .

p ers i st en t l y g av e t ro ubl e t o th e R o m an s wh o u n d ert o o k ,

t o s ub d u e t h em an d f a il ed t h o ro u g h l y t o d o s o b e c aus e
'

O f t h e i r i n t eri o r p o s i t i o n T h i s c o u n t ry l ay asl eep d uri n g

.

t h e Mi d dl e A g es I n l at er y e ars it b ec am e k n o w n as N ubi a
’

.
,

an d fi n all y a s A b y s s i n i a a f t er h av i n g exp eri en c e d v ar i o us

,
K

co n qu es t s an d s u bju g at i o n s res ul t i n g in ch an g es wh i ch
h ave n o t y et s uc ceed ed in bl o tt i n g o u t al t o g et h er it s an c i en t
c i v ili z at i o n .

Wi t h t h e exc ep t i o n Of wh at t h e hi st o ri an H ero do t u s h as
l ef t in f rag m en t ary f o rm n o t m u ch is k n o wn ab o u t t h e
; ,

e arl y n at i o n s es t abli sh e d o n t h e N i g er o r t h e Su d an Th ey .

ar e co nn ec t e d i n hi s t o ry w i th E t h i o pi a a n d
S ud an an d
t h e N i g er E gy p t as a c en t er o f c ul t u re d i st i n ct l y A f ri
.

c an as ev i d en c e d b y t h e fi g u res O f S h erb r o an d t h e m eg a
,

li th s O f G am bi a Th e fi rst act u al hi st o ry d at es f ro m t h e ap
.

p ro a ch o f th e M oh am m ed an s ab o u t t h e y ear 1 000 Th e .

M o h am m ed an s c am e l arg el y as t rad ers an d g av e m u ch

s t i m u l u s t o t h e r i s e O f c o m m er c e am o n g t h ese p eo pl e n o t ,
 T h e N eg r o I n A f r ic a
utt erly ch an g i n g t h e ci v iliz at i o n b u t d e ci dedly in flu en ci n g
t h e lif e an d his t o ry o f t h e p eo pl e D rawi ng n o c o l o r
.

li n e t h es e A rabs blen ded read ily wi t h t h e Neg ro es an d g av e

,

ris e t o t he p ro m i n en c e Of c ert ai n A rabis ed bl acks rep re

s en t ed b y An t ar who in A rabi a b ec am e t h e n at i o n al h ero
,

an d o n e Of t h e g r eat p o et s o f I s l am C arry i n g t h ei r civ iliz a

.

t i o n l at er i n t o Sp a i n t h e A f ri can s a tt a i n ed d i s t i n c t i o n t h ere
,

al so ,
f o r a N eg ro p o et res i d ed a t S ev ill e an d in 1 7 57 a
Neg ro f o u n ded a t o wn in l o w er M o ro cc o .

AN AFRI C AN KI N G A ND C OU N CIL
In t h e l
e ev en t h c en t u ry the M o sl ems f o un d in t h e wes t
t h e f ar a dv an c ed ki n g d o m O f Gh an a w hich t h ey c o n qu e re d
,

a f t er m uch r esi s t an c e O f t h e n a t i v es wh o h a d a n arm y O f t w o

,

h un dred t h o us an d m en an d s u ffi c i en t w eal t h Th e Ki n d o m

g
t o supp o rt it . Wh en t h i s ki n g d o m d ecli n ed O f G h an a
in t h e t hi rt een t h c en t u ry M ell e s u p ers e d ed it an d a d d ed
,

g reat l y t o it s w ea l t h b y t h e exp an s i o n O f it s c o mm erc e

t h ro u g h w el co m i n g t h e M o h am m ed a n t ra d ers T h ey f o u n d
.
10 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
ev i den c e Of c civiliz at i o n s ev en in t he Co n g o an d
a dv an ed ,

l earn ed th at th e Zul u chi ef s wh o se arm i es s wep t s o u t h

,

ea s t ern A fric a , e xhibi t ed un usu al p o wer o f mi li t ary

o rg an iz at i o n .

A m o n g t h e ci t i es wh ere t his exc ep t i o n al cul t u re w as dis

c o v ered w as t h at O f J en n e f ro m w hich t h e m o d ern n am e
,

Gui n ea h as b een Ob t ai n ed T h is c i t y exp eri en c ed as usu al

.
, ,

T h e St at e m i g rat i o n s an d m o vem en t s f requ en t in o t h er

° f Jenn e p art s o f A f ric a d es t ro y i n g m an y o f t h e evi
,

d en c es O f ci viliz at i o n B u t a cc o rd i n g t o F ro b en iu s t h e
.
,

t ra v el er Obs erv ed an a dv an c ed cul t u re in t h e i r t erra— c o tt a

i n dus t ry in t h ei r a chi ev em en t s in cl ay an d s t o n e an d i ro n
, ,

in t h ei r g l ass b ead s e art h en an d g l ass w are an d in t h e d ex

‘

, ,

t erit y o f t h ei r w eav i n g T h is civ ili z at i o n sh o ws t h e ci t y

.

g ro up lik e t h a t a ro u n d Ti m buc t u a n d H a us a T h e s e ci t i e s .

h a d a g o ver nm en t l arg el y lik e t h at o f a n au t o n o m y o f

Timb uct u m o de n t m
. r i es — w h at w e w o ul d c all t h e so ci al
an d i n dus t ri al s t at e b u t O f an ess en t i all y d em o crat i c
,

o rd er . T h es e a chi evem en t s so i m p ress ed t h e w o rl d

t h at in k eepi n g w i t h o t h er cl a i m s b a s ed On p reju d ic e ,

w h it e m en h av e u n d ert ak en t o a cc red i t wh i t es wi t h t hi s
/

c ul t u re .

Th ere d evel o p ed al so t h e s t at es c o mm o n ly kn o wn a s t h e
A sh an t i an d D ah o m ey w hich b e c aus e O f t h ei r o rg i es o f
6
, ,

w ar an d s a c rifi c e O f hum an b ei n g s exh ibi t ed a s t rikin g

“
c o n t rast t o t h e ci t y dem o cra cy o f el evat ed reli g i o us i deas ,
”
A s h ant i an d o rg a n i z e d i n d u s t ry an d n o bl e art S
,
O f ar .

D ammey as k n o wn h o w ev er t h e wh i t e ra c e h as n o t yet
'
, ,

m ade a s tren u o us eff o rt t o p ro ve t h at t his ci viliz at i o n was

C auc asi an do ub t l ess f o r t h e reas o n t h at t h es e v ery b ack
,

w ard c o n d i t i o ns ren d er ed t h e c o un t ry so w e ak t h at it
fi n all y dev el o p ed i n t o a reg i o n O f i n t ern e ci n e w ars which

c ru e l t y p ra c t i c i p
Th e ed i D h m i s e v d en t f ro m a s eec h O f t h e
6 n a o e y
ki n g O f t h a t c o u n t ry , f o u n d in T h e J o u r n a l o f N eg ro H i s t o ry ,
V ol .

I , p 65 . .
12 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
In t h e h o w ev er t h i s em pi re f ell i n t o t h e h an ds o f
en d , ,

u n d esi rabl e rul ers an d acc o rd i n g t o t h e pi o us ann ali s t

, ,
“
,

A l l was ch an g ed in a m o m en t D an g er t o o k t h e pl a c e O f .

s eren i t y d es t i t u t i o n O f a bu n d an c e
, ; t ro ubl e c al am i t i es a n d , ,

Vi o l en c e su c ce e d e d t o t ran q fi ill it y E very wh ere t h e p o p u .

l at io n s b eg an t o d es t ro y eac h o th er ‘
I n al l pl a c es an d in .

ev ery d i re c t i o n r api n e b ec am e t h e l aw w ar sp ared n ei t h er

,

li f e n o r p ro p erty n o r t h e p o s i t i o n O f t h e p eo pl e D is
, , .

o rd er w as g en eral an d it S p read ev er wh er e t ill it r ea c h ed

y,
“
a t l as t e hi g h es t d eg ree O f i n t en s i t y T i n g s c o n t i n ued
”
t h h .

” “
t hu s , ad d s t h e hi s t o ri an un t il t o w ards t h e m o m en t in ,

which t h e S o n gh ay dy n as ty app ro ach ed it s en d an d it s ,

em pi r e cea s ed t o exi s t A t t h i s m o m en t f a i t h w as ex .

ch an g ed f o r i n fi d eli t y ; t h ere was n o t hi n g f o rbi d den b y G o d

wh ich w as n o t Op en l y d o n e M en d ran k w i n e t h ey g av e .
,

th ems el ves up t o v i c e B ec au s e O f t h es e ab o m i n at i o n s
.
,

t h e A l m i g h t y in h is v en g ean c e d rew d o w n u p o n t h e S o n g h ay
t h e v ic t o ri o u s arm y o f t h e M o o rs wh o m h e b ro u g h t t h ro u g h
‘

t erribl e su ff eri n g s f ro m a d i s t an t c o u n t ry Th en t h e ro o t s .

o f t his p eo pl e w ere s ep ar at ed f ro m t h e t ru n k an d t h e ,
”
ch ast i s em en t t h ey u n d erw en t w as ex em pl ary .
7

It is c l ear t h at A f ric an cul t u re p ri o r t o t h e e xpl o i t at i o n

o f t h e n ew w o rl d w as in m an y re sp ec t s lik e t h e c ul t u re o f

E u ro p e Th e n at i ves f ar rem o ved f ro m t h e equ ato r h ad

.

A f ri c an re a c h ed t h e s t ag e o f e as il y e arn i n g a sub
ul t u e
s i s t en c e b y u s i n g i ro n i m pl em en t s a t hi n g
c r “
,

w h i c h E u ro p ean n at i o n s w ere l at e in l earn i n g In art an d .

a rc h i t ec t u re t h ey h a d a d v an c ed f ar b ey o n d t h e p ri m i t i v e

s t ag e in li t erat u re t h ei r a chi ev em en t s att ai n ed t h e r an k

,

O f t h e w o rl d s b es t cl as s ic s in t h e T a ri h é S o u d a n a n d in
’
,

reli g i o n an d m o ral s m o s t Of t h em k ep t ab reas t w i t h t h e

t i m es In g o vern m en t t h e A f ric an s u n i t ed t h e b es t in
.

d em o c ra c y an d m o n arch y Th ei rs w as a sl av e s o ci et y b u t .
,

7F L S Lu g a rd A Tro p i c a l
. . . . D ep en d en c y , pp . 2 8 3 2 8 4 ; Th e
-
J o u rn a l
o f N eg r o H is t o r y , Vo l I I 14 0 .
, p . .
 T he N e g r o I n A f r ic a
t h ere w as a heal t hy
i m en t ag a i n s t t h e expl o i t at i o n o f
s en t

men Wi t h t h e t h i n ki n g c l as s bi rt h d id n o t d iff er fro m

.

“ ” “
bi rt h ; as t h e f reem an w as b o rn s o was t h e sl ave In .

”
t h e b eg i nn i n g sa i d a pi o u s
,

“
A f ric an o u r Lo rd c reat ed al l ;
,

w i t h H im t h ere is n ei t h er s l av e
n o r f reem an b u t ev ery o n e is
,
“ ”
free ”
. T O l o v e a ki n g t he ,

“
A f ric an t h o u g h t is n o t b ad b u t
, ,
”
a ki n g w h o l o v es y o u is b et t e r .

A n d it s o u n d s a li tt l e s o ci a li s t i c
“
t o h ear t h e p ro verb s If t h o u ,

a rt p o o r d o n o t m ak e t h e r ich m an
” “
t h y f ri en d I f t h o u g o es t t o a G U S T A VU S VA s A
,
t l nt d , a a e e
A fn ca n
f o rei g n c o u n t ry do n o t a li g h t at
,

” “
a r ich m a n s h o u s e I t is b et t er t o b e p o o r an d li ve
’
or ,

”
l o n g t h an ri ch an d d ie y o u n g .

T h e A f ric an m i n d exhibi t ed d u ri n g t h es e y ears ev i d en c es

Of a p h il o so p hy n o t t o b e d espis ed T h e n at i ve p h il o s o p h er .

“ ”
f o u n d t h ree f ri en d s in co u rag e s en se an d i n si g h t ,
Th e .

“
A f ric an real iz ed t h at t h e l a ck O f k n o w l edg e Af ri can
“
is dark er t h an n i g h t t h at an i gn o rant m an,
p o v er b s r .

“
is a sl av e an d t h at wh o ev er w o rks w i t h o u t kn o wl edge
,

“
wo rks us el es sl y N o t t o kn o w
. h e b eli eved is b ad ; n o t
, ,

t o w ish t o k n o w is w o rs e A dh eri n g t o a hi gh s t an d ard o f

”
.

m o rals t h e A f ric an t au g h t t h e y o u t h t h a t
,
t h ere is n o
” “
m ed ici n e f o r h at e an d t h a t h e wh o b e ars m ali ce is a
h eat h en ; h e wh o i n ju res an o t h er b ri n g s i n ju ry t o h im
s el f . T o em p h as i z e O pp o rt u n i t y t h e m o ra lis t rem i n d ed
“
his f ell o ws t h at th e d awn do es n o t c o m e t w ic e t o w ak e
a m an
. T O t ea c h p o li t en ess h e as s ert e d t h at b o win g
”
t o a d w arf w ill n o t p rev en t y o u r s t an d i n g erec t ag ai n .

“
In em p h as i z i n g t h e t ru th h e as s ert ed t h at ,
li es h o wev er ,

“ ”
n u m ero u s w ill b e c au g h t b y t ru t h wh en it ri s es
, an d the ,

v o ic e o f t ru t h is e as il y k n o wn
”
Th e s elfi sh m an w as .
14 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
w arn ed t h at if y o u l o ve y o u rs el f , o t h e rs w ill h a t e y o u ;
”
if y o u h u m bl e y o u rs el f , o t h ers w ill l o ve y ou . A m o n g the
A f ri c an s t h ere w as a feeli n g t h at a m an w i t h w i s d o m is
b ett er O ff t h an s t upi d m an w i th an y am o u n t o f ch arm
a
“
s up ers t i t i o n Such s en t i en t exp ressi o n s as
'

an d A
bu t t erfly t h at b ru sh es a g a i n st t h o rn s w ill t ear h is w i n g s ,

“
an d H e w h o c an n o t m o v e an an t an d y et t ri es t o m o ve an
”
el ep h an t S h all fi n d h is f o ll y h av e t h e ri n g O f t h e pl an t a
,

t i o n phil o s o ph y d ev el o p ed ; in t h e U n i t ed S t at es Th e .

“
p ro v erb s Wh en t h e f O X dies f o wl s d o n o t m o urn an d
'

, ,
“ ”
He wh o g o es wi t h a w o l f w ill l earn t o h o wl e xhibi t m o r e
8
,

t h an o rd i n ary m en t al d ev el o p m en t .

8 A l a rg e r n u m b
t h ese ro v e r s a
er O f ea r in T h e J o u rn a l o f N e g r o
p b pp
H is t o ry , Vo l I , . pp
4 2 4 8 ; b u t a d et a e d s t u d y i n t h s
.
-
il
e d wou d i fil l
q i
r e u re R F .
’
. B
u rt o n s W i t a n d W i s d o m f r o m W es t A f r c a , S W i .

i i
Ko el l s s A fr c a n N a t ve L t era t u r e , A
’
iE B
s s T h e Yo ru b a S p ea k n g
’
. . lli i
Peo p l es o f t h e S l a ve Co a s t o f W es t A fri ca , a n d H Ch a t elia n s Fo l k
’
.

Lo re o f A ng o la .
 CH APT E R II

THE NE G RO EN S LAVE D

T H A T t h e N eg r o sh o ul d b e en sl aved w as in t he h alcy o n
d ay s o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n n o ex ce p t i o n t o t h e ru l e Sl av ery
.

w as o n c e th e n o rm al c o n d i t i o n O f t h e m aj o ri t y o f t h e
i nh abi t an t s O f t h e wo rl d In m an y c o u n t ri es
.
A nc i ent
s l aves o u t n u m b ered freem en t h ree t o o n e S l av ery
.
.

Greec e an d R o m e t h e m o s t ci v iliz ed Of t h e an ci en t n at i o n s
,

in whi c h t h e s o c all ed d em o c ra c y o f t h at d ay h ad it s b es t
-

o pp o rt u n i t y
,
were n o t exc ep t i o n s t o t his rul e . P ri m i t i ve
.

sl avery h o w ever d i ff ered very m u ch f ro m t h e sl avery O f

, ,

whi ch o u r fo ref at h ers rem i n d u s A m o n g t h e an ci en t s

.
,

s l avery resul t e d f ro m t h e eff o rt t o m ak e a s af e d isp o s i t i o n

o f c ap t i v es in w ar b y usi n g t h em as l ab o rers at h o m e w hil e

c i t iz en s an d subj ec t s in g o o d phy si ca l co n d i t i o n w en t
ab ro ad t o d ef en d t h e h o n o r O f t h e n at i o n .

I t h app en ed t h at c en t u ri es ag o wh en A f ric an ci viliz at i o n

,

w as n ot u n lik e t h at o f t h e em erg i n g m o d ern E u ro p e A f ric a ,

was d i st u rb ed f ro m wi t h o ut an d w i t h i n b y m i g rat i o n s lik e

th e m o v em en t which o v ert h rew t h e R o m an T h e Fi f t e ent h
em pi re an d d es t ro y ed it s ci viliz at i o n B ei n g
.
C e nt u ry .

t o o w eak t o r es ist i n v a d er s wh il e d e ali n g w i t h en em i es at

h o m e A f ric a y i el ded t o t h e att acks O f res t l ess n at i o n s
,
.

W h en t h e B an t u h o rd es h ad d es t ro y ed t h e p ea c e o f t h e
Af ric an empi res t h ere c am e t h e M o h am m ed an s in qu es t
,

O f s l aves t o s uppl y t h ei r h arem s an d arm i es an d fi n all y t h e

,

s l av e t r ad ers f ro m t h e U n i t ed S t at es g i v i n g c aus e f o r l oc al
,

15
16 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
w a rs t o s ec u re a l ab o r s uppl y f or the e xpl o i t at i o n Of the
N ew W o rl d .
1

Duri n g t h e s ev ent h an d ei g h t h c en t uri es th e M o h am ,

m ed an reli g i o n w ell es t abli sh ed i t sel f in W es t ern A s i a an d

b eg an t o t ak e o v er No rt h ern A f ric a A t fi rs t A f ric an s .

M o h ammed an a l rea d y e n s l av e d w e re b o u g h t f ro m t h e i r

S l av ery m as t ers an d us ed in w ar as was t h e cus t o m ,

t h ro u g h o u t E u ro p e an d A s i a Wh en h ow ever t h e exi g en
.
, ,

c i es o f t h o s e c i rc u m s t an c es d em an d ed a l arg er n u m b er O f

sl aves t h an c o ul d t h er eby b e s uppli ed t h ey w ere s ei z ed ,

b y well pl an n ed m et h od s i n vo l vi n g t h e en s l avem en t an d
d ep o p ul at i o n O f l arg e d i s t r ic t s o f A f ric a Thi s l ed t o t h e .

o vert h ro w Of A f ri c an n a t i o n s l o n g s in C e est abli s h ed as

c en t ers O f cul t u re an d t h e ri s e o f o t h er S t at es c o mm i t t ed
t o t h e p o li cy o f p ro fi t i n g b y t h e lu c ra t i v e sl av e t ra de .

This t rade fin al ly ex t en ded t o t h e very i n t eri o r O f t he

c o n t i n en t an d b ec am e t h e m o st cru el t raffic in hu m an fl esh
t h eret o f o re kn o wn t o t h e w o rl d I t is o n l y o f l at e t h at it
.

c an b e s a i d t h at t his M o h am m ed an sl av e t ra de h as b een

d eci d ed l y ch e ck ed o r b ro u gh t t o an en d It re m a i n ed as a .

d is g ra c e t o c ert a i n E as t ern n at i o n s d ur i n g t h e l att er p art

O f t h e n i n e t e en t h c en t u ry an d ev en i n t o t h e t w e n t i et h .

Sl avery am o n g t h e M o h amm edan s h o w ever was n o t al , ,

t o g et h er a h o p el es s c o n d i t i o n I f t h e S l ave p ro f e ss ed f ai t h
.

in t h e t en et s o f M o h am m ed h e b ecam e a c o m m u n ic an t in
,

t h at c o n n ec t i o n en j o y i n g e q u ali t y w i t h t h e rich e s t an d t h e
,

b est acc ep t ed o n t he p ri n cipl e O f t h e b ro t h erh o o d O f m an

,
.

F o ll o wi n g up o n t h e M o h amm edan qu est O f s l av es c am e

t h e d i sc o v ery O f A m eric a wh i c h b ei n g in i t s elf a c o n sp icu
, ,

1 i i i ili i
T he c o n d t o n s in A f r c a f a c t at ng t h e n c rea s e in t h e s av e i l
K H S l d S rf d o m ,
m i y f
’
t ra de a r e t r e a t e d i n T . I
. n g ra s s t o r o a v e r y a n e

Jo h n R . Sp ea r s
’
s T h e A m er i c a n S l a v e T r a d e ,
W E D
. u B .
B ’
O i s s S up
.

p r es s i o n o f t h e A f ri c a n S l a ve T ra d e , B .M a y er s
’
C ap t a n Ca n o t i
o r T w en t y Y a s i S l R D k
’
T h R l t i n f
e r o f a n A f r ca n a v e r ,
. ra e s e e v e a o s o

a S la v e S m u g g l e r r By a n E d w a r d
’
s W es t I n d e s ,
a n id T C a rk s o n s
’
.
l
l
,

i
H s t o ry o f t h e A b o l t iio n o f t h e S l a v e T r a d e ,
2 V o u m e s .
 T he N eg r o E n s l a v e d 17

o u s ev en t in t h e R en a i ss an ce ,
m ean t i l ess th an t h e
n oth n g

Op en i n g fi el d O f expl o i t at i o n in
O f a n ew a hi t h ert o u n kn o w n

wo rl d In c arry i n g o u t t h e p o lic y O f c o m
. Th e sl av e
t rad e
’

mercial exp an s i o n s o eag erl y ch am p io n ed s o m e

years l at er b y t h e leadi n g n at i o n s O f E u ro p e t h e pl an t er ,

c l ass d id n o t p roc eed f ar b ef o re t h ey f ell b a ck o n c o m puls o ry

l ab o r A t fi rs t t h ey i m p ress ed t h e I n d i an s i n t o t h e i r s er
.

v ic e b u t b ec a u s e O f t h e i r i n t ra c t abili t y t h es e p ro v e d in m o s t
,

c ases t o b e u n p ro fi t abl e b o n d m en .

AN AF RI C AN S L A VE M ARKE T

C ert ai n s et t l ers es t abli sh ed m ai n l y in P en n sy lvan i a M ary ,

l an d an d Vi rg i n i a m ad e t h e exp eri m en t w i t h i n den t u red

w h i t e s erv an t s S o m e O f t h ese w ere lik e t h e P en n sy lv an i a
.
,

Red em p t i o n ers resp ect abl e p ers o n s b o u n d t o I nd ent a i da

‘

-
,

s e v an t 3
serv i c e f o r a n um b er O f y ears t o p ay t h ei r r °

e xp en s e f ro m E u ro p e t o t h e N ew W o rl d T O Vi rg i n i a an d
.

M ary l an d h o w ev er w ere t ran s p o rt ed a l arg e n u m b er O f

, ,

c o n v i c ts m o re o r l es s d es i r abl e t h an t h e rui n e d an d im

p riso n ed deb t o rs w h o s e rel eas e w as eff ect ed b y O g l et h o rp e

18 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

t h at t h ey m i g h t t ry lif e an ew in Geo rg i a This t rafli c like

.
,

t h e s l av e t r ad e w as Obj ec t i o n abl e t o s o m e c o l o n i es an d t h ey
, ,

en a c t ed m eas u res t O r es t ric t it b u t t h es e w ere v et o ed b

y the
‘

;
K i ng Of E n g l an d as b ein g co n t rar y t o a ct s O f P arli am en t
g ran t i n g au t h o ri t y f o r t h e c o n t in u at i o n Of t h e evil As .

w h i t e s ervan t s h o w ev er c o ul d n o t b e Ob t ai n ed in suffici en t l y
, ,

l arg e n um b ers t o supply t h e dem an d f o r l ab o r an d as t he ,

i n d efi n i t e t erm Of t h e i r s erv ic e w as p reju d ici a l t o t h e i n t er

es t O f t h e i r m as t ers t h ere f o ll o w ed in t h e ei g h t een t h c en
, ,

t ury an i n c reas i n g d em an d f o r N egro sl ayes in t h e agr icu l

,

t u ral c o l o n i es .

Th e C h ris t i an s lik e t h e M o h amm edan s j u s t i fi ed t h ei r

, ,

en sl av em en t Of f o rei g n e rs o n t h e g ro un d Of t h ei r b e i n g c ap

t iv es in w ar b u t in t h e ei g h t een t h an d n i n et een t h c en t u ri es
, ,

w h en t h e E u ro p ean s w ere en g ag ed in t h e expl o i t at i o n O f

Ch ri st i an th e N ew W o rl d s l av es w ere n o l o n g er m erel y
,

S l av em
t ak en o v er as a s equ el Of war b u t b e c am e al s o
a n O bj ec t O f c o mm er c e t o suppl y t h e c o l o n i e s wi t h ch eap

l ab o r T h i s ch an g e Of att i t u de w as ju st ifi ed b y t h e C hri s
.

t i an wo rl d o n t h e g r o u n d t h at al t h o u g h it w as c o n t rary t o
,

a n u n w ri tt en l aw t o en sl ave a Ch r is t i an t hi s p rin cipl e w as

,

n o t a ppli c abl e t o t h e u n c o n v ert ed N eg ro e s D ri ven l at er

.

fro m t his p o s i t i o n wh en n u mero u s N eg ro es a cc ep t ed Ch ri s

t ian it y t h ey s al v ed t h ei r c o n s ci en c es b y a p eculi a r p hil o so
,

p yh O f t h e O ffici a l s O f t h e chu r ch t o t h e e ff e c t t h a t c o n v er si o n

d id n o t w o rk m an u m i s s i o n in t h e c as e O f t h e N eg ro wh o d if
f ere d s o wi d el y f ro m t h e whi t e m an Th e sub s t an c e O f t hi s
.

w as s o o n i n c o rp o rat ed i n t o t h e l aws Of t h e c o l o n i es .

P r i o r t o t h e o p erat i o n Of t h e sl ave t rade f o r t h e purp o s e

O f expl o i t at i o n t h ere h a d b een su ffici en t i n fi l t rat i o n O f t h e
,

N eg ro es i n t o s o u t h ern E u ro p ean c o un t ri es t o m ak e t h ei r
A f ri c an
p resen ce n o exc ep t i o n t o t h e r ul e A. f ri can

l v
S a in
es sl av es w ere b ro u g h t t o Sp ai n an d t his t rade
,
Eu op e
r
w as f u rt h er e x t en d ed b y t h e P o rt u g u ese wh en
.

t h ey c o n q u ere d t h e M o h am m e d an s O f N o rt h A f ri c a A f t er
.
20 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
at t ac k ed t h e f o rt s P o rt ug u es e t h en s u bj ec t t o Sp ai n
Of the , ,

an d en g ag e d in t h e sl av e t ra d e t h em se l v es Th e E n g li sh .
,

d es i ro u s O f rea pi n g s o m e O f t h es e b en efits f o r t h e i r o wn
c o m m e rce u n d ert o o k in 1 5 62 t o s ec u r e t h is t rad e t h ro u h
, g
S ir J o h n H awki n s Un i t i n g reli g i o n w i t h t h e sl ave t rade
.
,

h e o rd ered h is c rew s to
“
s erv e G o d d a il y an d
“
t o l o ve ,
”
o n e a n o t h er H e w en t fi rs t t o H i s p an i o l a w i t h t h ree
.
4

I N S PE CTI N G A N EGRO C APT IVE

hu n dred Neg ro es wh o m h e t raded f o r p earls hi des an d ,

o t h er p ro d uc t s Th e s e c o n d v o y ag e w as m o re h az ardo u s
.
,

an d h e f a il ed in t h e t hi rd In spi t e Of his m u rd ero u s p l u n

.

“
d eri n g h o w ever his c h ro n icl er en t reat s t h at
, ,
his n am e
”
b e p rai s ed f o rev erm o re A m en ,
.
5

Yet m en O f t h e t y p e O f H aw ki n s are n o t t o b e u n sym

p at h et i call y c o n d em n ed In t h at day t h ere w as n o s h arp
.

4 H a k l u yt
’
s Vo y a g es Vo l ,
. III p
, . 52 1 .

5 E Ch a n n
. i ng , H i s t o ry o f the i
U n t e d S t a t es , Vo l I.
, p . 1 15 .
 T he N eg r o E n sl a v e d

d is t i n c t i o n b et ween
pi rat e an d an h o n o rabl e seam an
a .

S o m e O f t he s ea ro vers h el d c o mm i ss i o n s O f t h ei r G o d f eari n g -

s o vereig n s wh o p ro m o t ed t h es e en t erp ris es Piracy and .

T h e whi t e ra c e m o reo ver h as n o t y et em erg ed

, ,
“ m er e c

f ro m t h e s t ag e O f p ri m i t i ve c i v iliz at i o n wh en ri g h t w as
res t ri c t e d t o o n e s bl o o d kin
’
I f s t ran g ers w i th i n t h e g at es
.

c o ul d n o t b e m u rd ered t h ere w as n o m o ra l l aw res t r a i n i n g

-

o n e f ro m a bu s i n g t h e s ubj e c t s O f n o n C h ris t i an n at i o n s -
.

M en dez b eli ev ed t h at h is sl au g h t er O f c ap t i ves w as f o r t h e

g l o ry O f G o d a n d F
,
ra n cis D rak e t h e n o t o ri o us plu n derer ,
“
Of h is t i m e c o mmen d ed his li eu t en an t t o t he t ui t i o n O f
,

H im t h at w i t h h is bl o o d r ed eem ed us In t hi s s t at e O f .

mo ral b ack w ardn ess t h eref o re it d id n o t s t ar t l e Ch ri s t en

, ,
“
d o m w h en t h ere a pp eared in Vi rg i n i a in 1 61 9 a Du t ch

m an n e O f w ar t h at s o l d u s t w en t y n eg ars
- -
t h u s i n t ro d uci n g ,

in t h e U n i t ed S t at es t h e cu rs e O f s l av ery f ro m w hich t h i s
c o un t ry h as n o t y et b een t h o ro u g hly redeem ed .

Th e sl ave t ra d e w as m a i n l y p ro m o t ed t h ro u g h a f ew
l arg e t radi n g c o rp o rat i o n s A m o n g t h e fi rs t O f t h ese w ere
.

t h e Du t ch W es t I n d i a C o m p an y es t ablish ed in 1 62 1 an d , ,

t h e R o y a l A f ric an C o m p an y ch art ered b y t h e s u n sh d e , a

E n g li s h in 1 67 2 T h es e c o rp o rat i o n s m ai n
.
CO W O t m n ra s

t ain ed a li n e O f v ess els pl y i n g b et w een E u ro p e an d cert ai n

sl ave trad i n g p o rt s est abli sh ed o n t h e Gui n ea c o as t Th e
-
.
7

F ren c h o p erat ed in t h e reg i o n O f t h e S en eg al t h e E n g li sh ,

o n t h e G am bi a an d t h e Du t ch an d E n g lis h o n t h e G o l d
,

C o as t In t h e c o u rse O f t i m e t h e sl av e t ra d e in t h e i n t eri o r
.
‘

O f A f ric a w as hi g h l y d ev el o p ed W ars w ere b ei n g w ag ed .

f o r t h e s o l e pu rp o s e Of s ecu ri n g sl av e s f o r t h e m a rk et an d ,

w h en c ap t u red t h ey w ere b ro u g h t t o t h e c o as t an d s o l d t o t h e
rep res en t at i v es O f t h e c o m p an i e s wi t h v ess els in p o rt f o r

t h ei r exp o rt at i o n Th ey w ere n o t n at i v es O f t h e co u n t ri es
.

6 E Ch ar m n g , H
. i i s t o ry o f the U . S .
,
I, p . 1 16 .

7Fo r a s k e t c h O f t h e e a r y s a v e t ra d e l l s ee G eo rg e F . Zo o k
’
s Th e
i
R o ya l A d v e n t u r er s T ra d n g I n t o A fri c a .
22 T he N eg r o I n O ur H ist o ry
l
a o ng t he c oast fa ct A fri can s o f t h ese p o rt s w ere
. In ,

s el d o m s o l d f or t his pu rp o s e exc ep t wh en a ri v a l n at i o n

cap t ured t h e s l av es Of t h e m as t ers li v i n g in a h o s t il e se c t i o n .

M o st Of t h e sl aves supply i n g t his d em an d w ere b ro u g h t f ro m

t h e d is t an t c o un t ri es i n t h e i n t eri o r O f A f ri ca .

Th e c o mm o d i t i es g i v en in exch an g e f o r t h es e sl aves w ere

sen t o u t f ro m m an u f ac t u r i n g c en t ers lik e N ewp o rt in R h o d e

I sl an d an d Liverp o o l in E n g l an d Th es e v ess el s c arri ed .

iro n b ars rum cl o t h sh ells c ry s t a l b eads b ras s p an s an d

, , , , , ,

Th e S l ay ers f o rei g n c o i n s t o b e exch an g ed f o r sl av es

.
, .

Th e s l av es t hus pu rch as ed h ad b een driven t o t h e c oas t in

co fll es s o m et i m es f o r d i s t an c es O f m o re t h an o n e t h ousa n d
,

m il es c ro ss i n g a c o un t ry w hich h ad p rac t ic all y n o f a cili t i es

,

f o r t ran sp o rt at i o n wi t h t h e exc ep t i o n O f t h o s e wi t h which

n at u re h ad en do w ed it A S it w as n e c es sa ry t o g o m o s t O f
.

t h e w ay w alki n g an d as t h e m ean s O f s ubsis t en c e w ere n o t

,

a lw ay s t o b e s ecu red m an y o f t h e sl aves dro pp ed d ead

,

f ro m t hi rs t an d f am i n e Th o s e wh o succeeded in surv i vi n g
.

H o rro rs o f t h e t h e o rd eal Of t his dri ve t o t h e c o as t w er e

Sl av e T m “ p res en t ed f o r s al e o n arri val C ap t ives ac .

c ep t ed as v a lu abl e w ere sh a ckl ed an d h erde d t o g et h er lik e

c at t l e in ships w hich m ad e t h ei r w ay t o t h e W est I n di es

,
.

Th e sp a c e usu ally all o w ed f o r t h e s t an d i n g ro o m O f a

sl ave was jus t a f ew s qu are i n ch es C ro w d ed t hu s t o .

g e t h e r i n t h e l o w er p a r t s O f a n u n s an i t a ry v e ss el t h o u ,

s an d s O f t h es e u n f o rt u n at es d i ed O f vari o u s d i s eas es b e
f o re r ea chi n g A m eric a O cc as i o n all y t h ere w o ul d ari se
.
,

am o n g t h e c a p t i v es o n b o ard a ri o t t o lib erat e t h em ,

s el v es b y killi n g t h ei r o wn ers b u t t h e sy st em w as fi n all y ,

r e du c e d t o s uch a s af e p ro c e du re t h at li t t l e f e ar t h eref ro m

w as exp eri en c ed .
8

Th es e sl aves w ere n o t b ro ug h t d i re c t ly t o t h e c o n t i n ent a l

p o rt s Sl av e l ab o r di d n o t at fi rst s eem very p ro fi t a bl e
.

8 i
T h s t ra d e h a s b ee n de sc r ib ed by Jo h n R S
. p e a rs in h is Th e A meri
c an S l a v e Tr a d e .
 T he N eg ro E n s l a v e d

l
a ong the A t l an t ic ,
W es t I n d i es devo t ed t o t h e
b u t in t h e ,

p ro d uct i o n O f c an e s u g ar t h en SO m uch in dem an d A f ri c an ,

sl aves were welc o m ed Th ey w ere c arr i ed t o t h es e i s l an ds

.
,

w h ere t h ey w ere ex c h an g ed m ai n l y f o r s u ch raw m at eri al s

a s m o l as s e s w hic h w h en b ro u g h t b y t h e sl av
, S l av e c arri d s e

e rs t o o u r p o r t s w as m an u f a c t u r e d i n t o ru m t t h e o
w e“I ndi es
.
,

Wi t h t h is rum t h e s h ips set o u t t o A f ric a '

ag ai n o n t h ei r t ri an g ul ar ro u t e c o n n ec t i n g w i t h t h e c o m m e r

c ial c en t ers in t h ree wi d e l y s e p arat ed p art s O f t h e w o rl d .

I n t h e W es t I n d i es t h e Ne
g r o e s w e r e s u c c e ss f ull y e x

l o it e d s o as t o m ak e t h o s e
p
i s l an ds t h e weal t hi es t c o l o
n i es O f t h e w o rl d In t h e
.

c o u rs e Of t im e h o wev er
, ,

a f t er h avi n g b een w ell

b ro k en in an d in s o m e c as es
a f t er h av in g t ak en o ve r a

c o n s i d erabl e p o rt i o n O f t h e

w es t ern ci vili z at i o n m an y ,

s l av es w ere b ro u g h t f ro m

t h e W e s t I n d i es t o t h e
Un i t ed S t at es . S o m e Of
t h em h ad t h en l earn ed t o
re ad a n d w ri t e t w o o r t h ree
B RAN DIN G A N E G R O WO M AN S L AV E
mo d ern l an g u ag es Wh en
.
9
,

h o w ev er s u c h N eg ro es p ro v ed t o b e t h e s o u rc e O f d i s c o n
,

t en t an d i n s u rr ec t i on s b ec au se O f t h e m en t a l d ev el o p m en t
t h ey h a d exp eri en ced t h e A m eric an c o l o n i s t s d eem ed it w i s er
,

t o i m p o rt sl aves in t h e i r c ru d e f o rm d i rec t l y f ro m A f r i ca .

A s t o ex ac t l y h o w m an y Neg ro es w ere t hus b ro u g h t aw ay

f ro m A f ri c a au t h o ri t i es wi del y d ifi er
,
Wh en t h e sl av e .

9
l
Fo r t h e men t a d ev e o m ent O f t h e s e l p l
s a ve s s ee C .G W o o d so n s
.
’

i
Th e E d u c a t o n o f t h e N eg ro Pr o r t o 1 8 61 , i pp . 82 84 ;
-
a n d Th e J o u rn a l

g i
o f N e r o H s t o r , VO l
y I , 1 7 7 1 8
. 9 pp .
-
.
24 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
t ra d e w as in f l u l s wi n g or were b ro u g h t
S ome
a u t h o ri t i e s b eli eve t h at n o t
.

o v er ev ery y ear .

T h e n rmi t y
e o m o re t h an whil e o t h ers co n t en d
f t h e t rad e
A f ric an s w ere exp at ri at ed
°
t h at .

B u t t o fi g u re o u t t h e ex t en t t o wh i c h t his p ro c es s O f de
p o pul at i o n aff ec t ed A f ric a o n e m u st b ear in mi n d t h at f o r
,

ev e ry sl av e i m p o rt ed i n t o A m eric a at l e as t f o u r o r fi ve

o t h ers h ad t o m eet d e at h in t h e n um ero u s w ar s w a e d

g
s o l el y f o r suppl y i n g t h e s l av e m ark et in t h e i n hu m an d ri v e
,

t o t h e c o as t an d in t h e c ru e l ship m en t in u n s a n i t ary s hip s

,

h ard l y sui t abl e f o r i m p o rt i n g h o g s A f ri c a p ro b abl y l o s t

.

m o re t h an n at i ves Wh en w e t hi n k O f h o w
.

t h e r ec en t c o n sc rip t i o n O f m en up s et t h e e c o n o m ic
an d s o ci a l li f e in o u r o wn c o u n t ry w e c an e as il y es t i m at e
,

th e eff e c t O f t h e l o s s t o A f ric a Of O f it s in

h abi t an t s .

T h e s o u rc e O f t h es e N eg ro es w ill b e Of m u c h i n t eres t .

T h ey c am e in t h e m ai n f ro m Gui n ea an d t h e G o l d C o as t .

A m o n g t h es e w ere a f ew O f t h e m o s t i n t elli g en t O f t h e
S o urc es o f A f ri c an s t h e S en eg a l ese w i t h an i n f usi o n O f
, ,

t h el e v ee
e
A r abic bl o o d esp eci all y v alu abl e f o r t h ei r
,

w o rk as m e ch an ics an d art i s an s T h en t h ere w ere t h e

.

M an di n g o es wh o w ere c o n si dered g en t l e in d em ean o r b u t

,

p ro n e t o t h ef t Th e Co ro m an t ees b ro u g h t f ro m t h e Go l d
.

C o as t w ere h eart y an d s t alw ar t in m i n d an d b o dy an d ,

.

f o r t h a t reas o n f re qu en t l y t h e s o u r c e O f s l av e i n su rrec t i o n s
w h i ch b ec am e t h e et ern a l d read O f t h e m as t ers It w as-
.

s ai d ,
h o w ev er t h at t h e Co ro m an t ees w ere n o t rev en g ef ul
,

w h en w ell t reat ed Sl av ers b ro u g h t o ver s o m e Wh y d ah s

.
,

N ag o es a n d P aw p aw s as t h ey w ere m uch d esi r ed b y t h e

,

pl an t ers b ec aus e t h ey w ere lus ty i n dus t ri o us ch eerf u l an d

, ,

s ub m i ss i v e T h ere c am e al s o t h e G ab o o n s wh o w ere p h y s i
. ,

c al l y w eak an d c o n s e qu en t l y u n sui t ed f o r pu rp o s es o f
e xpl o i t at i o n T h e c o l o n i s t s i m p o rt ed t o o s o m e G am bi a
. , ,

N eg ro es p ri z ed f o r t h ei r m eek n es s wh ereas th e E b o es
, ,
 T he N e g r o E n s l a v e d

f ro m C al ab ar were n o t d esi red b ec au s e t h ey w ere i n cli n ed ,

t o c o mm i t s uici d e rat h er t h an b e ar t h e y o k e O f S l av ery .

Th e C o n g o es A n g o l as an d t h e E b o es g av e t h ei r m as t ers
,

m uch t ro ubl e b y r un n i n g aw ay .

Th e l o t O f t h e S l ave in t h e W e s t I n d i e s w as m o s t u n f o r
t un at e . O wi n g t o t h e ab s en t ee o wn ers hip t h e i n effici en t ,

m an ag em en t O f t h e pl an t a t i o n s an d t h e p auci t y O f w h i t e ,

w o m en t o serve as r es t rai n i n g i n flu en c es On m as t ers t h e ,

sy s t em o f sl av ery d ev el o p ed t h e re p r o v ed t o
-

Th e s l av e
b e O f a c ru el s o rt T h e s l aves w ere t reat ed i n t h e
w e“ I ndi e
.

“
s‘
m o re as b ru t es s ubj ec t ed t o a p ro c ess kn o w n
“ ”
as b reaki n g in S o m e w ere as s i g n ed t o w o rk a mo n g
.

w ell s eas o n e d S l av es a n d a f e w w ere g i v en i n d i v i d u al t as k s

,
.

“ ”
W h en t h ey b ec am e w ell b ro k en in t h ey w ere gr o up ed ,

b y f am ili es in s ep ara t e qu art ers su rro u n d e d b y s m all t ra c t s ,

Of l an d o n w h ich t h ey w ere requi red t o ra is e t h ei r o wn f o o d .

Such t hi n g s as cl o t h i n g d ri ed fi sh m o l ass es ru m an d s al t
, , , ,

which t h ey c o ul d n o t eas il y p ro d uc e w ere i ssu ed f ro m t he ,

pl an t at i o n c o mm i s sary T h ey Wen t t o w o rk in g an g s s o m e
.
,

t illi n g t h e su g ar c an e in t h e fi el d s s o m e t o w o rk in t h e m ill s ,

an d s t ill s so m e a t h a n d i c r a f t s
,
a n d o t h ers in d o m es t i c ,

s erv i c e
10
.

A s f ew i m pl em en t s h ad b een i n t ro du c ed an d t h e pl an t e rs
O f t h at d ay d id n o t eas il y t ak e t o l ab o r s av i n g d ev i c es m o st -
,

o f t h e c ul t i v a t i o n O f t h e c ro p s w as d o n e w i t h t h e h o e w h i c h ,

requi red t h e h ar d es t l ab o r U n d er t h es e c o n d i
.
H ard s hi p s
t i o n s t h e s l av es c o u l d n o t d ev el o p i n t o a r o bu s t th u e ca se
Of d e t h a
cl as s a n d w o rs t O f al l m an y O f t h em d i e d as
’

, ,

a res ul t O f t hi s d ru d g e ry W h il e t h e deat h rat e w as u n

.
-

u su all y h i g h t h e bi rt h rat e w as ex c ep t i o n a ll y s m a ll as
,
-
,

t h ere w as n o p ro v i s i o n f o r t aki n g c are O f t h e A f r ic a n n ew

b o rn Sp eaki n g O f J am a i c a a s u rg eo n s ai d t h a t o n e t h i rd
.
,
-

O f t h e b abi es d i ed in t h e fi rs t m o n t h an d f e w O f t h e i m p o rt ed ,

10 Thi p s ly
u re mi p t f l
ec o n o c y h
as b ec i t
O i fi l l y
s aver as een u n sc e n ca

di scu s s e d b y U B Ph illip i h i A m i
. . s N gn Sl y s er c a n e ro a ver .
26 T he N eg rO I n
‘

Our H ist o ry
w o m en b o re chil dr en A c o n t em p o rary s ai d t h at m o re t h an
.

a qu ar t er O f t h e b a bi es d i ed w i t h i n t h e fi rs t n i n e d ayS O f
“ ”
j a w f a ll a,
n d a n o t h er f o u rt h b ef o re t h ey p as s e d t h e i r

s ec o n d y ear T h is m ean t t h at t h e c o l o n i es h ad t o d ep en d
.

o n t h e i m p o rt a t i o n O f n ew A fric an sl av e s th us g iv in g,

s t im ulu s t o t h e S l av e t rade t o suppl y t h e d em an d f o r l ab o r .

TH E F AI T H FU L S L AVE

A m ong the Sp an ish an d F ren ch c o l o n ist s t h e co n di t i o n

O f t h e bl a cks w as s o m ewh at d i ff eren t . Th e h o m e c o u n
i s
t r e i t e e t wo
n h s c as es i n si s t e d o n t h e e n li g h t e n m e n t O f t h e

Th e enli g h t
l
s av es a n d w e r e m o r e g e n ero us t h a n t h e E n g
c umo nt o f li s h in O ff eri n g b o n dm en Opp o rt u n i t i es t o t o il
th l av es
e S “
up w ard Whil e t h e sl aves as such did n o t
.

f are m uch b et t er t h an t h ey did o n t h e E n g li s h pl an t at i o n ,

t h e t e de
n n c y O f t h e L a t i n s t o i n t e rb re e d w i t h t h e bl a cks ,

h
an d t e r c i u s t o m O f r e c o g n i z i n g a n d e l ev a t i n g t h e i r m ul at t o

O ff sp ri n g O ff ered a w ay O f es c ap e t o a l arg e n um b er Of
,
 28 T h e N e g r o I n O ur H ist o ry
A m o n g t h es e f o rt u n at e N eg ro es t h ere w a s in Gu at em al a ,

in t h e s ev en t e en t h c en t ury ,
a f re ed m a n w h o h ad ac c dm u
l at ed m uch w eal t h H e h ad s ecu red h is lib ert y b y p ay i n g
.

his ki n d m as t er a h an ds o m e s u m f o r h is f reedo m T h ere .

a f t er h e b o u g h t a l arg e f arm an d c o n s i d erabl

A t hfi f t y y
f r ed man in
e i n creas e d his h o l d i n g s b y m aki n g o t h er p u r
G ua t em al a
ch as es H e li ved in A g u a C ali en t e a li t t l e
'

.
,

I n d i an v ill ag e o n t h e ro ad t o t h e c i t y O f Gu at em al a in t h at ,

p a rt O f t h e co un t ry t h en s a i d t o ab o u n d w i t h g o l d a t reasure ,

w h i c h t h e Sp an i ards h a d f o r m an y y ears s o u g h t i n v a i n .

A l t h o u g h t h e s o u r c es O f t h i s N eg ro S w eal t h w ere c at t l e ’

s h e ep , g o at s an d his t ra d e in b u t t er a n d ch ees e wi t h t h e
,

C it y O f Gu at em al a t h e Sp an i ard s p ers i st ed in b eli ev in g

,

t h at his w eal t h c am e f ro m t h e h i dd en t r eas u re .

13

In his t rav els t h ro u g h t h is t ro pic al reg i o n S ir T h o m a s ,

G ag e f o un d a s t ill m o re i n t erest i n g N eg ro O f t his c l ass .

Whil e s aili n g al o n g t h e A t l an t ic c o ast O f C o s t a R ic a Ga g e s ,

’

Sh ip w a s c a p t u r ed b y t w o c o rs a i rs u n d er t h e
‘

T h e B l a ck
C 0 reeh fl ag O f t h e D u t ch w h o w er e t h en s t ru g g li n g ,

a g a i n s t Sp a i n f o r t h ei r f reed o m T h e c o mm an d er O f t h is
.

s h ip w as a m ul att o n am ed Di a g uill o a n at i v e O f H av an a , ,

w h ere h is m o t h er t h en li v ed B ec au s e O f m al t reat m en t b y
.

t h e G o v ern o r O f C am p ech e t o wh o m h e w as att ac h ed as a

,

s erv an t t h i s m ul at t o d es p er a t el y v en t u re d t o s w i m t o o n e
,

O f t h e Du t c h S h ip s n e ar b y O ff er i n g hi m s el f t o serv e t h e
-
.

D u t c h ag ai n st t h o se w h o h ad abu sed h im h e easily in ,

g r a t ia t e d hi m s e l f i n t o t h e i r f a v o r S o o n t h er e a f t er h e m ar
.

ri ed a Du t ch g i rl an d aro s e t o t h e p o s i t i o n O f c ap t a i n O f a

v essel u n d er t h e c o mm an d O f t h e f am o u s a n d d re a d f ul

c o mm an d er n am e d Pie d e P a l o C o m i n g ab o ard t h e sh ip
.

o n w h i ch G a g e w as s a ili n g t h e c o rsa i r t o o k f o u r t h o u s an d
,

p eso s w o rt h O f j ew el ry an d p earls an d d ep ri ved t h e i n di

v idu al s O f t h ei r p ers o n al b el o n g i n g s B u t b e c au s e Of G a g e s
’
.

13 Th e J o urn a l O f N eg r o H i s t o r y , Vo l . I, p . 39 5 ; an d S ir T h o m a s
G ag e s’
Vo y a g es ,
Pa rt 3 Ch I I
,
. .
 T h e N e g r o E n sl a v e d

m i n i s t eri al p ro f es si o n Di ag uill o p erm i t t ed h im t o ret ai n

“
s o m e b o o ks pic t u res an d cl o t h es s ay i n g t o h im If f o rt un e
, , ,

t o d ay is o n m y s i d e t o m o rr o w it w ill b e On y o u rs an d
,
-

wh at I h av e w o n t o d ay t h at I m ay l o s e t o m o rro w ,
-
.

Di ag ui l l o t h en p rep ared a l u xu ri o u s d i n n er t o wh ich h e ,

i nv i t ed T h o m as G ag e T h ereaf t er h e t o o k l eave O f t h e
.

c ap t i ves t h an ki n g t h e c rew f o r t h e g o o d lu ck t h ey h ad
,

p ro cu red him .
14

Th e m o s t i n t eres t i n g ex am pl e O f t h e en li g h t en e d N eg r o
O f t h i s cl as s in t h e W es t I n d i es w as F ran ci s Willi am s t h e ,

s o n O f o n e J o h n Willi am s lib era t ed in 17 08 an d ran k ed, ,

am o n g t h o se p ers o n s in t h e i s l a n d a g a in s t
F an ci s r

wh o m sl av e t es t i m o n y w as f o rbi dd en Th es e W il li am s . ,

th e 110 1“ 80
s am e p r i v il eg es t h en ex t en d ed t o o th er m em
b ers O f h is f am il y an d at t ach ed t o t h em u n u su al i m p o r
,

t an ce am o n g t h e w h i t e p eo pl e w i t h w h o m t h ey m o v e d S O
c ial l y W e h av e m u ch m o re i n f o rm at i o n ab o u t h is so n
.

Fran c is T h e f am ily was O f su c h g o o d rep o rt an d th e y o u t h

.
,

F ran c i s h ad exh ibi t ed s o m an y ev i d en c es O f m en t al c ap a ci t y ,

t h at earl y in t h e ei g h t een t h c en t u ry t h e Duk e O f M o n t ag u e ,

d es i ri n g t o p u t t o t est s o m e O f h is O pi n i o n s ab o u t t h e c ap a
b il it ies O f t h e N eg ro h a d F ra n c i s i n s t ru ct ed in an el em en
,

t ary s c h o o l in J am a ic a an d t h en s en t t o an E n g li s h g ramm ar
s ch oo l t o p rep ar e f o r C am b ri d g e U n i v ers i t y A f t er s o m e .

y e a r s F r a n c i s Willi am s c o m pl e t e d h is e d u c a t i o n a t t h a t in

s t it u t io n an d re t u rn ed t o J am a i c a b et w een 1 7 38 a n d 1 7 4 8 .

I m p ress ed m o re t h an ev er w i t h t h e t rut h t h at a N eg ro
t ra i n ed in t h e s am e w ay as a wh i t e m an will exh ibi t t h e
s am e i n t ell e c t u al a tt a i n m en t s t h e D u k e O f M o n t ag u e s o u g h t
,

f u rt h er t o adv an c e h is p ro t eg e b y s ecu ri n g f o r h im a sea t

in t h e J am ai c a C o u n c il T h i s p ro p o s i t i o n T h e D uk e o f
.
,

h o w ever w as Opp o s ed b y Go vern o r T rel a wn y M ont ag ue

, ,
.

w h o c o n t en d e d t h a t a d m i t t i n g a bl ac k m an t o t h e C o u n c il

14 Th e Jo u rn a l o f N e g r o H i s t o ry Vo l I , ,
. p . 39 5 ; a nd S ir Th o m a s
G ag e Vo y a g es
’
s ,
Pa rt 3, Ch . II .
30 The N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry

w o ul d xci te res t l es sn es s am o n g t h e sl aves Wh eth er o r n o t

e .

t h e g o vern o r w as d ipl o m at ic o r p reju d ic ed is n o t k n o wn .

H e d id a d d a N eg ro d et ach m en t t o t h e arm y em pl o y ed in
J am aic a b u t h e n ever p erm i t t ed t h e am bi t i o us y o ut h t o sit
in t h e C o u n cil Willi am s s ett l ed in Sp an ish T o wn t h e c api
.
,

t al O f t h e isl an d an d d u ri n g t h e res t O f his li f e c o n d uc t ed

,

a cl ass ic a l sch o o l In t h is p o si t i o n h e m ad e a repu t at i o n

.

f o r hi m s el f as a sch o o l m as t er an d fi g u red s o m ewh at p ro m i

n en t l y as a p o et T h e o n ly ev i de n c e O f his at t a i n m en t s in
.

t his fi el d h o w ever c o n s i s t s O f a L at i n p o em which c o n f o rm s

, ,

in m o s t re sp e c t s t o t h e s t an d ard Of t h at ag e It s eem ed .
,

h o wever t h at th e p o et w as n o t very p o pul ar am o n g his o wn

,

p eo pl e as h e w as reg arded as h au g h ty an d Opi n i o n at ed

, ,

t reat i n g his f ell o w bl acks w i t h c o n t em p t an d en t ert ai n i n g a

rat h er hi g h Opi n i o n O f h is o wn kn o wl edg e H e w as al so .

ch arge d wi t h b ei n g a sc p h an t an d r aci al t o ady wh o s ai d

an d d id m uch t o d o his rac e h arm
15
.

T his b et t er s i t u at i o n Of a f ew N eg ro es w as du e also t o t h e
fact t h at a l arg e n u m b er Of sl av es in rem o t e p art s O f t h e
Wes t I n d i es an d L at i n A m eri c a a ss ert ed t h em sel ves an d-

Th e M aroons esc ap ed t o u n i nh abi t e d d i s t ric t s t o d ecl are an d

.

m ai n t ai n t h eir in dep en d en c e rat h er t h an b ear t h e y o k e

O f b o n d ag e In p art s wh ere t h e N eg ro es w ere as n u m ero u s
.

as t h e whi t e s t h es e fu g i t i v e s O f t en j eo p ard iz ed t h e v ery li f e

,

o f th e c o l o n y A S such t h ey w ere k n o wn as M ar o o n s T h ey
.
,
.

h ad f ew arm s t h at t h e p ri m i t i v e m an d id n o t p os s ess b u t ,

b ec aus e O f t h ei r res o u rc ef ul n ess an d p o w er in m ili t ary

o rg an iz at i o n t h ey b e c am e a s o u r c e O f m uch t erro r t h ro u g h

o u t La t i n A m eric a In t h e s m all c o l o n y O f Gu at em al a in
-
16
.

t h e s ev en t een t h c en t u ry t h ere w er e as m any as t h ree h u n

15 Th e c a re e r Fra n c s WOf a m s i s t re at e d in T h e J o u rn a l o f
i illi
N eg r o H is t o ry , Vo l II , 14 6 159
. pp
A et t er a cco u n t m a y b e f o u n d
.
-
. b
in W illi
am J a m e s G a rd n e r s H s t o r y o f J a m a ca ,
’
i
3 1 ; a n d in i p .

’
i
Edw a rd Lo n g s H s t o ry o f J a m a i o a t p 2 34 . .

ll
1 6 D a as H is t o r
, y f
o M ar o o n s ,
2 6 p . .
 T he N eg r o E n s l a v e d

dred such Neg ro es wh o h ad res o rt ed t o th e w o o ds an d

c o ul d n o t b e s ub d u e d b y t h e f o r c es s en t a g ai ns t t h em .

T h e g reat es t en t erp ris e O f t h e M aro o n s h o wever w as , ,

exhibi t ed n o t b y an y p art icul ar i n di v i d u a l b u t rat h er b y

t h at O f t h e li t t l e N eg ro R epublic in B ra zil c all ed P al m ares , ,

s t y l ed b y P ro f ess o r Ch arl es E Ch ap m an as Th e N eg ro
.

t h e Neg ro N u an t i a b ec au s e it s c areer res em

m N u m eh fi e
,

bl es s o m uch t h at O f Num an t i a ag a i n s t which t h e R o m an s

f o u g h t f o r a n um b er O f y ears b ef o re t h ey c o ul d i n v ad e t h e
b el eag uered ci ty B ec aus e O f t h e b ad t reat m en t O f th e
.

P o rt u g u ese sl aves m an y O f t h o s e i m p o rt ed fro m Gui n ea

,

e sc ap ed t o t h e f o res t s wh ere t h ey e s t abli s h ed v ill ag es c all ed

,

q u i l o m b o,
s t h e t y p e t o w hich P a l m a r e s in t h e P,
r o v i n c e O f
P ern am buc o b el o n g ed It w as n o t l o n g h o w ever b ef o re
, .
, ,

t his t o wn ext en d ed its sw ay o v er a n um b er O f o t h ers s et

f l ed b y p ers o n s o f t h e sam e an t ec ed en ts A t o n e t i m e it
.

w as rep o rt ed t o h av e a p o pul at i o n O f t w en t y t h o u s an d wi t h ,

t en t h o us an d fi g h t i n g m en P al m ares t h e n am e a ls o Of t h e
.
,

c a pi t a l O f t h e republic w as su rro u n d ed b y w o o d en w all s

,

m ade O f t h e t ru n ks O f t rees an d en t ered b y hu g e g at es

p ro v i d ed wi t h f acilit i es f o r wi de s u rveill an c e an d s en t ry
s ervic e .

In t h e c o u rs e Of t i m e t h e p o pul at i o n Of t his Vill ag e

g r a d u a ll y i n c r e as e d b e c au s e O f t h e e a g e rn es s O f s l av es an d

f reem en t o t ry t h ei r f o rt u n es in t h e f o res ts In t h e b eg i n
.

n i n g t h ey m ai n t ai n ed t h em s el ves b y a s o rt
’
T h e ri se o f
t h e re p u bli c
O f b an d i t ry ,
t ak i n g f o o d sl ave s an d w o m en
, ,

w h et h er m ul at t o bl a ck o r whi t e
, ,
T h ey l at er s ett l ed d o wn
.

t o ag ri cul t ure an d es t abli sh ed s eemi n g l y p e ac ef ul t r ad e

,

rel at i o n s wi t h t h e P o rt u g u es e s et t l em en t s in t h e l ess h o s t il e

p art s O f B raz il P al m ares t h en d ev el o p ed i n t o a so rt O f

.

n at i o n,
u n i t i n g t h e d esi rabl e f eat u res O f t h e republic an
an d m o n ar ch i al f o rm O f g o v ern m en t p res i d ed o ver b y a
,

c h i ef ex e cu t i v e c all ed t h e Z om b e wh o rul e d w i t h abs o lu t e

,
 32 T he N eg ro I n O ur H ist o ry
“
a u t h o ri t y d u ri n g li f e T h e ri g h t t o c an d i d a c y
. s ay s Pro ,
“
f esso r C h ap m an ,w as res t ri c t ed t o a g ro up reco g n i z ed
as c o m p o s i n g t h e b rav e s t m en O f t h e c o m m u n i t A n y m an
y .

in t h e s t at e m i g h t as pi re t o t hi s d i gn i t y p ro v i d i n g h e h ad
Neg ro bl o o d in his v ei n s Th ere w ere o t h er O fficers b o t h
.
,

O f a m ili t ar y an d a ci v il c h ar ac t er I n t h e i n t er es t O f g o o d
.

o rd er t h e Z o m b es m a d e l a w s i m p o s i n
g t h e d eat h p en a l t y
f o r m u rd er a d ul t ery an d ro bb ery
, I n flu en c ed b y t h ei r
.

a n t eced en t s S l av ery w as n o t d i s co n t i n u ed b u t a p rem iu m

, ,

w as pl a c ed o n f ree d o m in t h at ev ery N egr o wh o w o n h is

f reedo m b y a su c c es s f ul fli g h t t o P al m ares rem a i n ed f ree ,

wh erea s t h o s e w h o w ere c ap t ur ed as s l av e s c o n t i n u ed as
”
such in P al m ares .

T h is N eg ro R epublic h o wever w as in t h e ey es O f t h e
, ,

P o rt u g u es e an u n n at u ral g ro w t h It w as c o n s i d ered a .

r es o rt f o r u n d esi r abl e a li en s w h o c o n s t i t u t ed an ever in -

c reasi n g d an g er t o t h e p ro sp eri t y O f B raz il I n 169 8 t h ere .

,

f G o v ern o r C aet an o d e M el l O O f Pern am

‘

o re
Th e ,

d e st ru ct i n o b u cO o rd ere d an exp ed i t i o n t o p ro c eed a g a i n st

O f P al m ares
t h e ci t y T h es e b rave bl ack s m et t h e i n v ad i n g
'

f o r c es an d i nd i sp u t abl y d ef eat e d t h em R et urn i n g l at er

.
,

h o w ever w i t h a f o rm i d a bl e a rm y o f s ev en t h o u s an d m en
,

u n d er t h e c o m m an d O f a m o r e c o m p et en t s o l d i er a n d p ro

Vid ed t OO wi t h a d e qu at e art ill ery t h e P o rt u g u ese reac h ed

, , ,

t h e c i t y a f t e r s o m e d i ffi c u l t y a n d pl a c ed it in a s t at e O f s i eg e .

“
T h e d ef en s e O f t h i s ci t y w a s h ero i c A f t er t h e P o rt u g u es e
.

”
h ad b reac h ed t h e w all s in t h r e e pl aces say s t h e a n n ali s t
, ,

t h e i r i n f a n t ry a t t a ck ed in f o r c e T h ey en t ered t h e c it y
.
,

b u t h ad t o t ak e it f o o t b y f o o t A t l as t t h e d ef en d ers c am e
.

t o t h e c en t er O f P a l m ares w h er e a hi g h c li ff i m p ed ed f u rth er
re t reat . D eat h o r surren d er w ere t h e o n l y al t ern at i ves .

S eei n g t h at h is c aus e w as l o st b ey o n d rep ai r t h e Z o m b ie ,

h u rl ed h i m s el f o v er t h e c li ff an d h is ac t i o n w as f o ll o w e d
,

b y t h e m o s t d i st i n g ui sh ed O f h is fi g h t i n g m en S o m e p er .

s o n s w ere i n d eed t ak en b u t it is p erh ap s a t ribu t e t o

,
 T he N e g r o E n s l a v e d

P al m ares ,
t h o ugh a g rew s o m e o n e, t h at t h ey w ere al l p u t
t o d eat h; it w as s af e t o en s l av e t h es e m en d espi te t h e
not ,

v alu e O f t h ei r l ab o r Thus p ass ed P al m ares t h e Neg ro

.
,

Nu m an t i a m o s t f am o us an d great est O f t h e B razili an

,

il o m b os
17
q u .

17 Th e J o urna l o f N eg r o H is t o ry , Vo l 111
.
, pp . 31-32 .
 CHAP T E R III

SL AVERY I N I T S M LD F I OR M

T HE sy st em O f expl o i t i n g A f ric an s in t h e W es t I n d i es
did n o t rea ch t h e s l ave S t at es un t il t h e c o t t o n g in an d o t h er
m ech an ic al a ppli an c es i n s t ru m en t al in eff ec t i n g t h e i n dus
t ri a l r ev o lu t i o n m ad e s l av ery s eem in g l y p ro fi t
E co no mi c
S l av ery i n t h e a bl e in t h e U n i t ed S t at es t h ro u g h t h e c o t t o n
we“ I n di es
pl an t at i o n sy s t em resul t i n g t h eref ro m The
'

.
1

fi rs t s l av es b ro u gh t t o t h e A m eric an c o l o n i es w ere f ew an d ,

t h ey serv ed l arg el y as h o us e s erv an t s so cl o s el y at t a ch ed t o ,

t h e h o m es O f t h e i r m as t er s t h at t h ey w ere t re at ed lik e m em
b ers Of t h e f am ili es NO res t ric t i o n o n t h e m en t al dev el o p
.

m en t O f t h e s l aves w as t h eref o re d ev i sed as I t w as d eem ed ,

n ec es s ary t o efi ec t in t h em w h at ev er sp ee dy i m p ro v em en t

w as p o ss ibl e w i t h a Vi ew t o i n c reasi n g t h ei r effici en c y

,
.

In t h e c o u rs e O f t i m e t h e n u m b er O f sl aves d eci d edl y in

c r e as ed in c ert a i n c o l o n i e s d ev o t ed t o ag ri c u lt u re Th ere .

w ere ab o u t s l av e s i n Vi rg i n i a in 1 7 00 an d t h ey SO ,

ra pi d l y m ul t ipli e d as f a c t o rs in t h e wi d ely ex t en d i n g
t o b a c co c u l t u re t h at in 1 7 60 o n e h al f O f t h e i n h abi t an t s O f -

t h at c o l o n y w ere sl av es T O suppl y t h e n eed f o r ch eap

.

l ab o r in t h e p ro duc t i o n O f ric e an d i n di g o t h e bl ack s in ,

1 S l av fi
in it s rst f o rm i s r e y t reat ed in Ch a nn n g s H s t o ry
e ry b i fl i ’
i
o f t h e Un i t e d S t a t es , II , 336 4 00 a n d in A H a rt s S l a v ery a n d
-
,
. B .
’

A b o li t i o n , Ch I V
’
Th e s a v e s O
. . l pp
o rt u n t e s f o r e n g ht e n m e n t a re ii li
p re s en t e d i n C G W o o d s o n s Th e E d u ca t o n o f t h e N eg ro Pr o r t o
.
’
. i i
1 8 61 , 18 1 50 -
S ee a so
. l ’
B
ry a n E dw a rd s H s t o r y o f t h e W e s t I n d es i i
S ir H a rry J o h n s t o n s T h e N eg ro i n t h e N ew W o r l d ; a n d t h e J o u rn a l
’

o f N eg r o H i s t o r y , I 1 32 150 , 16 3 2 16 , 2 4 3 2 64 39 9 4 35 : I I , 7 8 8 2 ,
,
- - -
,
- -

105 1 2 5 18 6 1 9 1 , 2 2 9 2 5 1 , 4 1 1 4 2 2 ,
-
,
-
4 29 4
-
30 ; I I I ,
1 -
2 1 -
,
2 2 2 8 , 33 4 4-
,
- -

4 5 54 , 5 5 8 9 2 1 1 32 8 , 335 35 3, 38 1 4 34
- -
,
- - -
.

34
36 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
Ne w E n g l an d . A t t h at t i m e p o pul at i o n Of th e l
s av e

li ved in t h e Mi ddl e S t at es an d in t h e S o u t h .

Th e N eg ro es h o w ev er d id n o t y i el d t o t h i s sy s t em w i t h
, ,

o u t res is t an c e In New Y o rk in 1 7 12 an i n su rre c t i o n O f

.
, ,

s l a v es g rew t o such an ex t e n t t h at h ad it n o t b een f o r ,

t i m el y a id f ro m t h e g a rr i s o n t h e ci t y w o ul d h av e b een ,

E a l y N egro
r burn ed Wh i t es w ere at t ack ed in t h ei r h o m es
.

i h eh rre h e e
an d o n t h e s t reet s b y t h e bl a c ks in C h arl es t o n
e h
,

S o u t h C aro li n a in 1 7 2 0 In 1 7 30 m any sl av es in t hi s
, .

c o l o n y ac t u all y arm ed an d em b o d i ed t o d es t ro t h e w hi t e s
'
y .

T w o h u n d red N eg ro es assem bl ed n ear t h e m o u t h o f t h e

'

R ap p ah an n o ck R i v er Vi rg i n i a t o kill t h e w hi t e p eo pl e , ,

in a ch u r ch b u t w h en t h e pl o t w as d isc o v ered t h ey fl ed
, .

I n 1 7 23 s o m e d esp era t e N eg ro es pl ann ed t o burn t h e ci t y O f

Bo s t o n an d s o m u ch f e ar w as exp ec t ed t h at t h e c i t y h a d t o
,

“
t ak e ex tra p r ec au t i o n a g a i n s t I n d i an s N eg ro o r Mul att o ,
”
S erv ant s , o r Sl aves A n u m b er O f N eg ro es aro s e ag ai n s t
.

t h e i r m as t er s in S av an n ah G eo rg i a in 17 88 b u t fl ed wh en , , ,

t wic e fi red up o n a s t h ey w ere al read y d isc o n c ert ed b y a

'

.
,

d i s a g reem en t as t o t i m e .

In Willi am sbu rg Vi rg i n i a t h ere o ccu rr ed an i n su rrec t i o n

, ,

O f t h e bl ack s in 1 7 30 o cca s i o n ed b y t h e ru m o r t h at G o v ern o r

,

Sp o t t sw o o d h ad arr i v ed w i t h i n st ru c t i o n s t o f ree all p ers o n s

w h o h a d b e en b a p t i z e d Fi ve c o u n t i es s en t f o rt h arm ed .

m en w i t h o rd ers t o kill t h e sl av e s if t h ey
E i g ht eent h
C nt ury
e r ef u se d t o sub m i t T h at y ear a Neg ro in .

up m mg s
M al den M as s achus et t s plu n dered an d bu rn ed
'

, ,

h is m as t er s h o m e b ec aus e h e w as so l d t o a m an in S al em
’
,

w h o m h e d i s lik e d In 1 7 31 s l av es b ei n g i m p o rt ed f ro m
.

Gui n ea b y G eo rg e Sc o t t O f Rh o d e I sl an d as sert ed t h em sel v es

a n d m u rd er ed t h ree O f t h e c r ew C a p t ai n J o h n M a j o r O f .

P o rt sm o u th New H am p shi re in ch arg e O f a c arg o Of

, ,

sl aves w as m u rd ered w i t h all o f h is crew t h e f o ll o w in g

,

y e a r b y s l av e s c a r ri e d o n t h i s s a m e ro u t e C a p t a i n B ee r s .

O f R h o d e I sl an d an d al l h is u n f o rt u n at e c o w o rk ers exc ep t
,
 S l a v e ry I n I t s M il d F o rm

t wo , uff ered
s th e sam e f at e w h en on a s i m il ar v o y ag e a f ew
y ears l a t er
3
.

In 1 7 41 t h ere b ro ke o u t a f o rm i d abl e i n surrect i o n o f

s l a v e s i n New Y o rk Ci t y T O rep ress t his up risi n g t hi r .

t een sl av e s w ere bu rn ed ali v e e i g h t een w ere h an g ed an d , ,

e i g h t y t ran sp o rt ed T w o O f t h o s e exil ed w ere s en t t o t h e

.

West I n d i es an d it b ec am e a c u s t o m t h ereaf t er Th e N ew Y o rk
,

f o r p ers o n s h av i n g
“
an y N eg ro m en s t ro n g P l o t f 1 7 4 1
,
O

an d h ea rt y t h o u g h n o t O f t h e b es t m o r al ch arac t er
, to ,

AN A D V ERT I S E M EN T OF A R UNAW A Y S LA V E

b ran d t h em as s ubj ect s O f t ran sp o rt at i o n t o t h e West I n d i es .

I n 1 7 54 C C ro f t O f Ch arl es t o n S o u t h C aro li n a h ad t wo
.
, ,

O f h is f em a l e N eg ro e s bu rn e d a li v e b ec a u s e t h ey s et fi re

t o h is buil d i n g s I n 1 7 55 M a rk an d P h illi s s l av es O f J o h n
.
,

C o dm an O f C h arl est o n h av i n g l ea rn ed t h at t h ei r m as t er,

h ad b y his w ill m ad e t h em f ree p o is o n ed h im t h at t h ey ,

m i gh t exp ed i t e t h e m att er M ark w as h an g ed an d Phillis .

w as bu rn ed ali v e .
4

3 W h at t he fi rs t l
s a ve s did t o g et r id O f the ir mas t ers is sk e t c h ed
in Jo s h u a Co ffi n
’
s S la ve I ns u rr ec t i o ns .

4 I b id .
,
p . 8 .
 38 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
In spi t e h ese up ri s i n g s h o wever th e sl av e p o pul at i o n
of t , ,

c o n t i n u ed t o i n c reas e an d t h is res ul t w as n o t s t ran g e ;

,

f or in 1 7 7 0 t h ere w er e in E n g l an d i ts el f n o t l ess t h an
‘

S l av ery in S l a v e s b r o u g h t in b y t ra ders as at t en d an t s an d
E ng l an d .
s erv an t s T h ere w as n o dec i ded ch eck t o t h is
.

i n flux u n t il t h e f am ou s S o m ers et d ec i s i o n S o m ers et h ad .

ru n a w ay f ro m h is m as t er in Vi rg i n i a W h en c a p t u red h e
.

w as t o b e s h ipp e d t o J am ai ca W h ere h e w as t o b e s o l d A
, .

C
wri t w a s p rO u re d b y G ran
'

vill e an d

th ere f o ll o wed a h ear i n g

which fin a l l y b ro u g h t t h e
qu es t i o n b ef o re Lo r d M an s
fiel d w h o g ave t h e O pi n i o n
,

Th e S o m ers et t h a t t h e s t a t e
d e i si n
c o O f a s l ave is

so o d i o us t h at it can b e
supp o rt ed on l y b y p o s i t i v e
.

l aw t o t h at eff ec t w hi c h ,

did n o t e xi s t in E n g l an d .
5

H e t h eref o re o rdered t h e
s l av e t o b e d i sc h arg ed Lib .

era l as t hi s d ec i s i o n w as ,
G RAN VI LL E S H AR P
h o wev er it d id n o t s eem
,

t o h av e an y eff e c t o n t h e c o l o n i es al t h o u g h t h e s t ru g g l e ,

f o r t h e ri g h t s O f ma n in t h i s co u n t ry t en d ed t o d o m u c h
t o d i re c t a tt en t i o n t o t h e c o n d i t i o n O f t h e N egr o .

Th ere w ere t h en in t h e A m eri can co l o n i es m an y S l aves

w h o s e c o n d i t i o n c o n s t i t u t ed an ex c ep t i o n t o t h e rul e ,

a n d t h e sl av es as a w h o l e w ere m uch b ett er t reat ed a t

t h at t i m e t h an t h ey w ere d u ri n g t h e n i n et een t h c en t u ry .

E xc ep t i o nal M o s t O f t h e m w e re g i ve n s o m e O pp o r t u n i ty
S l av es f o r en li g h t en m en t an d r eli g i o u s i n s t ru c t i o n .

E mb raci n g t h es e Opp o rt u n i t i es m an y O f t h em early est ab ,

5 Hurd, Freed o m and B o n da g e , I, 18 0 19 1

-
.
 S l a v ery I n I t s M il d F o rm 39

l ish ed t h em s el v es as c o n st i t u t i n g a n es sen t i al f ac t o r
f reem en ,
in t h e e c o n o m i c li f e o f t h ei r c o m m u n i t i es S o m e b ec am e
.

a rt i s an s o f p e c u li ar s kill o t h ers o b t a i n ed t h e p o si t i o n o f
,

c o n t ra c t o rs an d n o t a f ew b e c am e pl a n t ers t h em s el v es
, ,

o wn in g ex t en s i v e es t a t e s an d n u m b ers of sl aves S ir .

Th o m as Gag e f o u n d a n u m b er o f s uch pl an t ers o f c o l o r in

Gu at em al a in t h e s ev en t een t h c en t u ry ; t h e m ix ed b re ed s
o f Lo ui s i an a aff o rd e d a n u m b er o f t h i s t y p e an d t h e E n g ,

li sh c o l o n i es al o n g t h e c o as t w ere n o exc ep t i o n t o t h i s ru l e .

J o h n Cas so r p ro b abl y o n e o f t h e Neg ro es b ro u g h t o ver b y

,

t h e D u t c h in 1 61 9 b ecam e an o wn er o f sl av es in Vi rg i n i a
, .

A n d rew B ry an a N eg ro B ap t i s t p reac h er w as wi d el y
, ,

k n o wn as a s l av eh o l d er in S av an n ah G eo rg i a b ef o re 17 90
, , .

T h is at t i t u d e resul t ed l arg ely f ro m t h e n u m b er o f wh i t e

m en wh o b ecam e i n t eres t ed in t h e w el f are o f t h e N eg ro es
duri n g t h e sev en t een t h an d ei g h t een t h c en t u ri es A m on g .

t h ese w ere P aul l e Ju n e a J es ui t m i s s i o n ary T h e cl ergy an d

,

in C an ad a Le P et i t a n d F ran co i s Ph ill ib ert

,
t h bl k s e ac °

W at ru m o f t h e s am e s ec t in Lo u i s i an a A lph o n so S an d ov al
,

in H av an a M o rg an G o o d wy n in Vi rg i n i a T h o m as B aco n in
, ,

M ary l an d an d G eo rg e K ei t h in P enn sy l v an i a S o m e o f
,
.

t h es e lib er al w o rk ers c o op erat e d wi t h t h e S o ci et y f o r t h e

P ro p ag at i o n o f t h e G o sp el in F o re i gn P art s t o w h i ch t h e ,

Negro es w ere i n deb t ed f o r m o s t o f t h ei r earl y en li g h t en

m en t . T h ese ref o rm ers c o n t en d ed t h at t h e g o s p el w as s en t
a l s o t o t h e s l av es wh o s h o ul d b e p rep a red b y m en t a l d ev el o p
,

m en t t o rece i ve it Wi t h t h e i n c reasi n g i n t eres t in edu c a

.

t i o n it b ecam e m o re res t r i c t ed t o t h e c l erg y an d su ch o t h er

,

w ell ch o s en p erso n s re co mm en d ed b y t h em an d at t a c h ed
t o t h e chu rc h es T h e i m p et us g i ven t h e p ro p ag a t i o n o f t h e
.

g o s p e l a m o n g t h e c ru d e co l o n i s t s s e t t li n g in A m e r i c a r e

s u l t ed al s o in t h e p ro s el y t i n g o f t h e N egr o es w h o w ere

t h en b ei n g b r o u g h t f ro m t h e ju n g l es o f A f ri c a l n i n c re as i n g
n u m b ers . I t w as s o o n ev i d en t h o w ev er t h at li t t l e c o ul d b e
, ,

eff e c t ed in t h e en li gh t en m en t o f th ese bl a cks wi t h o u t fi rst

40 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
t ea chi n g t h em t h e E n g li s h l an g u ag e In al m o st every c as e .
,

t h eref o re d u ri n g t h e e i g h t een t h cen t u ry wh en t h e cl ergy

, ,

u n d ert o o k t h e t ea ch i n g o f t h e g o sp el am o n g th e bl acks it ,

i n vo l v ed al so ext en si ve i n st ru c t i o n in t h e f un d am en t als o f
e d uc at i o n t h at t h e i r m ess ag e m ig h t h av e t h e d es i re d eff e c t
’
6
, .

Th ere w as t h eref o re in A m eri c a du ri n g t h e ei g h t eent h

, ,

c en t u ry a s o rt o f s l av ery d i ff eri n g m at eri all y f ro m t h at o f

,

t h e n i n e t een t h In f a c t t h e N eg ro es w ere ab o u t as w ell

.
7
,

E i g h t eent h p ro v i d ed wi t h sch o o ls as t h e w hi t es in s o m e

C ent ury o f t h e c o l o n i es T h e fi rst sc h o o l f o r t h e educ a

Sl a v ry
.

e
t i o n o f t h e W h i t es in t h e C aro li n as w as es t ab
’

l ish ed in 1 7 1 6 an d a s ch o o l f o r t h e ed u cat i o n o f t h e N egro es

,

w as es t abli s h ed ab o u t o n e g en erat i o n l at er T h ere w ere .

in a f ew co l o n i es sc h o o l s n o t o n l y f o r f ree N eg ro es b u t f o r
,

sl av es wh o were s o m et i m es t au g h t in t h e c l as ses w i t h t h e
,

ch il d ren o f t h ei r m as t ers In so m e c as es wh en t h e N eg ro es .
,

e xp eri en c ed su ffi c i en t m en t al d ev el o p m en t t o qu ali f y as

t ea ch er s t h em s el v es t h ey w ere c all ed up o n t o s erv e t h ei r ,

m a s t ers c h il d ren in t h i s c ap a ci t y T h ere w ere sch o o l s f or

’
.

N eg ro es in al m o st al l o f t h e c i t i es an d t o wns wh ere t h ey
w er e f o un d .
8

It w as f o rt u n at e f o r t h e N eg ro es t h a t m an y sch o o ls o f
t h e m i d dl e c o l o n i e s w er e c o n d uc t ed b y t h e i n d en t u red s er
v an t c l as s o f l o w es t at e I t l o o ks rat h er s t ran g e t h at o u r .

C o nvi c t s a s f a t h ers s h o ul d c o m m i t t o t h e c ar e o f t h e co n

v i c t s w h o h a d b een t ak en f ro m t h e p r i so n s in
te aC h erS
,

E n g l an d a n d i n d en t u red in A m eri c a t h e t ask o f ed u cat i n g ,

t h ei r c hil d ren Yet t his w as t h e c as e J o n at h an B o u ch er

. .

s a i d in 1 7 7 3 t h a t t wo t h i rd s o f t h e t e a ch ers in t h e c o l o n y o f
, ,
-

M ary l an d w ere such f el o n s A s th ese w ere desp i sed b y .

9

6 Th e J o u rn a l o f N eg r o H i s t o ry , I, 87 , 2 33, 36 1, an d 492 , a nd

I I, 51 .

7 W o o dso n ,
E du c a t i on o f t h e N eg ro P r i or p
t o 1 8 61 , Ch a t er I I .

8 1 bi d .
,
10 t o 1 50 .

9 Jo n a t h a n B o u ch e r , A V i ew o f Ca u s es an d Co ns equ enc es o f t he
A m eri ca n R evo l u t i o n , 39 .
 S l a v e ry I n I t s IV
I ild F o r m 41

t he whi t es of t he hi g h er c l as s es t h ey w ere f o rc ed t o as s o
,

ci at e w i t h t h e N eg ro es wh o l earn ed f ro m t h em h o w t o read
,

an d w ri t e an d w ere t h ereb y p rep ared t o en li g h t en t h ei r

o wn f ell o w m en -
.

Th e l o c at i o n o f s o m e o f t h es e sch o o ls es t ablish ed f o r
Neg ro es w ill b e o f m uch i n t erest S am u el T h o m as u n d ert o o k
.

t h e i n s t ruc t i o n o f c ert a i n N eg ro es in t h e G o o s e C reek P ari s h

in Ch arl es t o n S ou t h C a ro li n a in 1 69 5
, ,
A E arl y s ch o o l
.
s
f ° r N eg m
sch oo l f o r t h e m o re ext en si ve i n s t ruc t i o n o f es

t h e N eg ro es w as es t abli s h ed t h ere in 1 7 44 w i t h H arry an d ,

A n drew t h e fi rs t o f t h e N egr o ra c e t o b e em pl o y ed as
,

t each ers in A m eric a Fu rt h er i n t eres t w as s h o wn in t h e

.

en li g h t en m en t o f t h e sl av es in t h at s ec t i o n b y g en t l em en

an d l a d i es o f c o n s e qu en c e a n d e sp eci a ll y b y E liz a Luc as

, ,

l at er t h e wife o f t h e ren o wn ed Jus t i c e Pi n ckn ey Th e R ev . .

Mr D av i es d ev o t ed m uch o f his t i m e t o t his w o rk am o n g

.

t h e N eg ro es in Vi rg i n i a a s d id H u g h N e ill an d Willi am
,

S t u rg eo n m in is t ers in P enn sy l van i a E li as N eau h ad a

, .

s ch o o l f o r Neg ro es in New Y o rk as early as 17 06 an d ,

A n th o n y B en ez et b eg an t o h o l d ev en in g cl ass es f o r t h em
in Phil ad elphi a in 1 7 50 Th e s et t l ers o f N ew E n g l an d
.

t h en t o l erat ed t h e i n s t ru c t i o n o f t h e s l av es a l o n g wi t h t h e i r
o wn chil dren .

Th e ev i d en c es o f t h e m en t al d ev el o p m en t o f t h e N eg ro es
o f t h a t d ay are f o u n d in t h e w o rd s o f t h e m ast ers t h e m

se l ves . In o ff eri n g s l av es f o r s al e a n d a d v ert i s i n g f o r

f u g i t i v es m as t er s sp o k e o f t h e i r v i rt u es as w ell I nt el l ect ual
,

d ev l
as t h e i r s h o rt c o m i n g s Ju dg i n g f ro m wh at nt e e
.

t h ey sa i d ab o u t t h em in t h es e a d v ert i s em en t s one ,

m u s t co n clu d e t h at m an y o f t h e e i g h t een t h cen t u ry s l av es

h a d t ak en o v er m o d ern ci v ili z at i o n a n d h ad m ad e
t h em s el v es u s ef u l an d s kill ed l ab o rers wit h a kn owl
,

ed g e o f t h e m o d ern l an g u ag es t h e f u n d a m en t al s o f m at h e
,

m a t i es an d s ci en c e a n d ac q u a i n t a n c e w i t h s o m e o f t h e
,

p ro f essi o n s It w as a c o mm o n t h i n g t o ref er t o a sl ave as

.
42 T he N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry
b ei n g s m a rt an d e xhibi t i n g evi den ces o f h av i n g exp eri en c ed
m o s t O f t h at m en t al d evel o p m en t wh ich u s u ally resul t s
f ro m wh at w e n o w c all a c o mm o n s ch o o l ed uc at i o n S o me .

“
sp o ke g o o d E n g li sh in co n t ra d i st i n c t i o n t o o t h ers wh o
,
”
s p o ke v ery m uch b ro k en E n g li s h In o t h er c as es t h e
.

f u g i t i v e w o ul d b e c r ed i t e d w i t h sp eaki n g p ro p er E n g lish
‘ ’

“ ”
o r sp eaki n g v ery p ro p erl y .

B ro u g h t in f ro m t h e W est I n d i es w h ere t h ey h ad b een ,

in c o n t a c t wi t h al l n at i o n al i t i es O f E u ro p e an d h ad n o t
b een rest ric t ed in t h ei r d evel o p m en t m any O f t h ese sl aves ,

h ad pick ed up m o re t h an t h e m ere f rag m en t s O f e d uc at i o n .

I t w as n o t u n usu al t o fi n d a sl av e sp eaki n g
S l av es
.

wi t h s o me Sp an i sh F ren ch an d E n g li sh— an d exc eed

k n m ed g e
,

i n g l y g o o d E n g lish Willi am M o o re h ad a
'

sl ave wh o s p o k e S wed ish an d E n g lish w ell Philip F ren ch O f .

P hil adelphi a h ad an o th er wh o s p o k e Du t ch an d g o o d En g
lish an d J o h n Willi am s o f t h e s am e s t at e o wn ed a N eg ro
, , ,

wh o S p o k e very g o o d E n g lish an d w as v ery flu en t in his

t alk . A n o t h er t y p e O f t his s o rt w as a sl av e wh o esc ap ed
f ro m Ch arl es t o n in 1 7 99 H e Sp o k e b o t h F ren ch an d E n g
.

lish fluen t ly w as v ery art f ul an d s ucc e ed ed in p assi n g as

, ,

a f ree m an A b et t er ex am pl e w as a s l ave O f Th o mas M ay

.

o f M ary l an d w h o m his m as t er c o n s i d ered pl ausibl e an d

,

c o m pl ac en t . H e c o ul d sp eak g o o d E n g li sh a li t t l e ,

F ren ch and a f ew w o rd s O f H i g h Du t ch H e h ad b een in .

t h e W es t I n d i es a n d in C an ad a s erv i n g as a w ai t i n g m an
,
-

t o a g en t l em an an d h ad t h ereb y h a d t h e Opp o rt u n i t y O f
,

g et t i n g a cqu a i n t e d w i t h t h e d i ff er en t p art s O f A m eri c a .

In a dd i t i o n t o t h e m ere k n o wl ed g e O f h o w t o exp res s

t h em s el ve s flu en t l y in t h e m o dern t o n g u es a c o n si d er abl e ,

n u m b er O f t h e f u gi t i v e s a d vert is ed in s o m e p art s h ad

Sl av es ab l e
l earn ed t o read an d wr i t e A dv ert isi n g f o r
.

t o ead
r a Ne g ro n am e d C at o J o sep h H al e s ai d t h at
,

nd m m “
h e s p eak s g o o d E n g li sh an d c an r ea d a n d
a

“
w ri t e A n o t h er s ai d h e is an art f u ll f ell o w an d c an re ad
”
.
,
44 T h e N e g r o I n O ur H ist o ry
bl ack an d wh i t e
h o m es pun j ack et a fl an n el ch ecked sh irt , ‘
,

g ray y a rn s t o c ki n gs a fl ann e l s h i rt a bu n d l e O f o t h er
, ,
”
c l o t h es an d a v i o li n
,
Whi t e p ers o n s at t h at t i m e were n o t
.

g en erally b e t t er cl ad .

In n o t a f ew o t h er c as e s t hes e f u g i t i v es are m en t i o n ed as
p erso n s wh o h ad n o t o n ly an am pl e s u ppl y O f c l o t h i n g b u t ,

c o n s i d erabl e m o n ey J o hn Duli n O f B al t i m o re in 1 7 9 3
.
, ,

a dv ert is e d f o r a sl av e s uppli ed w i t h a m pl e f u n ds an d ,

t h e c o n t e x t O f t h e ad v ert is em en t i n d ic at es t h at
S l av es in
g o d c ir um
o c th e m o n ey w as earn e d b y t h e sl av e w h il e h ir
st ances
in g h is t i m e R ef erri n g t o an o t h er f u g i t i ve a
.

.
,
“
m as t er s ai d : A s I exp ec t h e h as a su m O f m o n ey w i t h h im ,

p ro b ably h e m ay g et so m e o n e t o f o rg e a p ass f o r him an d

”
p ass as a f ree m an S o m e Neg ro es w ere w i d ely k n o wn as
.
,

t h ey w ere s erv i n g as m ech an ic s an d art i s an s an d a f ew O f ,

t h em b e c am e c o n t ra c t o rs o n t h e i r o w n ac c o u n t o v ers eers f o r ,

t h e i r m ast ers a n d fi n all y f reem en es t ablish ed in bu s i n es s

,

f o r t h em s el ve s .
12

In t h e a bs en c e O f res t ric t i o n s wh i c h ch arac t eriz ed t h e

e c o n o m ic s l av ery o f t h e f o ll o w i n g c en t u ry t h ey h a d en t ered ,

m an y O f t h e hi g h er pu rsui t s S o m e O f t h es e N eg ro es w ere
.

s ervi n g as t each ers an d p r ea c h ers an d a f ew w ere en g ag ed ,

i n t h e p ra c t i c e O f m ed i c i n e as w as t h en c o m
S l av es in ,

hi g h er m o n in t his c o u n t ry R ef erri n g t o o n e O f his

.

p urs ui t s
sl aves in 1 7 40 J am es Leo n ard O f P h il ad elphi a
, ,

s a i d h e c o ul d bl eed an d draw t eet h p ret en d i n g t o b e a g reat

‘
,
”
d o c t o r an d v ery reli g i o us an d h e s ay s h e is a chu rch m an
,
.

In 1 7 97 J am es G eo rg e O f C h arl est o n S o u t h C aro li n a h ad , ,

a sl av e wh o p as s e d f o r a d o c t o r am o n g his p eo pl e an d it ,

w as supp o s ed p ra c t ic ed in t h at c ap aci t y ab o u t t o w n
,
Ne .

g r o e s w er e s er v i n g as p r i v at eers a n d s o l d i ers in t h e arm y

d u ri n g t h e c o l o n i al w ar s an d h ad l earn ed so m u ch ab o u t t h e
m ili t ary c o n t es t s f o r p o ss es s i o n in t h e n ew w o rl d t h at t h e

Th e Jo u rn a l N ro H is t o ry , I 2 03
11 o f eg ,
.

12 I b id .
, 2 03
.
 S l a v e ry I n I t s M il d F o r m

E n g li s h f eared t h a t l l i s b et w een t h e F ren ch in

c o s e re at o n

t h e W es t an d t h e s l av es O f t h e c o l o n i es al o n g t h e c o as t m i g h t
e ven t u all y l ea d t o an u n d ers t an d i n
g b et w een t h e F re n ch
an d t h e sl av es t o t h e eff e c t t h at t h e l a t t er m i h t c ro s s t h e
g
m o u n t a i n s i n t o F ren ch t erri t o ry .

P ro b ably t h e m o s t s t riki n g ev i d en ces O f t h e f avo rabl e

s i t u at i o n O f t h e sl av es d u ri n g t h e e i g h t een t h c en t u r i
y s

T HE P U N I S H M EN T OF A R UNA W A Y S LA VE
t h ei r cl o s e rel at i o n w i t h t h e p o o r wh i t es t h e m o st O f
,

wh o m at t ha t t i m e w ere i n d en t u re d s erv an t s R edu c ed t o

, ,
.

th e s am e so ci a l s t at u s b y c o m m o n l o t in s erv i S l av es and
t u d e t h es e t w o cl as ses w ere in m an y c a s e s D W hi t s °°r e
, ,

e sp e ci a lly in th e c o l o n i e s aro u n d t h e C h es ap eak e B ay ab o u t ,

e qu a ll y t reat ed . Th e sl ave s an d t h e i n d en t u red s ervan t s

f o ll o w ed t h e s am e o cc u p at i o n s h ad t h e s am e p r i v il eg es
,

a n d f ac ili t i es a n d exp er i en c e d t o g et h er t h e s a m e pl eas u re s

, .
46 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

Li v i n g on th is co m m o n pl an e ,
t h es e t w o l
c a s s es so o n p ro

c eed e d i n t erm arr y In 1 7 2 0 R i ch ard Til g h m an O f

to . P h il a
d elp h i a c o m pl ai n ed t h at his m ul at t o sl av e R i ch ard M O l S On , ,

h ad run aw ay in c o m p an y w i t h a w h i t e w o m an n am ed
{

M ary wh o it w as s upp o s ed p as sed as his wi f e an d wi t h a

, , , ,

w h i t e m an n am ed G arret t C h o is e an d J an e h l s wi f e A , ,
.

m ul a tt o s erv an t m an in P h il a d elphi a n am ed I s aa c C ro m
w ell ran a w ay wi t h an E n g li s h s erv an t w o m an n am e d A n n e
G reen e in 1 7 45 T wo y e ars l at er A n n W a in rit e a s ervan t
, .
, ,

w o m an O f N ew C as t l e C o u n t y r an aw ay t aki n g wi t h h er a , ,

N eg ro w o m an .
13

T h es e cl o s e rel at i o n s b et w een t h e bl a cks an d t h e i n den

t u red s erv an t s l at er c aus ed u n u s u al d i s s at i s f ac t i o n Laws .

w ere t h eref o re en act ed t o p rev en t t h is i n t erb reed i n g O f th e

rac es In 1 661 t h e p ream b l e o f s uch a l aw i n M ary l an d
. .

“
s ai d A n d f o ras m uch as d iv ers f r eeb o rn
‘

Di ss at is ,

f awn“
E n g lis h w o m en f o rg et f ul O f t h e i r free c o n di
:

t i o n an d t o t h e d isg ra c e O f o u r n at i o n do in t erm ar
, ry wi t h ,

n eg ro S l av es b y which als o d i v ers sui t s m ay a ris e t o u ch i n g

, ,

t h e i ss u e O f such w o m en an d a g reat d am ag e d o t h b e f all ,

t h e m as t er O f su c h N eg ro es f o r t h e p rev en t i o n wh ereo f f o r , ,

d et erri n g such f ree b o rn w o m en f ro m such sh am ef ul -

m a t ch es b e i t en a c t ed : T h at wh at s o ev er free b o rn w o m en
,
-

sh all i n t erm arry w i t h an y Sl ave f ro m an d af t er th e l ast ,

d ay O f t h e p res en t ass em bl y sh all s erve t h e m as t er O f such

sl av e du rin g t h e li f e O f h er hu sb an d an d t h at all t h e iss u es ,

O f s u c h f ree b o t h w o m en s o m arr i ed Sh all b e sl ave s as t h ei r ,

f at h ers w ere A n d b e it fu rt h er en a c t ed
. Th at al l t h e :

i ssu es O f E n g lish o r o t h er free b o rn w o m en t h at h av e al

,
-
,

read y m arr i e d N eg ro es s h all s erv e t h e m ast er O f t h e i r p ar

”
en t s t ill t h ey b e t hi rt y y ears O f a g e an d n o l o n g er
14
.
,

T h i s h o w ev er d id n o t s eem t o p rev en t th e m i s c eg en at i o n
, ,

13 Th e J o u rn a l o f N eg r o H is to ry , I , 2 06 .

14 Th i s so c a i l s t at u s x i
i s m o re e t en s v el y t re a t e d in T h e J o u rn a l o f
N eg r o H i s t o ry , I , 2 06 2 1 6 , a n d I I 335 35 53
-
,
-
.
 S l a v e ry I n I t s M il d F o rm 47

of th e t wo c s f o r pl an t ers so m et i m es m arri ed whi t e

ra e ,

w o m en s erv an t s t o N eg ro es in o rd er t o t ran s f o rm s u ch s er
v an t s a n d t h ei r O fl s p rin g i n t o sl aves T h is h app en ed in th e
.

c as e O f I ri sh N ell a s ervan t w o m an b ro u g h t t o
, M i s c eg e
M ary l an d b y L o rd B al t i m o re an d s o l d l at er t o “ 33 10 “ 5

a pl an t er wh en t h e p ro p ri et o r ret u rn ed t o E n g l an d Th e .

p ro c eed i n g s i n s t i t u t ed t o O b t a i n f reedo m f o r h er Ofl sp rin g

b y h er N eg ro husb an d o ccupi ed t h e a t t en t i o n Of t h e c o ur t s
O f M ary l an d f o r a num b er O f y ears af t er which t h e p et i
,

t i o n w as fi n all y g ran t ed This p ro c ed ure was esp eci al ly

.

l eg isl at ed ag ai n s t in 1 681 b y a m eas ure which p en aliz ed

,

t his cus t o m t h en Ob t a i n i n g am o n g t h e pl an t ers Th e i n t er

.

b reed i ng O f t h e rac es h o wever in spi t e Of th e l aws ag ai n s t

, ,

it c o n t i n u ed
,
. Th e public w as bu rd en ed wi t h so m an y
ill egi t i m at e m ul at t o ch il dren t h at it b ec am e n ec ess ary t o
f ram e l aw s c o m p elli n g t h e p ers o n s res po n s ibl e t o m ai n t ai n
t h es e u n f o rt u n at e w a i f s an d m aki n g t h e N eg ro es o r t h e
,

whi t e p ers o n s c o n c ern ed s ervan t s o r sl aves f o r a c ert ai n

n u m b er O f y ears .

In Vi rg i n i a it w as n ec es sa ry t o t ak e t h e s am e ac t i o n .

H u g h D avis was wh ipp ed t h ere in 1630 b ec au se h e w as

g uil t y Of d efil in g h is b o dy b y l y i n g wi t h a N eg ro I n 1 622 .

t h e c o l o n y i m p o s ed fi n es f o r f o rn ic at i o n wi t h a N eg ro b u t ,

d id n o t res t ric t i n t erm arri ag e u n t il 169 1 A c E ff o rt s t o

.

c o rd i n g t o t his l aw if an y free E n g li sh w o m an
,
s ep arat e
t h ra s e ce
sh o ul d h av e a b as t ard chil d b y a Neg ro o r "

m ul att o sh e sh o ul d p ay t h e su m O f fi f t een p o u n d s s t erli n g

, ,

an d in d ef aul t o f s u c h T a
p y
. m e n t S h e sh o ul d b e t a k en i n t o

t he p o s s essi o n O f t h e chu rc h w ard en s an d d iSp o sed Of f o r

‘
1

fi v e y ears an d such ill eg i t i m at e c h il dren S h o ul d b e b o un d

, .

o u t as s erv an t s u n t il t h ey re a c h e d t h e ag e O f t h i rt y If t h e .

wo m a n in qu es t i o n h app en ed t o b e al read y in s erv i t u de fi v e ,

y ears w ere a d d e d t o t h e t erm f o r wh ich Sh e w as t h en b o u n d .

T h is s am e l aw w as f u rt h er el ab o rat ed an d ext en d ed b y t h e
Vi rg i n i a l aw O f 17 53 H ere h o w ever it d evel o p ed just as
.
, , ,
48 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
in t h e c ase O f M ary l an d t h at t h es e l aw s f ail ed t o rem edy t he
,

p rev a ili n g ev il an d t h at S t at e f o u n d i t sel f w i t h an u n u su ally

,

l arg e n u m b er Of ill eg i t i m at e m ul att o ch il dren o n it s h an ds .

Th e O ffici als hit up o n t h e pl an O f bi n d i n g t h em o u t as w as ,

do n e in t h e c as e O f D av i d J am es in 1 7 2 7 o n e M al a chi ,

on a p l an t at i o n an d an o th er f ree N eg ro in No rf o lk
,

C o u n t y in 1 7 7 0 .

EN T ERT AI N M E NT

N o rt h C aro li n a ls o u n dert o o k t o p u t an en d t o t hi s
a

m i s c eg en at i o n. Th at c o l o n y p ro vi d ed in 1 7 1 5 f o r t h e usu al
l aws res t rict i n g t h e i n t erc o u rs e o f t h e t wo rac es Cl ergy .

m en O ffic i at i n g at m ix ed m arri ag es w ere p en a li z ed Th es e .

p rec au t i o n s h o w ev er f ail ed to m eet th e requi rem en t s an d

, , ,

t h e c u s t o m co n t i n u ed in N o rt h C a ro li n a j u s t a s it h a d els e
wh ere in S pi t e O f t h e f act t h at t h e l aw O f 1 7 4 1 l eg is
,
“
l at ed ag a i n s t t h at ab o m i n abl e m ixt u re an d S pu ri o u s i ssu e ,
 S l a v ery I n I t s M il d F o rm 49

which h ereaft er m ay i n crease in t his g o vern ment b y whi t e

men an d wo m en i n t erm arry i n g wi t h I n d i an s N eg ro es Mu , ,
”
l at to es o r Mus t ees It w as en a c t ed t h a t if a n y m an o r
.

wo m an b ei n g free sh o ul d i n t erm arry wi t h such p ers o ns he

, , ,

sh o ul d b e fin ed fi f t y p o un d s f o r t h e u se o f t h e p ari sh an d ,

an y whi t e s erv an t w o m an f o un d g ui l t y o f such c o n d uc t

s h o ul d h av e t wo y ears O f s ervic e in a dd i t i o n t o t he t i m e f o r

which sh e w as al ready b o un d o ut .

T his cust o m Ob t ai n ed in o t h er p art s wh ere t he N egro es

were fo un d in s m all er n um b ers an d b ec aus e Of th e sc arci ty
,

Of such p o pul at i o n w as ch eck ed wi t h great er d i fficul ty .

M as s achus ett s en a c t ed a l aw ag a i n st it in 17 05 Pen n sy l .

van i a t o o k a c t i o n in 1 7 25 T h es e l aws w ere Dimm m

.

ext en d ed an d m ad e m o re r i g i d in t h e c o u rs e Of in s ep arat in g
t h e rac es
t i m e as t h e cu s t o m g av e m o re an d m o re d is
‘
~
,

s at is f ac t i o n I t w as a l o n g t i m e h o w ever b efo re it h ad
‘

.
, ,

very m uch eff ec t in New Y o rk an d s t ill l o n g er in Penn sy l

,

van i a . This i nt erm ix t u re en d ured an d wh en in 17 80 , ,

d u ri n g t h e s t ru g g l e f o r t h e ri g h t s Of m an t his l aw w as ,

rep eal ed m ix ed marri ag es b ec ame co mm o n B ut wh en

, .

t h e ardo r Of t h e revo lu t i o n ary l eaders h ad b ec o m e m uch

d i m in ish ed t o w ard s t h e cl o s e Of t h e e i g h t een t h c en t u ry ,

t h ere s et in a d eci ded reac t i o n a g ai n st t h is m isc eg en at i o n .

It w as t h eref o re e xt ens i vel y a g i t at ed t h ro u g h o u t c o mm un i

t i es wh ere N eg ro es w ere f o un d in l arg e n u m b ers an d v ari ,

o us p et i t i o n s c am e f ro m t h o s e s ec t i o n s p ray i n g t h at i n t er

marr i ag e O f t h e whi t es an d bl a cks b e p ro A i t at i on

g
hib it ed Th e fi rs t p et i t i o n O f c o n s equ en c e a g ai nst
.

mis ce g en at i o n
c am e f ro m Green C o un ty in 1820 Such a .
'

marri ag e was t h e c aus e O f a ri o t in C o lum bi a in 18 34 an d ,

an o t h er Of a ri o t in Phil ad elp h i a in 1 849 In 1838 m em .

b ers O f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n al C o n v en t i o n en g ag ed in a
h eat ed d i sc ussi o n o f t h e cu st o m Th e ag i t at i o n h o w .
,

ever , was g en erally in efl ec t ive f o r ra c e a dm ix t u re c o n

,

t in u ed as
,
is evi den c ed b y t h e f ac t t h at o n e fi f th o f -
50 T h e N e g r o I n O LU '

H ist o ry
t he N eg ro es S t at e in 18 00 w ere m ul att o es an d
in t h e
t h at in 1 860 t h i s p ro p o r t i o n h ad i n c reas ed t o o n e t h i rd -
.

P ers o n s wh o p ro f ess ed s eri o u sl y t o c o n si der t h e f u t u re

O f s l av ery t h eref o re s aw t h at m i s c eg en at i o n an d es p ec i all
, , , y
t h e c o n c u bi n ag e O f w hi t e m en w i t h t h ei r f em al e s l av es in ,

t ro d u c ed a m ul at t o r a c e wh o s e n u m b ers w o ul d b e c o m e d an

g ero u s if t h e aff e c t i o n s O f t h ei r w h i t e p a ren t s

T h D an g er o f
e
mi eg en ati o n w er e p erm i tt e d t o r en d er t h em f r ee
sc Th e
l av ery
.

to S
A m eri c an s o f t h e f u t u r e w o ul d t h ereb y b e
“

c o m e a race O f m ix ed b reeds rat h er t h an a w hi t e an d a

bl ack p o pul at i o n A s t h e lus t O f whi t e p ers o n s f o r th o s e
.

Of c o l o r w as t o o s t ro n g t o p reven t ra c e adm ix t u re t he ,

lib erty O f em an cip at i n g t h ei r m ul att o O ff s p ri n g w as re

s t ric t ed in t h e s l av e S t at es b u t t h e cus t o m O f s elli n g t h em
,

b ec am e c o m m o n .

Th es e l aws t h eref o re even t u ally h ad t h ei r d esi red eff ec t

, , .

T h ey w ere n ever i n t en d ed t o p reven t t h e m isc eg en at i o n O f

t h e ra c es b u t t o d eb ase t o a s t ill l o wer s t at us t h e O fi s p rin g
,

O f t h e bl a cks wh o in s pi t e O f public Opi n i o n m i g h t u n d er

, , ,

Laws fi nal l y o t h er c i r c u m s t an c es i n t erm arry w i t h t h e p o o r

eff ec t i v e .
whi t e w o m en Th e m o re i m p o rt an t Obj ect ive
.
,

t o o w as t o l eav e t h e w o m en O f c o l o r wi t h o u t p ro t e c t i o n
,

ag a i n s t whi t e m en wh o m i g h t us e t h em f o r c o n ven i en c e
, ,

whil e whi t e wo m en a n d bl a ck m en w o ul d gr a du ally g ro w

s ep arat e a n d d is t i n c t in t h ei r s o ci al rel at i o n s A l t h o u gh .

t h ereaf t er t h e O ff sp r i n g O f bl a cks an d whi t es d id n o t di

m i n i sh i n s t ead O f b ei n g g ra du all y assi m il at ed t o t h e t y p e O f
,

t h e C auc a s i an t h ey t en d ed t o c o n s t i t u t e a p e culi ar cl ass ,

c o m m o n l y c all e d p eo pl e O f c o l o r h av i n g a hi g h er so ci al
,

s t at us t h an t h at O f t h e bl ack s b u t fi n all y cl assifi ed w i th all

, ,

o t h er p ers o n s O f A f ric an bl o o d as N eg r o es ,
.
52 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
an d , th eref o re in t h e f reed o m O f t h e b o dy H av i n g t h e
, .

s am e i d ea R o g er Willi am s p ro t est ed ag a i n s t t h e en s l av e
,

m en t O f P equ o t I n d i an s in 1 637 J o h n E li o t an d C o tt o n
.

M at h er at t a ck ed t h e i n s t i t u t i o n b ec aus e Of it s abus es In .

1 7 01 Jus t ic e S ew ell p r es en ted his c o n v i n c i n g arg u m en t

Purit ans ag a i n s t it in his ess ay en t i t l ed T h e S ellin
g of
.

J o s ep h . Th e Pu ri t an s f el t t h at S l avery w as t h e p art icul ar

O ff en s e t h at c all ed d o wn t h e aven g i n g w rat h O f G o d an d n o t ,

w i s hi n g t o m ak e m o n ey O f it s o u g h t at fi rs t t o res t ric t it t o
,

l awful c ap t i ves t ak en in j us t w ars Th ey f elt t h at it w as .

p eril o u s t o s al vat i o n in t h at t h e s o uls Of t h e c ap t i ves w ere

o f t en n eg l ec t ed .

A m o n g t h e Qu ak ers wh o un li k e t h e P u ri t an s b eli ev ed in
, ,

s o ci al equ ali ty as w ell as equ al i ty b ef o r e G o d t h e a n t i ,

sl av ery m ovem ent m et wi t h m ore succ ess Th e Qu ak ers .

Quak ers . n o t ic ed esp eci all y t h e c ru el t reat m en t Of S l av es

an d t h e vic es resul t i n g f ro m t h es y s t em Th ey al so en d eav .

o red t o p ro ve t h at t h e sy s t em w as p reju dl c ial t o t h e i n t erest s

o f all in t h at it p reven t ed t h e p o o r whi t e s f ro m fi n d i n g em

pl o y m en t p ro m o t ed i dl en es s am o n g t h e rich cu t Off th e
, ,

i m m i grat i o n O f i n dust ri o us E u ro p ean s an d p reclu ded ,

t h e p ro sp eri t y Of whi t es al ready in t h e l an d .

T h es e reli g i o us an t isl avery at t ack s Of c o urs e w ere m et , ,

b y vari o us o t h er arg u m en t s S om e s ai d t h at N egr o es were

.

S l av es b ec aus e Of t h e cu rs e o f Can a an ; o t h ers b ec aus e t h ey

Pro sl av ery were i g n o ran t an d w ick ed an d m i g h t t h ere , ,

l
giisl av ery f o re rej o ic e o v er t h ei r o pp o rt u n i t y t o b e l ed
,

argu ment s t o Ch ris t t h ro u g h en sl av em en t b y t h e Ch rl s

.

“
t i an whi t e ra c e R alph S an d ifo rd i n qui red
. I f t h es e No :

g r o es a r e sl av e s O f s l av e s w h o s e sl av es
,
m u s t t h e i r m as t ers

be ?
” 2
E lihu C o l em an repl y i n g t o t h e argu m en t t h at Ne
,

g r o e s s h o ul d b e e n sl a v e d b ec a u s e O f t h e i r w i ck edn ess s ai d ,

“
If t h at pl ea w o ul d d o I b eli eve t h at t h ey n eed n o t g o f ar
,

2 l i
R a p h S a n d f o rd , B r i f
e E xa m i n a t i o n, Ch . IV, p . 5 .
 T he N e g r o an d t he R ig ht s o f M an
for l
S av es a s n o w S eei n g t h at t h e d i ff eren c e O f
t h ey d o .

ra c e w as t h e m a i n t h i n g t h e Qu ak ers O f G erm an t o wn P enn, ,

“
s y l van i a s ai d N o w t h o u g h t h ey a re bl ac k w e c ann o t
, : , ,

c o n ce i v e t h ere is m o re lib ert y t o h av e t h em s l av es t h an it is

,

t o h av e o t h er wh i t e o n es T h ere is a s ay i n g t h at w e s h all d o
.

t o al l m en lik e as w e w ill b e d o n e t o o u rs el v es m aki n g n o ,

d i ff eren c e O f wh a t g en erat i o n d es c en t o r c o l o r t h ey are , .

H ere is lib ert y o f c o n s ci en ce w hich is ri g h t an d reas o n abl e .

H ere o u g h t al s o t o b e lib ert y o f t h e b o dy ”

Thi s arg u .
4

m en t w as f u rt h er el ab o rat ed b y G eo rg e K ei t h J o h n H ep ,

bu rn W illi am Bu rli n g an d B en j am i n Lay a l l O f wh o m

'

, ,

w ere m en O f i n flu en c e in sh api n g t h e t h o u g h t O f t h e
Qu ak ers .

T h i s p ro t es t a g a i n s t sl avery t en ded t o b ec o m e m o re an d
“
m o re reli g i o us S an d i f o rd s ai d :
. S h all w e g O t o A f ri c a
f o r b rea d an d l ay t h e bu rd en wh i c h a pp ert a i n s t o o u r
bo d ily supp o rt o n t h ei r sh o ul d ers ? Is t h i s w ashi n g o n e
a n o t h er s f eet o r li v i n g b y t h e G o s p el
’
, o r R alp h S an di ,

m a i n t ai n i n g lib ert y an d p ro p ert y 2 A n d t o f w d/3 at t ac k "

.
.

li ve On an o t h er S l ab o r b y f o rc e an d Opp ressi o n is t his l o v

’
,

in g m er cy ? A n d t o k eep t h em sl av es t o u s an d o u r p o s t eri t y
” 5
t o al l et ern i t y is t hi s w alki n g hu m bl y w i t h G o d ?
, De
n o u n c in g all s l aveh o l d er s a s s i n n ers B en j am i n Lay s ai d ,
“
Sl aves a re b o u n d t o t h em ; so are t h ey t o t h e B en ami n L
j y a
D evil an d s t ro n g er f o r as d eat h l o o s en s o n e
, , ,

it f as t en s t h e o th er in et ern a l T o rm en t if n o t rep en t ed an d
f o rsak en H e s t y l ed as a so rt O f d ev il s t h a t p reach t o h ell
.

rat h er t h an t o H e av en t h o s e m i n i s t ers w h o in l eav i n g t h e i r ,

“
h o m es o n Sun d ay t o p reach t h e Go sp el o f g l ad t i d i n g s t o
a l l m en an d lib erty t o t h e c ap t i v es d i rec t ed t h e S l av es t o ,

3 li
E h u Co l em a n , T es t i m o n y , p . 17 .

4 G erm a n t o wn Fri en ds P r o t es t a g a in s t S l a v ery in A

’
H a rt . B .
’
s

A m eri c an H i s t o ry T o l d b y C o n t em p o r a ri es , Vo l I I , s e c t o n 1 02 , . i pp .

29 1 29 3
-
.

5 Ra lp h S a n d if o rd
’
s Br i f
e E xa m i n at i on .
54 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
wo r k t o m ai n t ai n t h em in p ri d e i d l en ess l azi n es s an d f u ll
, ,
”
n es s O f b rea d an d S i n s O f S o d o m
6
.
, /

T h es e arg um en t s w ere n o t m erely em p ty p ro t es t s b ut

i deas t ran sl at ed i n t o ac t i o n b y t h e Qu ak ers T h ey p ro .

m o t ed m an u m iss i o n b y i n d i v i d u al o wn ers a n d b y 1 7 1 3 ,

M anumi ssi o n wo rk e d o u t a d efi n i t e s ch em e f o r t h e lib erat i o n

P ° m t °d
r °
O f t h e A f ric an s an d t h e i r res t o ra t i o n t o t h ei r

n at i v e l an d a f t er h av i n g b een p rep ared b ef o reh an d b y in

,

s t ruc t i o n in reli g i o n an d t h e f un dam en t als O f ed u cat i o n .

T h ei r p ro t es t s ag ai n st t h e purch as e o f A f ri c an s seri o usl y

i m p ai red t h e m ark et f o r S l av es in P h il adelp h i a b y 1 7 15 an d ,

d ec i d ed l y c h eck ed t h e i m p o rt at i o n O f S l aves i n t o Pen n sy l

v an i a in 1 7 43 .

In l at er y ears t h e w o rk O f t h e Qu ak er s b ec a m e m o re
eff e c t i v e M o st O f t h e sl av e s o f Qu ak ers in New E n g l an d
.

an d t h e Mi dd l e S t at es w er e b y m o ra l su as i o n an d re li g i o u s

co er c i o n m an u m i t t ed b y t h e t i m e O f t h e A m er
R ul t s
es
a m ng t h e
o i c a n R ev o lu t i o n an d in t h e S o u t h ern S t at es n o t
Q uak s er .

l o n g af t er t h e cl o se O f t h e cen t u ry NO s u ch .

eff ec t i v e w o rk w a s acco m pli sh e d b y an y o t h er b o dy O f

Ch ris t i an s A m o n g t h e C o n g reg at i o n ali s t s t h ere w ere h eard

.

such p ro t es t s as t h at O f S am u el H o pki n s O f Newp o rt an d

t h at O f E z ra S t il es t h e P res i d en t o f Y al e C o ll eg e
,
S am u el .

W eb st er o f S ali sbu ry an d N at h an i el N il es an d Willi am

,

G o rdo n O f R o xbu ry al s o att a ck ed t h e ev il b u t t h e i r g ro up ,

d id n o t t h en m ak e an o rg an i z e d efl o rt f o r t h e e x t erm i n at i o n
O f t h e s y s t em .

Th ese eff o rt s in l at er y ears b ecam e m o re s uc cessf ul n o t ,

s o m uch b ecau s e O f t h e f o rc ef ul p rea c h m en t s O f t h e s ec t s

b u t o n a cc o u n t O f t h e n ew i m p e t u s g i ven t h e m o v em en t b y
f o rces set t o w o rk d u ri n g t h e p eri o d f o ll o w i n g t h e F ren c h

A f t er t h e
an d I n d i an W ar an d c ul m i n a t i n g in t h e

F n h
re c nda S p re ad O f t h e n asc en t s o c i a l d o c t ri n e w h i c h
I n di an W ar
e ff e c t ed t h e A m eric an R ev o lu t i o n T h e B ri t
.

6 B nj m i L y A l l S l K p A p s t t pp 9 2 9 3
e a n a , a ve- ee e rs o a es , .
-
.
 T he N eg r o an d t h e R ig ht s o f M an 55

is h , as a re sul t o f t h e m ili t ary t riu m ph O f W o l f e at Qu eb ec

a n d Cli ve in I n d i a h ad c o m e i n t o p o ss e ssi o n O f v as t t er ri
,

t o ry . P arli am en t u n der t h e l ead ersh ip O f G ren vill e

, ,

T o wn sh en d an d N o rt h h o p ed t o i n c o rp o rat e t h ese c o n qu es t s
,

i n t o t h e em pi re an d co m p el t h em t o d ef ray t h e exp en ses in

e i d en t t o t h e e x ec u t i o n O f t h e pl an b y e n f o rci n g t h e N av i g a

t i o n A c t s w h ic h h ad al l b u t f a ll en i n t o d es u et u d e
,
Lo n g .

si n c e a c c us t o m ed t o f reedo m f ro m s uch rest rai n t t he c o l o ,

n is t s b eg an t o s eek in l a w an d h is t o ry f ac t s w i t h w hic h t h ey

d i s pu t ed t h e ri g h t O f P a rli am en t t o t ax A m eri c a an d o n t h e ,

b as is Of w hich t h ey set f o rt h t h eo ri es just i f y i n g t h e re

l ig io u s e c o n o m ic an d p o li t ic al f reed o m O f m an
, .

Duri n g t his p eri o d t h e c o l o n is t s O f t h e m o re d em o c rat ic

o rd er Ob t a i n e d fi rs t t o l erat i o n an d fin all y reli g i o us f ree d o m

f o r t h e i r m o re p o pul a r s e c t s T h es e were t h e Qu ak ers

.
,

M et h o d i st s B ap t i st s an d P resb y t eri an s M o s t
,
.

T o l erat i o n
O f t h es e a t t h a t t i m e a cc ep t ed t h e N egr o e s as an d t h e
N egro
h u m an b ei n g s an d u n d ert o o k t o a c co rd t h em
.

t h e p ri v il e g es o f m en Fo r t h e N eg ro es t h i s m ean t l arg er
.

o pp o rt u n i t i es f o r reli g i o us d ev el o p m en t a n d i n t ell e c t u al
p ro g ress an d fi n ally c i t i z en ship in t h e m o re lib eral c o l o n i es
, , ,

w h en p o li t i c a l l e a d ers i m bu ed w i t h t h e i d e a o f t h e u n
a li en a bl e r i g h t s O f m a n j o i n ed t h es e reli gi o u s b o d i es in t h e

s t ru gg l e f o r t h e f reed o m O f t h e N eg ro es T h es e efi o rt s O f
.

r eli g i o u s g ro u p s f o rm erl y Op era t i n g i n d ep en d en t l y al o n g

,

p arall el li n es fi n ally c ul m i n at ed as o n e u n i t ed m o v em en t
,

w h en p o li t ic al l ea d ers i m p ell ed b y t h e s pi r i t O f u n i v ers al

,

lib erty j o i n ed h an ds wi th t h eo l o g i an s a n d hum an i t ari an s

,

t o t ran s l at e t h ese t h eo ri e s i n t o v i g o ro u s a c t i o n .

Il l t hi s s t ru gg l e a pp eared s o m e O f t h e m o s t f o rc ef ul an d
l o g i c al p ro t a g o n i s t s wh o u n i t ed t h e reli g i o u s p ro t es t s w i t h
t h a t O f t h e ri g h t s O f m an t h eo ry j u s t i f y i n g u n i v ers a l lib erty
- -
.

In 1 7 67 N at h a n i el A ppl et o n i n s i s t ed t h a t t h e Th e R i g h t s
“ m
S l av e s sh o ul d n o t o n l y b e t r e a t e d w i t h a re f an °

”
s p ec t ag r ee a bl e b ut t h at t h e i n s t i t u t i o n sh o ul d b e ab o l
56 T h e N eg ro I n O ur H ist o ry
ish ed . W est I n d i es as s o m e t h en co n t en ded c o ul d
If t h e , ,

n o t b e cul t i v at ed wi t h o u t sl av e l ab o r l et t h em si n k t h en , ,

s ai d h e f o r it is m o re h o n o rabl e t o s eek a s upp ort b y

,
”
b eg g i n g t h an b y t h ef t A n t h o n y B en ez et a F ren c h
.
7
,

H u g u en o t wh o in P h il adelphi a b ec am e a m em b er O f t he
, , ,

S o c i ety Of F ri en d s b ec aus e O f t h ei r an t ag on ism t o sl av ery ,

b o l dly at t ack ed t h e i n s t i t u t i o n an d t h e sl av e t rade as in

c o n sis t en t wi t h m an s n at u ral ri g h t s J o h n W OOl m an o n e
’
.
,

o f t h e f at h er s O f t h e F ri en d s c arri ed t h e r i gh t s O f m an ,
- -

t h eo ry t o it s l o g ic al c o n clusi o n i n sis t i n g t h at lib ert y is t h e ,

ri g h t Of al l m en an d t h at sl av es b e i n g f ell o w c reat u re s O f
,
-

t h ei r m as t ers h ad a n at ur a l ri g h t t o b e f ree t o d isch arg e t h e

f u n c t i o n s O f c i t iz en sh ip .

Pl ay i n g t h ei r p art in th e an t isl av ery dram a t h e P resby ,

t erian s t o o k t h e p o s i t i o n t h at sl av ery w as w ro n g b ec aus e it

subj ect ed t h e wil l O f t h e Sl ave t o t h at O f t h e m ast er The .

Pres b yt erians B ap t i s t s O f t en at t a ck ed t h e i n s t i t u t i o n wi t h
.

such z eal t h at s o m e Of t h em b ec am e kn o wn as th e E m an ei
p at i ng B ap t i st s Th e M et h od ist E pi s c o p al Chu rch in
.
,

fl u en c ed b y J o h n W esl ey d ecl ared at it s c o n f eren c e in 1 7 8 6

,

“
W e v i ew it as c o n t rary t o t h e g o l den l aw O f G o d an d t he
p ro ph et s an d t h e u n ali en abl e ri g h t s o f m an kin d as w ell as
, ,

e very pri n cipl e O f t h e R ev o lu t i o n t o h o l d in d eep es t ab as e ,

m en t in a m o re abj ec t sl avery t h an is p erh aps t o b e f o un d

,

in an y p art O f t h e w o rl d exc ep t A m eric a S O m an y s o uls , ,

”
t h at a re c ap abl e O f t h e i m ag e O f G o d S t ren u o us eff o rt s .
8

w ere t h en m ade t o exc o mm un ic at e sl aveh o l ders an d esp e

c ial l y t h o s e kn o wn as m i n is t er s
9
.

T h is succ es s h o w ever w as n o t n ec ess arily du e t o t h e

, ,

7 N at h an i l A ppl t o n Co ns i d
e e ,
i
era t o n s o n S l a very , p . 19 .

8 Lu c i u s M at l k H i s t y o f
oc ,
or A m eric a n S la very a nd M et h o d is m ,

p . 29 .

9 W h il e the Qu a k e rs , h o w ev er, i
d s c o u ra g ed t h e g ro w t h o f t h e
i n t i t ut i
s on am o ng the i p pl
r eo e, ll x
a n d a c t u a y e t e rm n a t e d it , t h e i
o th er se c t s k p
e t the q u st i n i n
e i o it s a g t a t ed s t a t e u n t it na y il fi ll
d ivid e d s ev era l o f t h em b f t h i il
e o re e C v W ar .
 T he N e g r o an d t he R ig ht s of M an 57

wo rk Of t he cl ergy Of t he lib eral s ect s It w as t h ei r eff o rt .

s upp o rt ed b y t h es e p o li t ic al l ead ers wh o appli ed t h e p ri n

c ip l es O f t h e D ecl arat i o n O f I n d ep en d en c e t o
Po li t i cal
th e N eg ro Th e s am e t h eo l o gi c al d o ct ri n es
. l ead ers an d
t h e N egm
an d p o li t ic al t h eo ri e s which i m p ell ed t h e cOl O
‘

n is t s t o ris e ag a i n s t t h e h o m e c o un t ry t o es t ablish t h e f ree

g o ve r n m en t an d r e li g i o us lib ert y f o r which t h ey l ef t t h e i r

h o mes in E uro p e c aus ed t h em als o t o c o n t en d t h at it w as

,

wro n g f o r the whi t es t o explo i t t h e bl acks In m any c as es .

t h e f o rem o s t a dv o c at es Of t h e ri g h t s O f t h e c o l o n i s t s w ere
als o ad vo c at es O f t h e ri gh t Of t h e N eg ro es t o b e free al ,

t h o u g h t h ere w ere m an y wh o c o n t en d ed t h at t h e p ri n cipl es

O f t h e D ecl arat i o n Of I n dep en d en c e d id n o t appl y t o t h e

N egro es as sl aves w ere n o t c o n s t i t u en t m emb ers Of o u r

,

so ci ety .

F in d i n g it d iff i cul t t o h arm o n iz e t h ei r h o l d i n g m en in

b o ndag e wi t h t h e as s ert i o n O f t h e ri g h t O f al l m en t o b e
f ree h o w ev er t h e revo lu t i o n ary l ead ers b o l dly m et t h e
, ,

q u e s t i o n .Wh en J a m e s O t is w as a r g ui n g t h e M eet ing

c as e O f t he Wri t s O f A ssis t an c e sh o wi n g t h e ,
“ 18 “ 19 3

i m m un i ty Of t h e c o l o n i st s f ro m such v i o l at i o n o f t h e l aw s
Of n at ure he did no t fo rg et t h e N eg ro es wh o h e s a i d
, , , ,

sh o ul d also b e freed It is li t t l e w o n d er t h en t h at J o h n
.
, ,

A d am s wh o h ear d t h e argu m en t shu d d ered at t h e d o c

, ,

t ri n e t au g h t an d t h e c o n s equ en c es t h at m i g h t b e d er i ve d
from such p rem is es P at rick H en ry s o o n d i s c o v ered t h at
.

his o wn d en u n ci at i o n O f t h e c l erg y an d o t h er ag en t s O f ro y
al t y in A m eric a w as b ro ad en o u g h t o e s t ablish t h e ri g h t

Of the Negro t o freedo m an d l at er exp ressed hi ms el f a c

,

co rd in g l y .

T h o m as J eff ers o n phil o so ph er O f t h e R ev o lut i o n

,
the ,

fo u n d am o n g o t h er gro u n ds f o r t h e just ific at i o n O f th e re

vo l t ag an s t G r eat B r i t ai n t h at t h e K i n g h ad Th e p it i o n os

p ro m o t ed t h e sl av e t rade J effers o n in co rp o r
.
f “ fl w “ ° e

at ed i n to h is o r i g i n al d raf t O f t h e D ec l arat i o n O f I n d ep en d
58 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
e n c e an i n d ic t m en t Of G eo rg e III
c t t h at h e h ad t o the eff e
“
v i o l a t ed t h e mo s t s acred ri g h t s
O f li f e an d lib ert y O f a

d is t an t p eo pl e wh o n ever O fi en d ed h im c ap t i v at i n g t h em
, ,

i n t o s l avery in an o t h er h em isph ere o r t o i n cu r m i serabl e

d eat h in t h ei r t ran sp o rt at i o n t h i t h er T h o u gh n o t so .

o u t s p o k en t h ere s t o o d w i t h J eff ers o n a l m o s t al l O f t h e f at h

,

e rs o f t h e A m eric an R evo lu t i o n ev en t h o s e in t h e S o u t h
, ,

like H en ry Lau ren s Geo rg e Wy t h e G eorg e M as o n an d

, , ,

G eo rg e W ash i n gt o n .

T his n ew i n t erest in t h e N eg ro d u ri n g t h e A m eric an

Revo lu t i o n s e cu red t o t h e ra c e an app re ci abl e s h are in d e
fen d i n g t h e lib ert y O f t h e c o u n t ry O n e c au se O f t h e 10
.

T h e n ew
B o s t o n M ass a c re w as t h at a s l av e o u t O f l o v e ,

f re ed o m an d O f c o u n t ry i n su l t ed a B ri t ish O ffic er In t h e
, .

t h e N egro
cl as h i t s el f C r i spus A tt ucks an o t h er N eg ro
.

, ,

w as o n e Of t h e fi rs t f o u r t o sh ed bl o o d in b eh al f O f A m eric an
lib ert y Du ri n g t h e w ar n u m b ers Of N eg ro es lik e Lem u el
.
,

Hay n es s erved as m i n u t e m en an d l a t er as regu l ars in t h e

,

ranks si de b y si d e wi t h w hi t e m en P et er S al em d i st i n
,
.

g u is h e d hi m s elf a t Bu n k er H ill b y killi n g M a j o r Pi t c a i rn ,

a n u m b er O f o t h er N eg ro es h ero ic all y r escu ed M aj o r S am u e l

Law ren c e an d S al em P o o re O f C o l o n el F ry e s reg i m en t

’

a cqui t t ed hi m s elf w i t h such h o n o r a t t h e b at t l e O f Ch arl es

t o wn t h at f o u rt een A m erl c an O ffic ers c o m m en d ed h im t o

t h e C o n t i n en t a l C o n g ress .

Th e o rg an i z at i o n O f N egro s o l d i ers o n a l arg er s c a l e as

s ep arat e u n i t s s o o n f o ll o w ed af t er s o m e Opp o s i t i o n Th e .

re as o n s f o r t i m i d i t y in t his resp e c t are v a r i o u s H avi n g .

N eg ro uni t s t h e i d ea t h a t t h e N e g ro e s w er e s a v a g es w h o

p p s ed
r° ° °
sh o ul d n o t b e p erm i t t ed t o t ak e p art in a
s t ru g g l e b et w een whi t e m en M ass ach us ett s p ro t es t ed ,

a g a i n st t h e en list m en t O f N e g ro es T h e C o m m i tt e e O f .

10 Th s m i ili
t a ry h s t o ry i s w e i
t re a t ed in W ll . B . H a rt g ro v e
’
s Th e
i i
N eg r o S o l d er i n t h e A m er ca n R ev o l u t o n , i n T h e i J o u rn a l o f N eg ro
i
H s t o r y , Vo l I 1 10 1 3 1
.
, pp .
-
.
60 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
M any o f t h e c o l o n i s t s wh o des i red t o av a il t h em s el ves O f
t h e s upp o rt Of t h e N eg ro es w ere a f ra i d t o s et t h e ex am pl e ,

Fear o f
t h i n ki n g t h at t h e B ri t ish m i g h t o ut s t rip t h em

arming in pl ay i n g t h e s am e g am e an d m i g h t arm
N eg mes ‘

b o t h t h e I n d i an s an d Neg ro es f as t er t h an t h e
c o l o n i e s c o ul d A f ew w ere O f t h e Opi n i o n t h at t h e N eg ro es
.
,

s eizi n g t h e o pp ort u n i t y m i g h t g o o v er t o G reat B ri t a i n as

, ,

was t h e c as e w i t h t h e d el eg at es f ro m G eorg i a t o t h e C o n t i
n eu t al C o n g res s wh o h a d g rav e f ears f o r t h e s af et y O f t h e
,

S o u t h T h ey b eli ev ed t h at if o n e t h o u s an d reg ul ar t ro o ps
.

s h o ul d p ro c l a i m f re edo m t o all N eg ro es t w en t y t h o us an d
,

O f t h em w o ul d j o i n t h e B ri t i sh in a f o rt n i g h t .

A s a m at t er Of f a c t t h ey h ad g o o d reas o n f o r so t hi n ki n g
,
.

Wh en L o rd D un m o re G ov ern o r O f Vi rg i n i a w as d ri ven
, ,

f ro m t h e c o l o ny b y t h e p at ri o t s h e su m m o n ed t o h is supp o rt
,

s ev era l h u n d red N eg ro e s t o a s si s t h im in re
N eg ro es
arm ed b y
g a i n i n g his p o w er p r o m isi n g t h em f reedo m
B fi mn
,
‘

fro m t h ei r m ast ers Th e B ri t ish c o n t em pl at ed

.

o rg an izi n g a N eg ro reg i m en t in L o n g I sl an d S ir H en ry
.

Clin t o n p ro cl ai m ed in 1 7 7 9 t h at all N eg ro es in arm s sh o ul d

b e pu r ch as ed fro m t h ei r c ap t o rs f o r t h e publi c s erv ic e an d
“
t h at ev ery N eg ro wh o m i g h t des ert t h e R eb el S t an dard
S h o ul d h av e s e cu r i t y t o f o ll o w w i t hi n t h e B ri t ish li n es an y

o cc up at i o n w h ich h e m i g h t t hi n k p ro p er .

Th ese pl an s m o reo ver were in s om e p art s ac t u ally c ar

, ,

ri ed o u t . Th e B ri t ish m ade an eff o rt t o em b o dy t wo N eg ro

re g i m en t s in N o rt h C aro li n a B et ween 1 7 7 5 an d 1 7 83 t h e
.

N egro es wit h S t at e O f S o u t h C aro li n a l o s t Negro es ,

t h e B ri t i s h .
wh o w en t o ver t o t h e B ri t i sh P ro b ably t h ree
.

f o u rths Of all t h e N eg ro es t h en in G eo rg i a w ere l o s t t o th e

A m eric an s O n e t hi rd O f t h e m en b y w h o m F o rt C o rn w alli s
.
-

w as g arriso n ed a t t h e s i eg e o f A u g u st a w ere N eg ro es l o y a l
t o t h e E n g lish A c o rp s O f f u g i t i v e S l av es c alli n g t h em s el ves
.

th e K i n g O f E n g l an d s s o l di ers h arass ed f o r s everal y ears

’
 T he N eg r o an d t he R ig ht s o f M an 61

the p eo pl e li vi n g 0 11 t h e S av an n ah R i ver an d t h ere w as ,

m uch f ea r t h at t h e rebu ff ed f ree N eg ro es Of New E n g l an d

wo ul d d o t h e s am e f or t h e c o l o n is t s in t h ei r s ec t i o n .

I t w as n e c ess ary t h eref o re f o r t h e l ead ers Of t h e c o u n t ry

, ,

t o rec ed e fro m t his p o s i t i o n o f ref usin g t o en lis t N eg ro es .

Wash i n g t o n w i t hi n a f ew w eeks rev o k ed his o rder p ro hibi t

in g t h e i r en li s t m en t Th e c o mm i t t ee in t h e
.
N egro es
C o n t i n en t al C o n g res s c o s i deri n g t h e m at t er
n e nl i s t ed .

rec o m m en d ed t h e re en li s t m en t O f t h o s e N eg r o es wh o h a d

P E E
T R SA LE M AT BU N K ER HI LL
s erved f a i t h f u ll y , C o n g ress w as d i s p o se d t o l eav e t h e
an d

m at t er t o t h e c o m m o n w e al t h s n o t w i sh i n g t o i n f ri n g e up o n
,

wh at t h ey c a ll e d S t at es ri g h t s M o st m en O f fo res i g ht
’
.
,

h o w ever app roved t h e rec o g n i t i o n o f t h e N egro as a s o l

,

d i er. J am es M adi so n s u gg est ed t h at t h e S l av es b e lib er

at ed an d arm ed H am il t o n lik e G en eral Green e u rg ed
.
, ,

t h at s l av es b e g i ven t h ei r f reed o m w i t h t h e s w o rd t o s e ,

c u re t h e i r fi d eli t y an i m at e t h ei r c o u ra g e an d i n flu en c e
'

, ,

t hese r em a i n i n g in b o n d ag e b y an Op en d o o r t o t h eir e m an e i
62 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry

p at io n . H en ry S o u t h C aro li n a t h en in et ern al
Lau ren s Of ,

d read o f t h e d is aff e c t i o n o f t h e s l av es s a i d h e w o u l d a dv an ce
,

t h o s e w h o are u n jus t l y d ep ri v ed O f t h e ri h t s
Pro p o sal o f g
H enry Of m an ki n d t o a s t at e wh i c h w o ul d b e a p ro p er
Laurens
g ra d at i o n b et w een abj e c t s l av ery an d p er f ec t
.

lib erty an d w o ul d h av e a c o rps Of such m en u n i f o rmly

,

c l a d an d e quipp ed t o o p era t e a g a i n s t t h e B ri t i sh John .

Lau ren s t h e s o n O f H en ry Lau ren s w as p erm i tt ed b y t h e

, ,

C o n t i n en t al C o n g ress t o un dert ak e s u ch en li s t m en t in S o ut h
C aro li n a b u t w h en h e b ro u g h t his pl an b ef o re th e l eg is
,

l at u re h e w as d ef eat ed b y a t ripl e h ead ed m o n s t er t h at -

s h ed th e b an eful i n flu en c e O f av aric e p reju d ic e an d pu sil

’

l an im it y in al l O ur as s embli es .
11

In o t h er p art s Of t h e c o u n t ry h o w ev er t h e i n t eres t in , ,

t h e N eg ro w as s uch t h at t h ey reg a i n ed t h e f o rm er s t an d i n g
in t h e arm y F ree N eg ro es en li s t ed in V i rg i n i a an d S O
.
,

N eg ro so l di ers m an y S l aves d esert ed t h ei r m as t ers f o r t h e

in Virgi ni a
arm y t h at t h e S t at e en a c t ed in 1 7 7 7 a l aw
'
.

p ro vi di n g t h at n o Neg ro sh o ul d b e en li st ed u n l es s h e h ad
a c ert ific at e Of f reed o m B u t l at er m an y V i rg i ni a sl av es
.
,

w i t h t h e p ro m is e Of f reed o m w ere s en t t o t h e army as ,

s u bs t i t u t es f o r f reem en an d t o p rev en t m as t ers Of such

,

N egr o es f ro m reen sl av i n g t h em t h e S t at e p ass ed an act Of ,

em an cip at i o n p ro cl ai m i n g f reedo m t o all wh o h ad en listed

,

an d s erv ed t h e i r t erm f a i t h f ully an d em p o wered t h em t o ,

s u e in f o rm a p aup eris S h o ul d t h ey t h ereaf t er b e u n l aw f ull y

,

h el d .

In his s t ra i t at V all ey F o rg e W as hi n g t o n w as i n duc ed b y

,

G en eral V arn u m t o en lis t a b at t ali o n o f Neg ro es in Rh o d e

S l vi n g t h e
o
I sl an d t o fill h is d epl et ed r an k s T h e R h o d e .

pro bl m in e I sl an d assem bly a cc eded t o t h i s r equ es t g iv ,

th e S t at es
in g ev ery eff ec t i v e s l ave t h e lib ert y t o d o n t h e
u n i f o rm o n t h e c o n d i t i o n t h at up o n his p as si n g mu s t er
11 S p a rk s , Wri t i n g s o f G e o rg e IVa s h in g t o n , VI I I , 32 2 , 32 3 .
 T h e N eg r o an d t h e R ig ht s o f M an
he wo ul d b ec o m e a b s o lu t ely f re e an d en t i t led t o all t h e '

w ag es b o u n t i es an d en c o u rag em en t s g i ven t o an y o t h er
, ,

s o l d i er . C o n n ec t i c u t u n d ert o o k t o ra i s e a N eg ro reg i m en t ,

an d New Y o rk in 1 7 8 0 p ro m i s i n g m as t ers t h e u su a l b o u n t y
,

l an d t o purch as e t h ei r s l av es p ro cl ai m ed f reedo m t o all

,

b on dm en t hus en lis t i n g f o r t h ree y ears T h i s s o rt O f .

a c t i o n g o v ern e d t h e en lis tm en t O f N eg ro es in N ew H am p

sh i re w h ere it Op era t ed t o
,

e x t erm i n at e sl av ery In
.

1 7 8 1 M ary l an d res o l ved

t o r a i s e 7 50 Ne gr o es t o
b e i n co rp o rat ed w i t h t h e
o t h er t ro o p s . M assach u
s et t s at t h e s u gg es t i o n
,

f ro m T h o m as K en ch c o n ,

s id er ed t h e qu es t i o n O f
o rg an izi n g in s ep arat e

b at t ali o n s t h e Neg ro es
s ervi n g in t h e ran ks
am o n g whi t e m en ,
th ink
in g t h at m un i t s b y t h em
s elves t h ey wo u l d exh ibi t
LE M UE L H Y N E N g l
S,di
a b et t er esp ri t d e c orp s
A a e ro so er

in t h Am i e R l ti er c a n d evo u on an
an d t ha t a l arg er n u m b er l t di t i g i h d C
a er a s g g ti
n u s l e on re a ona

w o ul d en lis t b u t as t h e p h t w h it
re a c er [ p lo i N w e eo e n e

E g l na n a
su g g es t i o n l ed t o a h eat ed
d eb at e in t h e l eg isl at u re an d t o bl o w s in t h e c o ff ee h o u s es
o f B o st o n ,
n o t hin g d efi n i t e w a s d o n e .

In e s t i m at i n g t h e s erv i ces ren d ered b y t h e bl a ck t ro o ps

O f t h e Am eric an R ev o lu t i o n Obs ervers an d O ffic ers w ere
,

l o u d in t h ei r p rai se Sp eaki n g Of t h e v al or d i spl ay ed b y

.

t h e R h o d e I s l an d reg i m en t t h e M ar quis d e
, O p in i o ns as
C h as t ell u x s ai d : A t t h e p assag e o f t h e f erry t N g ro o e
b r av ery
I m et a d et ach m en t o f t h e Rh o d e I s l an d r eg i
m en t t h e s am e c o rp s w e h a d w i t h u s l as t su m m er b u t t h ey
, ,
 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

FA C S I MI LE OF AN LE D C H GE F
HO N O R A B IS AR O A N EG RO S O LD E
I R
F RO M WA H N G N A R M Y
S I TO
’
S
 T he N eg r o an d t he R ig ht s o f M an 65

s in ec h ave b een recrui t ed an d cl o t h ed Th e g reat er p art .

O f t h em are N eg ro es o r m ul a t t o es ; b u t t h ey are s t ro n g ro ,

b us t m en an d t h o s e I h ave s een h ad a very g o o d app ear

”
an c e. R ef err i n g t o t h e b eh av i o r O f Neg ro es wh o f o u gh t
un der Gen eral G reen e L af ay ett e s ai d t h at in t ry i n g t o
,

c arry t h e c o mm an d er s p o si t i o n t h e en em y rep eat ed t h e

’

at t em p t t h ree t i m e s a n d w as O f t en repul s ed wi t h g reat

b ravery On e hu n dred an d fo rt y f o ur o f th e s o l d i ers h o l d

.
-

in g t his fi el d w ere N eg ro es Sp eaki n g Of t h e t ro o ps wh o

.

t o o k p art in t h e b at t l e Of L o n g I sl an d D r H arris a v et , .
,

eran s ai d :
, H ad t h ey b een u n f a i t h f ul o r even g i v en w ay
b ef o re t he en em y a l l w o ul d h av e b een l o st T hree t i m es
, .

in succ essi o n t h ey w ere at t ack ed wi t h m o r e d esp era t e val o r

an d fu ry b y w ell t ra i n ed d iscipli n ed t ro o ps an d t h ree t i m es
-

d id t h ey succ ess f ull y rep el t h e as s aul t an d t h u s p r es erved ,

o ur army f ro m c ap t u re Neg ro t ro o ps s ac rifi c ed t h em s elves

.

t o t h e l a st m an in d ef en d i n g C o l o n e l G reen e in 1 7 81 wh en
h e was at t a ck ed at P o i n t B ri d g e New Y o rk R ef erri n g t o
, .

“
t h e b at t l e Of M o n m o u t h B an c ro f t s a i d
,
No r m ay his t o ry ,

Om i t t o r e c o rd t h at Of t h e R ev o lu t i o n ary p at ri o t s w h o o n

t h at d ay O ff ered t h ei r li ves f o r t h ei r c o u n t ry m o re t h an 7 00
”
b l ac k m en f o ug h t si de b y S i d e wi t h t h e whi t e A c c o rd i n g .

“
t o L ecky t h e N eg ro es p ro v ed exc ell en t s o l d i ers in a h ard
,

f o u g h t b at t l e t h at s e cu red t h e ret reat Of Sulli van wh en

”
t h ey t h ree t i m es dro ve b a ck a l arg e b o dy Of H es s i an s .

S om e o f t h es e Negro s o l d i ers em erg ed f ro m t h e R evo l u

t i o n as h ero es . A N eg ro S l av e O f S o u t h C aro li n a ren dered
G o vern o r R u t l ed g e s u c h v alu abl e s erv i c es in t h is w ar t h at
b y sp eci a l ac t O f t h e l eg i s l at u re in 1 7 8 3 his w i f e an d chil
d ren w ere lib erat e d B ec aus e o f his u n usu a l f o rt i t u de an d
.

v al o r in b at t l e t h e S t at e an d t h e p eo pl e O f G eo rg i a h o n o red
,

A ust i n D ab n ey a m ul at t o wh o t o o k a c o n s pi c u o us p art in
, .
,

m an y s ki rm is h e s in t h e S o u t h Fi g h t i n g u n der E lij ah
.

Cl ark h e w as s everel y wo u n d ed b y a b u ll et whi ch in p ass

,

in g t h ro u gh h is b o dy w o u n d ed h im f o r li f e He rec ei ved .
 T he N eg ro I n O ur H ist o ry

a p en si o n f ro m t h e Un i t ed S t at es Go v ern m en t an d w as b y
an ac t Of t h e l eg isl at u re Of G eo rg i a g i v en a t ra c t O f l an d .

H e subs equ en t l y a ccu m ul at ed c o n si d erabl e p ro p ert y at ,

t ain ed a p o s i t i o n o f us ef ul n es s am o n g his w hi t e n ei g h b o rs ,

h ad t h e resp ec t an d c o n fi d en c e Of hi g h O ff ici al s an d d i ed ,

m o urn ed by al l .

Th e resul t O f t h e i n c re asi n g i n t eres t in t h e N e gr o w as

t h at wi t h t h e exc ep t i o n O f S o u t h C aro li n a an d G eo rg i a a ,

deci ded s t ep f o rw ar d in t h e ext erm i n at i o n O f sl av ery w as

t ak en d u ri n g t h e rev o lu t i o n ary ep o ch Th e bl a ck c o d es w ere .

Th e
c o n si d erabl y m o d erat ed an d l aws f a cili t at i n g

p o g ress O f
r m an u m issi o n w ere p as s ed in m o st O f th e
eman ci p at i on
c o l o n i es V erm o n t New H am pshi re an d Mas
.

.
,

s achu s et t s ex t erm i n at ed t h e i n s t i t u t i o n b y c o n s t i t u t i o n al p ro

visi o n ; R h o d e I sl an d C o n n ect icu t New J ersey N ew Yo rk

, , ,

an d P en n sy l v an i a w a sh ed t h e i r h an d s O f t h e s t ai n b y g rad

u al em an cip at i o n a c t s ; an d t h e C o n t i n en t al C o n g ress ex

clu ded t h e evil f ro m t h e N o rt h w es t T erri t o ry b y t h e O rdi

n an c e O f 1 7 8 7 S O s an g ui n e d id t h e f ri en d s Of un i vers al
32

freedo m b ec o m e t h at t h ey t h o u g h t t h at sl avery Of i t s elf

wo ul d l at er g rad u al ly p ass away in M ary l an d V i rgin i a ,

an d N o rt h C aro li n a .

T o p rep are t h e f reedm en f o r t his n ew Opp o rt u n i t y ,

12 i s p ro h ibi t y c l au s w a s
Th or e

Th r sh a ll b n i t h
e e s l av y n o i n v l u n t a ry serv i t u d e in t h sa i d
e e er er r o e
t e it y
rr or th w i, o t h n in t h
er p u n i s h m nt f i m e w h
se a f th e e o cr ,
ereo e

p a t y h ll h v b n du l y c n v i t d P vi d d a lwa ys Th t a n y
r s a a e ee o c e : ro e ,
a

p s n sca pi ng i nt t h sa m f m w h m l ab r ma y b e l aw f u ll y
er o e o e e, ro o o
c l a i m d in ny n f t h e o ig i n l S t t s s u ch fug i t i ve m ay b e l w
e a o e o r a a e , a
f u ll y l i m d n d c n veyed t t h p erso n l a i m i ng h is r h r l ab
re c a e a o o e c o e or
o r s erv i c as af e sa i d o re .

B e i t o da in d b y t h e u t h ri t y afo s i d :
r e Tha t t h r s l u t i n s
a o re a e e o o
o f th 2 3d O f A p il 1 7 8 4
e l t i v t t h u bj t f t h i
r , , d in nc
re a e o e s ec o s or a e,
b e, a nd t h sa m ae h e by ep a l d n d d l d n u ll a n d v i d
re re ,
re e e , a e c a re o .

D o n b y t h e U n i t ed S t at s in C ng
e s m bl d t h 1 3th d y f
e ,
o re s s a s e e , e a o
Ju l y in t h y f e ur L ea rd 17 8 7 a n d
o f t h e i r so ver i g n t y a nd
o or , o e
i nd p enden t h t w el ft h
e ce e .
68 T he N eg ro I n O ur H ist o ry
J a co b Bi sh o p p rea ch ed o cc as i o n ally t o t h e whi t es b u t de
, ,

v o t ed h is li f e t o reli g i o us w o rk am o n g h is o wn p eo pl e He .

w as t h e suc c es s o r t o G eo rg e L i el e wh o u n der
G e g e Li el e
or , ,

a n d A n d rew t h e rul e O f t h e B ri t ish in S av an n ah h ad ,

B ry an
f o u n ded t h e fi rst B ap t is t church Of t h at ci t y .

H e w en t w i t h t h em t o J am a ic a w h ere h e es t ablish ed t h e fi rs t
,

B ap t is t chu rch in t h at c o l o ny B ry an s t ask h o wever was .

’
, ,

n o t S O eas y as t h at O f L i el e .

The A m eri c an s wh o suc

c eed ed t h e B ri t ish in au

t h o rit y at S av an n ah p er ,

sc en t ed B ry an whippi n g ,

him w h en ev er h e at t em p t ed
t o p rea ch In t h e co u rs e .

Of t i m e h o w e ver h e O h , ,

t ain ed t h e s upp o rt O f a
f ew ki n d h eart ed wh i t es -
,

wh o i n t erc ed ed in h is b e
h al f an d secured f o r h im
t h e p erm i s s i o n t o p reach
wi t h o u t i n t errup t i o n H is .

w o rk t h ereaf t er m ade p ro , ,

g res s an d ex t en d ed t o A u
PHYLL I S W HE AT L E Y ,

g u s t a t h ro u g h t h e co Op e ra
t i o n o f H en ry F r an cis a n d o t h ers .

I n t h e ci rc l e O f i n t ell ec t u al N eg ro e s t h ere s t o o d o u t t wo
c h a ra c t ers m o re p r o m i n en t t h an t h es e chu rch m en Th es e .

w e e P h y lli s W h e at l ey
r a n d B en j a m i n B an n ek er
13 “ Phy l .

l is Wh eat l ey w as a s l av e in a B o s t o n f am il y t h at g av e h er
Ph y l l i s ev ery o pp o rt u n i t y f o r i m p ro v em en t A f t er re .

Wh uey e a'
ceiv in g i n s t ru c t i o n f o r a f ew y ears s h e m as
'

t ered t h e fu n d am en t al s O f ed u ca t i on an d m ade u n usu al

13 R . R . W ri g h t , Ph y l lis W h ea t l ey .

14He n ry E aker B
B en j am i n B a n n ek e r i n T h e
.
, J o u rn a l o f N egro
H w t o ry Vo l 1 1 1 pp
.

9 9 1 18 g;
-
, .
. . .
 T he N eg r o an d t he R ig ht s o f M an
c
a d v a n e m en t in t h e s t u dy o f Lat i n an d H i s t o ry In t h e .

v ery b eg i n n i n g Of h er c areer S h e e xhibi t ed t h e t en d en c

y
t o w ri t e p o et ry Whil e p resen t d ay cri t i c i sm wo ul d n o t
.
-

c l as s i f y h er as a p o e t sh e w as in h er t i m e a w r i t er O f s uch
, , ,

i n t eres t i n g vers e t h at sh e w as b ro u g h t i n t o c o n t ac t wi t h
s o m e Of t h e b es t t h i nk ers Of t h at p eri o d A l l O f t h em w ere
.

not s eri o usly i m p res s ed

w i t h h er a c t u a l c o n t rib u
t i o n t o li t era t u re b u t t h ey
,

h ad t o c o n c ede t h at Sh e
'

h ad de ci d edl y d em o n
st rat ed t h a t N eg r o es h a d

p o ssibili t i e s b ey o n d t h at o f
b ei n g t h e h ewers Of w o o d
a n d d raw ers Of w at er f o r

an o t h er ra c e .

B en j ami n B an n ek er was
a c h ara c t er Of m o re g en ius

t h an t h at wi t h w hich m an y
O f his w hi t e c o n t em p o rari e s

were en do w ed . B o rn in
M ary l an d Of a whi t e wo
,

m an a n d bl ac k f at h er h e ,

was f ree an d at t h at t i m e
,
BE N J M N B N N E K ER S A L M N C
A I A
’
A A
ex ercis ed m o s t o f t h e p r i v i

l eg es acc o rd ed whi t e m en H e w as in a p o s i t i o n t o at t en d
.

an e l em en t ary sch o o l an d up o n t h e m o v i n g O f
, B enj amin
B nn ek
t h e w ell kn o w n E llic o t t s t o his n ei g h b o rh o o d a er

ab o u t t h e t i m e h e w as reach i n g h is m aj o r i t y B an ,

n ek er h ad m ad e such ad v an c em en t in s c i en ce an d m at h e

mat i es t h at Mr G eo rg e E lli c o t t s uppli ed h im w i t h b o o k s

.
.

S t u dy i n g t h es e w o rk s B ann ek er d evel o p ed i nt o o n e O f t h e
,

m o s t n o t ed as t ro n o m ers an d m at h em at i c i an s O f h is t i m e .

He w as t h e fi rs t O f al l A m eri c an s t o m ak e a cl o ck an d ,

publish ed o n e Of t h e fi rst s eri es O f al m an a cs b ro u g h t o u t in

70 T he N eg r o I n O ur H ist o ry
the Un i t ed S t at es . Th ese m eri t o ri o us
chi evem en t s m ade
a

h im so p ro m i n en t t h at h e w as s o u g h t an d re c ei v ed b y s o m e
O f t h e m o s t p ro m i n en t m en Of t h e U n i t ed S t at es . A m o ng
t h es e w ere J am es M c H en ry o n c e V ic e P resi d en t Of t h e
,
-

Un i t ed S t at es, an d T h o m as J eff ers o n Th e l att er w as s o

.

i m p ressed w i t h his wo rt h t h at h e s ecured f o r h im a pl ace

o n t h e c o mm issi o n t h at s u rv ey e d an d l ai d o u t W ashi n gt o n

in t h e D ist ric t Of Co lumb ia .

 C H A PT E R V

RE A C TIO N

TH E i mp et us g iven t h e upli f t Of th e Negro es d u ri n g t h e

st ru gg l e f o r t h e i n dep en den c e O f t h e c o un t ry w as g rad u ally
c h e c k ed a f t er 1 7 83 wh en t h e S t at es f a c ed t h e p ro bl em Of
,

re a d jus t m en t In t h e o rg an iz at i o n O f g o v ern m en t s t h e
.

S t at es c am e t o t he c on clu s i o n t h at it w as Eman ci p at i o n
n e c es sary t o r es t ra i n m en t o m ai n t ai n o rd er Ch eck d e

an d t h at t h ey h ad t o d ep art f ro m s o m e Of t h e t h eo ri es

o n w hich t h e R ev o lu t i o n w as f o u g h t I n t h e eli m i n at i o n Of
.

t h e i m p ra c t ic abl e f ro m t h e sch em e Of re c o n s t ruc t i o n a f t er

m aki n g p eac e wi t h G rea t B ri t a in t h e p re p o s al f o r t he
,

em a n cip at i o n O f t h e sl av e s w as n o l o n g er g en erall y h e ed ed .

I n t h o s e c o l o n i es w h ere t h e N eg ro es w ere n o t f o u n d in l arg e

n u m b ers t h ey w ere em an cip at e d w i t h o u t m u c h Opp o si t i on

an d s o m e Of t h em w ere m ad e c i t i z en s O f t h e n ew S t at es .

B u t in t h o s e w h ere t h e N eg ro e s c o n st i t u t ed a c o n s i d erabl e
p art Of th e p o pul at i o n t h ere f o ll o w ed s u ch a rea c t i o n .

a g a i n s t t h e el ev at i o n O f t h e ra c e t o c i t iz en sh ip t h a t m u c h

O f t h e w o rk p re p o se d t o p ro m o t e t h ei r w el f are an d t o p ro

vi d e f o r m a n u m i s s i o n w as u n do n e
1
.

C ert ai n S t at es O f t h e upp er S o u t h d id s upp o rt t h e m o ve

1 . . i
M S Lo ck e , A n t s la v ery in A m er c a , i pp
1 5 7 1 6 6 ; K H Po rt e r,
.
-
. .

A H is t o ry o f S uff r a g e i n t h e Un i t e d S t a t es , Ch s I I a n d III .C G . . .

i i
W o o d so n , Th e E duc a t o n o f t h e N eg ro Pr o r t o 1 8 61 , Ch s VI a n d .

i
VI I ; a n d A D A d a m s , T h e N eg l ec t ed Per o d o f A n t s la ve ry i n
. . i
A m er i ca, p as s mi .

71
72 T he N eg r o I n O ur H ist o ry
m en t t o b o li sh t h e sl ave t rad e b u t f o r e c o n o m i c rat h er
a ,

t h an f o r s en t i m en t a l reas o n s T h e p ro h ibi t i o n O f t h e sl ave

.
f

S al v e t a dre t r a d e i n D e l a w ar e M a r y l an d Vi
,
r g i n i a an d ,

m t h e S ° ut h No rt h C aro li n a d id n o t n ec ess aril y Sh o w a

h u m an i t ari an t ren d Th e r eas o n s f o r such a c t i o n w ere
.

l arg el y e c o n o m i c T h ei r i n du st ry h ad rea ch ed a s ett l ed

.

s t at e ,
an d t h e i n flux O f m o re s l av es t h ey b eli ev ed w o ul d , ,

l ead t o a d ec reas e in t h e v alu e O f S l av es c aus e t h e supply O f ,

S o u t h ern p ro d u c t s t o exc eed t h e d em an d drai n t h e S t at es ,

Of m o n ey an d c o n s t i t u t e a si n i st er i n flu en c e o n N eg ro es
,

a l ready b ro k en in If i m p o rt ed in l arg e n u m b er s t h e t rade

.

m i g h t f o r c e up o n t h e c em
'

m u n it ies a l arg er n u m b er

t h an
supp o rt ed co ul d be ,

an d i n s t e a d O f p ro m o
t i n g S l av ery m i g h t m ak e
in st an t ab o li t i o n n ec es
sa ry F u rt h erm o re th e .
,

s u cc ess f u l reb elli o n O f t h e

N eg ro es in S an t o D O
m i n g o l e d b y T o u s s ai n t ,

L O u v ert u re an d D esa
’

li n es b ro u g h t s uch a ,

d rea d o f s erv il e in su rr ec
tio n am o n g th e s l av e

ho l d ers t h at m an y O f t h em

T U S A N T L O UVE UR E
o s I
’ Opp o s ed t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n
RT
o f t h e sl av e t rad e And .

ev en in t h e rad ic a ll y p ro s l a v ery S o u t h as in t h e c as e O f ,

S o u t h C aro li n a it w as s p ecifi c all y p ro v i d ed t h at n o s l aves

,

s h o ul d b e i m p o rt ed f ro m t hi s d i s t u rb ed are a in t h e W es t

I n d i es A S a m att er o f f ac t h o w ev er m an y ref u g ees f ro m

.
, ,

R ef ug ee s H ay t i h ad c o m e t o t h e p o rt s O f B al t i m o re ,

“ H yt i
0 111 a
N o rf o lk C h arl es t o n an d N ew O rl ean s an d
.

, ,

t h ey so w ed seed s O f d i s c o rd f ro m w h i c h c am e m o s t O f t h e
 R e act io n

up risi ng s O f Negro es d u rl n g t h e fi rs t t h ree d ec ad es O f t h e

n i n et een t h c en t u ry
2
.

T h e C o n g res s O f t h e C o n f ed erat i o n h a d v ery li t t l e t o d o

w i t h s l avery as it d id n o t c ar e t o i n t erf ere w i t h t h e ri g h t s
,

O f t h e S t at e s Sl av ery as a n at i o n a l qu est i o n h o w ever a p

.
, ,

p eared in t h e a do p t i o n O f t h e O rd i n an c e O f 1 7 8 7 p ro v i d i n g
f o r t h e o rg an iz at i o n Of t h e No rth w est T erri
‘

S l av ery n d a
t o ry . Th e sixt h cl aus e O f t h at d o cu m en t t h e O di n n c e r a
f 1 7 87
p ro vi ded t h at n ei t h er sl avery n o r in v o lu n t ary O ’

s er vi t u d e exc ep t f o r pu n is h m en t o f c ri m e s h o ul d b e p er
, ,

m it t ed in t h e s a i d t erri t o ry This w as en ac t ed o f co u rs e .
, ,

p ri o r t o t h e ado p t i o n O f t h e C o n s t i t ut i o n O f t h e U n i t ed
S t at es an d m ay s eem t o h av e n o b eari n g t h ereo n b u t as it s ,

l eg ali t y w as qu es t i o n ed O n t h e g ro u n d t h at n o su ch p o w er
'

h ad b een g ran t ed t o t h e C o nt i n en t al C o n g res s b y th e S t at es

o r b y an y p ro v i s i o n in t h e A rt i c l e s O f C o n f ed era t i o n it ,

re qui res s p ec i a l a t t e n t i o n I t is O f i m p ort an c e t o no t e t h a t

.

it w as d ef en d ed o n t h e u n t en abl e g ro u n d t h at it w as a
tre at y m ad e b y t h e S t at es f o rm i n g t h e C o n f eder a t i o n rat h er
th an an ag r eem en t O f t h e S t at es t o b e o rg an i z e d in t hi s t er
rit o ry t h ere af t er T h e b es t w h i c h can b e s ai d f o r it h o w
.
,

e ver is t h a t it w a s m er el y a l eg i s l at i v e a c t O f C o n g res s
3
.
,

T h e c o n v en t i o n O f 1 7 87 d es i red t o t ak e v ery li t t l e i n t erest

in t h e an t i s l avery m o v em en t in t h e o rg an i z a t i o n O f t h e
F ed eral G o v ern m en t O li ver E ll sw o rt h O f C o n n ect i cu t a n d .

E lb ri d g e G erry O f M as s ach u s et t s t h o u gh t t h e T h e C nv en o

q u es t i o n O f sl av ery sh o u l d b e s et t l ed b y t h e “ On f 1 7 8 7 O :

S t at es t h em s elves A s t h is qu est i o n c am e m o re p ro m i n en t l y
.

p i i ng f o rt h i n J o s h u a C o ffi n s A n A c c o u n t o f t h e
’
2 T he s e u r s s a re s e t
i
P r n c i p a l S l a ve I n s u rr ec t i o n s S ee a s o E dw n V M o rg a n s S l a v er y
.
’
l i .

i
i n N ew Yo r k (A m e r c a n H s t o r c a A s s o c a t o n R e o rt i i l i i p , pp .

6 2 9 67 3 ; a n d E
-
. B
G ree n e s P r o vin ci a l A m er i c a (T h e A m e r c a n
’
.
i
i
N a t o n ), Vo l VI , 2 40
. p . .

p i
3 A l l O f t h e s e a s e c t s o f t h e O rd n a n c e O f 1 7 8 7 a re t h o r o u g h y d l S l
c u s s e d in J P D u n n s I n d i a n a ; A R e d e m p t i o n f r o m S la v er y , C h VI ;
’
.
. .

a n d in Ch a s Th o m a s H ic k o k s T h e N eg r o i n O h i o , c h a t e r o n t h e
.
’
p
i
O rd n a n c e o f 1 7 8 7 .
 74 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
b ef o re t his b o dy c all ed t o f ram e t h e C o n st i t u t i o n O f t h e
Un i t ed S t at es h o w ever it h ad t o b e c o n s i d ered m o re s eri
, ,

o u sl y t o d et erm i n e a m et h o d O f r et u rn i n g f u g i t i ve sl av e s
, ,

t h e p ro hibi t i o n O f t h e sl ave t rad e a n d t h e a pp o rt i o n m en t O f

,

rep r es en t at i o n Wh en t h e .

S o u th w an t ed t h e N eg ro es
t o b e c o u n t ed t o s ecu r e
l arg er rep resen t at i o n o n
t h e p o p u l at i o n b as i s al ,

t h o u g h it d id n o t w an t
t hu s t o c o u n t t h e bl a ck s in
a pp o rt i o n i n g f e d er a l t ax es ,

s o m e sh arp d eb at e en su ed ,

b u t t h e n o rt h ern an t isl av
ery d el eg at e s w ere n o t s o

m u ch at t a ch ed t o t h e c au s e
o f u n i vers al f reed o m as t o
BE N J A M I N F N K L N n d t fo rc e t h ei r O pi n i o n s o n t h e
RA I , a a vo c a e
f f o d m ree o
p r o sl avery g ro up an d t hus r

l o s e t h ei r supp o rt in o rg an i z i n g a m o re s t abl e f o rm o f g o v
ern m en t . T h ey fi n all y c o m p ro m i s ed b y pro v i d i n g f o r rep
4

resen t at io n O f t h e S t a t es b y t w o S en at o rs f ro m e a ch an d f o r ,

t h e rep res en t at i o n O f t h e p eo pl e in t h e H o u s e b y c o u n t i n g
al l w hi t es an d fi v e N eg ro es as t h ree w h i t e s an d b y f u rt h er ,

p ro vi d i n g f o r t h e c o n t i n u at i o n O f t h e sl ave t rad e u n t il 1 808 ,

wh en it sh o ul d b e p ro hibi t ed an d f o r a f u gi t i ve sl ave l aw
,

t o s ecu re sl av eh o l d ers in t h e p o s s essi o n O f t h ei r p eculi ar

p ro p ert y .

I m m ed i at el y af t er th e F ederal G o vern m en t w as o rg an iz ed
t h ere s eem ed t o b e a t en d en cy t o i g n o re t h e cl ai m s O f t h e
N eg ro I n 1 7 8 9 th e Qu ak ers at t h ei r ann u al m eet i n g in
.

Phil a d elphi a an d New Y o rk a do p t ed c ert ai n

Th e N gro a
e
n eg li gi bl e m em o ri als p ray i n g t h e at t en t i o n O f C o n g res s
f a ct ”
in a d o p t i n g m easu res f o r t h e ab o li t i o n O f t h e

4 Th e J o u rn a l o f N egro H is t o ry , Vo l I I I
.
, pp . 38 1-434 .
76 T he N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry
C o n g ress ref us ed als o t o i n t erven e in b eh al f o f c ert ai n
m an u m i tt ed N egr o es o f N o rth C aro li n a w h o a f t er h av i n g ,

b een g i ven t h ei r lib erty b y t h e Qu ak ers w ere ag ai n red uc ed

t o s l avery Th e o n ly a c t i o n o f t his s o rt t ak en b y C o n g ress
.

d u ri n g it s earl y Op erat i o n w as t o p as s t h e Fu
v ent i n b y o
g it iv e Sl a v e L a w o f 1 7 93 T h is m e a su r e p ro .

mug v id ed t h at a m as t er m i g h t s e iz e his ab s c o n d i n g

sl ave t ak i n g ref u g e in an o t h er S t at e c arry h im b ef o re any ,

m ag is t rat e an d s ecu re f ro m t h at f u n c t i o n ary a u th o ri t y t o

r et u rn t h e sl ave Co n g res s r ef u s e d o n t his o cc as i o n t o p ro
.

v i de an y s af eg u ar d s t o p rev en t t h e en s l av em en t o f f ree N e

g ro es N o sym p at h y c o ul d t h en b e exp ec t ed f ro m t h e N o rt h
.
,

f o r whil e t h at s ec t i o n c o n s i d ered t h e i n s t i t u t i o n an evil it ,

h ad n o t in t h e l eas t i n c reas ed it s l o ve f o r t h e N eg ro an d ,

ev i d en c es o f u n res t am o n g N eg ro es d id n o t m ak e c o n d i t i o n s

m o re f avo rabl e Th e No rt h d id n o t w an t t h e N eg ro es an d
.
,

t h o s e s o u t h ern ers wh o h ad a dvo c at ed t h eir em an cip at i o n

of the l
S t a t es , t h a t t h ey w
s eve ra re v s e t h e r aw s f ro m t m e t o ill i i l i
i
t m e , w h e n n ec e s s ary, a n d rom o t e t h e o p
e c t s m e nt o n ed in t h e bj i
i l
m em o r a s , a n d ev ery o t h e r m ea s u re t h a t m a y t en d t o t h e h a ness ppi
l
o f s a v es .

l
Fo u rt h ly , Th at , n ev ert h e es s , Co ng ress h ave au t h o r t y, if t h ey i
sha ll i
t h nk it n ec e s s a ry , t o l ay a t a n y t m e a t a x o r d u t y, n o t i "

x i
e c eed ng t en d o ll
a r s f o r e ac h erso n o f a n y d e scr p
t o n , t h e m o rt a ip i i p
i
t o n o f w h o m sh a ll
b e b y a ny o f t h e S ta t e s a d m tt ed a s a f o resa d i i .

Fif t h ly , Th a t Co ng re s s h ave a ut h o r t y t o n t erd ct , o r (so f ar a s i i i

i
it is o r m a y b e c a rr e d o n b y c t en s o f t h e U n t ed S t a t e s , f o r i iz i
ppl i
su y g n f o r e g n e rs ) t o ir eg u a t e t h e A f r c a n t r l
a d e , a n d t o ma e i k
p i i
ro v s o n f o r t h e h u m a n e t rea t m ent o f S a v e s , in a ll c a s es wh e on l il
i p
t he r a s sa g e t o t h e U n t e d S t a t e s , o r t o f o re gn i o rt s , a s f a r a s i p
p i iz
it re s ect s t h e c t en s o f t h e U n t e d S t at es i .

S ixt hly , Th at Co n g res s h ave a so au t h o r t y t o ro h l

t f o re gn ers i p ibi i
f ro m fi i l p
t t ng o u t v es s e s , in a n y o rt o f t h e U n t ed S t a t e s , f o r t ra n s i
p o rt a t io n o f p
e r s o n s f ro m A f r c a t o a ny f o re g n o rt i i p .

i li
S even t hly , Th a t t h e m em o r a st s b e n f o rm ed, t h at in a ll c ase s i
i i
t o w h ch t h e a u t h o r t y o f C o n g re s s e t e n d s t h e y w e e rc s e it f o r x , ill x i
j
t h e h u m an e o b ec t s o f t h e m e m o r a st s , s o f a r a s t h e y c an b e i li
p ro m o t ed o n t h e r nc p i ipl
es o f just ce, h uman t y , a n d g o o d o cy i i p li .

R EP O RT O F T H E CO MM ITTEE OF T H E W H O L E H O U S E
Th e Co mm t t e e o f t h e i Wh l H u se t w h m w a s c m m i t t ed t h e
o e o , o o o

p
re o rt o f t h e c o mm t t e e o i n th m m i l s f t h P pl
e e or a a ll d Qua k o e eo e c e
 R e act io n

were co n f ro n t ed wi t h t h e q u est i o n as t o wh at s h o ul d b e
do n e w i t h t h em w h en f reed .

Th e rea c t i o n in t h e N o rt h w as g en erally m an ifes t ed in

t h e ch an g e o f t h e at t i t u d e o f t h e whi t es t o w ard t h e bl ack s ,

wh o h ad d u ri n g t h e s t ru g g l e f o r t h e ri g h t s o f m an b ec o m e
co nn ec t ed wi t h sch o o ls an d chur ch es t h ro u g h o u t t he sec
t i on It was t h erefo re n e c ess ary f o r N eg ro e s t o est abli sh
.

i n dep en den t chu rch es o f t h eir o wn lik e t h o s e R eacti o n m

’

h e Ch u m
fo un ded by A n drew B ryan in G eo rg i a an d t h

J o seph Willis in Miss issippi B eari n g it g ri evo usly t h at t h e .

p eo pl e o f c o l o r w ere suff eri n g fro m a m ili t an t p reju d ic e in

t h e M et h o d ist chu r ch R ich ard A ll en an d J am es V arick es ,

t ab l ish ed i n dep en d en t o rg an iz at i o ns o u t o f which dev el o p ed

t h e A f ric an M et h o d is t E pi s c o p al Chu rch an d t h e A f ric an

ers , and l
t h e Penn s y va n a S o c et y f o r Pro m o t ng t h e A o t o n
of i i i b li i
l p
o f S a very, re o rt t h e f o o w ng a m en d m en t s ll i
i
St r ke o ut t h e fi l
rst c a u s e , t o g et h er w t h t h e rec t a t h eret o , a n d i i l
in li eu th e r o f
e n sert ,
“
T h i
a t t h e m g ra t o n o r m o rt a t o n o f s u c h i i i p i
p e rso n s a s a n y o f t h e S t a t e s n o w e s t ng s h a th n ro er t o xi i ll i k p p
i
a d m t , ca n n o t b e ro h p
t ed b y Co ng re ss , ibi
r or to t h e y ear o n e p i
i
t h o u sa n d e g h t h u n d red a n d e g h t i .

ik
S t r e o u t t h e seco n d an d t h rd c a u s e s , a n d in eu t h ereo f n sert , i l li i
Th a t Co ng res s h a ve n o a u t h o r t y t o n t e rf ere in t h e e m a n c a t o n i i ip i
l
o f s a v e s , o r in t h e t re a t m e n t o f t h e m w t h n a n y o f t h e S t a t e s ; it i i
i i
rem a n ng w t h t h e s ev e ra i S t a t e s a o ne t o l
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p li q i .

k
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n sert , l li i
Th at Co ng res s h a v e a ut h o r t y t o re s t ra n t h e c t en s o f t h e U n t ed i i i iz i
i
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i i l
ing f o re g n ers w t h s a v e s , a n d o f ro v d n g b y ro e r regu a t o n s f o r p i i p p l i
t h e h u m a n e t rea t m en t , d u r n g t h e r a s sa g e , o f s a v e s i
m o rt e d b y i p l i p
i i iz i
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”
i i i p i .

ik
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i p
O rd er ed , th a t t h e s a d re o rt o f t h e Co m m tt ee o f t h e W h o e H o u s e i l
d o l ie on the t a bl e .

S e e Te t x of in t h e H o u s e J o u rn a l , l s t Co n g , 2 d S e s s ;
b o t h re p rt o s . .

p p i l
t h e re o rt o f t h e s e c a c o m m t t ee i s a s o i n t h e A n n a ls o f C o n g r es s , i l
l s t Co ng , II , 1 4 14 , 1 4 15 , a n d in A m er S t a t e P a p er s , M i s c e l l a n e o us ,
. .

1, 12 Fu
. ll p i
re o rt s o f d s c u s s o n s a r e i n t h e A n n a l s ; c o n d e n s e d in i
B ent o n s A b r d g m en t , I
’
i S e e a s o v o n H o l s t s U n t e d S t a t es , I , 8 9
’
. l i
9 4 ; Pa rt o n s Fra/
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n k li n , 1 1 , 6 06 6 14 ; W s o n s R is e a n d F a l l o f t h e
’
-
il
S la ve Po w er, I , 6 1 6 7 -
.
 78 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
M et h o d i s t E pisco p al Zi o n Chu rch In t h e s am e m an n er t h e .
6

o pp o rt u n i t i e s f o r N eg ro es t o a c qui re e d uc at i o n b e c am e l es s

f requ en t as m en t en ded t o veer aro u n d t o t h e expl o i t at i o n

,

co n c ep t i o n o f t h e N eg ro as a b ei n g d es i rabl e o n l y s o f ar as

h e an s w ered s o m e s ervil e pu rp o s e o f t h e whi t e m an In .

e d uc at i o n h o w ever t h e N eg ro es w ere t o o g en erally p ro

, ,
-

sc rib e d a n d t h ey w ere ec o

no m ic al l y t o o w eak f o r in

d ep en d en t ac t i o n .

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.

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,

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,

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t o o k t o res t ri c t t h e p ri v il eg es o f t h e f ree N e g ro es it .

w as c o n t en d ed t h at t h e a c t i o n o f t h e S t at e c o n fli c t e d w i t h

6 C G
. . W o o d so n , T h e E d u ca t i on o f t h e N eg r o Pr i or t o 1 8 61 , p . 86 .
 R ea ct io n

t hi s u aran t eei n g t h o s e p ers o n s wh o w ere ci t iz en s

t re at y g
a t t h e t i m e o f t h e pur ch as e t h e f ull e n j o y m en t Of t h e p ri vi

l eg es wh ich t h ey h ad u n d er t h e F ren ch ré g i m e O n t h e .

o c c asi o n O f t h e en f o rc e m en t O f a l a w o f t h a t S t a t e d ep riv

in g c ert a i n f ree N eg ro es o f t h e r i g h t t o att en d sch o o l t hi s ,

qu es t i o n w as b ro u g h t u p in M o bil e A l ab am a which a t
, ,

t h e t i m e O f t h e pu rc h as e b el o n g ed t o t h e L o ui s i an a t err i
t o ry .B y sp ec i a l o rd i n an c e o f t h e ci t y c o u n c il h o w ever , ,

t h es e ci t iz en s w ere ex em p t ed fro m t h e Op erat i o n s Of t hi s

l aw .

Th e g reat f ac t o rs in b ri n g i n g ab o u t t h e reac t i o n h o w ,

ev er w ere p ri m aril y e co n o m ic
,
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.

in g t h e s ec o n d h al f o f t h e n i n et een t h
c en t u ry i n ven t o rs b eg i nn i n g wi t h
, ,

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,

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,

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-

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, ,

l o o m an d fi n all y Whi t n ey s f am o u s
,
’

c o tt o n g in Th es e revo l u t i o n i z ed in
.

d u s t ries in t h e m o d ern w o rl d a n d in ,
A N E RL Y C
A N G N
O TT O I
f a cili t at i n g t h e m aki n g O f cl o t h in
c reas ed t h e d eman d f o r c o tt o n whi ch l ed t o t h e pl an t at i o n
,

sy st em re qui ri n g t h e l arg e i n creas e in t h e i m p o rt at i o n O f

sl aves Th e co t t o n g in a m ac hi n e O f revo l vi n g cy li n d ers
.
, ,

o n e f o r t ea r i n g t h e li n t f ro m t h e s eeds an d a n o t h er
arran g ed t o rem o v e t h e li n t f ro m t h e fi rs t c y li n d er s im ,

p l ifi e d t h e p r o c ess O f s e e d in g c o t t o n
,
a n d in r e l e as i ng

l ab o r f o r p ro d u c t i o n m ul t ipli ed it s o u t pu t in a f ew
y ea rs C. o t t o n cl o t h w a s t h e r e b y c h e a p en e d a n d t h e d e

m an d f o r it so ex t en s i vel y i n c reas ed t h at t h e S o u t h
b e c am e a m o s t i n v i t i n g fi el d in wh i ch w as roo t ed o n e
O f t h e g reat es t i n d u s t ri es o f t h e w o rl d . B ef o re t h e en d
O f t h e s e c o n d d e c ad e O f t h e n i n et een t h c en t u ry t h e S t at es

O f t h e l o w e r S o u t h b e c am e i n a l t er a bl y a t t a c h ed t o s l av ery
80 T he N e g ro I n O u r H ist o ry
as an e c o n o m c i ad v an t ag e in s upply i n g t h e ch eap l ab o r it
r e qui red an d b eg a n t o d en o unc e t h o s e wh o p ersis t ed in dub

bi n g it an ev il .

Wi t h t h i s i n c reas e in t h e d em an d f o r sl aves t h ere c am e

n u m ero u s p et i t i o n s f o r t h e r eo p en i n g O f t h e A f ric an sl av e

t ra d e in t h e l o w er S o u t h T h e N o rt h ern an d Mi d dl e S t at e s
.

I n c e as e i n
r
e ar l y p ro h ibi t e d t h e sl av e t raffic h o l d i n g it ,

t h d m nd
e e a a s a g ri ev an c e ag a i n s t G eo rg e III t h at t h ey ,

f r l ve
o S a s
w ere n o t p erm i t t ed t o d o s o earli er M ary l an d
'

p ro hibi t ed it in 17 8 3 N o rt h C aro li n a ch eck ed it b y a

.

rat h er h i g h im p o rt d u t y in 1 7 8 9 an d S o u t h C ar o li n a r o
, p
s c rib ed i t b y l aw f o r s ix t e e n y e ars G eo rg i a alo n e t o o k n o
.

a c t i o n ex c ep t t o p ro vide f o r it s o wn s ecu ri t y in p ro hibi t i n g

t h e i m p o r t at i o n Of i ns u rrec t i o n ary sl av es f ro m t h e W es t
I n d i es t h e B ah am as an d Fl o ri d a and t o requi re free
, ,

N eg r o es t o f u rn ish c ert ifi c at es o f t h ei r i n dust ry an d h o n es t y .

A n e arl y eff o rt w as m ad e t o rep eal t h e p ro h ibi t o ry p ro

v i s i o n ag a i n s t t h e t r affic in S o u t h C aro li n a b u t it w as d e ,

f e a t ed .T h o s e i n t eres t ed in th e t rade p ro c eeded t o sm u g g l e

sl aves a l o n g t h e c o as t an d t h e eff o rt s t o en f o rc e t h e p ro
,

b ibi t o ry l aw w ere wi t h o u t succ ess F i n all y in 1805 af t er

.
, ,

m u c h p ers i s t en c e t h e s l av e t ra d ers in t h at S t at e c arri ed

,
-

t h e i r p o i n t pu tt i n g t h ro u g h t h e bill t o rem o v e all A f ric an

,

r es t r i c t i o n s b u t c o n t i n ui n g t h e e xclu s i o n o f N eg ro es f ro m

t h e W es t I n d i e s an d sl av es f ro m o t h er S t at es f aili n g t o h av e
cert ific at es o f g o o d ch ara c t er .

Th e a c t i o n O f S o u t h C aro li n a w as i n t erp ret ed as o p en i n g .

t h e d o o r f o r all O f t h e at r o c i t i es f o rm erl y p ra c t ic ed b y t h e
s l av e t r ad er s N o rt h C aro li n a New H am p shi re V erm o n t
.
, , ,

Th e Sl av e
M ary l an d a n d T en n ess ee t h eref o re requ es t ed
, ,

tra d e t h e i r C o n g res s m en t o m ak e an eff o rt t o h av e

t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e U n i t ed S t a t e s S O
am en d e d as t o p r o h ibi t t h e i m p o rt at i o n O f N eg ro es f ro m

A f ri ca an d t h e W es t I n d i e s C o n gr es s ref us e d t o a ct in t h i s
.
 R e a c t io n 81

cas e n o t o n ly b ec aus e it h a d b ec o m e rea c t i o n ary b u t f o r t h e

, ,

reas o n t h at t h e t i m e p ro v i d ed b y t h e C o n s t i t ut i o n f o r t h e
ab o li t i o n O f t h e sl av e t rad e w o ul d arr i ve in 1 808 A t the .

n ex t s es si o n Of C o n g res s bills t o p ro h ibi t t h e t rade w ere

i n t ro d uc ed b u t n o a ct i o n w as t aken
, .

In 1 806 J eff ers o n t o o k up t h e qu es t i o n in hi s an n u al m es

s ag e u rg i n g C o n g ress t o i n t erp o s e its aut h o ri ty t o w i t h draw
,

cit iz en s Of th e Un i t ed S t at e s f ro m al l f urt h er p art icip at i o n

in t h o s e v i o l a t i o n s O f hu m an ri g h t s wh ich h ad Jefi ers o n n
‘

o
“ ab ° mi ° m
b een s o l o n g c o n t i n u ed o n t h e u n o ff en d i n g
”
i nh abi t an t s o f A f ri ca S en at o r B radl ey O f V erm o n t
.
7

p ro m p t ly i n t ro d uc ed a bill wi t h t h e p ro v isi o n s t h at in
t erst at e sl ave t ra d e al o n g t h e c o as t sh o ul d b e p ro h ibi t ed
a f t er t h e c l o s e O f t h e y ear 1 8 07 an d t h at i m p o rt at i o n O f

sl aves sh ou l d b e a f el o n y pu n i sh abl e b y deat h In t h e .

8

H o u s e wh ere p ro s l av ery C o n gressm en m an ag ed t h e f ram

,

in g O f t h e bill i t p ro hibi t ed im p o rt at i o n p ro v i d ed fi n es
, ,

an d f o rf e i t u re Of t h e sl av e s f ro m ab ro ad o n b o ard such

v es s els an d f o r t h e s a l e at public a uc t i o n O f sl aves t h u s

,

sm u gg l ed in A s it w as ev i d en t t h at t h is bill w o u l d n o t
.

p reven t t h e en sl av em en t O f t h e bl acks c o n c ern ed Mr Sl o an ,

.

O f N ew J ers ey p ro p o s e d t o am en d t h i s bill s o as t o f ree t h e

sl av es t hus f o rf ei t ed This p ro p o si t i o n t o t u rn l o o s e in t h e
.

S o u t h N eg ro es jus t f ro m A f ri ca evo k ed f rom E arly o f ,

G eorg i a t h e p ro ph ecy o f t h e p ro mp t ext erm i n at i o n O f s u ch

,

N egro es in t h e S o u t h ern S t at es B u t sp eaki n g f o r his p eo

.

p l e S
,
m ili e o f P e n n s y l v an i a f e l t t h at h e c o ul d n o t t o l era t e

t h e i d ea o f m ak i n g t h e F ed eral G o v ern m en t a d eal er in

sl aves Su ch an a ct t h o u g h t h e w o ul d b e un c ons t i t u t i o n al
.
, ,
.

This p ro vi si o n w as af t er s o m e ex c i t em en t s t ri ck en o u t
, , .

A n eff o rt w as t h en m ad e t o s u b st i t u t e i m p ri s o n m en t f o r

7 A n n a ls o f Co n g res s , 1 8 06 18 07 ,
-
p . 14 .

8 Th e d e a t e o n t h eb ro h p ibit i n f t h l v t
o o e s a e ra d e i s t re a t ed in
W . E . B
D u B O is s S u p p r es s
’
. i n f t h Af i n S l
o o e r ca a ve Tra d e .
82 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
t he d ea t hp en a l t y o n l y t o c au s e m u c h m o r e c o n f u s i o n
,
.

A f t er m o re ex c i t i n g d i s c u ss i o nt h e H o u s e l ai d as i d e it s bill
f o r t h e o n e f r o m t h e S en a t e f ro m w h i ch it
E ff rto in s ,

b eh al f f o r o m p t l e li m i n a t e d t h e d ea t h p e n a l t y a n d
p y
S al v t r ad e
e ‘

i d e d p en l t o f i m p r i so n m e n t o f n o t
p r o v a a y
l ess t h an fi ve n o r m o re t h an t en y ears Th e p ro h ibi t i o n .

a s t o p art i c ip a t i o n in c o as t al s l av e t ra d e w as e li m i n at ed a l s o .

Th e bill w as t h en p as s ed an d s en t b a c k t o t h e S en at e . Th e
S en at e ac cep t ed t h i s wi t h t h e m o d ifi c at i o n t h at t h e c o as t al
t r a d e p ro v i s i o n b e appli ed o n l y t o v es s el s o f l es s t h an f o rt y
t ons . T h ere w as s t ill s o m e Opp o s i t i on f ro m E arl y o f G eor
g i a b e c au s e h e t h o u g h t t h e bill in t h a t f o r m f u t il e f o r t h e

p rev en t i o n O f sm u g g li n g f ro m Fl o ri da J o h n R an d o lp h b e
.

l iev ed it i n t erf ered wi t h a m an s r i g h t o f p ri v a t e p ro p ert y

’
.

T h e bill as p ass ed p en ali z ed w i t h i m p ri s o nm en t t h e i m p o rt a

t i o n o f sl av e s f ro m ab ro a d p ro h ibi t e d t h e sl av e t ra d e
,

a l o n g t h e c o a s t in v es s el s o f l ess t h an f o r t y t o n s r e qui r ed ,

o f l a rg er v ess el s c o n f o rm i t y t o c ert a i n s t ip u l a t ed r eg ul a

t i o n s a n d pl a c ed s m u g g l ed s l av es w h en sei z ed a t t h e d i s p os a l
,

O f t h e S t at e w h ere t h ey m i g h t h e l an d ed .

T h i s l aw o f c o urs e w as a v i ct o ry f o r t h e l o wer S o u th
, , ,

t h en d em an d i n g an i n c reas e in t h e s l av e l ab o r s uppl y .

Wi t h t h es e ev as i v e p ro v i s i o n s f avo ri n g S t at e c o n t ro l t h e ,

m ea s u r e w a s n ev er eff e c t i v e a n d t h e illi c i t
Vi t ry f o r
c o
th p
e l v ry t rad e fl o u ri sh ed t h ro u g h o u t t h e S o u t h w i t h
ro s a e

g r up
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o u t m u c h i n t erf eren c e In f a c t it w as im
‘

.
,

p o s s ibl e t o secu r e a c o n v i c t i o n u n d er t h i s l aw un t il t h e Civ il

W ar s o eff ect i v e h ad b een public O pi n i o n in t h e S o u t h
,

a g a i n s t t h e p ro h ibi t i o n o f t h e t r ad e . T h i s w as t h e c u l m i n a
t i o n o f t h e r ea c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e N eg ro in C o n g res s . Fo r
e co n o m i c r eas o n s t h e S o u t h h ad pi tt ed i t s el f a a i n s t t h e
g
C o n s t i t u t i o n an d t h at N eg ro es m i g h t b e f u rt h er e xpl o i t ed
,

b y t h e w h i t es fi n all y s e c u r e d a m a j o ri t y s u ffi c i en t l y l acki n g
,

in m o ral c o u ra g e t o ev a d e c arry i n g o u t t h e S pi ri t o f t h e
f u n d a m e n t al l a w .
84 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
t h e w arn i n g g i v en by p ro l o n g ed d eb at e re
s t a t esm en in t h e
s u l t in g in t h e a d m i s s i o n o f Mi s s o u ri a s a s l av e S t at e
9
.

In t h e sam e w ay t h e i n tr o d u c t i o n o f t h e c u l t u re o f su g ar
in Lo u i s i an a ac c el erat ed t h e t rad e in t h at t err i t o ry By .

an add i t i o n a l a c t o f C o n g re ss d eali n g w i t h t h e p r o h ibi t i o n

Th e sug ar o f t h e sl av e t ra d e i n t h at S t a t e a l o o p h o l e w as
i n d ust y
r .
l ef t in t h e l aw s o t h at it w as co n s t ru ed t o
p erm i t t h e i m p o rt at i o n o f s l av es f ro m t h e o t h er p art s o f
t h e U n i t ed S t at es Sl av e t ra d ers in s o m e o f t h e b o rd er
.

S t at es wh ere t h e w o rn o u t s o il m ad e t h e sy s t em u n p ro fi t abl e
-
,

m o reo ver suppli ed t h e L o ui s i an a T erri t o ry in spi t e o f

,

r es t ri c t i o n s t o t h e c o n t r ary Th ey ev ad ed th e l aws b y p u r
.

c h as i n g sl av e s o s t en sibl y f o r em pl o ym en t a t h o m e b u t o n l y

t o b e s o l d l at er in L o uisi an a a f t er a b r i ef s t ay t o c o m pl y
wi t h t h e l et t er o f t h e l eg al requi rem en t s T h e resul t w as .

an i n flux o f sp ec ul at o rs bu y i n g s u g ar l an d an d b r i n g i n g in

sl aves u n t il b ef o re t h e n i n et een t h c en t u ry w as f ar adv an c ed

,

t h e i n c rea si n g n u m b er o f es t at e s rep o rt ed an d t h ei r l arg e

p ro du ct i o n pl a c ed t h e c ul t ur e o f su g ar in t h e f ro n t rank
o f t h e i n d us t r i es o f t h e S o u t h .

In t hi s si t u at i o n t h en t h e S ou t h s o o n r eac h ed th e p o s i
, ,

t i o n t h at sl av ery is n o t an ev il an d b y n o m ean s a s in a n d ,

t h at t h e o n l y u s e t o b e m ad e o f a N eg ro is t o i m p r ess h im
i n t o t h e s erv i ce o f t h e whi t e m an NO c are w as t ak en o f .

T h e s it uat i o n th e bl acks a s o f p erso n s t o b e el evat ed f o r ,

“ 1 t h " s ut h
°
t h ey w ere t o b e b eas t s o f b u rd en N eg ro .

w o m en w ere o f t en w o rk e d t o o h ard t o b ear chil d ren an d it ,

m att ered n o t if t h ey d id n o t si n c e it w as d eem ed l ess ex

,

p en s i ve t o d ri ve an i m p o rt ed sl av e t o d eat h du ri n g a f ew
y e ars an d b u y an o t h er in h is pl ac e t h an t o u n d ert ak e t o ,

i n crease h is effic i en cy b y m eth o ds o f i m p ro vem en t Th ey .

w ere h erd e d in p en s lik e c at t le s o l d t o d o h ard l ab o r f ro m

,

t h e r i s i n g t o t h e s et t i n g o f t h e su n g i ven qu art ers in h abi

,

9 S e e th e d i s c o u rs e o f Jo h n Qu i n c y A d a m s in t h e A pp en d ix .
 R e a ct io n 85

t at io n s no b ett er th an t h e s t abl es f o r an i m als an d f ed up o n

,

t h e c o ars es t f o o d k n o wn t o b e g i v en t o hu m an b ei n g s
. To
p reven t t h ei r es c ap e p o lic e c o n t ro l w as effect ed b y a p at ro l
,

s y s t em which g o vern e d t h ei r g o i n g an d c o m i n g s o as t o

p reven t t h em f ro m ass em bli n g f o r h elp o r f ro m s ecu ri n g

a ssi s t an c e o r ad v ic e f ro m s y m p at h et ic whi t e fri en d s an d

f ree N egr o es .
 C HA PT E R V I

A DE CLI N I N G A N T IS LA VE R Y M OVE M E N T

A G A I N S T t hi s s t em , wh i ch h el d in p erp et u al s ervi t u de
sy

m illi o n s o f bl ac ks an d p rev en t ed t h e el evat i o n o f t h e t h o u

,

s an d s O f f ree p ers o n s o f c o l o r t o t h e di g n i t y o f ci t iz en ship ,

p ers o n s o f S ym p at h et ic t en den ci es h ad f o r y ears p ers i st ent l y

A nt i s l av ery p ro t es t ed T h ere w as s o m e an t isl avery s en
.
1

g ° up s
r °
tim en t f ro m t h e v ery b eg i n n i n g o f t h e i n t ro
d u c t i o n o f S l avery i n t o t h e Un i t ed S t at es H ere an d t h ere .

in t h e c o l o n i es t h ere w ere p erso n s wh o s eri o u s ly o bj ec t ed

t o t h e ri g o r t o w hi ch t h e S l av es w ere s ubj e c t ed in t h e d e
vel o p m en t o f t h e i n du s t ri es Of t h e New W o rl d Th es e fi rst .

p ro t es t s h o wev er w ere l arg el y o n reli g i o us g ro un ds f o r t he

, , ,

rea s o n t h at t h e expl o i t i n g m et h o d s g av e t h e N eg ro e s n o

t i m e f o r m en t a l d ev e l o p m en t o r reli g i o u s exp er i en c e Men .

wh o h a d a t fi rs t a c c ep t e d s l avery as a m e an s o f b ri n g i n g
t h es e h eat h en i n t o a C h r i s t i an l an d wh ere t h ey m i g h t u n
d erg o c o n vers i o n t o t h e f a i t h b o re it gr i evo usl y t h at s el fish
,

m as t ers i g n o red t h e ri g h t o f t h e N eg ro es t o b e en li g h t en ed .

P ro t es t s app eared m o re f requ en t l y d uri n g t h e ei g h t een t h

c en t u ry w h en reli g i o u s f reed o m an d lib ert y d ev el o p ed t o
,

t h e ex t en t t h at t h e bl a ck s w ere g i ven s o m e c o n si dera t i o n .

T h is an t isl av ery s en t i m en t h o w ev er w as n o t du e p ri
, ,

m aril y t o c ru el t reat m en t o f t h e sl av es In
E ff ect o n
.

t h N egro s
e
’
f a c t t h e fi rs t N eg ro sl av es w ere l arg el y h o us e
,
t t us
S a
s erv an t s en j o y i n g t h e t reat m en t usu all y re
°

1 l i l
Th e ea r y a n t s a v ery m o v e m en t h a s ee n w e b
t rea t ed in M Sll .

i i i
Lo c k e s A n t s l a v ery i n A m er c a fr o m t h e I n t ro d u c t o n o f t h e A fri c a n
’

i ii
S l a ves t o t h e Pr o h b t o n o f t h e S l a v e Tr a d e, in A c e D A d a m s s
’
li .

i i i
N eg l e c t ed P er o d o f A n t s l a v ery i n A m er ca , a n d in t h e a n nu a l
p
re o rt s o f T h e A m e ri ca n C o n v en t o n o
f A b o l t o n Si o c i e t ii
es i .

86
88 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
t i o n t h at t h ey m i g h t p ro p erl y f u n ct i o n in s o c i et y o n b ec o m
in g ci t iz en s T h es e b o d i es m ai n t a i n ed m o r eo ver a s o rt o f
.
, ,

vo c at i o n al gu i d an c e co mm i t t ee in ea ch l o c ali t y t o l o o k o ut
f o r app r en t i c i n g N eg ro es t o t r ad es an d t o fi n d em pl o ym en t
f o r t h em in t h e v ari o us fi el d s wh en t h ey h ad d ev el o p ed i n t o
effici en t m ech an ics .

T h e s t ro n g es t i n flu en c e ag ai ns t sl avery which h ad hi t h er
t o d ev el o p ed as al ready o b s erv ed c am e f ro m t h e Qu ak ers
, ,
.

A f t er r i dd i n g t h em sel ves o f sl av ery t h ey w ere d uri n g t h e

, ,

fi rs t d ec ade o f t h e n i n et een t h c en t u ry w o rki n g s t ren u o usly

,

t o a b o lish t h e i n s t i t u t i o n in o t h er p art s Th ey h ad h ow .
,

A nt i sl av ery ever us ed p as s ive m ean s in reachi n g t h ei r

,

q uak e“ ;
en d s an d f o r t h at r e a s o n h ad n o t g ai n ed v ery
,

m uch g ro un d ; b u t t h ey h ad d o n e eff e c t i v e w o rk in V i rg i n i a
an d N o rt h C aro li n a an d w h en t h ey c o ul d n o t o p erat e t h ere
,

as t h ey d esi red t h ey s en t t h ei r S l av e s an d o t h ers t o t h e

N o rt h w es t T erri t o ry wh ere t h ey h ad a n ew Opp o rt u n i ty It .

is do ub t l ess d u e t o t h ei r i n flu en c e in N o rt h C aro li n a t h at a
d is t i n g uish ed m an lik e Ju d g e Willi am G as t o n c o ul d c all
o n t h e S t at e t o ex t i rp at e S l av ery Th ey n o d o ub t h ad
.
, ,

m uch t o d o w i t h t h e f a c t t h at an app eal t o ab o li s h S l av ery

in t h e N o rt h C aro li n a G en era l A ss em bl y f a il ed o n l y b y t h e
c as t i n g v o t e o f t h e S p eak er an d t h at t h e i n s t i t u t i o n w as
,

s t ro n g l y at t ack ed in th e Vi rg i n i a C o n ven t i o n in 1 82 9 30 -
,

an d in t h e l egi s l at u r e t h e f o ll o wi n g y ear
2
.

Th e i n evi t abl e eff ec t o f t h e rea c t i o n w as s ec t i o n ali s m .

A S a m o re m ili t an t an t isl avery m o vem en t d ev el o p ed f ro m

t h e i n d u s t ri al r ev o lu t i o n w hich l ed t o t h e ex t en s i o n o f
,

t h e pl an t at i o n s y s t em r equi ri n g m o re sl av es
Th e es ul t s
r , ,

t h e S o u t h b ec am e gr a du all y e s t r an g ed f ro m
e 331o n
of 10
r
t h e N o rt h Th e o p en v i o l at i o n s o f t h e a ct
‘

2 C G W o o d s o n , E d u c a t o n o f t h e N eg ro Pri o r t o 1 8 61 ; S
. . i . B .

We ek s , S o u t h ern Qu a ker s a n d S l a very , a n d R R W r gh t , N eg r o . . i

i
R u ra l Co m m u n i t es in T h e S o u t h ern W o r k m a n , Vo l VII , . XXX pp .

15 8 16 6
-
.
 A D ec l in in g A n t isl a v e ry M o v e m en t 89

p ro h ibi t i n g th e A f r ic an s l ave t ra d e an d t h e i m p et u s g i ven

t h e d o m es t ic t raffic t o suppl y t h es e pl an t at i o n s w i t h Ne

g r o e s ,
l e d t o t h e b o l d a tt a ck o n t h e i n s t i t u t i o n d u ri n g t h e

fi rs t qu art er o f t h e n i n et een t h c en t u ry Th e c o t t o n g in al
.
,

t h o u g h i n v en t ed as earl y as 1 7 9 3 h ad jus t t h en b eg u n t o d o
,

its w o rk D u ri n g t h e fi rs t an t isl avery p eri o d t h ere w ere n o

.

v i o l en t p ro t es t s as t h e w o rk ers c o n c ern ed c o n t en t ed t h em
,

s el v es wi t h m aki n g a n o c c a si o n a l sp ee ch o r w r i t i n g f o r a

n ewsp a p er a n art i c l e i n v e i g h i n g a g a i n s t t h e i n s t i t u t i o n an d

s ett i n g f o rt h pl an s f o r e xt erm i n at i n g t h e ev il . A c o n s i d er
abl e p o rt i o n o f t h e ab o li t i o n li t erat u re w hi c h i n flu en ced

public Opi n i o n a pp eared in t h e G eni u s o f Univ ersa l E m a n ei

p a ti o u publi
,
sh e d b y B e n j a m i n L u n d y . T h ro u g h t h is o r g a n

t h e s en t i m en t s o f a l arg e n u m b er o f an t i s l av ery p eo pl e l iv
in g in t h e A pp al a c h i an hi g h l a n d f o u n d exp res s i o n T h ey
.

w ere d es c en dan t s o f t h e Germ an s an d S co t ch I ri sh i mm i -

g r a n t s w h o c a m e t o t hi s c o u n t ry t o r e ali ze t h e i r i d e a ls o f r e

l ig io n an d g o v ern m en t d i ff eri n g w i d el y fro m t h o se o f t h e

,

ari s t o c rat ic pl an t ers w h o m a i n t a i n e d a s l av o c rac y n ea r t h e

c o ast A f ew o f t h es e s et t l ers o f t h e upl an d s w ere g ra du ally

.

i n do c t ri n at ed in t h e t en et s o f s l avery in t h e p ro p o rt i o n t h at
t h e i n s t i t u t i o n ex t en d e d t o w ar ds th e m o un t ain s b u t a ,

l arg e n um b er o f t h em c o n t i n u ed even u n t il t h e Ci v il W ar t o
w o rk f o r t h e d es t ruc t i o n o f t h e in s t i t u t i o n . O u t o f t h is
g r o up d e v e l o p e d a n u m b er o f m an u m i s sion so c i e t i e s in

No rt h C aro li n a T enn essee an d K en t u cky T h es e o r g an i z a

,
.

t i o n s m an i f es t ed t h e fi rs t r ad ic ali sm t h e c o u n t ry h a d up t o
t h at t i m e exp er i en c ed .

H ere w e s ee t h e t en den cy n o t o n l y t o reg ard t h e in st it u

t i o n o f S l av ery as an ec o n o m i c ev il b u t t o co n s i d er it as a
s in o f w h ich t h e C h r i s t i an p eo pl e s h o u l d b e a sh am ed In.

181 0 Lo ui s Dup rey i n f o rm ed p ro f ess i n g 3135 79 7 an 1

Ch ri st i an s t h at t h e g reat t ran s g res s i o n s o f “ 3 11

0 11 0 vn 0 e

s l av e c o m m o n w eal t h s w o ul d l e a d t o o v erw h el m i n g ju d g

m en t s o f G o d . T h i n ki n g o f t h e ev il o f s l av ery T h o m as ,
90 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
J eff ers o n an upl an der s ai d
, ,
I t rem bl e f o r m y c o un t ry
:

w h en I r efl e c t t h at G o d is j u s t D av i d B arro w o f K en
.
,

t u c k y d en o u n c e d in a p am p h l et t h e i n c o n s i st en c y in t h e
,

u s e o f reli g i o u s f o rm ul a s in c o n n ec t i o n wi t h t h e b e qu es t s

o f S l aves an d a dv o c at ed i m m ed i at e em an c ip at i o n
, A b out .

t h e s am e t i m e Jo h n D P ax t o n a p rea c h er in K en t u ck y
,
.
,

“
an d Vi rg i n i a b eli ev ed in t h e
,
m o ral e v il o f S l av ery an d t h e
”
d u t y o f Ch ri st i an s t o aid sl aves an d free t h em D an i el
.

R ay m o n d o f M ary l an d
b ran d ed S l av ery as a
“
f o ul s t ai n o n o u r n a
t io n al es c u t c h eo n a c an ,

ker w hi c h is c o rro d i n g
t h e m o ral an d p o li t i c al
”
v i t a ls o f o u r c o u n t ry .

D ecl ari n g S l ave t raffi c a

c u rs e t o t h e m as t er J o h n
.

R an d o lph o f Vi rg i n i a
, ,

s a i d in C o n g r es s in 1 8 1 6 ,

“
D O as y o u w o u ld b e
do n e b y E v ery m an
.

wh o l e av es t h at g re at h i g h
r o a d w ill h av e t h e c h ali c e

w h ic h h e hi m s el f h as
—
p o i s o ed th e ch ali c e o f
n
THO M JE FF E ti l
AS RS
f m
O
re o r
N , a n an
er
y ju
s a v er
s t i ce even h an d e d ju s
,
-

i
t ce — p u t t o h is o w n lip s

b y t h e G o d o f n at u re wh o d o es n o t re qui re ab o li t i o n s o
,
”
c iet ies t o c a rry h is pu rp o s e i n t o ex e c u t i o n .

T h e s pi ri t o f an t i sl av ery h o w ev er w as d ecli n i n g in t h e
, ,

S o u t h t h ro u g h o u t t h e fi rs t h al f c en t u ry o f t h e republi c .

A nt i sl av ery
F r ee d iscu s s i o n o f s l av ery w a s e x t en d e d b y

c u e in
a s t h e a rd en t d eb a t e o v er t h e M i s so u ri qu es t i o n
th eS o ut h
f ro m 1 8 1 9 t o 1 8 2 1 In t hi s c o n t es t t h e p ro
.

sl av ery an d an t i s l av ery f o rc es f o r th e fi rs t t i m e n at i o n all y

92 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
N eg ro es en d eav o red to li ef b y re f reshi n g t h e t re e
s ec u r e re

o f lib ert y wi t h t h e bl o o d o f th e i r o pp r e s so rs T h e c h i ef
.

s o u r c e o f t h es e up ri s i n g s c a m e f ro m r ef u g ees
i nsun emi w s b r o u g h t t o t h i s c o u n t ry f r o m S an t o D o m i n g o
in 1 7 9 3 an d f ro m c ert a i n f ree N egr o e s en c o u rag ed t o ext en d
a h elpi n g h an d t o
t h e i r e n s l av e d b r e t h
r en T h e fi rs t ef
.

f o rt o f c o n s equ en ce
was G ab ri e l s In su r
’

rec t i o n in Vi rg i n i a

in t h e y ea r 1 800 I t .

h a d b e en s o d elib er
at e l y pl an n ed t h at
it w as t h o u g h t t h at
whi t e m en w ere c o n
c ern ed w i t h it b ut
,

a n i n v es t i g a t i o n a c ,

c o rd i n g to J am es
M o n ro e s h o w ed th at
,

th ere w as n o g ro u n d
f or su ch a co n
c l u s io n . It w as

T H N E O C LL S
E GR A HA L T
A
b ro u g h t o ut how ,

ev er t h at t h ese Ne
,

g r o es ,
t h r o u g h ch an n els o f i n f o rm at i o n h,
a d t a k e n o v e r

t h e rev o lu t i o n ary i d ea s o f F r an c e an d w ere b eg i n n in g t o

u s e f o r c e t o s e cu re t o t h ems el v es t h o s e p ri vi l ege s p r iz ed

b y t h e p eo pl e in t h at c o u n t ry .

Th e i n s u rr ec t i o n ary m o v em en t w as i m p eded b u t c o ul d
n o t b e ea s il y s t o pp ed A t C am den in 1 8 1 6 an d s o m e y ears
.
,

l at er at T arb o ro N ewb ern e an d H ill sb o ro No rt h C aro

, ,

li n a t h ere d ev el o p ed o t h er s uch pl o t s o f l ess c o n se

,

A t C amd en . qu en es Fo r s o m e y ears th es e o u t b reak s w ere

.

f requ en t aro un d B al t i m o re N o rf o lk P et ers bu rg an d New

, ,
 A D e c l in in g A n t is l a v e ry M o v em ent 93

O rl ean s . In 1 8 22 ,Ch arl est o n S o u t h C aro li n a h o w ever

, , ,

was t h e s c en e o f a b et t er pl an n ed eff o rt t o efl ect t h e lib

era t io n o f t h e s l ave s b y o rg an izi n g t h em t o as sas s i n at e

t h ei r m a s t er s T h e l ea d i n g spi ri t w as o n e
.
D enmark
D e m ark V es ey an ed uc at ed Neg ro o f S an t o
n V 9 39?
,

D o m i n g o f ro m w hich h e h ad b ro u g h t h is n ew i deas as t o
,

freedo m It w as o bserv ed t h at t h es e Neg ro es l n Ch arl est o n

.

h ad b een rea d i n g t h e sl avery d eb at e o f t h e Mi ss o u r i Co m

p ro m i s e an d w ere em b o l den ed b y t h e att a cks o n t h e in st it u
t i o n t o eff e c t it s ex t erm i n at i o n I n all o f t h es e c ase s t h e
.

pl an s o f t h e N eg ro es w ere d et ec t ed in t i m e t o fo il t h em an d ,

t h e c o n s pi rat o rs w er e p r o m p t l y e x ecu t ed in such a b ar

b aro u s w ay as t o s erve as a s t riki n g ex am pl e o f t h e f at e
a w a i t i n g t h o s e wh o r ef u s ed t o b e d et e rred f ro m s uch eff o rt s
. .

A n ex t en si ve sch em e f o r an i n s u rrec t i o n h o w ever c am e , ,

in 1 828 f ro m D av i d W alk er o f M ass a chu s et t s w h o in a , ,

sy s t em at ic a ddress t o t h e S l av es t h ro u gh o u t t h e c o u n t ry ,

app eal ed t o t h em t o r i s e a g ai n s t t h ei r m as t ers W alk er

‘

“
s ai d : Fo r a l t h o u g h t h e d es t ruc t i o n o f t h e D avid
Opp res so rs G o d m ay n o t efl ec t b y t h e Op W al k er s ’

A p p eal
p res sed y et t h e Lo rd o u r G o d w ill b ri n g o t h er
,
.

des t ruc t i o n up o n t h em f o r n o t u n f req u en t l y will h e c au s e

,

t h em t o ris e up o n e ag ai n s t t h e o t h er t o b e S pli t d iv i d ed , , ,

a n d t o o pp r ess e a ch o t h er an d s o m et i m es t o o p en h o s t ili t i es
,

”
wi t h sw o rd in h an d .
4

B u t t h e m o s t exci t i n g o f al l o f t h ese d is t u rb an c es d id n o t
co m e u n t il 1 8 31 w h en N at Tu rn er a N egro i n s u rg en t o f
, ,

S o u th am p t o n C o u n t y Vi rg i n i a f eeli n g t h at h e w as o r
, ,

d ai n ed o f G o d t o lib erat e h is p eo pl e o rg an l z ed N at T un ,“ s ,

d d I ns urrect n io
a n u m b er o f d ar i n g bl a c k s a n d p r o c e e e
,

f om
r pl an t a t i o n t o pl a n t a t i o n m u r d e r i n g t h e i r m a s t e r s .

H av i n g o b t ai n ed g reat i n flu en c e o ver t h e m i n d s o f hi s f o l
l o w ers h e w as in a p o s i t i o n t o i n t eres t a m u ch l arg er
,

4 i
D av d V
Va l k e r
’
s A pp e a l , p . 5 .
 94 T he N eg r o I n O t ir H isto ry

n u m b er o f them t h an o t h er N eg ro es who h ad u n d ert ak en

t o i n c i t e t h e i r f e ll o w s t o sel f asser t i o n
-
. Wi t h t h e a id o f six
d esp era t e c o m p an i o n s w h o fi n all y i n c re as ed t en f o l d h e
, ,

k ill ed s ixt y wh i t es A f t er a f ew d ay s o f S l au g h t er an d l o cal

.

w arf are T u rn er an d h is f o ll o wers w ere fin ally d ri ven i n t o

,

t h e s w a m p s b y t h e S t a t e m ili t i a a n d U n i t e d S t at es t ro o p s .

On t h e fi rs t d ay o ver a h u n d red N eg ro es w ere kill ed . A f t er

a f ew d ay s o f r esi s t an ce

th ey w er e o v erp o w ered an d
i m p r i s o n ed . Twel ve Ne
g ro es w ere p ro m p t l y co n
v ic t ed an d e xp at ri at ed b u t ,

N at Tu rn er an d t w en t y
of his ac c o m plic es w ere
h an g ed . A n eff o rt w as
m ad e t o c o n n ec t Willi am
L l o y d G arr i so n an d D av i d
W alker w i t h t hi s ri s m g ,

b u t n o ev i d en c e t o t h i s e f
feet co ul d b e f o u n d G ar .

r is o n d i sc l a i m ed an y c o n

n ec t io n w i t h t h e in su rr ec

t i on . Th e t h o u g h t t h en
t h at s l av es t h em s el v es
NA T T U R N ER
c o ul d c au s e s uch a d is t u rb
an c e s t ruck t err o r t o t h e v ery h ear t o f t h e S o u t h which
,

t h erea f t er li ve d in et ern al d rea d o f s erv il e i n s u rrec t i o n .

T his w as su ffici ent t o c o nv i n c e t h e S o ut h t h at if ec o n o m i c

sl avery w as t o b e s ucc essf ul t h e o n e t hi n g n eedf ul w as
,

t o c l o s e u p t h e a v en u es o f i n f o rm at i o n t o t h e N egr o es The
.

S t ri n g ent fi r s t efl o rt in t his d i r e c t i o n w a s t o e x t en d t h e

sl ave c o de s o as t o p en aliz e a n u m b er o f deeds

32 8 53:i
21 11
8 n
'

w h ich t h eret o f o re h ad n o t b een pun ish abl e

b y l aw . Th e S o u t h ern S t at es en a c t ed m o re s t ri n g en t
m easu res t o re g ul at e t r av eli n g an d t h e ass em bli n g o f s l aves ,
96 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
co o r l in 1 8 14 , x clu d ed s u ch p erso n s f ro m t h e
an d in 1830 e

S t at e g i vi n g t h em a d efi n i t e peri o d t o l eave
, .

I n 1 831 Mis s is s ippi f o ll o w ed in t h e f o o t s t eps o f h er

S i s t er S t at e I n c as es w h ere f ree N eg ro e s w ere n o t d ri ven
.

o ut a s in S o u t h C a ro li n a
,
c ert a i n s t ri n g en t m ea su res t o
,

s a f eg u ard t h e i n t eres t s o f t h e sl av eh o l d ers m at eri all y ih

t erf ere d wi t h t h e e c o n o m ic
w el f are o f t h es e p ers o n s
of c o l o r In 1 8 34 w h en
.
,

S o u t h C aro li n a p ro v i ded
t h at t h ere s h o ul d b e n o
t ea chi n g o f N eg r o es b y
whi t e o r c o l o red f ri en ds
an d t h at t h ei r s ch oo l s

S h o ul d b e d is es t abli sh ed it
‘

p ro v i d ed al s o t h at p ers o n s
o f A f r i c an bl o o d sh o u l d n o t

b e em pl o y ed as cl erks o r
sa l esm en in o r ab o u t any
s t o re or h o u s e us ed f o r
t rad i n g Thi s l eg i sl at i o n
.

d id n o t d is g ra c e t h e s t at u t e
b o o ks o f t h e b o rd er S t at es
T H E M OT HE R A N D C H L D of
I
K en t u ck y M a ry l an d
,

an d T en n es s ee b u t publi c ,

Opi n i o n t h ere s o m et i m es h ad t h e s am e eff ec t .

A g ai n s t t h is sy s t em o f rep ress i o n h o w ever a f ew p ro m i

, ,

n en t m en o f t h e S o u t h c o n t i n u ed t o p ro t es t Ch an c ell o r
.

H arp er o f S o u t h C aro li n a f el t t h at it w as sh am ef ul t o
P ot e t
r of
p
s s
rev en t t h e bl a cks f ro m o b t a i n i n g su ffi c i en t

SYIIIp t h t i a kn o wl ed g e t o read t h e Bibl e D an i el R G o o d

e c . .

so ut h m e ers
l o e o f N o rt h C aro li n a w as o f t h e sa me o pi n
‘

, ,

io n S o u th ern ers o f t h e m o st r adi c al t y p e m o reo ver did n o t

.
, ,

lik e t o li ve u n d er t h e s t i g m a w i th w hi ch t h ey w ere b ran ded

b y Willi am Jay wh o ch arg e d t h em w i t h h av i n g c l o s ed up
,
 A D e c l in in g A n t isl a v ery M o v em e n t 97

t he Bibl e in d eny i n g t h e l i N eg ro es
of God the re ve at o n ,

whil e at t h e s am e t i m e t h ey s t y l ed t h em s el ves C h ri st i ans .

S o m e O pp o si t i o n w as t h eref o re s h o wn an d in c ert ai n p art s

, , ,

it was f o un d i m p o ssibl e t o ex ec ut e res t ric t i ve m e asu res b e

c au s e O f t h e h eal t hy public O pi n i o n ag ai n st t h em Th e chil .

d ren o f t h e sy m p at h et ic ari s t o c rat ic sl av eh o l ders an d es p e ,

c iall y t h e w i ves an d c h il d ren o f m i n is t ers h ard l y c eas ed t o ,

t each N eg ro es t o read as m u ch as t h e Bibl e Un d er t h e d i .

rec t i o n o f Bi sh o p C a p ers o f S o u t h C aro li n a R ev eren d J o s i ah ,

Law an d R ev eren d C C J o n es o f G eo rg i a an d Bish o p P o lk

. .
,

o f Lo ui s i an a m uc h w as a cc o m pli s h e d b y a n ew s y s t em o f
,

t ra i n i n g c all ed r eli g i o u s i n s t ru c t i o n Un der t his sy s t em .

t h e N eg ro es w ere n o t all o w ed t o read an d w ri t e b u t w ere

t au g h t t o co mm i t t o m em o ry in c at e c h et ic a l f o rm t h e
p ri n cipl es o f reli g i o n an d i n s t ru c t i ve p art s o f t h e Bibl e .
6

This reac t i o n h o wever w as n o t p ecu li ar t o t he sl av e

, ,

S t at es In t h e p ro p o rt i o n t h at f ree Neg ro es fin d i n g it im
.
7
,

p o ss ibl e t o li ve in t h e S o u t h s o u g h t ref u g e in t h e No rth , ,

rac e p reju d i c e a n d f r i c t i o n i n c reas ed T h es e R eact i on in .

t h e N rt h
c u l m i n a t ed in ra c e ri ot s ea s il y d ev el o p ed in
°
,

t h at s ec t i o n a t t h e t i m e t h e c o u n t ry w as r ece i v i n g a n u m b er
o f I rish an d G erm an i mm i g ran t s w h o c o m p et e d d i rec t l y

wi t h t h e N eg ro es as l ab o rers Neg ro es w er e n o t p erm i tt ed .

t o en t er t h e a c ad em y t h ro w n Op en t o t h em at C an aan N ew ,

H am p shi re in 1 834 ; t h e p eo pl e o f N ew H av en at a publi c

,

m eet i n g o f t h e i r l ead i n g c i t i z en s s t ren u o u s l y p ro t es t ed

a g a i n s t es t ablis hi n g t h ere a m an u al l ab o r s c h o o l f o r t h e

e d uc at i o n of N eg ro es ; an d t h e ci t iz en s o f C an t erbu ry
a c t u all y i m p ri so n ed P ru d en c e C ran d all b y s e cur i n g s p e ci al

l eg i sl at i o n t o t h at eff ect b ec au s e Sh e p ersi st ed in adm i t t i n g

Neg ro g i rls t o h er s em i n ary wh i ch in b eco m i n g at t ra c t i v e,

6 S ee l C G W d
a so . .A C t oo y f N g
so n s
’
M i g t i pp en u r o e ro ra on, .

39 60
-

Th s i s e t en s ve y t re a t e d in C C J o n e s s R e l g i o u s I n s t ruc t o n
.

7 i x i l . .
’
i i
o f N eg r o e s a n d i n C G W o o d s o n s E d u c a t o n o f t h e N eg ro Pr o r t o
’
. . i i
1 861 , Ch VIII . .
98 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
to t h at r ac e m ight
i n c rease t h e c o lo red p o pul at i o n o f t h at
ci ty t o t h e d ispl eas u re o f it s wh i t e ci t iz en s
, .

R i o t s o f a g rav er s o rt w ere f requ en t t h ro u g h o u t t h e

No rt h du ri n g t h es e y ears T h e firs t S an g ui n ary c o n fli c t s
'

o f c o n s equ en c e t o o k pl a c e in O hi o . In 18 2 6 a m o b u n d er
R ac e ri t s in
o t o o k t o d ri v e t h e N eg ro es o u t o f Ci n ci n n at i .

t h e N ° rt h In 1 8 36 an o t h er m o b n o t o n l y a tt a c k ed N e
g ro es b u t b ro k e up a l s o t h e a b o li t i o n p ress w h i ch w as s u p
,

p o s ed t o en c o u rag e t h e i n flux o f p erso n s o f t h at c l as s .

In 1 841 t h ere w as in t h e sam e ci t y a l o c al ra c e w ar w h i ch f o r

a w eek d is t u rb ed t h a t m et ro p o lis t o t h e e x t en t o f r es ul t i n g
.

in t h e d eat h o f a n u m b er o f p ers o n s an d t h e exp u l s i o n o f

“ ”
m an y N eg ro es f ro m t h e ci t y . O n a Bl ac k F r i d ay J an u ,

ary 1 ,
1 8 30 e i g h t y o f t h e t w o h u n d re d N e g ro es li v i n g in
,

P o rt sm o u th O hi o w ere d ri ven o u t o f t h e c it y as u n d esir

, ,

abl es A m o b o f G erm an s d ro v e J o h n R an d o lp h s N eg ro es
’
.

f ro m t h ei r o wn l an d in M er c er C o u n t y O h i o w h ere h e h a d
, ,

p ro vi ded f o r th ei r s et t l em en t a n d f reedo m .

Th e E as t o ff ered n o ex c ep t i o n t o t h i s ru l e T h e c it iz en s
.

o f Phil ad elphi a b eg an t o bu rn N eg ro h o m es in 1 8 2 0 s o u g h t ,

t o exp el t h e bl a ck s f ro m t h e ci t y a n d S t a t e in 1 830 an d
Ri o t s in a c t u all y m o bb ed t h em in 1 8 34 d es t ro y i n g ,

t h e E a“ :
t h e i r c h u rch es an d o t h er p ro p ert y I n 18 38 .

a n o t h er c o n flic t d ev el o p ed i n t o a r i o t w hi c h res ul t ed in t h e

d es t ru c t i o n o f P en n sy l v an i a H all an d t h e C o l o red O rph an

A sy lu m in t h at ci t y Wh en th e Neg ro es in 1 842 u n dert o o k
.

t o c el eb rat e t h e ab o li t i o n o f S l av ery in t h e W es t I n d i es a n ,

o t h er o cc as i o n w as aff o r d ed f o r r ac e c o n flic t w h i c h m ean t a

,

l o ss o f li f e an d p ro p erty t o t h e N eg ro es Pi t t sb u rg f o l
.
,

l owi n g t h e ex am pl e o f P h il adelphi a h ad s u ch a ri o t in 1839

,
.

In 1 8 34 t his ru l e o f t h e m o b in N ew Y o rk Ci t y an d Pal
,

m y ra l e d t o r i o t s d u r i n g w h i c h t h e N e g ro es w e r e a t t a c k e d
al o n g t h e s t re et s an d d r i v en f ro m t h ei r h o m es .
1 00 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
N eg ro s l av e d ri v ers
ju st p acki n g up t o s t art H e s ai d .

“
T h ey h ad w i t h t h em ab o u t t h ree hu n dred sl aves wh o h ad
bi vo u a ck e d t h e p re c ed i n g n i g h t in ch ai n s in t h e w o o ds .

T h ese t h ey w ere c o n d uc t i n g t o N at ch ez o n t h e Miss issippi ,

R i v er t o w o rk up o n t h e su g ar pl an t at i o n s in Lo ui s i an a
, .

It res em bl ed o n e o f t h e co fli es S p o k en o f b y Mi n g o P ark ,

e x c ep t t h at t h ey h ad a c ar av an o f n i n e w ag o n s a n d si n g l e

h o rs e c arri ag es f o r t h e pu rp o s e o f c o n d uc t i n g t h e whi t e
p eo pl e an d any o f t h e bl acks t h at sh o ul d f all l am e Th e .

f em al e s l aves s o m e o f t h em s i tt i n g o n l o g s o f w o o d w hil e
,

o t h ers w e re s t an d i n g a n d a g re at m an y li t t l e bl a ck c hil dren

, ,

w ere w arm i n g t h em s el v es at t h e fi re o f t h e bi v o u a c In .

f ro n t o f t h em all a n d p rep ared f o r t h e m ar ch s t o o d in

, ,

d o ubl e fi l es ab o u t t w o h u n d red m en s l av es m an a cl ed a n d ,
”
c h a i n e d t o ea ch o t h er
2
.

Ref erri n g t o o n e o f t h es e p art i es B as il H a ll s ai d In ,

:

t h e rear o f al l c am e a li g h t co v ere d v eh i c l e w i t h t h e m as t er -

an d m is t r es s o f t h e p art y A l o n g t h e ro a ds i d e sc a tt ered at
.

A d ove r in t erv als w e o b s erv ed t h e m al e sl av es t ru d g i n g

f S l av es
°
in f ro n t
°
A t t h e t o p o f al l ag a i n s t t h e sky
.
,

li n e t wo m en w alk ed t o g et h er app aren t l y h an d in h an d

, ,

p a ci n g al o n g v ery s o ci ably T h ere w as s o m et hi n g h o wev er .

, ,

in t h ei r at t i t u d e whi ch s eem ed u n u su al a n d c o n s t ra i n e d .

Wh en w e c am e n earer acc o rd i n g l y w e d i s co vered t h at t hi s ,

c o upl e w ere b o l t ed t o g et h er b y a sh o rt c h a i n ri vet ed t o

”
b ro ad i ro n cl asp s s ecu red in lik e m an n er r o u n d th e w ri st s .
3

J o si ah H en s o n a Neg ro b ro u g h t i n t o t h is t raffic s ai d
, ,

Men t ru d g ed o n f o o t t h e c hil dren w ere p u t i n t o t h e ,

w a g o n an d n o w an d t h en m y w i f e ro d e f o r a w hil e
,
We .

J o si ah wen t t h rou g h A l ex an d ri a Culp epp er F au , ,

H en w s
u i H p e F rr Cu m b e r l n d n d e
’
g er a r r s e y ,
a a o v r , ,

t h e m o u n t a i n s t o t h e N at u r a l Tu rn pik e t o W h eeli n g In .

2G W Fe a t h e r s t o n a u g h , E xc u r s
. . i on t h r o u g h t h e S l a v e S t a t es , Ch . I,
p . 12 0 .

3 B ilas Ha ll , T r a v e l s i n N o r t h A m er i ca , Ch . II I , pp . 12 8 1 2 9
-
.
 E c o n o m ic S l a v e ry

al l s a lo n g t h e ro a d w ere reg ul ar pl ac es f o r t h e
t h e t av ern
d ro v es o f N eg ro es c o n t i n u a ll y p as s i n g al o n g u n d er t h e
s y s t em o f i n t e rn a l s l av e t rad e A t t h e pl aces wh ere we .

s t o pp ed f o r t h e n i h t
g we o f t en m e t Ne g ro d ri v ers w i t h
,

t h ei r d ro v es wh o w ere al m o s t u n i f o rm l y k ep t c h ai n ed t o
,

p reven t t h em f ro m ru n n i n g aw ay I w as o f t en i n v i t ed t o .

p ass t h e even i n g wi t h t h em in t h e b ar ro o m — t h ei r Neg ro es -

,

in t he m ean t im e ly i ng ,

ch ai n ed in t h e p en w h il e ,

m i n e w ere sc at t ered a ro u n d
”
a t lib ert y
4
.

E d w i n L Go dki n s ai d .

T h e h ard ships t h es e Ne
g ro es g o t h ro u g h wh o a re
a tt a c h ed t o o n e o f t h es e m i

g r a n t p art i es b affl es d e

sc rip t i o n T h ey t ru dg e o n .

f o o t all day
t h ro u g h m u d
a n d t hi c k et wi t h o u t res t o r

res pi t e T h o us an d s o f m il e s .

are t rav ers ed by t h es e

w eary way f arers w i t h o u t
JO S IA H H EN S O N P t t YP : f t h e i r kn o w i n g o r c ar i n g
ro O e O
U l T m C bi
’
nc e o s a n
w h y u rg e d o n b y W h ip a n d ,

in f u ll assu ran c e t h at n o ch an g e o f pl ac e c an b ri n g a n y
c h a n g e t o t h em H ard w o rk c o a rs e f o o d m ercil ess fl o g
.
, ,

g i n g a re al l t h a t a w a i t t h em a n d al l t h a t t h ey c an l o o k
, ,

to . I h ave n ever p as s ed t h em s t a g eri n g al o n g in t he g

r e a r o f t h e w a g o n s a t t h e c l o s e o f a l o n g d a y s m a rc h t h e
’
,

w eak es t f u rt h es t in t h e rear t h e s t ro n g es t al ready u tt erl y,

sp en t w i t h o u t w o n d eri n g h o w C hri s t en d o m wh ich e i g h t

, ,

c en t u ri es a g o ro s e in arm s f o r a s en t i m en t can l o o k s o ,

4 Jo s i a h H e n s o n , Un c l e T o m ’
s S t o ry o f H is Lif e , p . 53 .
 Neg r o
‘ ‘

T he
'

In O ur H ist o ry
ca l m ly o n a t s o f o ul an d m o nst ro u s a wr o n g as t his A m eri
”
c an s l av ery
5
.

T h i s m i g rat i o n o f c o u rs e h ad a d i sas t ro us eff ec t o n t h e

, ,

s eab o ard S t at es f ro m w hic h so m an y m a s t ers an d t h ei r

s l av es w ere d raw n I n d ust ry w as p aral yz ed o n t h e l o w er

.

A t l an t i c c o as t T h ere w ere t h e w o rn o u t l an ds wi t h de
.
-

s er t ed h o m es o n ce c h arac t eri z ed b y abu n d an c e

T h e d e c l ine f o
th s
e b ard an d luxu ry rui n ed an d d ist ress ed d eb t o rs
ea o
,
S t at es
wo n d eri n g h o w t o fi n d reli ef hu m ili at ed pl an t
.

e rs w i t h n o w ay o f es c ap e b u t m i g ra t i o n E fi o rt s at f er .

t il iz at io n t o r ebuil d t h e w as t e pl aces w er e t ri ed an d wi t h ,

t his t h e sl av e S t at es n e ar t h e A t l an t ic exp eri en c ed a s o rt

o f rev i v al ab o u t t h e m i d dl e o f t h e n i n et e en t h c en t u ry .

Thi s w as d u e also s o m e t h i n k t o t h e d em an d f o r s l aves

, ,

as l a b o rers o n t h e r a il ro ad s whic h w er e t h en b ei n g c o n

s t ru c t e d t o u n i t e t h e S o u t h an d t o c o n n e c t it w i t h t h e W es t .

To s uppl y t h e S o u t h w es t w i t h sl av es h o w ev er t h e d o , ,

m est ic sl ave t ra d e b ecam e a n i m p o rt an t bu s i n ess an d t h e ,

o l d er S t at es which s u fi ere d f ro m t h e m i g ra t i o n d evo t ed

S l av e th em s el v es t o sl a v e b reed i n g f o r t h is m ark et .

b eed mg
r
In t h e w o rk en t i t l ed S la v ery a n d th e I n t erna l
S l av e T ra d e in th e S ou th it is es t i m at ed t h at s ev en o f ,

t h e o l d er S t at es a n n u all y e xp o r t ed t o t he S o uth .

Th ese w ere Vi rgi n i a M ary l an d No rth C aro li n a K en t ucky

, , , ,

T en n ess ee Mi ss o u r i an d D el aw are P ro f esso r A sa M art i n

,
.

t hi n k s t h at K en t u ck y f u rn i sh ed a y e ar This fl o u r .

ish ed t h e m o re b ecau s e o f t h e res t ri c t i o n s o n t h e A f ric an

s l av e t r a d e O n e w ri t er es t i m at es t h e n u m b er o f sl av es
.

exp o r t ed f ro m Vi rg i n i a at It is d i ffi c ul t t o fi g u re
o u t n u m b ers h o w ev er f o r t h e do cu m en t s b eari n g o n t h e
, ,

s al e o f s l av es d id n o t a l w ay s d et erm i n e ex a c t l y wh at t h ei r

d es t i n at i o n w o u l d b e M en so m et i m es b o u g h t t h em app ar
.

e n t l y f o r p ri v at e u s e c o n c ea li n g t h e i r ul t i m a t e aim t o s ell
,

5 Th e N o r t h A m eri c an R e vi ew , Vo l CLXX XX
.
, pp . 4 6, 4 7 .
1 04 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
ev o k ed t h e c o mm en t S everal wret ch es wh o s e h eart s ,

m us t b e as bl ac k as t h e ski n s Of t h e u n f o rt un at e b ei n g s wh o
c o n s t i t u t e t h ei r i n hum an t raffic h ave f o r s ev eral d ay s b een
,

i m pu den t ly p ro wli n g ab o ut t h e s t reet s o f t his pl ac e w i t h

l ab els o n t h ei r h at s exhibi t i n g in c o n spicu o us ch ar a c t ers
t h e w o rd s ,
C as h f o r Neg ro es
‘
S o m e t i m e in t he t h i rt i es
.
’

o f t h e l as t c en t u ry a m as t er o f D an v ill e K en t ucky s o l d , ,

a N eg ro w o m an t o a reg ul ar sl av e t ra d er U p o n l earn i n g .

t his t h re at s o f a m o b t o d o h im v i o l en c e c o m p ell ed t hi s
,

m as t er t o g o in qu es t o f t h e t ra d er f ro m wh o m h e re ,

pu rch as ed t h e w o m an at a d ec i d ed ly i n c rea s ed p ri c e Yet .

7
,

i n t en se as t hi s f eeli n g w as D el aw are w as t h e o n ly sl ave

,

S t at e t o l eg isl at e ag a i n s t t h e i n t erst at e sl ave t rade M ary .

l an d K en t uc ky an d Lo uis i an a u n d ert o o k s o m ewh at t o

,

r eg ul at e it .

This enl i g h t en ed m i n o ri ty c o ul d n o t s t o p t his t rafii c an d ,

it b ec am e f o r a n um b er o f c en t ers in t h e b o rd er S t at es a
s o u rc e o f m uch reven u e D eal ers b o u g h t up s l av es in th e
.

A so urc e o f l o c al m ark et s an d c o n fin ed t h em in j ails ,

rev enu e '

t av ern s w areh o u s es o r s l av e p en s whil e aw ai t
, ,

in g buy ers fro m t h e S o u t h w es t Th e av era g e s l ave p en

.

h ad an adm i n is t rat i o n buil d i n g f o r t h e s l av es a co u rt f o r ,

th e w o m en an d o n e f o r t h e m en wi t h g at es b arrack s an d , , ,

eat i n g sh ed s S o m e o f th e sl ave p en s h o wev er w ere no

.
, ,

m o re t h an s t abl es f o r c at t l e o r h o rs es O n t h e c o n v en i en t .

d ay t h ey w ere pl ac ed o n t h e s al es bl o ck an d auct i o n ed o ff
t o t h e hi g h es t bi d d er Th e sl av es t h em s el ves s o m et i m es f o r
.
,

p erso n al adv an t ag e in d et erm i n i n g t h ei r bu y ers a i ded o r ,

i m p ed ed t h e s al e b y s i n g i n g t h eir o wn p rais es o r p ro cl ai m
in g t h ei r sh o rt c o m i n g s Thu s t h ey sp en t w eek s an d m o n th s
.

u n t il t h e o w n er d ro v e a b arg a i n w i t h a t rad er wh o r em o v ed ,

t h em in c o ffies t o t h ei r d o o m in t h e risi n g c o t t o n ki n g do m .

7 Th e Jo urn a l o f N eg ro H i s t o ry , Vo l . I II , p . 2 29 .
 E c o n o m i c S l a v e ry 1 05

In t h i s w ay t h e N eg ro e s w ere m ad e t h e m ean s o f expl o i t

in g t h e n ew S o u t h w es t b y a cc el erat i n g t h e w es t w ard m o v e
m e n t f ro m t h e S o u t h Th e sl aves w ere t h ereby t aken f ro m
.

a d ec li n i n g s ec t i o n w h ere t h ey h ad b ec o m e s u c h a bu rd en
,

t h at t h es e S t at es w o ul d h av e n ec ess aril y b ec o m e an t isl avery ,

h ad t h ey rem a i n ed Th es e bl ack s w ere c arri ed t o t h e c o t t o n

.

d is t ric t wh ere t h ey w ere a pp aren t l y p ro fi t abl e s er van t s in

,

d evel o pi n g a n ew i n dus t ry Th e . p o u n ds o f c o t
t o n p ro d u ced in 1 8 1 0 do ubl ed b y 1 82 0 d o ubl ed ag a i n d u ri n g ,

t h e nex t d ec ad e an d d o ubl ed s t ill o n c e m o re b y 1 84 0

, .
Thi s .

was t h en ab o u t t wo t hi rd s o f t h e c o t t o n p ro d uc t i o n in t h e
-

w o rl d . A f t er t h a t p eri o d t h ere w as n o qu es t i o n as t o o u r
l eaders hip in t h e p ro d uct i o n o f t hi s raw m at eri al .

Wh at t h en w as t h e pl an t at i o n sy st em s erv i n g as t he
, , ,

b asis o f t his l arg e c o t t o n i n d us t ry ? This w as t h e m et h o d

o f cul t i v at i n g an es t at e o f hu n d r ed s an d so m et i m es t h o u

s an d s O f ac res .Th e a d m i n i st rat i o n c en t ered Th e

l ant at m
in t h e resi d en c e o f t h e pl an t er o r in c as e o f ,
P n

a b s en t ee o w n ers hip in t h e h o m e o f t h e m an ag er o f t h e i
,

es t at e . Nearb y st o o d t h e s t abl e sm o ke h o u s e c o rn h o u se
, , ,

a n d a li tt l e f art h er a w ay a pp ea red t h e g ard en p o t a t o fi el d , ,

w at erm el o n p at ch an d t h e lik e
,
S o m ewh at d i st an t f ro m t his
.

c en t ral buil d i n g w ere t h e h o m es o f t h e sl aves c o m mo n ly ,

kn o wn as qu art ers T h es e w ere in m o st c as es ru de hu t s

. ,

o f t en wi t h d i rt fl o o rs an d s o p o o rl y c o n s t ru c t ed a s t o f u r

n i s h li t t l e p ro t e c t i o n f ro m b a d w e at h er Furn i t ure w as
.

g e n er a ll y l ac ki n g u n l e s s t h e f ew s t o o l s an d t h e b e d s o f

s t raw b e w o rt h y o f s u ch d es i g n at i o n I n so m e c as es t h e
.

s l av es w ere a ll o w ed t o t ill a p at c h o f g ro u n d o n wh i c h t h ey

p ro du ced t h ei r o w n v eg et abl es an d so m e f ew o f t h em w ere

,

p erm i t t ed t o rai s e ch i ck en s o r h o g s T h ey h ad t o l o o k .

a f t er t h es e p ers o n a l aff a i rs at n i g h t o n S u n d ay s o r h o li
'
, ,

d ay s as t e
,
h i r w h o l e t i m e w as o t h e r wis e r e qui r ed in t h e

s erv i c e O f t h e i r m as t ers .
1 06 T he N eg r o I n O ur H ist o ry
In t h e c as e o f ju st a f ew sl av es t h e m as t er o f t en w o rk ed
w i t h t h em . On l arg er pl an t at i on s h o w ev er s l ave s w o rk ed
, ,

in g an g s u n d er m as t ers o r t h ei r o v ers eers if t h e m as t er h ad

'

S l av es at su ffi c i e n t h o l d i n g s t o aff o rd su c h s u p erv isi o n .

W0 k
r
In t h e cul t u re o f ric e t h e w o rk c o ul d b e s o
d i v i d ed as t o as si g n it a s t asks h o l d i n g ea ch s l av e resp o n
,

s ibl e f o r a d efi n i t e a cc o m plish m en t S o m e f ew pl an t ers lik e

.
,

McD o n o g h o f L o uisi an a an d Z K i n g sl ey o f Fl o ri da ran

,
.
,

A P L A N T A TI O N

t hei r pl an t at i o n s o n s o m et hi n g lik e s lf g o vern m en t

t he e -

b as i s Sl aves w ere t h ro wn l arg el y o n t h ei r o wn i n i t i at i ve t o

.

ea rn wh a t t h ey c o ul d .Th e c o n t ro l w as v es t e d in c o u rt s t h e ,

p erso n n el o f w hi c h w ere sl aves an d t h e adm i n ist rat i ve O f

,

fi cers o f w h ich w ere al s o b o n d m en c arry i n g o u t t h e m an

d at es o f t h es e t rib u n al s I s a i ah T M o n t g o m ery o f M o un d
. .
,

B ay o u Mi s s i s sippi w as t au g h t w i t h w h i t e ch il d ren an d
, ,

t rai n ed a s an a cco u n t an t t o serv e in t hi s c ap ac i t y o n t h e

J o s ep h D av i s pl an t at i o n in Mi ss i ss ippi .
1 08 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
on t he w h eel ,
i g h t een t h c en t u ry u n l ess it w as ab
as in t h e e ,

s o l u t el y n ec es s ary ; b u t fl o g g i n g u n m er c i f u l b ea t i n g an d
,

ev en b u rn i n g a t t h e s t ak e so m et i m e s f o ll o w ed In c ase s o f .

u n ruly Neg ro es t h ey w ere s o l d S o u th wh ere ,

t h ey f aced t h e a l t ern at i v e o f ei t h er y i el d i n g
o r b ei n g pu n ish ed t o d ea t h Th e r un aw ay sl ave s w ere
.

hu n t ed wi t h do g s Wh en b ro u gh t b a ck t h ey w ere p u t in
.

h eavy i ro n sh ackl es o r c o ll ars an d s o m et i m es subj ec t ed t o

s uch t o rt u res as d raw i n g o u t t h e t o e n ail s T h o s e p ersi st i n g
-
.

in res is t i n g t h ei r m as t ers w ere s o m et i m es m u rd ered T h es e .

c o n d i t i o n s h o w ev er d i ff ered f ro m pl an t at i o n t o pl an t at i o n
, , ,

a cc o rd i n g t o t h e lib era li t y o f t h e m as t er .

Th e sl av e a f t er t h e rea c t i o n w as n o t g en erally al l o w ed
, ,

a n y ch an c e f o r m en t a l d ev el o p m en t o f c o u rs e an d c o ul d
, ,

n o t l e arn t o a pp re ci a t e reli g i o n Pl an t ers in s o m e p art s

.
,

E nli g h t enmen t t hi n ki n g t h at t h e t e a ch i n g o f reli g i o n mi g h t

t fl md
’
l ead t o t h e t ea chi n g o f l et t ers p r o hibi t ed it ,

en t i rely Th e b es t sl av es c o ul d t h en do f o r m en t al de
.

vel O p m en t w as t o l earn b y c o n t a c t an d b y st ea l t h M any a .

sy m p at h et ic p erso n t au gh t sl aves t o read an d in s o m e c as es ,

p ri vat e t each ers w ere b o l d en o u g h t o m ai n t ai n s ch o o ls f o r

t h em as w as d o n e in S av ann ah C h arl es t o n an d N o rf o lk
, , , .

H o w s o m e o f t h es e sl av es l earn ed in s pi t e o f o pp o si t i o n
m ak es a b ea u t i f ul s t o ry K n o w i n g t h e v alu e o f l earn i n g
.

as a m ean s o f esc ap e an d h avi n g a l o n g i n g f o r it t o o b e , ,

S t e ali n g c au s e it w as f o rbi dd en m an y sl av es c o n t i n u e d
,

l arnin g
e .
t h ei r ed uc at i o n u n d er a dv ers e ci rcu m s t an c es .

S o m e o f t h em lik e F rederick D o u g l as s h ad t h e ass i st an c e

, ,

o f s y m p at h et ic whi t es wh o w ere a l aw u n t o t h em s el v es ;

o t h ers s t u d i e d p ri v at el y an d even a t t en de d sch o o l Chil .

d ren o f t h e c l erg y a ccu s t o m ed t o t ea ch s l av es t o r ead t h e

,

Bibl e w ere b y cu st o m reg ard ed as en j o y i n g an i m m un i ty

, , ,
.

S o m e p ri v at e t ea ch ers am o n g t h e wh i t es en c o u rag ed
N eg roes t o st eal aw ay t o s ecret pl ac es wh ere t h ei r Op erat i o n s
w ere shi el ded from t h e z e al o u s ex ecu t i o n o f t h e l aw .
 E c o n o m ic S l a v e ry 1 09

T h e m a j o ri t y h ese en li g h t en ed s l aves h o wever l earn ed

of t , ,

b y c o n t a c t o b s ervat i o n an d d i n t o f en erg y
,
M an y o f t h em .
8

were em pl oy ed at such o c cup at i o n s as t o d evel o p suffici en t

m en t al p o w er t o read w ri t e an d ciph er ,Le arning b y ,
.

“
Bl az o n it t o t h e sh ame o f t h e S o u t h s ai d ” “ m a c “ ,
“
R edp at h t h e kn o w l edg e t hus ac qui red h as b een sn at ch ed
,

f ro m t h e sp are r ec o rd s o f l e i s u re in S pi t e o f t h ei r h o n es t
w i s h es an d w at ch f u l n es s M an y lik e R o b ert Willi am s an d
.
,

A lb ert T J o n es s t o l e eno u g h t o en abl e t h em t o read wi t h

.
,

e as e . L o t t C ary h eard a m i n i st er p reach fro m t h e t hi rd

ch ap t er o f S t J o h n an d o n ret u rn i n g h o m e read t h at p as
.
,

s ag e o f s c rip t u re al t h o u g h h e h ad n ever b ef o re b een t au g h t

,

t o r ea d an d h a d n o t hi t h ert o m a d e such an eff o rt Dr . .

A l ex an d er T A u g ust a o f Vi rg in i a l earn ed t o read w hil e

.

s ervi n g wh i t e m en as a b arb er P res i den t Sc arb o ro u g h o f .

Wilb erf o rc e w as t a u gh t b y o n e J C T h o m as a c ru el s o u t h . .
,
'

e rn er o f t h e bi t t eres t t y p e .

In s pi t e o f t h ei r ci r cu m s t a n c e s a f ew sl aves exp eri en c ed

an o t h er s ort o f m en t a l d evel o p m en t B ei n g in a rapi dl y .

g ro wi n g c o u n t ry w h e re t h e pi o n eer s h a d t o m a k e u s e o f t h e

fo rces o f n at u re h ere an d t h ere a s l av e b ec am e Inv ent i o ns

,

° f 8 13 V9 8
an inv en t o r A cc o rd i n g t o t h e o pi n i o n o f
.
°

H en ry E B ak er an ex am i n er in t h e Un i t ed S t at es P at en t
.
,

O ffic e sl aves m ad e c ert ai n appli an c es exp eri m en t in g w i th

, ,

t h e s ep arat i o n o f t h e s eed f ro m c o t t o n w hich wh en o b serv ed , ,

b y E li Whi t n ey w ere ass em bl ed b y h im as t h e c o t t o n g in

,
.

F reedm en d uri n g t h es e y ears w ere m o re suc cess f ul Wh il e

, ,
.

J am es Fo rt en a free N eg ro o f P h il adelp h i a w as m aki n g

, ,

a f o rt u n e o u t o f his n ew d ev ic e w hi ch h e p e rf e c t ed f o r

h an dli n g s ail s H en ry Bl a i r o f M ary l an d i n t eres t ed in

, , ,

l ab o r s av i n g p at en t ed t wo c o rn h arv est ers in 1 8 34 an d in

,

1 836 .
N o rb ert R illi eux a m an o f c o l o r in Lo ui s i an a , ,

p at en t ed an ev ap o rat i n g p an b y wh i ch t h e refi n i n g o f su g ar
8 C . G . VVO O d s o n E d u ca t i o n ,
o f t h e N eg ro R ri o r t o 1 8 6 1 , Ch . IX .
T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
112 T he N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry
m i n i s t er in Vi rg i n i a : W e S o u th ern l ad i es are com pli
m en t e d w i t h t h e n am e o f w i ves ; b u t w e are o n ly t h e m is
” 1°
A w e ak nes s
t res ses of sera g li o s . B u t t h e m as t ers of

of the l e s l av es w ere n o t t h e o n ly p erso n s

t h e f em a
e
W hi t m an ‘

o f s u ch l o o s e m o ra l s M an y w o m en o f co l o r .

w ere p ro s t i t u t ed a l s o t o t h e pu rp o s es o f y o u n g wh i t e m en
a n d o vers eers Go o dell rep o rt s a w ell au t h en t ic at ed a c
.
-

“ ”
c o u n t O f a resp ec t abl e Ch ri st i an l ady at t h e S o u th wh o ,

k ep t a h an dso m e m ul att o f em al e f o r t h e u s e o f h er g en t eel

s o n as a m et h o d o f d et err i n g h im as sh e s ai d
,
f ro m i n d i s
, ,
”
c r i m i n at e an d v ul g ar i n d ul g en ces H arri et M art i n eau .

d i s c o vered a y o u n g wh i t e m an wh o o n v isi t i n g a s o u t h ern

l ady b ec am e i n s an ely en am o red o f h er i n t elli g en t qu adro o n
m ai d . H e s o u g h t t o pu rc h ase h er b u t t h e o wn er ref u s ed t o
,

s ell t h e s l ave b e c au s e o f h er u n u s u a l w o rt h Th e y o u n g .

m an p ers i s t ed in t ry i n g t o eff ec t t hi s pu rc h as e an d fi n all y

i n f o rm ed h er o wn er t h at h e c o ul d n o t li ve wi t h o ut t his at
t rac t i ve sl av e T h ereup o n t h e w hi t e l ady s o l d t h e w o m an
.

o f c o l o r t o s at is f y t h e lus t o f h er f ri en d .

A g ai n s t t h e h ard ships o f t h e s y s t em n u m ero us s l aves re

b ell ed M o st o f t h em did n o t hi n g t o i n j u re t h ei r m ast ers
.
,

s o t h o ro u g hl y h ad t h ey b ec o m e i n t i m i d at ed af t er N at T u r

n er s f at e b u t t h ey en d eavo red t o m ak e t h ei r
’
Th e run aw ay ,

S I5W “
esc ap e i n t o t h e w o o d s t o o o f t en o n l y t o b e ,

b ro u g h t b ack af t er a f ew w eeks a dven t u re T h e n ewsp a ’

.

p ers quickly p ro cl ai m ed t h e n ews o f a ru n aw ay Off eri n g ,

in it s advert is em en t s s o m e at t ra c t i v e rew ard Whi t e m en .

ass is t ed w i t h fi r earm s an d bl o o dh o u n d s t ra i n ed t o ru n d o w n
,

f u g i t i v es h u n t ed t h em lik e g am e ev en in t h e N o rt h
,
Th at .

s ect i o n st ru ck b y t h e i n hu m an m et h o ds t o rec ap t ure sl aves

, ,

p assed p ers o n al lib ert y l aw s t o p reven t t h e ret u rn o f t h e

N eg ro es app reh en d ed as m an y o f t h es e w ere ki dn app ed
,

10 The J o urn a l o f N eg r o H i s t o ry , Vo l . I II , p . 35 0 .
 E c o n o m ic S l a v e ry

free p ers on s t ak en u n d er p ret ext o f b ei ng run aw ay s .

T h es e l aw s h o wever w ere n u llifi ed b y t h e d e ci s i o n s o f t h e

, ,

f ed era l c o u rt s an d t h e Fu g i t i v e Sl av e Law o f 1 8 50 whi ch

‘

un dert o o k t o i m p res s i n t o t h e s erv i c e o f sl ave h u n t i n g m en -

wh o w ere c o n s ci en t i o u s l y o pp o s e d t o t h e i n s t i t u t i o n Th e .

No rt h w as t h en t h e s c en e o f t h e m os t d i sg rac eful d eeds ,

THE P U SU T
R I

w hich u s ed t h e c o n s c i en ces o f t h e p eo pl e an d s well ed t h e

a ro

ran k s o f t h e ab o li t i o n m i n o ri t y wh i c h at o n e t i m e s eem ed

t o d ecli n e t o m e et p rem at u re d eat h .

Th e eff o rt s o f t h e s l av e s t o es c a p e f ro m b o n d ag e h o w ,

ev er w ere u n u s u a ll y s u c c e s s f u l in t h e A pp al ac hi an m o u n
,

t ai n s w h ere t h er e h ad b een ret ain ed a h eal t h y sen t i m en t

,

ag a i n s t sl av ery Th e m o u n t a i n eers o f No rt h Fugi t iv es

.
.

C aro li n a K en t u c ky an d T en n ess ee o rg an i z ed an t i sl av ery

,

11 Th e s e La w s a re co ll ect ed in H u rd
’
s La w o f Freedo m and

B o n da g e .
1 1 43 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
so ci et i es d u ri n g t h e fi rs t qu a rter o f t h e n i n et een t h c en t u ry .

W h en t h at m o v em en t b ec am e u n p o p u l ar t h ey g en erally sup
p o rt ed t h e c au s e o f c o l o n i z at i o n wh i ch s erv ed as t h e b es t ,

s o lu t i o n o f t h e i mm ed i at e p ro bl em o f t h e ra ce ; f o r t h e

f ro n t i ers m en w ere n o t p art i c ul arl y att ach ed t o t h e N eg ro

r ac e b u t f el t t h a t t h e i n s t i t u t i o n o f s l av ery w a s an e c o n o m i c

e v il o f w hich t h e c o u n t ry s h o ul d rid i t s el f b y a s y s t em o f

g ra d u a l em an c ip a t i o n as s o o n as p o s s ibl e W h en h o w ev er .
, ,

t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e N e g ro es in t h e S o u t h b ec am e s o in
t o l erabl e t h at it w as n ec es s ary t o fl ee f o r l arg er lib ert y in
t h e N o rt h ern S t at es t h ey f o u n d it eas y t o m ak e t h e i r w ay
,

t h ro u g h t his re g i o n w h ere t h e f arm ers w ere n o t a t t a c h ed

t o the i n st it u t i o n It w as o f s o m e h elp t o o t h at t h ey c o ul d
.
, ,

e asil y hi d e in t h e m o u n t a i n s an d in t h e li m es t o n e r eg i o n s

w hich f u rn is h e d c o m f o rt abl e c av es Th e p ro m o t ers O f t h e .

U n derg ro u n d R a il ro ad t h eref o re O ff ered t h em a w ay o f

, ,

e sc ap e b y ex t en d i n g t h e i r s y s t em s o u t hw ard t h ro u g h t h e

m o un t a i n s o f t h es e S t at es s o as t o c o n n e c t w i t h
The
U nd erg ro und th e fu g i t i v e s es c api n g t h i t h er
. T h es e l in es l ed .

R ai l ro ad
t h r o u g h K en t uck y i n t o O hi o I n d i an a an d I lli
.

n o i s an d c o n n e c t ed w i t h t h e G r eat L ak es o ver which t h e

, ,

f u g i t i v es p ass ed i n t o C an ad a u n d er t h e g ui d an c e o f p ers o n s
,

lik e t h e h ero ic J o si ah H en s o n H arri et t Tub m an an d J o h n , ,

B ro wn .
‘2

Sl aves in u rb an c o mm u ni t i es en j oy ed m o re p ri vil eg es .

E m pl o y ed in t h e t rad es an d do m es t ic s ervic e aff o rd i n g c l o se

c o n t ac t w i t h t h e i r m as t ers t h ey w ere ec o n o m ic all y b ett er
,

T o wn s l av es o ff t h an t h e f r e e N eg ro e s w h o m t h ey O f t en
.

d o o m ed t o p o vert y b y cro w d i n g t h em o u t o f t h e v ari o u s

pursui t s o f l ab o r Th ere w as s carcel y an y i n d u st ry in
.

w hich s l aves d id n o t en g ag e an d in m o s t c ases t o t h e ,

exclusi o n o r at t h e exp en s e o f t h e p o o r w h i t es a s w ell as o f

t h e f ree bl ac ks S o m e c o n t ra c t o rs o wn ed t h ei r w o rkm en
.

12 W H . . S i b ert
e , Un d erg ro un d R a l ro a d ,i p . 166 .
116 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
i
ta n am o n g h em s el v es c ert ain s o ci al d ist i n ct i o n s b as ed
t
u p on t h e i r a d v an t a g es o f c o n t a c t w i t h t h e whi t es an d t h e
am o u n t o f cul t u re t h ey h ad t ak en o v er Th o s e em pl o y ed
.

S o i al
c in t h ehi g h er pu rs ui t s o f l ab o r an d as d o m es t ic
.

d i t i n Ct mn s
serv a n t s t o t h e rich w hi t es w ere en abl ed b y
S

t h e w o rki n g o v er o f c as t o ff cl o t h e s an d i m i t at i n g t h ei r
- -

m as t ers l a n g u ag e an d a i rs t o l o rd it o ver t h e c ru d e sl av es
’
,

o f t h e fi el ds . I n c u l t u re t h e l ess f o rt u n at e N eg ro es w ere
f u rt h er s ep arat ed f ro m t h es e u rb an free bl a cks t h an t h e
l att er w ere f ro m t h e wh i t es In t h ei r s o c i al aff ai rs t h ey
.

s o m et i m es h a d m uch lib ert y an d a pp aren t l y e xp eri en c ed

m uch j o y . T h ey s o i m p ress ed t ravel ers wi t h t h ei r c o n t en t

m en t in t h is s i t u at i o n t h at s o m e c o n c lu d ed t h at t h e N eg ro es
h a d n o s eri o us o bj ec t i o n t o t h ei r en sl avem en t .

Sl av ery as an e c o n o m ic sy s t em h o wever requi red m o re

, ,

r es t ric t i o n in reli g i o us m att ers es p e ci all y af t er t h e S o u t h

,

am p t o n i n s u rre c t i o n N o rt h ern N eg ro es u n dert o o k t o ex

.

t en d t h e w o rk O f t h e i r i n dep en d en t c o n n e c t i o n s i n t o t h e
S o uth as in t h e c a s e o f Ch arl es t o n S o ut h
'

R est ri ct i o ns , ,

o n re l i gi u s
o C aro li n a t o which th e A fric an M et h o d ist s
, ,
a ff ai s
r
a f t er t h ei r w i t h d raw al f ro m t h e w h i t es s u m
.

m o n ed N eg ro es t o b e o rd a i n ed t o s erv e in t h at c i t y This
.

f reed o m o f ac t i o n h o w ever w as t o o m uch f o r t h e S o ut h an d

, , ,

t h e i n d ep en d en t chu r c h m o v em en t t h ere w as s t o pp ed .

M eet i n g s w ere p ro hibi t ed an d t h e bi sh o p his exh o rt ers an d, ,

i m m ed i at e f o ll o w ers w ere o rdered t o b e i m p ri s o n ed if t h ey

d id n o t d ep art f ro m t h e S t at e w h il e o t h ers w ere fi n ed o r
,

g i v e n a n u m b e r o f l as h e s A s. N e g ro e s w e r e t h er e a f t er

f o rc ed t o a cc ep t wh at a c c o mm o d at i o n s w ere g i v en t h em in
t h e whi t e chu rch es t h ey g r ad u all y y i el d ed ro o m t o t h e in
,

c reasi n g m em b ersh ip o f t h e w h i t es u n t il t h e bl acks w ere

f o rc ed t o t h e g all eri es o r c o m p ell e d t o h o l d s p eci al s ervic es

f o ll o w i n g t h o s e o f t h e w h i t es A re f us al o f N eg ro e s t o g i v e
.

up t o t h e wh i t es p ro m i n en t s eat s l o n g o c cupi ed b y t h em in
a c h u r c h in C h arl es t o n S o u th C ar o li n a l e d t o t h e i r ej ec t i o n
, ,
 E c o n o m ic S la v ery

by a g ro up whi t e y o u t hs Wh en c ri t iciz ed f o r t his t h es e

of .

y o u n g m em b e rs b eh av ed s o u n b eco m i n g ly t h at n i n e o f t h em
h ad t o b e exp ell ed ; b ut t o s h o w t h ei r att ach m en t t o t h e
so ut h ern p o licy o n e hun dred a n d fif ty o t h ers l ef t wi t h
t h em .

Un succ ess f ul eff o rt s w ere t h en m ade t o es t ablish s ep arat e

chu rch es f o r th e sl aves lik e the C al vary Church in Ch arl es
,

t o n an d t h e A f ri c an B ap t is t Chu rch in R ich m o n d

, Fo r .

f ei g n ed r eas o n s t he l eg al en do rs em en t f o r t he N eg ro
Ch u c h e s
l att er w as n o t g i ven u n t il 1 8 55 an d t h en ,
r

o n t h e c o n d i t i o n t h at a whi t e m i n is t er b e em pl o y ed In .

t h e chu rch es in t h e ci t i e s in t h e b o rder S t at es h o w ever , ,

t h ere was m o re reli g i o us freedo m am o n g t h e sl av es Th ere .

w as a B ap t is t Chu rch in L exi n gt o n K en t ucky in 1830 , ,

.

Georg e B en t l ey a N eg ro p reach er o f p o l em ic d ist i n c t i o n

, ,

w as p reachi n g t o t h e m o s t en li g h t en e d wh i t es as w ell as
bl ack s in G il es C o u n t y T en n ess ee in 1 859 ; an d H en ry
, ,

E van s a sh o em ak er an d lic en s ed M et h o d i st m i n ist er

, ,

p reach ed w i t h such succ ess f o r t h e c o n v ers i o n o f t h e si n f ul

in F ay ett ev ill e No rt h C aro li n a t h at f ro m his eff o rt s t h ere
, ,

w as o rg an iz ed a chu r ch w i t h a m em b ership drawn f ro m

b o t h races Th e whi t e m em b ers b ec am e so n um ero us t h at
.

t h ey c ro w d ed o u t t h e N egr o es In t h e l arg e ci t i es t h ere w as

.

s t ill m o re reli g i o us f r ee d o m W ashi n g t o n Neg ro es h ad

.

s ev eral chu rc h e s earl y in t h e n i n et een t h c en t u ry an d B a l t i ,

m o re h ad t en chu rch es f o r sl ave an d free N eg ro es in

1 834 .

Th e S o u t h h o wev er h ad succ eeded in h edgi n g in th e

, ,

Neg ro so t h at h e m i gh t f o rev er af t erw ard do t h e w ill o f

his m as t er b u t t h i s s eem i n g ly s an e m et h o d o f devel o pi n g
,

t h e S o u t h w as w h at resul t ed in it s u n d o i n g S l av ery t h e
.

Si n c e m i g rat i o n o f s l aveh o l d ers p ro m o t ed a und ing o f o

t h e S o ut h
s egreg at i o n o f pl an t ers o f t h e s am e cl ass m o v ,
.

ing u n d er si m il ar c o n d i t i o n s an d t o t h e s ame s e c t i o n it m ad e ,

r ef o rm al m o s t an i m p o s s ibili ty an d in p revent i n g t h e im
,
 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
m i g rat i o n wh i t e l ab o rers i n t o t h e sl ave S t at es t h e sy st em
of
/

b ec am e so s t ro n g ly in t ren ch ed t h at it h ad t o b e att ack ed

f ro m w i t h o u t I n t h e fi rs t pl a c e in t h e eff o rt t o expl o i t
.
,

bl ack m en it t ran s f o rm ed whi t e m en i n t o bl o o dt hi rst y b e

i n g s Th e sy s t em m o reo ver p ro m o t ed t h e f o rm at i o n o f
.
, ,

w ast ef ul h abi t s I t p reven t ed t h e g ro wt h o f t o wn s an d ci t i es

.

an d shu t o u t m an u f a c t u r i n g l eavi n g t h e S o u t h d ep en den t

,

o n t h e N o rt h o r E u ro p ean n at i o n s f o r it s m an u f a c t u res .

Whil e t h e N o rt h w as rec ei v i n g an i n flux o f f ree l ab o rers t h e

S o u t h w as 1n creasin g u n n ec es s aril y it s sl ave l ab o r supply ,

i n dul g i n g in u n w i s e i n v est m en t s an d o vers t o cki n g t h e m ar

,

k et s w i t h s o u t h ern s t apl e c ro ps In m aki n g l ab o r u n dig n i

.

fi ed m o reo ver it red uc ed t h e p o o r whi t es t o p o v ert y c aus ed

, , ,

a sc arci t y o f m o n ey ch eap en ed l an d an d c o n fi n e d t h e S o u t h
, ,

t o o n e c ro p f arm i n g at t h e exp en s e o f it s u n devel o p ed

-

reso u rc es .

Th e ec on o m i c in t eres t s o f t h e t wo s ec t i o n s t h erefo re , ,

b eg an t o diff er wi del y du ri n g t h e t hi rt i es Wh en Miss o uri .

ask ed f o r ad m is s i o n t o t h e U n i o n t h e s t ru gg l e w hich en su ed
,

Diff ering em ph as i z ed t h es e d i ff eren c es P ri o r t o t his.

mt ereSt s i d l h d w ll e s t a bli h e d i t s el f in
p e r o s av ery a e s

t h at t erri t o ry Wh en every t hi n g h ad b een arran g ed an d

.

Co n g ress w as ab o ut t o p as s t h e bill p ro v i d i n g f o r it s ad
m issi o n J am es T al m a dg e a rep res en t at i ve f ro m New Y o rk
, , ,

u ps et t hi n gs b y o fi erin g an am en d m en t p ro v i d i n g t h at sl av

ery sh o ul d n o t b e a ll o w ed in t h at t erri t o ry This l ed t o a .

fi ery deb at e p art icip at ed in b y t h e st alw art defen ders o f t h e

p ro sl av ery s ec t i o n o f t h e c o u n t ry an d b y t h e C o n g ress m en
o f t h e N o rt h w h o a l t h o u g h at t h at t i m e u n p rep ared t o a d
,

v o c at e a g en er al ab o li t i o n o f sl avery w ere c o n v i n c ed t h at,

it w as an ev il an d d es i red t o p ro hibi t it s exp an s i o n It w as .

p o i n t ed o u t b y t h e an t i sl avery el em en t t h at s o m e o f th e
S t at e o f Mi s s o u ri li es f art h er n o rt h t h an t h e m o u t h o f th e
O hio R iver ab o v e whi ch sl av ery was p ro hibi t ed b y t h e
,
 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist ory
ern m en t n o r p ro hibi t ed t o t h e S t at es were res erved t o t h e
S t at es Th e qu es t i o n as t o wh et h er a S t at e s h o ul d h o l d
.

sl aves t h erefo re w as res erved t o t h at c o mm on w eal t h an d

, ,

C o n g ress h ad n o ri g h t t o i n t erfere t h erewi t h .

It was ass ert ed als o as w as adm i tt ed t h ereaft er t h at t h e

, ,

r est ri c t i o n ag ai n st sl avery in th e O rd in an c e o f 17 87 w as
n o t bi n d i n g o n t h o s e S t at e s o f t h e t erri t o ry t h at h ad b een

Th e O di nance a d m i tt ed t o t h e U n i o n an d t h at t h ey c o ul d in
r ,

° f ”87
t ro du ce S l av ery wh en t h ey d esi red Th e
° "5

p ro sl avery l eaders b eli ev ed t h at t h e i n s t i t ut i o n o f sl avery

w o ul d b e b en efici al t o t h e c o u n t ry ra t h er t h an an ev il in t h at ,

it w o ul d p ro v i d e f o r an ext en s i o n o f t h e s y s t em red uci n g ,

t h e n u m b er h el d b y each p ers o n an d t h eref o re b r i n g i n g t h e , ,

sl ave i n t o m Ore d i rect an d h elp f ul c o n t a ct wi t h t h e m as t er .

Th e ag i t at i o n w as qui et ed f o r t h e t i m e b ei n g af t er t he ,

c o m p ro m is e p ermi t t i n g Miss o u ri t o c om e i nt o t h e U n i on as
a s l av e S t at e b u t p ro hibi t i n g t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s o u t h o f p arall e l

t hi rt y six t hirt y c o n s t i t u t i n g t h e s o u t h ern li m i t o f Mi s s o u ri

-
,
.

A n o t h er i m p o rt an t qu es t i o n c am e f o rw ard in t h e Miss o u ri
d eb at e wh en t h e qu es t i o n h ad b een all b u t s et t l ed t h at is , ,

wh en t h e S t at e h ad f ram ed a c o n st i t u t i o n in k eepi n g w i t h
t h e i n s t ruc t i o n s gi ven in t h e en abli n g ac t b u t
Th e ,

c i t i en shi p
z h ad i n c o rp o rat ed i n t o t his d o cu m en t a cl aus e
O f N e g r o es
p ro v i d i n g f o r t h e exclu s i o n o f f ree Neg ro es
'

f ro m t h at c o mm o n w eal t h T his p ro vi s i o n w as s eri o usl y

.

a t t a ck ed b y t h e f ri en ds o f jus t ic e arg ui n g t h at i n as m uch as

,

t h ese N eg ro es w ere ci t i z en s o f t h e U n i t ed S t at es n o S t at e ,

h ad a r i g h t t o r es t ric t t h ei r p ri v il eg es as such a c t i o n w o ul d ,

co n flic t w i t h t h e C o n s t i t ut i o n o f t h e Un i t ed S t at es w hich ,

g u aran t ees t o t h e ci t i z en s o f ea ch c o m m o n w eal t h all t h e

p ri v il eg e s a n d i mm u n i t i es o f ci t iz en s in ev ery o t h er co m
m o n w e al th T h i s dro ve h o m e t h e r eal t ru t h whi ch t h e
.

15
J . . i
P D u nn , I n d a n a ; A R ed em p t o n fr o m S la very , i
2 1 8 2 60 ; pp .
-

i i
N D H a rr s , T h e H s t o ry o f N eg ro S erv t u d e in I lli no s Ch s I I I ,
. .
i i , .

IV a n d V ; a n d B
A H n s d a e , O l d N o r t h w es t ,
. . i
35 1 35 8 l pp .
-
.
 E c o n o m ic S l a v e ry 12 1

c ountry h ad no t b efo re realiz ed t h at t h ere was such a t hi n g

,

as ci t iz enship o f t h e U n i t ed S t at es in c o n t rad is t i n c t i o n t o

ci t iz en ship in a S t at e an d t h at t h e ci t iz en s hip o f t h e Un i t ed
,

S t at es is m o re t h an ci t iz en ship o f a S t at e Wh en a ci t iz en .
,

t h erefo re i m m i gr at ed i n t o an d s et t l ed in an o t h er S t at e h e
, ,

s h o ul d n o t a cc o rd i n g t o t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n l o s e t h e ri g h t t o
, ,

b e t reat ed as a ci t iz en o f t h at c o m m o n weal t h Wh en t his.

invo lved t h e ri g h t s o f t h e N eg ro it w as c ert ai n ly s t art li n g

t o t h e rep res en t at i ves O f t h e S o u t h ; an d Miss o uri f o r t h at ,

reas o n ,
if f o r n o o t h er was l ess i n cli n ed t h an ever t o
,

Ch an g e t h at p ro v isi o n o f it s C o n s t i t u t i o n Th e m att er w as
.

set t l ed b y a s ec o n d c o m p ro m ise t o c o unt era c t t h e efi ect t his

,

c l aus e m i g h t h ave b y p ro v i d i n g t h at n o t hi n g t h erei n c o n

,

t ain ed sh o ul d b e so c o n s t ru ed as t o g iv e t h e a ss en t o f Co n

g ress t o any p ro v isi o n in t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f Mis s o uri W hich

c o n t ravened t h at cl aus e in t h e C o ns t i t u t i o n o f t h e Un i t ed
S t at es which decl ares t h at t h e ci t i z en s o f each S t at e sh all
b e en t i t l ed t o all o f t h e p rivi l eg es an d i mm un i t i es o f ci t iz en s
in t h e s everal S t at es .

Sl avery ag ai n sh o wed its f ar reachi n g eff ect s Du r -

.

in g t h e fi rs t t hree d e c ade s o f t h e n i n et een t h c en t u ry t h e ,

S o ut h in t he n at ural o rder o f t hi n g s b ecam e a s e c t i o n

, ,

d ep en d en t s o l el y o n it s p e culi ar i n s t i t u t i o n a Sl av ery an d
,

t he “ m m
d is t ri ct devo t ed en t i rely t o a g ricul t u re an d
a l m o s t s o li d l y o rg an iz e d in d ef en d i n g such i n t eres t s Fo r .

t his reas o n t h e S o u t h d evel o p ed i n t o a m ere pl an t at i o n .

T h e No rt h o n t h e o t h er h an d in v i ew o f t h e shippi n g
, ,

i n dus t ry its c omm erc e an d t h e m an u f ac t u ri n g wh i ch o f

, , ,

n ec essi t y gr ew d u ri ng t h e w ar o f 18 12 an d d eci d ed l y

exp an d ed t h er eaf t er d ev el o p ed a n u m b er o f bu s i n ess an d

,

i n dust ri al c en t ers d esi ro u s o f p ro t ec t i n g t h ei r i n du st ri es

by i m p o si n g c ert a i n d u t i e s o n g o o d s i m p o r t ed f ro m
E uro p e T his c au sed a sh i f t in t h e p o si t i o n s o f t h e l ead
.

ers o f t h es e t w o s ec t i o n s W h ereas in 1 81 6 J o hn C
.
, ,
.

C alh o un w as an ad vo c at e O f a p ro t ect i ve t ari ff an d D an i el

122 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
W ebs t er w as a free t rad er in 1 832 W eb s t er w as in f av o r
,

o f i m p o rt d u t i es a n d C al h o u n h a d c o n s t ru c t e d a p o licy o f
’

f re e t rad e . Wi t h t h e supp o rt o f t h e W est d es i ri n g a p ro ,

t ec t iv e du t y o n it s h em p a n d t h e lik e t h e m an u f a c t u ri n g ,

d is t ri c t s w ere abl e t o s ec u re t h e en ac t m en t o f t ari ff f o r -

p ro t ec t i o n m easu res in 1824 182 8 an d ,

A g ai n s t t h e p ro t ec t i v e t ari ff t h e c o mm o n w e al t h s o f t h e
S o ut h b eg an t o argu e t h at it w as d isc ri m i n at o ry an d t h ere
f o re u n c o n s t i t u t i o n al in t h at it i m p o s ed a t ax up o n o n e
,

O p p o si t i o n t o s ec t i o n f o r t h e b en efi t o f t h e o t h er C o n g ress .
,

t h e “rim
a s t h e S o u t h saw it h ad n o ri g h t t o l eg i sl at e ,

in b eh alf o f o n e s ec t i o n at t h e exp en s e o f t h e o t h er S o b it .

t er d id t h e S o u t h b ec o m e b ec aus e o f t hi s s e em i n g i m p o s i t i o n
t h at in 1 832 S o u t h Caro li n a u n dert o o k t o n ulli f y t h e t ari ff
l aw o f 1 8 32 b eli ev i n g v ery m uch as K en t u c k y an d Vi rg i n i a
,

h ad in 1 7 9 8 t h at a S t at e h ad a ri g h t t o o b ey o r t o n ulli f y
,

a l aw p ass ed b y C o n g res s if in it s ju d g m en t it f o u n d o u t
, , ,

t h at t h at l aw was p reju d ici a l t o t h e i n t eres t s o f t h e S t at e

c o n c ern ed .

I t w as m ade cl ear m o reo ver t h at S o u t h C aro li n a w as

, ,

o f t h e Opi n i o n t h at t his c o u n t ry w as n o t a U n i o n b u t s t ill

a C o n f ed erat i o n l o o s el y h el d t o g et h er v ery m uch as t h e

A uni o n o r a S t at es w ere u n d er t h e A rt i cl es o f C o n f edera

n f ed em cy 7
°°
t ion A S t at e t h eref o re as l o n g as it ch o s e
.
, ,

t o b e b o u n d b y t h e t erm s o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n c o ul d c o n t i n u e
t o d o s o b u t if a t a n y t i m e it f el t th a t t h e u n i o n w i t h t h e
,

o t h er S t a t e s w as u n d esi r abl e it c o ul d o f i t s el f o r in c o n
,

n ec t io n w i t h a n u m b er o f S t at e s c o n s t i t u t i n g a m a j o ri t y

c all a c o nv en t i o n rep res en t i n g t h e s am e p o wer b y wh ich t h e

C o n s t i t u t i o n w as rat ifi ed an d d ecl are t h e s everan c e o f t h e
t i es t h at b o u n d t h em t o t h e U n i o n .

I t w as n ec ess ary t h erefo re f o r t h e U n i o n t o t ak e hi g h

, , .

g ro u n d f o r it s o w n s el f p reserv at i o n -
A l t h o u g h A n drew .

16 l
S ee Ca h o u n ’
s s p e e ch in t h e A pp en d ix .
 CH A P T E R V I I I

T H E FREE N E G RO

WH ILE t h e f at e o f t h e sl aves in th e S o u t h was b ei ng

d et erm i n ed t h ere w as als o a c o n si derabl e n um b er o f f ree
,

p erso n s o f c o l o r wh o se s t at us w as ev er ch an gin g Few .

p eo pl e n o w realiz e t h e ext en t t o which t h e free Negro

T h e Su m o f
fi g u r e d in t h e p o pul at i o n o f t his c o un t ry p r i o r

t h e f ree t o t h e Ci v il W ar B efo re sl avery w as re

.
‘

N egm
d u ced f ro m a p at riarch ial es t ablish m en t t o t h e
'

m ere b usi n ess o f e xpl o i t i n g m en a c o n si d erabl e n u mb er o f

,

Negro es h ad s ecu red t h ei r f reedo m an d t h e frui t s o f th e ,

A m eric an R ev o lu t i o n effec t i v e l o n g t h ereaf t er in amel io rat

,

in g t h ei r c o n d i t i o n g av e an i m p et us t o m an u m issi o n
,
In .

s o me c o l on i es N eg ro es w ere i n den t u red s ervan t s b efo re

t h ey w ere sl ave s an d b e ca m e f ree up o n t h e expi rat i o n o f
,

t h ei r t erm o f s erv ic e Th e r esul t was t h at t h ere w ere in t hi s

.

c o u n t ry in 17 90 as m an y as free p eo pl e o f c o l o r ,

o f w h o m w ere li v i n g in t h e S o u t h D uri n g t h e t wo .

d ec ad es f ro m 1 7 90 t o 18 10 t h e rat e o f i n creas e o f free

,

Negro es exc eed ed t h at o f t h e sl aves an d t h e p ro p o rt i o n o f ,

f ree N eg ro es in t h e bl a ck p o pul at i o n i n creas ed a c c o rd i n g ly

f ro m p er c e n t in 1 7 9 0 t o p e r cen t in 1 8 1 0 A f t er .

1 . ll
J o hn H R u sse , Th e Fr ee N eg ro in Virg i nia , p as s i m ; E B . .

T urn er, Th e N eg ro in Penns y l va n a ; F U Qu i n , T h e C o l o r Lw e m

. . illi
O h o , p as s i m ; C T H c o , Th e N eg r o i n O h o , p as s i m ; C G W o o d
i ik k i . .

1 00 ; t h e J o u rna l o f N eg ro
. .

s o n , A C en t u ry o f Neg r o M g a t r o n ,
1i-
i pp .

i
H s t ory , I , 1 6 8 , 9 9 100 2 03 2 4 2 , 302 3 1 7 , 36 1 37 ;
- -
,
-
6 - I I , 5 1 -
7 ,
8 1 64 -
-
18 5 ;
III , 9 0-9 1, 1 9 6 1 9 7 , 36 0 36 7 , 4 35 44 1 , an d N eg ro Po p u l a t i on i n th e
- - -

Un i t ed S t a t es , 1 7 90 t o 1 9 1 5 .
 T he F r e e N e g ro 125

t his d at e t h e t en d en cy w as in t h e ot h er d i rect i o n b ec ause o f

the i i s t t h e N egro
reac t o n ag a n ,
b ri n g i n g ab o ut a res t ric t i o n
o n m an u m i ss i o n s .

B et ween 18 10 an d 1840 t h e Negro p o p ul at i on almo s t

do ubl ed b u t t h e p ro p o rt i o n o f t h e f ree N eg ro es rem ai n ed
,

a b o u t t h e sa m e .B ec aus e o f f u rt h er res t ric t i o n o n m an u

m iss i o n an d t h e m o re s ecu re f o u n d at i o n o f S l o w in crea e s .

e c o n o m ic sl av ery wi t h ri g i d reg ul at i o n s t o p reven t t h e

’

fu g i t i ves fro m es c api n g t his p ro p o rt i o n o f f ree Negro es in

,

t h e bl a c k p o pul a t i o n d e c rea se d t o p e r c en t by 1 85 0 a n d
t o 1 8 p er c en t b y 18 60 Wh il e t h e Neg ro p o pul at i o n as a
.

wh o l e do ubl ed it s p erc en t ag e o f i n c reas e t h en t h at o f t h e

free bl acks d e cli n ed It b ec am e s m
, ,

. all er in p art s o f t h e

No rt h an d d ecli n ed t o o n e fo u rt h o f t h e rat e o f i n c reas e

-

b et w een 1 800 t o 18 10 I n 18 60 t h e rat e o f in c reas e w as

.

ab o u t o n e p er c en t a y ear I t is w o rt h y o f n o t e h o w ever
.
, ,

tha t t h er e w ere f ree N eg ro es in t h e Un i t ed S t a t es

in 1 850 an d in 1 8 60 A t t his l at t er d a t e
.

o f t h es e w ere in M a ry l an d in Vi rg i n i a
,
in ,

No rt h C aro li n a , in Lo ui s i an a in t h e Di s t ric t
,

o f C o lu m bi a ,
in K en t ucky ; in s h o rt in t h e
,

wh o l e S o u t h .

T his i n c reas e o f free Neg ro es w as l argely a n at ural

g r o w t h . T h er e h a d b e en o f c o u r,
s e s o m e add i t i o n s b y p u r
,

c h as es o f f reed o m an d t h e a cqui s i t i o n o f n ew t err i t o ry .

Th ey d id n o t i mm i g rat e i n t o t h i s c o u n t ry I ncreas e a
,

f o r o n ly f ree N eg ro e s en u m e r a t e d i n n t u l a ra

n th
1860 w ere b o rn ab ro a d S o m e i d ea as t o t h e
'

e x t en t o t h er f ac t o rs fi g u red in t his m ay b e o b t a i n ed f ro m

t h e f ac t t h at Neg ro es w ere m an u m i tt ed in 1859 an d

b ec am e fu g it i ves In 1 859 t h ere w ere
.
m an u
missi o n s an d 803 f u g i t iv es Th e c en sus o f 18 60 rep o rt s
.

t h at p ro b abl y m an um i ss i o n s w ere m ad e d u ri n g t h e
de c ad e b et w e en 1 8 50 an d 1 860 .
 12 6 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

N e g ro P o p u la t i o n , 1 7 9 0 to 1 860
F ree D i lI
e c en n a n c re a s e
Pe r Nu m b e r Pe r c en t
Nu m b er c en t S l av e Fre e S ave l Free S l av e

Th e s t at i s t i c s of th e N eg ro p o pul at i o n b et w een 1 7 90 an d

1 9 15 s u g g es t xpl an at i o n f o r t his dec reas e t h at t he

as an e

f ree p eo pl e o f c o l o r w er e m uch o l d er an d th eref o r e subj ec t

S ex t o a hi g h er m o rt ali t y rat e ; t h at t h ey w ere
d i t ri b ut i o n
s
l ess n o rm ally d is t ribu t ed b y sex an d t h eref o re
.

p ro b abl y c h aract eri z ed b y a m ari t al c o n d i t i on l ess favo r

abl e t o r api d n a t u r a l i n c rea s e A m o n g t h e f ree N eg roe s at
.

ea ch o f t h e fi v e c en s us es f ro m 182 0 t o 1 8 60 t h ere w ere

, ,

fewer m al es t h an f em al es wh ereas t h e d i st ribut i o n as t o s ex

,

am o n g t h e sl av es rem ai n ed ab o u t e qu all y d i v i d ed b e t w e en

t h e t wo W h il e t hi s do es n o t al t o g et h er a cc o un t f o r t h e
.

d i s p ari t y it d o ub t l es s h ad s o m et h i n g t o d o wi t h t h e si t u
,

at i o n ,
f o r t h e N eg ro es m an u m i t t ed w ere as a m aj o ri t y , ,

m en an d t h o s e w h o co n t ri ved t o esc ap e w ere l arg el y o f t h e

,

s am e s ex Fu rt h erm o re m as t ers c o n t ro ll ed t h e s l ave supply

.
,

s o as t o a dd w h at n u m b er t h ey n eed ed fro m which ev er

s ex s eem ed d efi c i en t .

T h e c u st o m s an d r eg ul a t i o n s res t rai n i n g t h e sl av es did

n o t g en era ll y a ppl y t o t h e f re e p eo pl e o f c o l o r even w h en

so p ro v i d ed b y l a w S o m e o f t hem were cl o sely c o n n ec t ed

.

era t io n t h an
w i th t hei r wh o ave t h u u o

Th st t us o f
e a th a t s h o w n b y m an y o t hers wh o sgld thei r
f N g m es
ree e
0 I n S pi t e o f t h e l aw t o
t h e c o n t r ary a few s uch b en evo l en t m as t ers m a i n t a i n ed
,

s c h o o l s f o r t h e e d u c at i o n o f t h e i r m ul a tt o c h il d ren Wh en .

t h at b ec am e u n p o p u l ar t h ey w ere p ri v a t el y i n s t ru c t ed o r
s en t t o t h e N o r t h f o r edu c a t i o n C h a rl es t o n S o u t h C aro
.
,
128 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
l
a s av e w o m an in t h e s am e ci ty in 1833 A Ch arl esto n Negro
,
.

w h o pu r c h as ed h is wi f e f o r $ 7 00 s o l d h er at a p ro fit o f
$ 50 b ec aus e sh e w o ul d n o t b eh ave h ers el f To ch e ck t his .
,

l aw s res t ric t i n g m an u m issi o n as in Vi rg i n i a in 1 806 w ere

, ,

en ac t ed t o li m i t t hi s b en ev o l en c e o f w hi t e m en b y i m p o s i n g

d i ffi cul t c o n d i t i o n s Th ereaf t er t h es e f reedm en w ere t o b e

. .

s en t o u t o f t h e S t at e u n l ess t h ei r f orm er m as t er ag reed t o

supp o rt t h em .

S o m e o t h er N eg ro es o f l ess d is t i n c t i on a cc o m plish ed
m uch t o c o n v i n c e t h e w o rl d o f t h e n at i v e abili t y o f t h e
N eg ro es t o ext ric at e t h em s el ves f ro m p eculi ar s it u at io n s an d
t o m ak e p ro g re ss in spi t e o f O pp o si t i o n .

g ui s h ed f ree S am u el M art i n a b en evo l en t sl av eh o l der o f

,
N eg ro es .

c o l o r resi d i n g at P o rt Gibs o n Mi ssissippi p ur

, ,

ch as ed his o wn f reedo m in 18 2 9 an d t h ereaf t er pu rch as ed

,

t wo m ul at t o w o m en wi t h t h ei r f o u r chil dren b ro u gh t t h em ,

t o Ci n c i n n at i in 1 844 an d em an cip at ed t h em
,
A n o t h er .

N eg ro n am ed C rei g h t o n liv i n g in Ch arl es t on S o u t h C aro

, ,

li n a accu m ul at ed c o n s i derabl e w eal t h which h e fin all y d e

,

ci ded t o d evo t e t o t h e c o l o n iz at i o n o f t h e Neg ro es in L ib eri a .

H e d isp o s ed o f his p ro p ert y o fi erin g his sl av es t h e al t er

,

n at i v e o f b ei n g lib erat ed o n t h e c o n d i t i o n o f a cc o m p an y i n g

h im t o A fric a o r o f b ei n g s o l d as p ro p ert y O n l y o n e o f his

.

sl aves a cc ep t ed t h e o ff er b u t h e cl o s ed up his bu si n ess in

,

Ch arl est o n purch as ed f o r t h e en t erp ris e a sch o o n er o f his

,

o w n an d s et s a il f o r L ib eri a in 1 82 1
, .

A m o n g t h e p ro sp ero us f ree N eg ro es in t h e S o u t h m ay
b e m en t i o n ed J eh u J o n es t h e p ro p ri et o r o f o n e o f t h e m o s t
,

p o pul ar h o t els in Ch arl est o n an d o wn er o f fo rt y t h o u s an d

d o ll ars w o rt h o f p ro p ert y Th ere li v ed .

p ers o ns o f T h o m y L af o n in New O rl ean s wh ere h e ac ,

c° l ° r °

cum ul at ed real est at e t o t h e am o u n t o f al m o s t

h al f a m illi o n d o ll ars an d in t h e sam e c i t y a w o m an o f
,

c o l o r o wn i n g a t av ern an d s ev era l s l aves A N eg ro in .

S t P au l s P ari sh S o u t h C aro li n a w as s a i d t o h av e t wo h un
’
.
, ,
 T he F r ee N eg r o 12 9

dred sl av es an d a whi t e w ife an d so n in l aw in 1857 In

,
- -
, .

1 8 33 S o l o m o n H um ph ri es a f ree Negr o w ell kn o w n b y m en

,

o f all cl ass es in M a c o n G eo rg i a k ep t a g ro c ery s t o re t h ere

, ,

an d h ad m o re c red i t t h an an y o t h er m erch an t in t h e t o wn .

He h ad accum ul at ed ab o u t t w en ty t h o us an d d o ll ars w o rt h
o f p ro p ert y i n clu d i n g a n um b er o f sl ave s
,
C y p ri an R ic ard .

b o ug h t an es t at e in I b ervill e P arish wi th n i n ety o n e sl aves ,

-
,

f o r ab o u t M ari e M eto yer o f N at chi t o ch es P arish

, ,

p o ss ess ed fi f ty sl aves an d an est at e o f m o re t h an

a c res . Ch arl es Ro g u es o f t h e s am e c o m m u n i ty l ef t in 1848
fo rt y s even sl aves M art i n D o n ato o f S t L an dry d i ed in
-
.
, .
,

1 848 l eav i ng a N eg ro wif e an d chil d ren p o ss ess ed o f

,

arp en t s o f l an d e i g h t y nin e sl ave s an d p ers o n a l p ro p ert y

,
-

w o rt h
T h es e N eg ro es h o w ever w ere exc ep t i o n s t o t h e ru l e
, ,
.

M o s t w ell t o do f ree N eg ro es in u rb an c o mm un i t i es b e
- -

l o n g ed t o t h e art isan c l ass an d t h ere w ere m o re o f t h em

,

t h an o n e w o ul d t hi n k In s o u t h ern ci t i es m o s t
. Pro spero us
o f t h e w o rk in t h e m e ch an ic a rt s w as d o n e b y
“ 19 0 1134 103 1

t h e sl av es as t h ere w as l es s d isc r i mi n at i o n in t his fi el d in

,

t h e S o u t h t h an in t h e N o rt h C o n t ras t i n g t h e f avo rabl e

.

c o n d i t i o n s o f s o u t h ern Neg ro es wi t h th at o f t h o se in t h e
Nort h a p ro sl avery m an ref erred t o C h arl est o n S o ut h
, ,

C aro li n a as fu rn ishi n g a g o o d ex am pl e o f a c en t er o f n u
,

usu al ac t iv i t y an d rapi d s t ri des o f t h r i f ty free Neg ro es .

E n j o y i n g t h es e un usu al advan t ag es t h e N eg ro es o f Ch arl es ,

.

t o n w e r e ear l y in t h e n i n e t een t h c en t u ry r a n k e d b y s o m e as

e c o n o m ic a ll y an d i n t ell e c t u all y sup eri o r t o an y o t h er gr o up

o f such p ers o n s in t h e U n i t ed S t at es A l arg e p o rt i o n o f t h e

.

l ead in g m ech an ics f ashi o n abl e t a il o rs sh o e m an u fa c t u rers

, , ,
“
an d m an t u a m ak er s w ere f ree N e g ro es w h o h ad
- a co n,

si d erat i o n in t h e c o mm un it y f ar m o re t h an t h at en j o y ed b y
”
a n y o f t he c o l o red p o pul at i o n in t h e n o rt h ern ci t i es .

Wh at t h en w as t h e si t u at i o n in t h e No rt h ? Th e f u g i t i ve
sl ave f o un d it d i fficult M o st Neg ro es wh o b ec am e free as
.
1 30 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
a re sul t o f m an u m i ss i o n h ad b een d ep en d en t s so l on g t h at
t h ey l o s t t h ei r i n i t i at i v e Wh en t h ro wn up o n t h ei r own
.

reso u r c es in t h e N o rt h wh ere t h ey h a d t o m ak e Opp o rt u n i

t i es t h ey fa il ed
,
In i n c reasi n g t h e n u m b er o f t h o s e s eeki n g
.

H ard ship s in e c o n o mi c Opp o rt u n i t i es in t h e N o rt h m o re ,

t he o v er t h ey s o c h eap en ed t h e l ab o r as t o m ak e
,

it d i ffi cul t f o r t h e free N eg ro es al ready t h ere t o earn a li ve

l ih o o d . Th ey w ere t h eref o re b ran ded b y t h e wri t ers o f th e
, ,

t i m e as t h e p ari ahs o f s o ci et y Th ere was in f act as m uch

.
, ,

p reju d ic e ag a i n s t t h e f ree N eg ro es in p art s o f t h e No rt h as

in t h e S o u t h T his feeli n g h o w ever resul t ed l arg el y f ro m
.
, ,

t h e an t ip at h y en g en d er ed b y t h e c o m p et i t i o n o f t h e N eg ro es
wi t h t h e l arg e n um b er o f G erm an s an d Sc o t ch I rish i mm i -

g r a t i n g i n t o t his c o u n t ry a g en erat i o n b ef o r e t h e Civil W a r .

S o m e f ew N eg ro es f aci n g t h ese c o n d i t i o n s ret u rn ed

S o u t h an d reen sl aved t h em s elves rat h er t h an st arv e in th e
No rt h A l arg er n u m b er in t h e S o u t h h o w ev er w ere en
.
, ,

Th e ret um t o sl aved ag ai n st t h ei r wills f o r such p et ty o f

t h e s mi t h f en ses as t h ef t an d t h e lik e which al m o s t any
,

p o verty s t ricken m an w o ul d b e li abl e t o c om m i t Th ey

-
.

were o rd i n arily arres t ed as susp ec t ed fu g i t ives o r f o r v a ,

g ran cy an d ill eg al r esi d en c e an d fi n all y s o l d f o r j ail f ees

,
.

A s Neg ro es in t h es e c as es w ere n o t all o w ed t o t es t ify in t h e i r

o wn b eh al f t h e o ffi ci a l arres t i n g a free N eg ro g en erall y
,

p referred ag ai n st h im wh at ever ch arg e b est sui t ed his c o n

v en ien ce an d d i s p o s ed o f t h e N eg ro a cc o r d i n g l y E i gh t y
.

n i n e w ere s o l d in M ary l an d u n d er t h e a c t o f 1 8 58 jus t i f y

in g s u c h re en sl av em en t Much o f t h i s rep ress i o n w as in

.

s t i t u t ed f o r i n t i m i d at i o n t o k e ep t h e f ree N eg ro es d o w n

t h at t h ey m i g h t n ev er j o i n wi t h s l av es in an in s u rrec
t io n .

H o w d id t h e si t u at i o n o f t h e f ree N eg ro co m p are w i t h
t h at o f t h e whi t e m an ? I n t h e fi rs t pl ace t h e f reed m an ,

R s t ri ct i o ns
e . w a s n o t a c i t i z en in an y S o u t h ern S t at e a f t er
1 8 34 an d w as d eg rad ed f ro m t h at s t at u s in c ert a i n S t a t es in
1 32 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
w as t h e s am e in t h e b eg i n n i n g b u t th e react i o n b ro u gh t
,

o n c ert a i n d i s t i n c t i o n s .

A t t i m es t h e f ree N eg ro es c o ul d g o an d c o m e t o sui t t h em
s elv es Duri n g t h e ard en t sl avery ag i t at i o n h o wever it was
.
, ,

n ec ess ary f o r t h em t o e xhibi t t h ei r f r ee p a p ers wh en qu es

t io n ed Th ey were l at er res t ram ed fro m m o vi n g f rom on e

.

E gress and S t at e t o an o t h er o r even f ro m o n e c o un t y t o

reg ress °
a n o t h er wi t h o u t s ecu ri n g a p erm i t In s o m e .

s o u t h ern S t at es n earer t h e m i ddl e o f t h e n i n et een t h c en

,

t u ry it w as u n l aw f ul f o r a f re e Negr o t o ret u rn t o t h e S tat e

,

a f t er l eavi n g as h e m i g h t b e sp o il ed b y c o n t a c t o r ed uc a
,

tion .

A l t h o ug h fo rci n g th e free Neg ro es t o a l o w s o ci al s t at us ,

t h e l o c a l g o vern m en t d id n o t ex em p t t h em f ro m it s bur
d en s In Vi rg i n i a f ree Neg ro es w ere requi red t o p ay a p o ll
.
,

t ax o f in 18 1 3 an d in 1 8 1 5 In 1 8 14 . free ,

Neg ro es in t h at S t at e p ai d in t ax es an d in 1 863 t h ey
,

p ai d in p o ll t ax es T h e Neg ro es in B al t i more
.

p ai d $ 500 in sch o o l t axes in 1 860 al t h o u g h t h ei r chil dren,

c o ul d n o t at t en d th e ci t y sch o o ls M o s t S t at es t ax ed t h e
.

f ree Neg ro es i n c o n sis t en t ly in th e s am e way .

S o ci ally th e Neg ro wh et h er s l ave o r f ree un der t he eco

, ,

n o m ic reg im e w as an o u t c as t P reju dic e b as ed o n c o l o r

‘

.
,

rat h er t h an o n c o n di t i o n m ad e h im an o bj ect o f o pp ro b rium

Th e N eg ro in t h e n i n et een t h c en t u ry in c o n t rad is t i n c t i o n
,

a n O nt c m
t o his c o n d i t i o n a hu n dred y ear s earli er In .

t h e s ev en t een t h c en t u ry t h ere f o ll o w ed m isc eg en at i o n o f t h e

ra c es I n t h e ei g h t een t h c en t u ry free N eg ro es s t ill ex
.

p e r ie n ce d s o m e i n t e rb r e ed i n g a n d m o v e d w i t h t h e whi t es
s o c i all y in c ert ai n p art s In t h e n i n et een t h c en t u ry al l s o ci al
.

r el a t i o n s b et w een th e whi t es an d t h e f ree Negro es he

c am e a b o u t t h e s am e as t h o s e o f t h e f o rm er w i t h t h e
s l av es .

No l aws p rev en t e d t h e i n t erm arri ag e o f t h e f ree N eg ro es

 T he F r e e N eg r o

an d I n d i an s . Squ aw s acc ep t ed Neg ro es f o r husb an ds an d ,

I n d i an m en c o m m o n l y h ad bl ac k wi ves E xt en si v e m is .

ceg en at io n o f t h es e s t o cks w as e xp eri en c ed in

I nt e b ee dmg r r

mo s t S t at es in t h e S o u t h A s t h es e t w o ra c es wi t h t h e
.

I n di ans
were in c o m m o n u n d esi rabl es am o n g t h e
'

w hi t es t h e o n e earl y m an i f es t ed sym p at h y f o r t h e o t h er
, ,

as w as ev i d en c ed b y t h e f ac t t h at in t h e m as s a c re o f 1 62 2

in Vi rg i n i a n o t an A f ri c an w as kill ed I n t h e ra i d s o f
.

t h e I n d i an s o n t h e s et t l ers o f L o uisi an a N eg ro es o f t en a c t ed
,

in Co n c ert w i t h t h em .E ff o rt s h ad t o b e m ad e t o s ep arat e
t h e Neg ro es f ro m t h e I n d i an s wh en t h e f o rm er e a g erl y re
,

s o rt ed t o t h ei r res ervat i o n s as pl ac es o f ref u g e In s o m e .

c as es th e Neg ro es o n t h es e es t at es su rv i ved t h e I n di an s ,

wh o b e c a m e e x t i n c t .

O u t o f t h es e u n i o n s c am e a cl as s o f N eg ro es c o mm o n l y
kn o wn as t h e m u st ees o r m est iz o s an d it b ec am e n ec ess ary
, ,

f o r l aw s an d l eg a l d o c u m en t s ci t i n g p ers o n s o f co l o r t o
g i ve in d et a il al l o f t h es e v ar i o u s d es i g n at i o n s M ust ee s and .

NO d i s t i n c t i o n w as l at er m a d e b e t w een t h em m t im S eS '

an d o t h er p ers o n s o f c o l o r h o w ev er an d t h ey p ass ed as a
, ,

p art o f t h e f ree N eg ro p o pul at i o n E v i d en ces o f t h ei r .

p resen c e in Vi rg i n i a app eared at an ear ly d ate In 1 7 34 .

J o h n Di n g i e an I n d i an o f K i n g Willi am C o u n t y m arri ed
, ,

A nn e Li t t l ep ag e a m ul att o d au g h t er o f t h e w eal t h y E d
,

m u n d L i t t l ep ag e H e hi m s el f w as o cc upi ed as a s a il o r an d
,
,

h is w i f e a f ree w o m an w as t h e h ei r o f c o n s i d erabl e w eal t h

, ,
.

F ree Neg ro e s m i n g l ed m o re w i t h t h e sl aves h o w ev er , ,

t h an w i t h an y o t h er c l ass T h is w as n o t t h e c o n d i t i o n in
.

t h e b eg i n n i n g b u t in t h e c o u rs e o f t i m e w h en t h e free
, ,

N eg ro es d wi n d l ed in n um b er an d t h ei r ch an c es R el at io ns o f
f o r ed uc at i o n an d t h e a ccu m ul at i o n o f w ea l t h f e N g ro es re e
an d l av es S
g r e w l es s t,
h e s o ci a l d is t i n c t i o n s b et w e en t h em
'

an d t h e s l av es d i m i n i sh ed an d t h ey ass o c i at ed w i t h an d

m arri ed am o n g t h em . This b ec am e c o mm o n in t h e n i n e
13 4 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
t een t h c en t u ry In f ac t w h en t h e qu es t i o n o f em pl o y m en t
.
,

b ec am e s eri o u s it w as o f t en advan t ag eo u s f o r a f ree Neg ro

,

t o m arry a s l av e w i f e . T h is at t ach m en t t o o o f t en p rev en t ed

a f ree N eg ro f ro m b ei n g exp ell e d f ro m t h e S t at e b y t h e

h os t il e l aw s w h en h e h ad t his all b u t p erm an en t c o n n ec t io n

wit h the c om m un ity A m as t er w o ul d n o t f o rc e h im t o
'

l eave f o r f ear t h at h e m i g h t i n du ce his f am il y t o esc ap e .

S o m e s l av es d i slik ed f ree N eg ro es b ec aus e c o n d i t i o n s h ad

m a de t h e f o rm er app ar en t l y t h e i n f eri o rs o f t h e l att er .

Th e a cc o m pli sh m en t o f t h is t ask o f red u c i n g t h e f ree

p eo pl e o f c o l o r alm o s t t o t h e s t at us o f t h e s l av es h o wever , ,

w as n o t easy . In t h e fi rs t pl a c e so m an y p ers o n s o f c o l o r
,

Exc ep t i ons t o h ad r i s en t o p o s i t i o n s o f u se f u l n ess amo n g

the mle -
p ro g ress i v e p eo pl e an d h ad f o rm ed c on n ec
t i o n s w i t h t h em t h at a n a b rup t s ep a rat i o n w a s b o t h in ex

p e d i e n t a n d u n d e s i r a bl e .E x c ep t i o n s t o t h e h ard an d f as t

rul es o f c as t e w ere o f t en m ad e t o reli ev e t h e p eo pl e o f c o l o r .

T h e m isc eg en at i o n o f t h e ra c es in t h e S o u t h an d es p eci all y

in l arg e ci t i es lik e C h arl es t o n an d N ew O rl ean s m o reo v er , ,

h a d g o n e t o t h e e x t en t t h at f ro m t h es e c en t ers ev en t u all y
w en t as t h ey d o n o w a l arg e n u m b er o f q u a d ro o n s an d
, ,

o c t o ro o n s
,
w h o el s ewh ere c ro ss ed o ver t o t h e w hi t e ra c e .

A s t h e s t at us o f t h e N eg ro es rem ai n ed fix ed h o w ev er whil e
, ,

t h a t o f t h e p o o r w h i t es c h a n g e d t h e c l o s e r el at i o n s f o r
.
,

m erly exi st i n g b et w een t h es e c l as s es g ra du all y c eas ed .

T h e f ree N eg ro w as in m an y res p ec t s a d is t u rbi n g f ac t o r

in t h e e c o n o m i c sy s t em . Whi t e l ab o rers did n o t c are t o
c o m p et e w i t h t h em . T h e f ree N egr o u s u all y w o n in t h e
A dis t urb ing c o n t e s t ,
f o r t h e r ea s o n t h a t h is s t an d ard o f l iv
fac wf
'

in g w as l o w er an d h e c o ul d w o rk f o r l ess .

M o reo ver b ei n g al m o s t d ef en s el ess b ef o re a h o s t il e publi c

, ,

h e co u l d b e m o r e eas il y ch eat e d an d w as t h eref o re t o b e

, ,

p ref erred A cc o rd i n g t o t est i m o n y h o wev er t h ey w ere

.
, ,

o f e c o n o m i c w o rt h . Yet o t h ers c all ed t h em i d l ers c ri m i n al s

, ,

v i c i o u s v ag ab o n d s . a v i l e e xc res c en c e an d t h e lik e .T h es e
 T he N eg ro I n O u r Hist o ry
b er of y s o n e o f th e m o s t succ ess f ul pickli n g es t ablish
ear

m en t s in t h at m et ro p o lis whil e al o n g wi t h h im arose

,

Th o m as D o wn i n g a c at erer an d E dw ard V Cl ark a p ro s

, , .
,

p er o u s j e w el er O t
. h er N eg r o e s w ere buil d i n g chu rch es es ,

t ab l ish in g sch o o ls an d ed i t i n g n ewsp ap ers p ro m o t in g t h e

,

i nt erest s o f th e p eo pl e o f c o l or .

In P en n sy l v an i a wh ere N eg ro es w ere fo un d in l arg e

,

E vi d ences o f
n an d $400 000 w o rt h in 1847 T h ey h ad est ab
'
f e ss
.

l ish ed b efo re em an cip at i o n m o re t h an a sc ore o f church es

wit h which were c onn ect ed m o re t h an a hun dred b en evo l ent
s o ci et i es an d a n u m b er o f sch o o ls F i ve hun dred o f t h es e
.

N egro es w ere m ech an ics an d a c o n si derabl e n um b er ran ked

,

as b usi n ess m en A m o n g t h e l at t er w ere J am es Fo rt en a

.
,

s a il m an ufa c t u rer J o s eph C as ey a b ro k er an d S t eph en

, , ,

S m i t h a lu m b er merch an t Willi am G o o drich o f Yo rk w as

, ,
.

in ves t i n g I n rail ro ad s t o ck B en j am i n R i ch ards o f Pi tt s

.

bu rg w as a ccu m ul at i n g w eal t h in t h e bu t ch eri n g busi n ess ,

an d H en ry M C o l li n s o f t h e s am e ci t y w as d ev el o pi ng a real
.

e s t at e en t erp ris e o f c o nsi d erabl e p ro p o rt i o n s .

 T he F r e e N eg r o

A N EG RO N W S PA P
E E R EDI T ED A C E N T UR Y A GO
 C HA PT ER I X

BLAZI N G T H E W AY

TH E free Negro es m o reo v er exhibi t ed n o t o n l y t he p o wer

, ,

t o t ak e c are o f t h em s el v es in o l d c o mm u n i t i es b u t bl az ed ,

th e w ay f o r p ro gr ess o f t h e ra c e in n ew c o m m o n w eal t hs an d
in all b u t f o rbi dd en fi el ds In t h e N o rt hw es t T erri t o ry
.
,

wh ere m an y free Neg ro es fro m t h e S o u t h w ere c o l o n iz ed ,

t h ei r a chi ev em en t s w ere n o l ess si g n ific an t L uk e Mu lb er .

c am e t o S t eub en v ill e O hi o in 1 802 h i red hi m s el f o u t t o a

, , ,

c arp en t er f or t en d o ll ars a m o n t h d u ri n g t h e su m m er an d

I nst anc es o f w en t t o s c h o o l in t h e w i n t er A t t h e expi rat i o n

.

o f t h ree y ears h e c o ul d d o ro u g h c arp en t ry

w o rk an d h ad ab o u t m as t ered t h e f u n d am en t als o f ed uc a
t ion . Wi t h t his as a f o u n d at i o n h e ro s e t o a p o s i t i o n o f
u sef ul n ess am o n g t h e p eo pl e o f h is t o wn B ec o m i n g a c o n
.

t ra c t o r h e hi red f o u r j o u rn ey m en an d d id s u ch c red i t abl e

,

w o rk t h at h e w as o f t en c all e d up o n t o do m o re t h an h e
co ul d D avi d J en ki n s o f C o lu m bu s O hi o w as t h en a
.
, , ,

w eal t h y pl an t er g l azi er an d p ap er h an g er
, ,
O n e H ill o f .

Chillico t h e w as it s l ead i n g t an n er an d curr i er .

In Ci n ci nn at i w h ere as a g ro up t h e N eg ro es h ad t h ei r
, , ,

b est Opp o rt u n i t y m any m ade rapi d s t ri des f o rw ard B y

,
.

184 0 t h e N eg ro e s o f t h i s ci t y h ad acqui red o f re a l

e s t at e. O n e N eg ro w as w o rt h an o t h er w h o h ad p u r ,

A chi ev ement s ch as e d hi m s e l f a n d f am il y f o r a f ew
m c mcm fi ea rs p r i o r t o 18 40 w as w o rt h A n
y
'
,

o t h er N eg ro p ai d f o r hi ms el f an d f am il y an d b o u g h t
a h o m e w o r t h $ 800 t o A f re edm an Wh o w as a s l av e
u ntil h e was tw en ty fo u r y ears o f a ge t h en h ad t wo l o ts
-
‘

13s
1 40 T he N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry
wh o h elp ed t o o verc o m e t h e p reju d ic e in Ci n ci nn at i ag ai n st
N eg ro m ech an ics b y i n ven t i n g a n d expl o i t i n g a c o rded b ed ,

t h e d em an d f o r w h ich w as e xt en si v e t h ro u g h o u t t h e O h i o
an d Mississippi V all ey s . H e h ad a c redi t abl e m an u f ac
t u ri n g busi n ess in w hich h e em pl o y ed t w en t y fi ve m en -
.

R o b ert Go rd o n t h e o t h er N eg ro t h ere w as do ub t l ess a

, ,

m o re i n t eres t i n g ch arac t er . H e w as b o rn t h e sl av e o f a
r i ch y a ch t s m an in R ich m o n d Vi rg i n i a ,
H is m as t er pl ac ed
.

A shrewd h im in ch arg e o f a c o al y ard w hich h e h an dl ed

,

b u mess m an
s .
s o f a i t h f ull y t h at his o w n er g av e h im al l o f

t h e sl ac k resul t i n g f ro m t h e h an d li n g o f t h e c o al . This h e
s o l d t o t h e l o c al m an u f a c t u rers a ccu m ul at i n g t h ereb y in
,

t h e c o u rse o f t i m e t h o us an ds o f do ll ars . H e pu rch as ed h im

s elf in 1 84 6 an d af t er i n s p ec t i n g s ev era l N eg ro s ett l em en t s

i n t h e N o rt h w en t i n t o t h e c o al busi n ess in Ci n ci nn at i .

H avi n g t h en ab o u t Go rdo n m ade m uch m o re

p ro gress in t his c o v et ed en t erp ri s e t h an his c o m p et i t o rs de
si red Th ey t h ereup o n reduc ed th e p ric e o f c o al so as t o
.

m ak e it u n p ro fi t abl e f o r G o rd o n t o c o n t i n u e in t h e bu s i n ess .

H e w as sh rew d en o u g h t o fill al l o f h is o rders at t h e whi t e

c o al y ards b y m aki n g his purch as es t h ro u g h m ul at t o es wh o
co ul d p ass f o r whi t e . S o on t h ere fo ll o w ed a g en eral f reez
in g o n t h e O hi o R i v er m aki n g it i m p o ssibl e t o bri n g c o al
,

d o wn t h e ri ver . G ord on t h en s o l d o u t his supply at ad

v an ced p r ic es ,
so i n c reas i n g his w eal t h t h at h e w as l at er

in a p o si t i o n t o i n v es t ex t en si vel y in U n i t ed S t at es b o n ds
d u ri n g t h e Ci vil W ar an d a ft erw ard in real es t at e o n
W al n ut H ills in Ci n ci nn at i .

This eco n o m ic p ro g ress w o ul d h ave b een g reat er h ad it ,

n o t b een f o r ra c e ri o t s in c o mm u n i t i es in w hich free Ne

gro es li ved O n J an u ary 1 1 830 a m ob dro ve ei g h t y Ne

.
, ,

g r o e s f ro m P o rt s m o u t h ,
O hi o ; N e g r o e s l e f t Ci n ci nn at i
Ri o t s
. f o r C an ad a as a resul t o f t h e ri o t o f 18 2 9 an d ,

o t h ers l o s t life an d p ro p ert y in t h e ri o ts o f 1 8 36 a n d 1 841 .

T h e d i s as t ro u s eff e c t s o f t h i s u n s et t l ed s t at e w ere fu rth er ag

 B l az in g t he W ay
g rav at ed Fu g i t i ve Sl av e Law o f 1 850 M any f u g i
b y the .

t iv es a n d t h e i r rel a t i v es res i d i n g in t h e f ree S ta t es m o ved

i mm ed i at ely i n t o C an ad a af t er t h e p ro cl am at i o n o f t h is
m easu re as t h e l aw o f t h e l an d Wi t h i n t hi rt y six h o u rs
.
-

t h erea f t er f o r t y Neg ro es l ef t M a ss a c h us et t s f o r C an ad a Th e .

N eg ro p o pul at i o n o f C o lu m bi a P enn sy l van i a dec reas ed

, ,

f ro m 94 3 t o 4 37 A N egr o se t t l em en t at S an dy Th e Fugi t i v
.
e
Sl L aw
Lak e in t h e n o rt h we s t ern p art o f t h at S t at e w as av e

b ro ken up al t o g et h er E very m em b er o f a N egro M et h o d i s t

.

Church ei g h t y t wo in n u m b er i n clu di n g t h e p as t o r fl ed
,
-
, ,

fro m a t o wn in New Y o rk t o C an ad a Th e Neg ro ch u rch es .

o f Bu ff al o l o s t m an y c o mm u n ic an t s On e in R o ch es t e r l o s t
.

o n e hu n dred an d t w el ve i n clu d i n g t h e p a s t o r an d an o t h er
, ,

in D et ro i t ei g h t y f o u r -
S o m e Neg ro es s t o o d t h ei r g ro u n d
.

an d g av e b att l e as in t h e c as e o f t h e Ch ris t i an a t rag edy in

,

L an c as t er C o un t y P en n sy l van i a wh ere E dw ard Go rsuch

, ,

was kill ed an d his s o n w o u n d ed b y free N eg ro es wh o m

h e w an t ed t o en s l av e .

Th o s e Negro es wh o dared t o rem ai n in th e free S t at es

t o d efy t h e sl av e c at ch ers w ere n o t t h er ea f t er in a f ram e o f
m i nd t o p ro m o t e t h ei r e c o n o m i c w el f are so g reat w as t h e ,

dem an d o n t h ei r t i m e f o r m a i n t a i n i n g t h ei r P ers o nal

freedo m I n f ac t t h e m ai n c o n c ern o f m an y f eed m
.
,
r o
a n cem co
l eaders am o n g t h e fre e Ne g ro es an d t h ei r ‘

sym p at hiz ers w as ai d i n g fu g i t iv es t o rea ch free s o il .

Willi am C raft esc api n g f ro m M ac o n G eo rg i a w i th h is

, , ,

h an dso m e qu adro o n wife wh o eff ect ed t h ei r es c ap e b y p o s i n g

as his o w n er c aus ed u n u s u a l exci t em en t in t h e N o rt h u n t il
,

t his h ero ic d a sh f o r f reed o m en d ed wi t h t h ei r fli g h t t o

E n g l an d Th en f o ll o w ed th e arres t o f D an i el as a f u g i t i ve
.

in B u ff al o wh ere t h e f ed eral c o mmi s s i o n er re

, S eeki ng
man d ed h im t o his cl ai m an t H am l et w as
.
f ug i t i v es

c ap t u red b y his pu rsu ers in New Y o rk Ci t y whil e t h e

arrest o f J erry in S y ra cus e w as s t i rri n g t h e whi t es an d

bl acks t h ro u g h o u t t h e N o rt h S h adra ch cl ai m ed as a
.
,
142 T he N e g r o I n O u r H is t o ry
l
s av e in B o s t o n w as i m p r i s o n e d b u t a l m o st m i ra cu l o u s l y
,

S pi r i t e d a w ay t o C an a d a T h o m as Si m m s ar rest ed l at er
.
, ,

h o w ever w as r et u rn ed t o s l av ery t o pl eas e t h o se w h o f ear ed

,

t h e s o u t h ern t h reat s o f s ec ess i o n if t h e F u g i t i ve Sl av e Law

w as n o t en f o rc ed an d t o s at i s f y B o s t o n bu s i n ess m en wh o
,

d id no t c a re t o l o s e t h ei r
t rad e w ith th e So u th .

T h en f o r a s i m il ar r eas o n
c am e t h e retu rn o f A n
t h o n y B u rn s a B ap t i s t ,

cl erg y m an arr est ed at t h e ,

i n s t an c e o f C h arl es F .Su t
t l e o f Vi rg i n i a w h il e t w o ,

hu n dred S p ec i al p o li c em en
'

h ad t o b e s w o rn in t o re

s t ra ni c i t i z en s . wh o c o n s id

ered i n f ri n g e
t h e l aw an

m en t u p o n p erso n al lib ert y .

T h e D red S co t d ec i s i o n ,

d en y i n g t h at t h e N eg ro es
w ere c i t i z en s an d m aki n g
S l av ery n a t i o n al an d f ree

d o m s ec t i o n al w as t h e c l i ,

m ax o f t h es e i n v asi o n s o f
E LL E N C F f g t d gm d
hu m an ri g h t s
RA T, a u l l ve i s- se
h m t
.

as er a s er
T h o u san ds o f f u g i t i ves ,

h o w ever w ere n ever a pp reh en d ed T h ey w ere g en er

,
.

a ll y w ell d i re c t ed t h ro u g h t h e f ree S t at es b y t h e ag en t s

o f t h e U n d erg ro u n d R a il ro a d c o n d u c t ed b y Qu ak ers a n d

Th e
m ili t an t ab o li t i o n i s t s T h i.s w as not an y

U n d ergr un d
o w ell kn o w n r o u t e co n t ro ll ed b y a w ell o r
-

R flm d
a a ‘

g a n iz e d b o d y I t w as. r a t h er a n u m b e r o f
C h ri s t i an p eo pl e s c at t ered t h ro u g h o u t t h e f ree S t at es b u t
u n i t ed w i t h t h e i r c o m m o n p u rp o s e t o p ro m o t e t h e escap e o f

sl av es b y c l an d es t i n e m eth o ds in defi an ce o f t h e m ed i aeva l

1 44 T he N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry
t ry a i l p ro s l av ery p o li cy whi ch m en f o rm erly in
r ad ca

d ifi eren t as t o t h e i s s u e c o ul d n o t a c c ep t t h e s o u t h ern l ead

’

ers m ad e f ri en d s f o r t h e N eg ro es in t h e N o rt h Th e eff o rt .

t o i m p ress t h e N o rt h i n t o t h e s erv ic e o f rec ap t u ri n g f u g i

t i v e bl acks t en d ed t o r ais e up ch am pi o n s o f i n d iv i du al
,

lib erty Th e No rt h h ad en a c t ed p ers o n al lib ert y l aws t o

.

co u n t era ct t his sl ave hu nt -

in g b u t t h e s e h ad f ail ed
,
.

Sy m p at h et ic w hi t es c o ul d
n o t t h en g o i n t o t h e h eart

o f t h e S o u t h t o aid t h e

bl ack s b u t in t h e b o rder
,

S t at es an d esp eci al ly in
,

ci t i es like B al t i m o re an d
W as hi n g t o n m uch w as ,

do n e f o r t h e i mp ro vem en t
of N egro es t h ro u g h t h e
m an y chu rch es an d sch o o l s
es t ablish ed f o r t h ei r s p e

c ial b en efi t A m o n g m an y .

o t h er w o rk ers p ro m o t i n g
t his c aus e w as My rt ill a
Mi n er f o r y ears a t ea ch er
,

o f g i rls o f c o l o r in t h e D is
M YB LLA MI N ER
TI
t ri et o f C o l um bi a an d t h e
fo un der o f t h e firs t girls sch o o l o f m et h o ds in Was h
’

in g t o n .

spi l f h i d i ff icul t i s m f t h t h r
‘

In te o f a l o t e r es o e o e n o r e n

f ree N e g r o es a tt a i n e d n a t i o n a l p ro m i n e n c e A m "
o n g t h o s e

t o a pp e ar a f t e r t h e re ac t i o n w as J o h n B R us
. s w u rm t h e ,

fi rs t N egr o c o ll eg e gradu at e a cl assm at e o f J o h n P H al e

,
.

a t B o w d o i n in 18 26 . R usswu rm l at er wen t t o Lib eri a an d

Th e se
1 p
e rs o n s of l
co o r a re gi v en m o re h o n o ra bl e m en t i o n in
i
S m m o n s s M en o f M a r k , i n
’
W illi a m W ell s B ro w n s
’
Th e B l a ck M an ,
i
a n d in h i s R is n g S on .
 B l az in g t he W ay 1 45

s erv ed as g overn o r Dr J am es M c Cu n e S m i t h ,
f . a d is t in
gu ish ed g rad u at e in m ed ici n e o f t h e Un i v ers i t y o f Gl as g o w
an d f o r y ears a p rac t i t i o n er in t h e ci t y o f Ne w ,
Yo rk was
b ett er educ at ed t h an R uss wurm D r S m i t h Pro minent . .

N eg m
w as a m ix ed b reed o f ab o u t equ al p ro p o rt i o n es

of C aucasi an an d A f ric an bl o o d In s t at u e h e w as s o m ewh at .

t h i c k an d co rpul en t
. He .

h ad a fi n e h ead wi t h a
b ro ad an d l o ft y b ro w ,

ro u n d ,
full f ac e fi rm ,

m o u t h an d d azzli n g ey es
,
.

A s an ed uca t ed m an gi v en
t o w ri t i n g h e w as eas il y
,

d rawn i n t o t h e d i sc ussi o n
o n t h e r a c e qu es t i o n w hich ,

his k n o w l edg e o f his t o ry ,

sci en c e an d li t erat u re en
,

a bl ed h im t o t reat in a
s ch o l arly way H e w as also
.

an el o qu en t S p eak er wh o

al w ay s m ad e hi m s el f cl ear

an d t alk ed t o t h e p o i n t .

In t h e fi el d o f w ri t ers
DR JA M E S M C CU N E S M I H . T
t h ere s t o o d t wo o t h er m en
as t h e fi rs t ac t u a l his t o ri an s p rod uc ed b y t h e ra c e T h es e .

were Willi am C Nell an d Willi am W el l s B ro wn T h ere

. .

was t h en s o m uch t al k ab o u t t h e N eg ro es t h at W i ll i am 0 ,

N eu
m en w an t ed t o k n o w m o re ab o u t t h e a chi eve
m en t s o f t h e ra c e T h es e w ri t ers suppli ed t h i s n eed N ell
. .

w as a n at i v e o f B o s t o n a m an o f m ed i um h ei g h t sli m g en
, , ,

t eel fi g u re quic k s t ep el as t ic m o v em en t s a t h o u g h t f ul y et
, , ,

pl eas ant b ro w an d t hi n f ac e C h ast e in his c o n versat i o n an d

, .

d evo t ed t o li t erat u re h e p ass ed as a m an o f l earn i n g wi t h

,

t h e re p u t at i o n o f b ei n g a p ers o n o f u n i m p eac h abl e ch ar ac t er .

Nell w ro t e a b o o k en t i t l ed Co l o red Pa trio ts o f th e A m erica n

,
 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

FR EE N EG RO ES IN TH E CRI S I S
H LE
C AR S L . R EA S O N WI LL I A M WH I PP ER
H LL P
P I I A . BELL C H LE B
AR S . R AY
148 T he N eg ro I n 0 111 H ist o ry
’

'

A b ro a d . H is c l ai m s a s an his t o ri an ,
h o wev er, are b as ed on

Th e B l a c k M a n wh i ch
, a pp eared
in 1 8 63, T h e N eg ro in th e
R eb ellio n, publi sh ed in 1 866, an d Th e R is in g S on , b ro u g h t
o u t in 1 88 2 . U p t o t h at d at e h e h ad do n e m o re t h an an y
o t h er w ri t er t o p o pul ar i z e N eg ro his t o r
y .

T h ere w ere a t t hi s t i m e b ef o re t h e A m eric an public a

n u m b er o f o t h er p ro m i n en t N egr o e s m i n is t er i n
g t o o t h er
n eed s wh erev er n e c es sa ry T h ere app eared Ira A l dri dg e
.
,

t h e s u c ces s f u l S h ak e sp earean a c t o r ; E dm o n ia L ew i s t h e ,

s culp t o r ; E d wi n M B ann ist er .

a n d Willi am H Si m ps o n p ai n t .
,

ers o f p ro mi s e ; P h illip A
'

B ell .

a n d S am u el E C o rn i sh t al en t ed . ,

ed i t o rs o f t h e Co l or ed A m eric a n ;

J am es M Whi t fi el d an d F ran c es .

E W H arp er wri t ers o f p o pul ar

. .
,

vers e ; Ch arl es L R eas o n t h e .

,

ed uc at o r c all ed in 1 84 9 t o t he
ch a i r o f M at h em at ic s an d B el l es
'

Let t r es o f N ew Y o rk C en t ral Co l
AL E AN DER C U MM E LL
X R
l eg e ; a n d G eo rg e B V as h o n a .
,

g ra d u at e o f O b erli n adm i t t ed t o ,

t h e b a r in 1 8 4 7 b u t ra t h er d evo t e d t o e d u cat i o n a t N ew
,

Yo rk C en t ral C o ll eg e wh ere h e d ist i n g uish ed hi m s el f in

,

t e a c h i n g t h e cl ass ics .

S o m e o f t h e us ef ul p reach ers w ere Willi am P Qui n n .

,

A l ex an d er W W ay m an J ab ez C am pb ell D an i el A P ayn e
.
, , .
,

P et er Willi am s Willi am D o u g l as C h arl es B R ay J o hn F

, ,
.
,
.

Pro minent C o o k A l ex an d er C rum m ell an d H en ry H i g h

, ,

mi m t rs
e
l an d G arn ett M o st o f t h es e cl erg y m en lik e
.
,

t h e t w o l as t m en t i o n ed r en d ered i m p o rt an t s erv ic e in hi g h er
,

p o s i t i o n s af t er t h e Ci vil W ar A l ex an d er C ru m m ell a.
,

m an o f u n a d ul t er at ed bl o o d at t rac t ed u n usu a l att en t i o n

,

b y h appil y c o m bi n i n g w i t h his c o mm an d i n g app earan c e

a n d fl u en t S p e e ch a l ib eral e d u c a t i o n in t h e c l as s i c s an d
 B l az in g t he W ay
t h eo l o gy o b t ain ed at C am b ri dg e Un i versi ty E n g l an d H e , .

m ad e an i m p ressi o n b y d eli veri n g in E n g l an d in 1 84 8 an

ad dres s o n t h e li f e an d c h arac t er o f T h o m a s Cl ark so n
.

Crumm ell em i g rat ed t o A fric a in 1 852 b u t r et u rn ed t o t his

,

c o u nt ry in 18 7 3 .

On e o f t h e N eg ro s t u d en t s b ec aus e o f wh o m t h e C an aan
,

A c ad em y in New H am p shi re w as cl o s ed w as H en r H i h , y g
l an d G arn et t t h e s o n o f a , .

k i dn app ed A f ri c an chi ef .

H e t h en s o u g h t educ at i o n
at t h e O n ei d a I n s t i t u t e
un d er B eri ah G reen He .

b ec am e a p o pul ar P resb y -

t eri an p rea ch er an d l ec
t u rer b u t did n o t c o m e
'

i n t o his o wn H enry Hi g h .

l an d G rn et t
as a l eader
a .

'

un t il h e d el ivered t o t h e

C o n ven t i o n o f C o l o red
A m eri c an s at Buff al o in ,

1 8 4 3 h is f am o u s address
,

on t h e N eg r o R ec o g
H E N R Y H G H L A N D GAR N ETT
.

I
n iz e d wi d ely t h ereaf t er as

a m an o f i n flu en c e o n t h e pl at f o rm h e w en t in 1 8 50 t o
,

c arry h is m ess ag e t o E n g l an d f ro m which h e p ro c eed ed t o

,

J am aic a t o s erve as a m i ss i o n ary H e s erv ed as a P resb y

.

t eri an m i n is t er in W as h i n g t o n an d New Y o rk Ci t y an d ,

f o r a f ew y ears w as t h e P res i d en t o f A very C o ll eg e .

In t h es e ran k s u n s el fi sh l y t o il ed D av i d R u g g l es J W C , . . .

P en n i n g t o n S am u el R W ard an d J o s i ah H en s o n R ug
, .
, .

g l es w as a m an o f A f ric an bl o o d me d iu m S i z e g en t l e
, ,

a dd ress an d p o li t e l an gu ag e . H e res i d ed in D avi d

t h e ci ty o f New Y o rk wh e e h e b ec am e an
r R u g g l es

et ern al en em y o f sl av eh o l ders b ri n g i n g t o t h at ci ty s er
,

van t s wh o s e esc ap e t o f reedom Ru g gl es o f t en eff ect ed b y

,
1 50 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
m ean s U n derg ro u n d R a il ro ad D eepl y i n t eres t ed in
of the .

m o ral s o ci al an d p o li t ic al p ro g ress o f t h e f ree N eg ro in

,

t h e N ort h R u g g l es publish ed f o r s ev eral y ears Th e Mirro r

,

o f Lib erty, qu art erl y m ag azi n e advo c at i n g t h e ri g h t s o f

a

t h e N eg ro e s I n t his w o rk h e exhibi t ed u n u s u al wit an d

.

l o g i c in hu rli n g bl o w s at his o pp o n en t s as is we ll evi den c ed ,

b y h is p am phl et en t i t l ed D a vid M R ees M D

,
Us ed Up
.
, . .
, .

I n t h i s R u gg l e s exp o s ed t h e
f all acy o f t h e arden t c o l o n
iz at io n ist s wh o h ad a dvo

c a t ed th e e xp at ri at i on of

th e N eg ro es .

J W C P en n i n gt o n w as
. . .

J w o b o rn a S l ave
“11111115 03
, , ,

ih M ary l an d .

H e w as a m an o f c o mm o n
s iz e o f un ad ul t er at e d bl o o d
,

an d of s t ro n g ly m ark ed
A f ric an f eat u res sli g h t ly ,

in cli n ed t o c o rpul en cy wi th ,

an at hl et ic f ram e an d a

g o o d c o n s t i t u t i o n H e h a d.

n o Opp o rt u n i t i es f o r earl y

e d uc at i o n b u t a f t er his re
,

l eas e f ro m b o n d ag e h e s o
a ppli ed hi ms el f t o t h e J W C PE N N N GTO N . . . I

s t u dy of t h e l an g u ag es ,

hist ory li terat ur e an d t h eo l ogy t h at h e b ec am e a p ro fici en t

,

p reach er in t h e P resb y t eri an d en o m i n at i o n H e s erved as .

p as t o r o f a chu rch in H art f o rd C o nn ect icu t w h ere h e w o n

, ,

d is t i n c t i o n as a p rea ch er an d a l ec t u rer H e t h en m ad e .

sev er a l t rip s t o E u ro p e t o att en d C o n g ress es a t P ari s B ru s ,

s els an d Lo n do n O n t h es e o c c as i o n s h e w as i n v i t ed t o
.

p reach an d sp eak b ef o re s o m e o f th e m o st refin ed an d ari s

'

t o crat ic au d i en c es o f E u ro p e In rec o g n i t i o n o f his sch o l ar

.
1 52 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
‘

g i f t s o f s o m e o f t h e s e m en b u t,
s e rv e d a s a n ex a m pl e o f t h e

c ap abili ty o f t he Neg ro H is exp eri en c es in S l avery w ere

.

Josi ah Hens on . s o s t ran g e a n d p eculi arl y ro m an t ic t h at o n

h eari n g his s t o ry Mrs H arri et B eech er S t o w e rec o n st ruct ed

.

an d em b elli s h ed it S O as t o f o rm t h e f am o u s n arrat i v e kn o w n

as Un c l e T o m s Ca b in
’
. T h at h e was t h e o ri g i n al U n cl e
To m h o w ever h as b een
, ,

d i sp u t ed J o si ah H en so n
.

s et t l ed in C an ada an d
t h en r en dered s ervic e in
p ro m o t i n g t h e es cap e o f
11 8 K en t uc ky sl aves b y
m ean s o f t h e Un d erg ro un d
R ail ro ad t h ro u g h O hi o an d
I n d i an a .H e t h ereaf t er
d evo t ed hi m s el f t o p rea ch
in g an d ed uc at i o n am o n g
h is p eo pl e s ervi n g wi t h
,

H i ram Wils o n as o n e o f
t h e f o u n d ers o f t h e B ri t
ish A m eric an M an u al La
-

b o r I n s t i t u t e H e eng a ed
.
g

al s o in bus i n es s in C an ad a ,

HA RRI ETT BEE C HE STO W E

R
l e c t u r ed t h ro u g h o u t t h e

N o rth in b eh al f o f t he
em an cip at i o n o f t h e sl av es an d fin all y vi s i t ed E n g l an d
, ,

w h ere h e w as rec eiv ed b y s o me o f t h e l ead i n g m en o f t h at

c o un t ry an d b y Qu een V ict ori a .
 CH A P TE R X

CO LO N IZATI O N

I N the pro p o rt i o n t h at s l avery b ec am e an expl o i t at i o n

eff o rt m erely f o r t h e en rich m en t o f t h e w hi t es t h e f ree ,

Neg ro es wh o li v ed in th e S o u t h b ec am e m o re an d m o re
u n desi rabl e in t he ey es o f t h e pl an t ers wh o h ad reduc ed
t h e m a j o ri ty o f s l av es t o t h e pl an e o f b ea st s Th e Caus e .

o f bu rd en
"
D eb as ed also t o a l o wer s ta t u s th e free Ne ,

g r o e s n a t u r a ll y t h o u g h t o f m aki n g an e ff o rt t o e xt ri
c at e t h em selv es f ro m t h es e u n t o w ard ci rcu m st an c es r em em ,

beri n g alw ay s t h ei r fo rm er s t at e wh en s l avery w as o f a

p at ri arch al o rder D u ri n g t h e fi rs t t wo o r t h ree dec ades
.

o f t h e n i n et een t h c en t u ry t h eref o re t h ey g rad u all y f o u n d

, ,

t h ei r w ay t o t h e N o rt h fi rs t b y t h e aid o f m as t ers phil an

,

t h rOp ic al l y i n cli n ed esp eci all y t h e Qu ak ers wh o s eei n g

, , ,

t h at t h ei r m an u m i t t ed sl av e s h ad li t t l e ch an ce f o r el ev at i o n
in th e m i ds t o f a sl ave s o ci et y s o l d o u t t h ei r h o l d i n g s in
,

t h e S o u t h an d m o v ed t o t h e N o rt h w es t T erri t o ry wh ere t h ey
un d ert o o k t o est ablish t h em a s fre em en .

An o t h er s t ag e in t h e t ran spl an t a t i o n o f t h e free N eg ro es

was reach ed wh en b e c aus e o f t h eir b ei n g app aren t ly a m en
ac e t o sl av ery t h e free N eg ro es w ere b y l eg i s l at i o n a n d pub

l iz i i
Th e s t o ry o f c o o n at o n i s g ven in do c u m ent a ry f o rm in Th e
1

ii l
Afr ic a n R ep o s it o ry , t h e o ff c a o rg a n o f t h e A m er c a n Co o n a t o n i l iz i
S o c et yi Th e a t t a c k l iz i
at o n is r es en t e d in W p a m J ay s illi
’
. o n co o n

A n I n qu i ry I n t o t h e Ch a rac t er a n d Ten d en cy o f t h e A m eri c a n Co l o

S ee a s o J H
l B b
La t ro e s L b eri a ; I t s O rig n , i i
’
n iz a t i o n S o ci e t y
. . . .

R s e, Pr o g res s a n d R es u l t s ; J o h n H T M c Ph e rs o n s H is t o r y o f
i ’
. .

Li b eria ; Fred er c ik i i i
S t a rr s L b eria ; D es cr p t o n H s t o ry , Pro b l ems ;
’
, i
C G Wo o d so n s Cen t u ry o f N eg ro M g r a t o n , Ch a t er I V ; a nd Th e
i i p
’
. .

Jo urn a l o f N eg ro H is t o ry, Vo l I , . pp
2 7 6 301, 3 18 338 ; I I , 2 09 2 2 8
.
- - -
.

1 53
1 54 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
lic Opi n i o n dri ven o u t o f t h e S o u t h im m ed i at el y o r wi t hi n
a sp e cifi ed t i m e This f o rc ed i n t o t h e No rt h such a l arg e
.

n u m b er o f f re e N eg ro es t h a t t h ere ar o se a s t ro n p
’

g ro t e s t
f ro m v ari o us c o mm u n i t i es a n d s o m e o f t h em a g i t at ed p ro
,

h ib it in g t h e i mm i g ra t i o n o f N eg ro es i n t o t h ei r c o mm o n
w eal t hs N eg ro es w ere t h en c o m i n g i n t o t h e N o rt h in l arg er
.

n u m b ers t h an c o ul d b e eas il y ab s o rb e d a n d c o m i n g t o o a t
, , ,

t h e t i m e w h en t h o u s an d s o f f o re i g n ers w ere i m m i g rat i n g

i n t o t hi s c o u n t ry t h ey c aused an i n t en se ra c e p reju d ic e t o
,

d evel o p ag a i n s t t h e i r g ro up F ro m t h es e t wo f o rc es— t h at
.

is t h e eff o rt t o dri v e t h e N eg ro es f ro m t h e S o u t h an d t h e
,

a t t em p t t o t u rn t h em a w ay f ro m t h e N o r t h — c am e a g re at

i m puls e t o t h e m o vem en t t o c o l o n i z e Neg ro es ab ro ad Th e .

c o n d i t i o n o f t h e f ree Negr o es w as s u ch t h at it wo ul d s eem

t h at t h ey sh o ul d h av e b een willi n g t o g o T hey w ere p ro
.

sc rib ed b y em pl oy ers wh o p ref erred w hi t es ; t h ey w ere

d en i ed co n si d erat i o n ih t h e c o u rt s w h en t h ey a pp e al e d t o
t h em f o r b ei n g i m p o se d up o n b y ill d es i g n i n g p ers o n s ; an d
-

t h ey w ere subj ec t t o t h e a tt a cks o f m o b s spu rred o n t o

a c t i o n b y al m o s t an y p e t t y o ff en s e c o m m i tt e d b y o n e o f t h e

f ree p o pul at i o n o f c o l o r .

Th e i d ea o f c o l o n i z at i o n w as n o t t h en n ew F ro m t h e
.

v ery b eg i n n i n g o f t h e an t i s l av ery m o v em en t t h ere w as an

eff o rt t o p ro v i d e f o r res t o ri n g t h e A f r i c an s t o t h ei r n at i v e

l an d Su c h a s ch em e w as d ev el o p ed b y t h e Q u ak ers u n der
.

t h e i n spi rat i o n o f G e o rg e K e i t h a s ea rl y as 1 7 13 an d w as
f o rever t h erea f t er k ep t b e f o re t h e p eo pl e t h ro u g h o u t A m er
ic a . In t h e b eg i nn i n g t his i d ea w as t h at o f t h o s e p erso n s
sy m p at hizi n g w i t h t h e N eg ro es a n d d es i ri n g t o a m eli o r a t e

t h ei r co n d i t i o n b y em an c ip at i o n b u t wh o w ere u n abl e t o
,

t h i n k o f i n c o rp o ra t i n g t h em i n t o t h ei r o wn s o ci et y t o li v e
w i t h t h e w h i t es o n a pl an e o f e qu a li t y .

Th e s ch em e w as f u rt h er ad v an c ed b y F o t h erg ill an d G ran

v ill e Sh arp a n d w as g i v en a n ew m ean i n g b y A n t h o n y
,

B en ez et wh o h avi n g m uch c o n fi den c e in t h e i n t ell ec t u al

, ,
1 56 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
o ut . R epl y i n g ,
in 18 1 1 , t o A n n Mifflin , d es i ri n g
Opi n i o n an

o n t h e m att er o f A f ric an c o l o n i z at i o n Th o m as J e ff ers o n s ai d

,

t h at he c o n si dered it t h e m o st d es i rabl e m easu re which

c o ul d b e ado p t ed f o r t h e gr adu al d raw i n g o ff o f th e b l ack
“ ” “
p o pul at i o n No t hin g t h o u g h t h e is m o re t o b e wish ed
.
, ,

t h an t h at t h e U n i t ed S t at es S h o ul d t h u s u n d erta k e t o m ak e
”
such an es t ablish m en t o n t h e c o ast o f A f ric a Un w illi n g
.
,

h o w ever t o c o n t en t hi m s elf wi t h
,

t his m ere d i s cuss i o n P aul Cu ff e a , ,

New E n g l an d N eg ro kn o w n t o t h e
hi g h s eas tran s p o rt ed an d est ab
,

l ish ed t h i rt y ei gh t N egr o es o n t h e
-

w est c o ast o f A f ric a in 1 8 1 5 This .

w as t h e fi r st a c t u al eff o rt at c o l o n i
P aul Cufi e z at io n b y A m eri ca ns
‘

.
,

an d it s erved as an un usu a l s t im u

lus t o th e m o vem en t Cuff e reco m .

m en d ed h o w ever t h at t h e reg i o n
, ,

aro u n d t h e C a p e o f G o o d H o p e b e

sel ect ed f o r c o l o n iz at i o n .

Th e c o l o ni z at i o n s en t i m en t t h ere
PA U L CU FF E t h fi t a t u l e rs c a
a ft er c o n t i n u ed t o gr o w
,
In t h e .
l n iz co o er
m o un t a i n s o f T en n ess ee an d K en
t ucky wh ere t h e in fi l t rat i o n o f sl av es h ad m ad e it im
,

p ract ic abl e f o r t h o s e em an cip at o rs in t h e mo un t ai n s

t o c o n t i n u e t o at t a ck t h e i n s t i t u t i o n t h ere d ev el o p ed a
,

n u m b er o f fl o u rishi n g c o l o n iz a t i o n s o ci et i es w hich s t i m

u l at ed t h e mo v em en t Th e U n i o n H u m an e S o ci et y an
.
,

In t h e W es t o rg an iz at i o n
. f o un d ed b y B en j ami n L u n dy
o f T enn es s ee h a d f o r o n e o f its pu rp o s es t h e re m o va l o f
,

Neg ro es b ey o n d t h e p al e o f t h e wh i t e m an Th e .

s am e s en t i m en t w as exp res s ed in K en t u c k y in it s c o l o n

iz at io n s o c i ety in 18 1 2 an d 1 8 1 5 wh en it requ es t ed o f ,

C o n g ress t h at s o m e t erri t o ry b e l ai d o ff as an as y lum f or

al l t h o se N egro es an d m ul att o es wh o h ave b een an d who
 C o l o n iz a t io n

m ay t h erea f t er b e em a ncip at ed w i t hi n U n i t ed S t at es th e '

an d t h at such d o n at i o n s a ll o w an c es en c o u ra g em en t s
, ,
an d ,

a s s i s t an c e b e aff o rd ed t h em as m ay b e n e c es s ary f o r c arry

in g t h em t hi t h er an d s ett li n g t h em t h erei n an d t h at t h ey ,

b e u n der such reg ul at i o n s an d g o v ern m en t in all res p ec t s

as y o u r w is do m sh all d i re c t E n c o u rag ed b y C h arl es
.

F en t o n M erc er a sl av eh o l der o f c o l o n iz at i o n t en d en ci es t h e
, ,

Vi rgin i a A ss em bly which in 1 800 h ad t ak en up w i t h t h e

, , ,

P resi den t o f t h e Un i t ed S t at es t h e qu es t i o n o f c o l o n izi n g

em an cip at ed sl av e s an d f re e N egr o es p asse d a res o lu t i o n in ,

1 8 1 6 aski n g t h e A m eric an G o v ern m en t t o fin d a pl a c e o f

a sy lu m o n t h e N o rt h ern P a cific c o as t o n which t o se t t l e

f ree N egro es an d t h os e af te rw ards em an cip at ed in Vi rg i n i a .

T h at very day a n um b er o f p ers o n s wh o h ad f o r y ears

b een i n t eres t ed in t his m o vem en t m et in W ashi n g t o n t o
eff ec t a p erm an en t o rg an iz at i o n A m o n g t h es e p ers o n s wh o
.

h ad fo s t ered t h e c au s e o f c o l o n iz at i o n w as O rg ani z at i o n
R o b ert Fi n l ey a P resby t eri an p as t o r wh o h ad s erv ed as
,

p resi den t Of t h e Un i versi t y o f G eo rg i a an d h ad b een in

t o uch wi t h P aul Cu fi e T h er e app eared t o o S am u el J
.
, ,
.

M ills a m i ss i o n ary an d a p ro m o t er o f al l m o vem en t s t en d

,

in g t o upli f t t h e m a n f ar d o wn H ez eki a h N il es t h e ed i t o r
, ,

o f t h e f am o us Ni l es R eg is t er E lij ah J ,
Mill s a C o n g ress .
,

m an o f M as s a ch us et t s an d E li sh a B C al dw ell cl erk o f t h e
,
.
,

Un i t ed St at es Su p rem e C o u rt A m o n g t h e m en wh o at.

t en d ed t h e fi rs t m e et i n g w ere H en ry Cl ay t h e c o m p r o m i s er , ,

F ran cis Sc o t t K ey t h e au t h o r o f t h e S t ar Sp an g l ed B an
,

n er J o h n R an d o lp h
, ,
a U n i t e d S t at es S en at o r f ro m Vir

g i n i a
,
Ju d g e Bu sh r o d W a s h i n g t o n a b r o t h e r o ,
f G e o r g e

W ash i n g t o n an d C h arl es M arch C o n gressm an f ro m Ver

, ,

mon t . T h e fi rs t g en era l c o n f eren c e o f t h e c o l o n i z a t i o n i s t s

h el d in t h e h o m e o f E li sh a B C al d w ell w as d evo t ed l arg ely
.
,

t o p r ay er f o r t h e s uc c ess o f t h e en t erp r i s e A d d res s es w ere .

m ade b y H en ry Cl ay d i s cu s s i n g t h e d eli ca cy o f t h e qu es
,

t i o n an d exp re ss i n g t h e pu rp o s e o f t h e m eet i n g an d t h e c o n
158 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

di tio n on wh i ch h e h ad p ri n c ip a l a d d res s
a t t en d ed . The ,

h o w ever w as d eli v ered b y E li sh a B C al dw ell V ari o us

, . .

v i ew s w ere exp res s ed t o i n d ic at e t h at a l t h o u g h t h e m em b ers

f ro m t h e N o rt h h ad in mi n d t h e i n t eres t s o f t h e f ree N e
g ro es t h o s e f ro m t h e S o u t h w ere p ri m ari l y c o n c ern ed w i t h
,

g e t t i ng rid o f t his el em en t .

Bu sh ro d W a sh i n g t o n w as ch o sen p resi den t an d t h e m a ,

chi n ery w as c o n st ru ct ed
f o r t h e ex t en si o n o f t h e
"

wo rk o f t h e S o c i et y i n t o
all S t at es In t h e c o u rs e
.

o f t i m e t h ere f o re w e h ear
, ,

of s everal S t at es h av i n g
co l o n i z at i o n so ci et i es an d ,

in s o m e o f t h em t h ey
w e r e o rg an
iz ed in o rd i
n ary to wns .

Th e pu rp o s e s O f t h es e o r
g an iz at io n s v ari ed a cc o rd
in g t o t h e p ers o n n el o f
the m an ag em en t an d th e
se c t i o n o f t h e c o u n t ry in
w hi c h the S o ci et y w as
f o u n d ed .T h e n at i o n al o r LO T T CA R Y
g an iz a t io n es t a blish ed T h e
A f rica n R ep o si t o ri t h e o rg an S o c i ety an d in t h at
of t he ,

w ay m a d e it s d ecl arat i o n as t o pu rp o s e t o t h e wh o l e
w o rl d. M as t ers w ere n o t n ec ess arily u rg ed t o f ree th ei r
s l av es
,
b u t e ac h c o mm u n i t y w as c all ed up o n t o t ak e s t eps
t o p ro v i d e f o r t h e t ran s pl an t a t i o n t o A f ric a o f all s l av es
'

wh o m i g h t b e lib er at ed a t t h e w ill o f t h e m as t ers c o n

c ern e d o r pu r c h as e d f o r t hi s pu rp o s e as w as t h e c a s e o f
,

Lo t t C ary a B ap t i s t p rea c h er w h o in a dd i t i o n t o ren

, , ,

d eri n g h is d en o m i n at i o n v alu abl e s ervi c e in Lib eri a serv e d ,

1 60 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
f reed his Neg ro es a n d s en t t h em t o east ern sch o o ls t o
u n derg o s uch educ at i o n as w o ul d p rep are t h em f o r hi gh er
'

li f e in t h ei r n ew h o m e in A f ric a Th e S o ci et y h o w ev er.
, ,

s o o n f o un d i t s el f in a d il emm a o f t elli n g th e p eo pl e o f t hi s
c o u n t ry t h at b ec au se t h e f ree Neg ro es w ere a dep raved
cl as s t h ey c o ul d n o t b e el ev at ed in t his c o un t ry an d at th e ,

s am e t i m e en c o u rag i n g t h es e N eg ro es an d t h ei r f ri en ds t o
p ro m o t e t he educ at i o n o f
t h e f ew t o b e d ep o rt ed t h at
t h ey m i g h t h av e t h at s am e
m en t a l d ev el o p m en t wh ich
t he w hi t e s in t his c o u n t ry
h ad exp eri en c ed .

T h e c o l o n iz at i o n ist s s oo n
f o u n d t h em s el v es f aci n g
o t h er d i ffi cul t i es Th e v ery
.

p eo pl e f o r w h o m Lib eri a
w as es t ablish ed arr ay ed

t h em s el v e s ag ai n s t it It 2
.

was in v a i n t h at s o m e c o n
D iffi cul t i es o f t en d ed t h a t
c l ni z t i o n
o o a
it w as a p h il
.

an t h ro pic en t erp ri s e S i n ce ,

t h e m ean i n g o f c o l o n iz a
t i o n v ar i ed on ,
t h e o n e J H N B R U S S W UR M fi t N g
O . t , rs e ro o

h an d acc o rd i n g t o t he i v d g f m n Am i n
re c e e a e re e ro a er c a
,
ll g co e e
u s e t h e sl av e h o l d i n g cl ass
-

h o p ed t o m ak e o f it an d o n t h e o t h er h an d a cc o rd
, ,

in g t o t h e i n t en si ty o f t h e att acks d i r ec t ed a g a i n s t it .

T h e ab o li t i o n i s t s an d t h e f ree p eo pl e o f c o l o r o pp o s ed t h e
S o c i ety b ec ause o f th e a cqu i es c en t att i t u de o f c o l o n iz a
t io n ist s t o w ard s t h e p ers ec u t i o n o f t h e f ree bl a cks b o t h in
t h e N o rt h an d t h e S o u t h A l m o s t b e f o re t h e c o l o n iz at i on
. .

2 L R
. M eh l in g e r Th e A t t i t u d e o f t h e Fr ee N eg ro T o w a r d A fr i c a n
.
,

C o lo n iz a t i o n in Th e J o u rn a l o f N eg ro H i s t o ry Vo l I pp 2 7 6 30 1
,
.
, .
-
.
 C o l o n iz a t io n

s o ci et i es h ad b een o rg an i z e d t h eref o re t h e f ree p eo pl e

, ,

o f co l o r o f R i c h mo n d Vi rg i n i a t h o u g h t it a d v i s a bl e t o d e
, ,

n o u n c e t h e m o v em en t s ayi n g t h at if t h ey h a d t o b e co l o
,
“
n iz ed t h ey p ref err e d t o b e s e tt l e d in t h e rem o t es t c o rn er
o f t h e l an d o f t h e i r n a t i v i t y . T h ey p asse d a res o l u t i o n
re qu es t i n g C o n g res s t o g ran t t h em a p o rt i o n o f t erri t o r
y
o n t h e Mi ss o u r i R i v er .

A b o u t t h e s am e t i m e ab o u t t h ree t h o u s an d f ree N eg roe s

o f P h il ad elphi a t o o k ev en hi g h er g ro u n d . T h ey cl ai m ed
t his c o u n t ry as t h ei r n at i v e l an d b e c au s e t h e i r a n c es t o rs
were t h e fi rs t s ucc ess f ul c u l t i v at o rs o f it s s o il .
Th p t e t s
e ro s
°f N g m S
T h ey f el t t h em s elv es en t i t l ed t o p art i c ip at i o n e e :

in t h e bl es s i n g o f t h e s o il w h ich t h ei r bl o o d an d s w eat h ad
m o is t ened M o reo v er t h ey w ere d et erm i n e d n ev er t o s ep a
.
,

rat e t h em s el v es f ro m t h e S l av e p o pul at i o n o f t h i s c o u n t ry
'

“
as t h ey w ere b ro t h ers b y t i es o f c o n san g ui n i t y o f su ff eri n g
,

an d o f w ro n g s . In 18 31 a B al t i m o re m eet i n g o f f ree
N eg ro es den o u n c ed t h e A m eri c an C o l o n iz at i o n S o ci et y as
b ei n g f o un ded m o re up o n s elfis h p o licy t h an in t h e t ru e
p ri n c ipl es o f b en efi cen c e an d t h er ef o re; as f ar as it reg ards
,

t h e li f e g i v i n g p r i n c ipl es o f it s Op era t i o n s it w as n o t en t i
-
,

t l ed t o t h ei r c o n fi d en c e a n d sh o ul d b e v i ew ed b y t h em with
”
t h at c au t i o n an d d i s t ru st w h i ch h a ppi n ess d em an d ed .

Th e free p eo pl e o f c o l o r in B o s t o n i n qui red o f t h o s e

d es i ri n g t o s en d t h em t o A f ri c a b ec au s e t h ey w ere n at i v es
“
o f t h at l an d : H o w c a n a m an b e b o rn in t w o c o u n t ri es at
”
t h e s am e t i m e ? Ref err i n g al so t o t h e p ro Th e f eeling
p o s al t o s t o p t h e s l av e t rad e b y t h e es t abli sh 1“ E ° t °u s °

m en t o f a c o l o n y o n t h e w es t ern c o as t o f t h at c o n t i n en t ,

“
t h ey s a i d : W e m i gh t as w ell b eli eve t h at a w at ch m an
in t h e ci t y o f B o s t o n w o ul d p rev en t t h i ev ery in New Y o rk ;
o r t h a t t h e cu s t o m h o u s e t h er e w o ul d p r ev en t g o o ds f ro m

b ei n g sm u g g l ed i n t o an y p o rt in t h e U n i t ed S t at es Th e
.

N eg ro es o f New Y o rk d ecl ared ab o u t t h e s am e t i m e t h at

t h e c o l o n iz at i o n i s t s w er e m en o f m i s t ak e n v i ews t h at t h ei r
,
 T he N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry

o ff er to co on i z e t h e o pp ressed f ree p eo pl e w as u n just an d

l ,

illib eral t en d i n g t o ex c i t e p reju d i ce in t h e c o m m un i ty

,
.

Th e f ree N eg ro es o f H art f o rd C o n n ec t icu t ref erred t o t h e

, ,

a b s u rd i d ea o f s en d i n g a n at i o n o f i g n o ran t m en t o t each a
“
n at i o n o f i gn o ra n t m en Th ey as k ed m o reo v er why
.
, ,

s h o u l d w e l eav e t hi s l an d s o d e arl y b o u g h t b y t h e bl o o d ,
'

g r o an s a n d t e a r s o f o u r f a t h ers ? This is o u r h o m e ; h ere l et

us li ve an d h ere l et us die .

S o m e o f th e m o st d i st in g ui sh ed m en w ere eff ect i vely

usi n g t h e ro st ru m an d p ress t o i m p ede t h e p ro g r ess o f t h e
A m eric an C o l o n i z at i o n S o ci et y .

T h e b es t ex am pl e o f c o n c ert ed
a ct i o n ag ai n s t t h e c o l o n iz at i o n
mo vem en t h o w ever c am e f ro m
, ,

t h e ann u al c o n v en t i o n o f t h e free
c o l o red p eo pl e h el d fi rs t in P hil a
d elphi a in 1 8 30 an d a f t erw ard in

S upp o rt o f
t h at a n d o t h er ci t i es

d i st in g ui sh e d an n u all y u n t il t h e
m e“ :
C i v i l W ar T h e .

m o v i n g s pi ri t o f t hi s en t erp ri s e
R O B E T PURVI S R
w as J a m es Fo rt en abl y assi s t ed ,

b y R o b ert R ay J am es C ass ey R o b ert P u rvis a n d J am es

, ,

M c Crumm ell Th ey earl y t o o k t h e g ro u n d t h at t h ey w ere

.

un abl e t o a rr i v e at an y o t h er c o n clu s i o n t h an t h at t h e
“
d o c t ri n es whi c h t h e s o c i ety i n culc at ed w ere s ui t abl e t o

t h o s e wh o h o l d r eli g i o n in d i r ec t v i o l a t i o n o f t h e g o l d en
rul e an d t h a t t h e i n ev i t abl e t en d en cy o f t his d o c t ri n e w as
,

t o s t ren g t h en t h e c r ue l p rej u d ic e o f t h ei r en em i es an d
r et a rd t h e i r a d v an c em en t in m o ral s li t erat u re an d sci en c e
,

— in Sh o rt t o e xt i n g ui sh t h e l ast g li mm er o f h o p e an d
,

t h ro w a n i m p en et r abl e g l o o m o v er t h e i r f o rm er an d m o re
re as o n abl e p ro s p e c t s .

In 1 8 52 t h ere w as h e l d in B al t i m o re a p ro c o l o n i z at i o n -

m eet i n g a t w h i ch a f t er s o m e d i s c u ss i o n it w as d ec i d ed t o
, ,
1 64 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry

g r o es w er e s en t out b y th e S o c i ety
M o re t h an . of

t h i s n u m b er w e re t ak en f r o m t h e s l a v e S t a t es a n d ab o u t
t w o t h i rd s o f t h es e s l a v e s m an u m i t t e d o n t h e c o n d i t i o n o f
-

t h ei r m i g r a t i n g Of t he . s en t o u t o f t h e U n i t ed S t at e s

b y 1 852 ,
w ere b o rn f ree 204 pu rch as ed t h ei r f reedo m , ,

w ere em an c ip at ed in v i ew o f rem o v i n g t h em t o
Lib eri a an d ,
w er e lib era t ed A f ric an s s en t o u t b y t h e
U n i t ed S t at es G o v ern m en t .

I n t h e m i d s t o f t h e o pp res s i o n o f t h e f ree N eg ro es an d
t h e n e c es s i t y f o r fi n d i n g an i m m ed i at e rem ed y h o w ever , ,

o t h er s c h em es f o r c o l o n i z at i o n n o w c am e f o rw ard Th ere .

w as p ro p o s e d a co l o n y o f t h e N eg r o es in T e x as in 1 833 , ,

p ri o r t o t h e t i m e wh en t h e S t at e b ec am e o v er ru n wi t h -

Oth r e s l av eh o l d ers Th e O pp o rt u n i t i es o f t h i s c o un
.

h m ee
se e
t ry s eem e d t o i n d ic a t e t h at t h ere w as s o m e rea
s o n f o r c o n s i d eri n g t hi s pl an f ea sibl e b u t o t h ers t h o u g h t ,

t h a t it w o u l d n ev er s u i t N egr o es b e c a us e o f t h e f u g i t i ves
t h e re f ro m M e xi c o an d t h e p r es en ce o f a sup eri o r ra c e o f
p eo pl e t h ere al ready s p eaki n g a d iff eren t l an g u ag e an d h av
in g a d i ff er en t reli g i o n T h ere w as so m e t al k t o o o f t h e
.
, ,

t ra n s pl an t i n g o f a n u m b er o f N eg ro es t o B ri t i s h Gui an a .

It w as t h o u g h t t h a t b ec aus e S an t o D o m i n g o h ad b ec o m e
an i n d ep en d en t republic it w o ul d p ro ve t o b e an as y lu m
,

f o r t h e f r ee p eo pl e o f c o l o r in t hi s c o un t ry as J efi erso n a ,

n u m b er o f y ear s b ef o re h a d p red i c t ed
3
.

T h is t en d en cy t o w ards t h e W est I n d i es w as p ro m o t ed
b y t h e d eart h o f l ab o r t h ere r es ul t i n g f ro m t h e em an cip a
t i o n o f t h e sl av es w h i ch t h an k s t o t h e u n t i ri n g eff o rt s o f
, ,

T h d ng e o f
e a
Wilb
r e rf o r ce a n d h i s c o w o rk ers w as eff ec t ed ,

th e ex t e
b y 1833 Th e W es t I n d i es o ff ered i n d u c e
.

me s n t t o N e g ro e s i m m i g r a t i n g i n t o t h e i r c o u n t r y A m o n g .

t h ese w e r e T r i n i d a d w h i c h ,
r e c e i v e d a n u m b e r o f N e g r o e s
f ro m B a l t i m o r e A n n a p,
o li s a n d P h il a d e lp
,
h i a
;
J a m a i c a ,

3 C . G . V
V
O O dso n , A C e n t u ry o f N eg r o M g r a ti i on, pp . 67 8 0 -
.
 C o lo n iz a t io n

wi t h its m any Opp o rt u n i t i es pl a c ed h er cl ai m s f o r t h ese

,

ref u g ee s an d s en t h er ag en t s i n t o t h i s c o u n t ry t o p ro c l a i m

t h e b eau t i es o f h er c i v iliz at i o n a n d t h e o pp o rt u n i t i es o f t h e
l an d So f avo rabl e d id t his sch em e b eco m e t h a t t h e c o l o
.

n iz at io n is t s h a d t o red o ubl e t h e i r e ff o rt s t o p rev en t an

u n usu ally l arg e n u m b er o f Neg ro es f ro m g o i n g t o E n g li sh

s p eaki n g c o l o n i es Li v i n g o n a pl a n e o f e qu ali t y w i t h t h e
.

wh i t es an d en j o y i n g t h e
ri g h t s of c i t i z en s t h ey ,

w o ul d a s f reem en b ec o m e
to o p o w erf u l f ac t o rs in
t h e h a n d s o f t h e B r i t i sh ,

s h o ul d t h ey ag a i n u n d er
t a k e t o w a g e w ar a g a i n s t
t h e U n i t e d S t a t es .

Th e m o s t s u cc es s f u l c o l
o n iz a t io n , h o w ev er , w as
s o r t o f Mi g rat io n
a
t ° 0 34 1
m i g rat i o n at 3 11 3

fi rs t p ro p o sed b y A n t h o n y
B en e z e t T h o m a s B ra n n a ,

g a n a n d T h o m as J e ff ers o n .

T h i s w as t h e m i g ra t i o n t o
W LL M W L B E F C E t h
I IA I R ti OR e an
l y l d
s a ve r i E gl
ea d
er
d i
n
s t a n t l an d s in A m e ri c a
,

n an
,

es p ec i a ll y t o B r i t i s h A m er

ica ..
4
C an ad a h ad s erved as an as y l u m f o r f ree N eg ro es
wh o h a d m a d e t h ei r es cap e i n t o t h a t c o un t ry b u t d u ri n g ,

t h e p eri o d o f t h e c ru el o pp res s i o n o f t h e i r c l as s N eg ro es
b eg an t o m i g rat e t h ere in l arg e n u m b ers T h ey s ecu red .

l a nd f o r f arm s buil t h o m es c o nst ru c t ed c h u rch es es t ab

, , ,

l ish ed s c h o o ls an d in f a c t c o v ered a c o n s i d erabl e p o rt i o n

, ,

o f s o u t h ern O n t ari o I n spi t e o f t h e c o l d c li m at e t h e

.
,

ab o li t i o n i s t s a n d t h e f ree N eg ro es t h e m s el v es u s u all y c o n

4 W . H . S ib
e ert , Th e Un d erg ro u n d R a il ro a d f ro m S l a ve ry to
Fre e d o m .
1 66 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H isto ry
s id ered it m o re p ra ct ic al f o r Neg ro es t o s et t l e t h er e t h an
t o av ail t h em sel ves o f t h e Opp o rt un i t i es Off er ed b y t h e
A m eric an C o l o n iz at i o n S o ci et y in A f ric a .

N earer t o t h e Ci v il W ar th ere w ere es tablish ed in C an ada

a n u m b er O f N eg ro c o mm u n i t i es an d t o w n s T h ey exh ibi t ed .

t h e ev i den c es O f ci v iliz at i o n f o u n d in o t h er p art s an d t h e ,

Pro g res s m Neg ro es t h em s el ves g ave p ro o f Of wh at m i gh t

c m ad a b e d o n e sh o ul d t h ei r ra c e as a W h o l e b e
,

g i ven t h e Opp o rt u n i t y t o m ak e Of i t s el f wh at it w o ul d .

Th ey h ad l earn ed t o cul t i v at e t h e s o il m ark et t h ei r ,

p ro duc t s an d en g ag e in l o c al m an u f a c t u res Th ey w ere

, .
,

m o reo v er n o t o n l y c o m i n g i n t o c o n t a c t wi t h t h e c o m m erc i al
,

c en t ers o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t es b u t h ad b eg u n t o exp o rt an d

i m p o rt f ro m a b ro ad O u t O f t h ese c o l o n i es in C an ad a
.

e m erg ed a n u m b er O f i n t elli g en t N eg ro es wh o t h ereaf t er

b ec am e f a c t o rs in t h e p ro g ress o f t h ei r ra c e .

I n t h e c o u rs e O f t i m e h o w ev er w h en t h e c o n d i t i o n s O f t h e
, ,

f ree N egr o es in C an ad a d id n o t s eem s o i n v i t i n g a l arg er ,

n u m b er O f t h em b eg a n t o t h i n k t h at c o l o n iz at i o n e l sewh ere
w as a n ec es si t y al t h o u g h f ew O f t h em b eli ev e d
R ecrud es ,

c enc e o f t h at t h ey sh o u l d g o t o A f ri ca T O d eal w i t h .

c o l o ni at i on
z
t his qu es t i o n t h ere w as o rg an iz ed in 1 853 a
.

n at i o n al c o u n cil O f t h e l ea d i n g N eg ro es at t ra c t i n g rep re ,

s en t at iv es f ro m as m an y as t w el v e S t at e c o n v en t i o n s SO .

d i v i ded o n t his qu es t i o n h ad t h e N eg ro es b e c o m e h o w ever , ,

t h at o n l y t h o s e p ers o n s w h o b eli eve d in c o l o n i z at i o n s o m e

wh ere w ere ask ed t o at t en d A m o n g t h e p erso n s th us i n t er
.

es t ed w ere Willi am W ebb an d M art i n R D el an ey o f Pi t t s .

,

bu rg D o c t o r J G o ul d B i as an d F ran kli n Tu rn er Of Phil a

, .
,

d elp h i a A u g u s t u s R Green o f A ll eg h en y P en n sy l v an i a
, .
, , ,

J am es M Whi t fi el d O f New Y o rk W ill iam L am b ert O f

.
, , ,

Michi g an H en ry Bibb J am es Th eo do re H o ll y o f C an ad a
, , , ,

a n d H en ry M C o lli n s O f C ali f o rn i a F red eri ck D o u g l ass

“

.
,
.
,

an u n c o m p ro m i s i n g en em y t o c o l o n i z at i o n c ri t ici z ed t h i s ,

st ep as u n c all ed f o r u n w i se u n f o rt u n at e an d p rem at u re
, , , .
1 68 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
ven t io n w as h el d
Ch ath am C an ad a West in 1 856 O n e
at , ,
.

O f t h e im p o rt an t f e at u res O f t h is m eet i n g w as t h e h eari n g

.

O f t h e rep o rt o f H o ll y w h o h a d g o n e t o H a i t i t h e p r ev i o u s
,

y ear . F ro m t h is s am e m eet i n g M art i n R D el an ey p ro.

c e ede d On his m i s si o n t o t h e N i g er V a ll ey in A f r ic a T h ere

.

h e c o n clu d ed a t re at y wi t h e i g h t A f ri can ki n g s O ff eri n g in

,

d u cem en t s t o N eg ro es t o em i g rat e In t h e m ean t i m e J am es

.
,

R edp at h h a d g o n e t o H a i t i an d a cc o m pli sh ed s o m e t h i n g s
t h at H o ll y f a il ed t o a ch i ev e H e w as app o i n t ed H ai t i an
.

C o m m i ss i o n er o f E m i g rat i o n in t h e Un i t ed S t at es w i th ,

H o ll y as his c o w o rk er T h ey su c c eed ed in s en d i n g t o H ai t i
.

as m an y a s t w o t h o u s an d em i g ran t s t h e fi rs t s a ili n g in 1 8 61 ;
“

b u t o w i n g t o t h ei r u n p rep ar edn es s an d t h e u n f avo r abl e

cli m at e n o t mo re t h an o n e t hird O f th em rem ai n ed
,
-
.
 CHAP TE R XI

B E CAU SE Of Of t h e Negro the Opp o si t i o n t o

t he hard l o t ,

sl avery was f an n ed i n t o such a fl am e d u ri n g t h e t hi rt i es t h at

t he mo vem en t c o ul d n o l o n g er b e p ro p erly d esi g n at ed a n t i
sl avery It w as ab o li t i o n an eff o rt t o eff e c t Willi am mo y d
.
,

t h e i m m ed i at e em an cip at i o n Of t h e sl aves G m ”
,

s in c e t o h o l d t h em in b o n d a g e w as c o n t ra ry t o t h e l a w o f

God T h e mos t f o rm i d abl e l ead er O f t h i s radi c a l ref o rm

.
1

w as Willi am Ll o y d G arriso n w h o c am e fo rw ard w i t h t h e ,

a rg u m en t t h at sl av ery w as c o n t ra ry t o t h e n at u ral r i g h t s o f

hum an i t y h ad b ad eff ec t s up o n t h e s o ut h ern wh i t es and

, ,

h an d ic app ed t h e w h o l e U n i o n n o t o nl y as an ev il b u t as a ,

sin .C o m i n g at a t i m e w h en t h e wo rl d w as ag ai n st i rred
2

b y t h e ag i t at i o n f o r t h e ri g h t s O f m a n in E u ro p e t h i s rad i ,

cal m o v em en t s ecu re d m uch m o re at t en t i o n t h an it w o u l d

h ave o t h erwi s e rec ei v ed Men w ere t h en c o n c ern ed w i th

.

t h e b et t er t reat m en t O f p aup ers c o n v ic t s an d t h e i n s an e , , .

T h ey w ere d i rec t i n g t h ei r at t en t i o n t o s p ec i a l edu c a t i o n f o r

d ep en d en t s an d d eli n qu en t s T h ere w as an i n c reas i n g ih
.

t eres t in t em p eran c e t h e r i g h t s O f t h e l ab o ri n g m an t h en
,

1 illi
W am M cD o n al d, S e l ec t 38 5 4 37 ; A H a rt , S l a v e ry
S t a t u t es , -
. B .

i
an d A b o l i t io n , 1 5 2 2 9 5 ; h i s H s t o ry T o l d b y Co n t e m p o ra r es , IV, 2 4 ,
-
i
4 2 , 7 2 14 3 ; W - illi
a m Ja y , M i s c e l l a n eo u s W r t i n g s ; W P a nd F i . . . J .

G i i
arr s o n , W l l i a m Ll o y d G a rr s o n , p a s s i m ; i
F L O m st e d , B a c k . . l
bl i
C o un t ry ; F A K e m e , G eo rg a n P l a n t a t i o n , p a s s m ; D R G o o d o e , i . . l
i
. .

l
S o u t h e rn P l a t fo rm ; H v o n H o s t , H s t o ry o f t h e Un t ed S t a t es ,
. i
I II ; J . . i
B M c M a s t e r, H s t o ry o f t h e Un t ed S t a t es , VI , 5 6 7 5 7 1 i -
.

2 S ee A en d pp ix x
f o r e t ra c t f ro m t h e L b era t o r i .

1 69
 17 0 The N eg ro I n O ur H ist o ry
'

cl ai m ed al l b ut n at i on al at t en t i o n an d wo m an s uff rag e c am e
,

f o rw ard as a p ro m isi n g r ef o rm O f t h e t i m e I t w as h elp f ul .

t o t h e G arris o n i an m o vem en t t o o t h at n ew fi el d s Of O p p o r
, ,

t u n it ies w er e t h en o p en i n g in t h e N o rt h an d W es t Wi t h .

t h e g ro w t h o f f o rei g n t rade t h ere aro s e a n eed f o r t h at s o rt

,

o f l ab o r which t h e u n skill ed sl av e c o ul d n o t f u rn i sh Ap .

p eari n g t h en at t his t i m e G arri so n c o ul d m o re eas il y

,

ar o us e t h e p eo pl e Of t h e wh o l e c o u n t ry as t o t h e i n ev i t abl e

d o o m Of a sl aveh o l di n g n at i o n .

B as i n g his fi g h t t h eref o re o n m o ral gro u n ds an d con

, ,

t en d in g t h at sl av ery co ul d n o t
b e d ef en d ed h e evo k ed t h e c en
,

sure O f th e p ro sl avery p eo pl e ,

w h o b e c am e j us t as ra d ic al an d
fiery in t h e d ef en s e o f t h e in st i
tu t io n as h e w as in att a c ki n g it .

S l av ery 3 A ft er h avin g b een

m° m 1 evil .
f o rc ed o u t O f B al t i
m o re b ec ause O f his an t isl av ery
u t t eran c es h e w en t t o B o s t o n an d

f o u n ded th e Li b era to r Th e re .
3

sul t w as such a cl as h O f words

a n d a m ul t i t u d e O f t h re a t s t h at
WM LLO Y D G SON . A RR I
it s eem ed lik el y t h at t h e S o u t h
m i g h t s ec ed e T his f eeli n g w as f urth er i n t en sifi ed b y a
.

n u m b er Of up risi n g s am o n g N eg roe s du ri n g th e fi rs t t h ree

d ec a d es Of t h e n i n et een t h c en t u ry cul m i n at i n g in Nat ,

Tu rn er s i n su rrect i o n in Virg in ia in 18 31 B u t i n t en s e
’ '

a s t his exci t em en t b e c am e G arris on c o ul d n o t b e hush ed .

,

H is v ery w o rd s will g i ve a b et t er i d ea as t o t h e earn es t

“
n es s O f his p u rp o s e H e s ai d
. I sh all s t ren uo usly con
,

3
l k li i
A mo s t a n y w o r o n ab o t o n deal s l a rg e y w t h t h e c a reer o f l i
W a m L o yd G a rr so n , b u t t h e s t a n da rd o g ra h y O f t h e re f o rm er
illi l i bi p
is W en d e ll
Ph s G a rr so n a n d Fra n c s J a ck s o n G a rr s o n s Wi llia m
illip i i’
i
li
Llo yd G a rris o n , t h e st o ry o f h i s f e t o d b y h is c h dren l il .
17 2 T he N eg r o I n O u r H isto ry
d e l eg a t e s pp eared an d ado p t ed a c o nst i t u ti o n t o get h er
a ,
4

wi t h a d ec l arat i o n O f s en t i m en t s th e o ri g i n al d raf t O f which

,

w as drawn b y Willi am L l o y d G arr i s o n T h i s o rg an iz at i o n .

f o r s o m e y ears t hereaft er s erved as a cl e arin g h o us e f o r

'

t h e exp res sio n o f ab oli t i o n s en t i m en t b u t b ec au s e o f d i ff e r

'

en c es ar i s i n g in th e
ran k s t h ereaf t er it h ad
‘

t o sh are t h e fi el d w i t h
an A m er i c an an d Fo r

eig n A n t i sl avery S o ci
et y m eet i n g t h e req u i re
men t s O f t h o s e wh o c o ul d
no t c o n f o rm w i t h t h e
m et h o d s an d p ro c edure
O f t h e A m eric an A n t i

s l av ery S o c i et y .

A l o n g wi t h G arris o n
wo rk ed a n um b er O f ra d
i cals There s t o o d .
5

W en d ell P hillips a w ell ,

m a d e rem ark abl y g ra c e ,

f u l p ers o n O f exp res sive

WE N D ELL PH LL P S I I
c o u n t en an c e wi t h a s o rt
o f f asci n a t i o n in t h e s o f t g a z e O f h is ey es at t rac t l n g at t en ,

t i o n w h er ev er his b ea u t i f ull y m usic a l v o ic e w as r a is ed in

W nd el l
e b eh a l f o f t h e sl a v e H ad h e b ee n i n.t e re s t e d
P hil l i p s “
in s o m e o t h er el em en t t h an t h e N eg ro h e ,

w o ul d t o d ay b e k n o w n t o his t o ry as t h e sup eri o r O f Pi t t ,

S h eri d an o r B u rk e A l t h o u g h h av i n g b ri g h t p ro s p ect s f o r
,
.

a f u t u re a s a p o pul ar public m an h e e arl y ch o s e t h e p art O f ,

co op erat i n g wi t h t h e m uch h at ed ab o li t i o n is t s an d ever

'

4S ee A pp
en d ix p
f o r a c o y o f t h s c o n st t u t o n i i i .

5 Th e e ff o rt s O f th e s e v a r o u s w o rk er s a r e sk et ch e d in W
i am illi
ll B ’
i i
We s ro w n s R s n g S o n , Ch o n A o t o n st s ; A b li i i
H a rt s S la very
’
. B .

1 5 2 32 3 ; a n d W P G a rr so n a n d F J G a rr so n s
.

an d A bo l t o n ,ii pp .
-
. .
’
i . . i
i i
W l l a m Ll o y d G a rr s o n i .
 A b o l it io n

A N TI S LA VER Y A PO S T LE S

A BB
Y K ELL Y FO S T ER ST P
E HE N S FO S TER
.

L C
U YS O E
T N E E THOM P S N
G O RG O
 pi o n s O f lib erty T h ere was t h e b rilli an t S ch o l ar E dm un d
.

Qui n cy n o t s o , e l o quen t as W en d ell Phillips b ut n o ne ,

O t h er co t h e l ess s t au n ch in h is advo c a c
y O f f r ee d o m .

W0 rk rs
e
T h ere app eared als o F ran cis J ack so n o n e Of ,

th e fi rst t o s t an d b y G arr is o n wh en t h e m o b b ro k e up his

an t isl av ery m eet i n g in 1 835 M ari a W es t o n Ch ap m an .
,
,

an o t h er o f t his g roup co n t rib u t ed mu ch t o t h e supp o rt Of

‘

ab o li t i o n b y ra isi n g f u n d s t h r o u h t h e A n t i s l av er
g y B az aar .

Ch arl es F H o vey t h e ab o li t i o n m er ch an t g ave l arg e su m s

.
, ,

E liz a Lee F o ll en a p o et s an g Of
’

t o supp o rt t h e c aus e .
, ,

l ib ert y an d f reedo m S y dn ey H o w ard G ay t h e p o lish ed.

,

wri t er b o l d ly a d vo c at ed i n s t an t em an cip at i o n
, Willi am .

J B o w d i t ch a sch o l arly l awy er us ed his t al en t t o p ro m o t e

.
, ,

freedo m W ith sket ch es O f i n t elli g en t Neg ro es Ly d i a M ari a

.

Chil d g av e t h e r ac e a h eari n g in ci rcl es f o rm erly cl o s ed

‘ ‘
*

T h o mas G arrett k ep t t he s am e fi res b u rn m g 1n p ro s l avery

D el aw are .

P ro m i n en t in t his g ro up was S am u el M ay J r wh o f o r , .
,

s o m e y ears s erv ed effici en t ly as th e g en eral ag en t O f t h e

S o ci ety Wh en t he c aus e Of ab o li t i on s eemed h elpl ess May
.
,

S amuel M 3 17 ab an d o n ed a chu rch p ay i n g him a luc rat i v e

.

t s al ary t h at h e m i g h t h elp t o s av e t h e w o rk an d say s an , ,

“
his t o ri an T o his p ers everan c e i n d us try g en t l em an ly m an
, , ,
”
n ers an d g o o d s en s e t h e S o ci et y o w ed m uch O f it s succ es s .

A l t h o u g h si m pl e an d pl ai n h e w as an earn es t sp eak er ,

s h o w i n g such d ep t h O f t h o u g h t t h at p ers o n s c o n c ern ed w i t h

un i vers al freed o m l earn ed t o w ai t up on his w o rds .

S am u el J May an o th er ab o li t i o n ist Of al mo st the s am e

.
,

n am e w as a phil an t h ro pis t b y n at u re
,
H e sy mp at hiz ed .

w i t h G arr is o n an d a ssi s t ed in t h e o rg an iz at io n Of t h e S O
“
c iet y b ei n g o n e O f t h e si g n ers O f G arr is o n s D ecl arat i on ’
,

O f S en t i m en t s p res en t i n g t h e p ri n c ipl es up o n whi ch t h e

”
,
 17 6 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
d is co m fi t ed h er pp o n en t s A l o n g w i t h Mrs F o st er went
O .
.

h er f a i t h f u l h u s b an d S t eph en S F o s t er , H e w as o n e O f
. .

'

t h o s e wh o d id n o t d es pi s e t h e c au s e in it s d a f m ll
y o s a
t hi n g s . H e l ab o red i n c ess an t ly t o p ro m o t e t h e w o rk an d
,

b c us
e a e O f his u u su al z eal an d h o n es t m et h o d Of h ewi n g
n “

to t h e li n e an d t h e plu m
met h e b ecam e t h e m o s t
un p o pul ar O f t h e a n t is l av

ery ag en t s .Yet h e al
w ay s t o l d t h e t ru t h d id ,

no t o v ers t at e a qu est i o n
an d usu ally p ro ved h is
po int .

Th ere were o t h ers sc arc e

ly l ess a c t i v e . Th e el o
qu en t Ch arl es C B u r .

Les s act iv e l ei g h o n e O f
,

l ct u mS
t h e m o s t suc
e
'
r '

c ess f u l d eb at ers ch am pi o n

in g t h e c aus e O f t h e s l av e ,

wo ul d h av e b e en al m o s t as
eff e c t i v e as W en de ll P h il

lips h ad h e n o t S p o k en
rat h er f as t . Burl ei gh ren LU N F D L N E n t i f N t h
'

S OR A ,
a a ve o or

d ere d t h e ca u s e m u ch a id C li n w h l t d i t h N t h
a ro a, o e c u re n e or

g i t l y a a ns s a v er
as a l ec t ur er an d t h e e d 1 t o r

O f T h e P enn s l van ia F re em an
y Lu c y S t o n e a.n u n p e
r ,

p o ss es si n g b u t pl eas an t w o m an O f m edi um s t at ure ro un d ,

f ac e S p arkl i n g ey es an d wi t h h er h ai r cu t s h o rt b e
, , ,

c am e w i t h h er abu n d an c e Of en t h u s i asm o n e O f t h e m o st

c t iv e ab o li t i o n is t s m o v i n g t h e p eo pl e b y f o rcef ul arg u
,

m en t s an d p at h et i c a pp eal s S u san B A n th o ny l at er
. .
,

kn o wn t o g reat er f am e as an a dvo c at e O f w o m an su f
f ra g e s t o o d o u t as an el o q u en t ab o li t i o n s p eak er w i t h
,

f ew e q u al s A n d r ew T F o s s l ef t h is p u lpi t t o d ev o t e
. .
 A b o l it io n 17 7

all ofhis t i m e t o ab o li t i o n S alli e H o lli e p ut S O m u ch .

Sc rip t ure an d p ray er i n t o h er app eal s t h at f ew ref us ed h er

a h ea ri n g O liver J o hn so n t h e ready d eb at er ac co m
.
, ,

p l is h ed w r i t er an d e l o qu en t sp e ak er n o t o n l y s erv ed o n ,

t he pl at f o rm b u t a t t i m es ed i t ed Th e H era l d o f F reedom ,

Th e A n tis lavery S tan da rd, an d T h e A n tis lavery B ug l e .

Hen ry C W ri g h t d evo t ed t h e b es t y ears o f h is li f e t o t h e

.

c au se . G ri mk e sist ers d au g h t ers Of a p ro m 1n en t ci t i

Th e ,

zen in Ch arl es t o n S o u t h C aro ,

l i n a l ef t t h e S o u t h t h at t h ey
,

m i g h t w i t h o u t i n t err up t i o n b ear
wi t n ess ag a i n s t sl av ery Ch arl es .

B S t ebbi ns t h e a cu t e t hi n k er
.
,

an d abl e s p ea k er al s o d e ci d ed l y ,

ai d ed t h e m o v em en t N a t h an i e l .

P Ro g ers w i t h h is p en et ra t i n g
.
,

mi n d d eal t h ard bl o w s at sl av ery

,

t h ro u g h Th e H era l d o f Freed om .

Willi am Go o d ell an d T h eo do re F .

Wel d exp os ed t h e i ns t i t u t i o n b y
publishi n g wo rks o n sl av ery .

LU C E M o rr .
R TIA

J am es Mill er McK im a p ro m o t er ,

o f t h e U n d erg ro u n d R a il r o a d w as o n c e t h e m o v i n g S pi ri t ,

o f t h e A n t isl av ery S o ci et y in P en ns y l v an i a w h er e h e w as ,

abl y assis t ed b y t h e un t i r i n g a n d el o qu en t M ary G rew .

A b o li t i o n w as p u t o n it s f e et in P en n sy l v an i a h o w ever b y , ,

Lu c ret i a M o tt S h e w as a w o man O f f aul t l es s h ea d t h o u g h t

.
6
,

f u l c o u n t en an c e b eam i n g ey es an d f ull v o ic e h es i t an t in
, , ,

s p ee c h at t h e b eg i n ni n g an d t h en g r o w i n g James an d
Luc ret i a M 0 “
eas il y e l o q u en t A ssi s t ed b y a h u sb an d
.

g iv i n g his m ean s an d t i m e t o t h e w o rk L u c ret i a M o tt s t i rred ,

u p t h e p eo pl e A b o li t i o n i s t t o t h e m ann er b o rn sh e en de av
.
,

o red t o eff e c t a p ro s c rip t i o n Of t h e p ro d u c t s O f sl av e l ab o r

b y d isc o u ra g i n g t h e u se O f cl o t h i n g an d fo o d s p ro duc ed in

6 A . D Ha. ll owe ll , Ja m es a nd Lu cr et i a M o t t ; Life a nd Le t t ers .

I7 S T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

th e S o u t h She c arri ed wi t h her t o s weet en her t ea su g ar

.
, ,

p ro d uc ed b y f ree l ab o r rat h er t h an run t h e r i sk O f h av i n g

t o use t h at p ro duc ed b y sl aves A w o m an O f c ul t u re an d
.

c o nvers an t wi t h th e c o n di t i o n s Ob t ai n i n g am o n g t h e sl aves ,

s h e a tt ra c t ed t h e at te n t i o n Of t h e i n d i ff eren t Ob s erv er an d

i mp ress ed up on h is m i n d a n ew t h o u gh t Of th e m an f ar
do wn . In h er at t ack o n
sl avery n o ab o li t i o n is t w as
mo re f earl ess n o n e m o re ,

succ es sf ul in p res en t i n g
t h e c aus e .

Yet el o qu en t as w as t h e
a pp eal O f whi t e m en in b e

half O f t h e sl ave t h e a b o li
Oh arl es L t io nist s
.
s o on
R emo nd .
realiz ed t h at
t h e N eg ro pl ead i n g his o wn
caus e c o ul d wi el d eff e c t i ve

bl o w s ag a in st sl avery Th e .

firs t N eg ro t o b e c all ed t o
t his serv ic e w as Ch arl e s L .

R emo u d wh o u n t il t he ris e
, ,

O f F red erick D o u g l ass w as

C H A R L E S LE N O X E E M O N D
,

p ro b ably t he ab l es t rep re
s en t at ive Of t h e N eg ro r a c e H e w as s m all o f s t at u r e o f
.
,

sp are b u il d n eat an d g en t eel in app earan c e H e p o ss ess ed a

,
.

pl easi n g vo ice an d early att ai n ed ran k as an a cc ep t abl e

sp eak er A free b o rn Neg ro hi m s el f h e f el t m o re k een l y
.
-
,

t h e p reju d ic e a g ai n s t his cl ass t h an h e d id t h e p ers ecu t i o n

Of t h e sl av es an d c o n fin ed his sp eech es l arg el y t o th e desi red
,

ch an g e in th e at t it u de O f th e whi t es t o ward t h e p eo pl e O f
c o l o r SO p ro u d w as h e O f b ei n g a f ree m an O f c o l o r t h at h e
.

O f t en b o ast ed t h at h e h ad n o t a dro p O f sl ave bl o o d in his

vei n s. H e c o n t ribu t ed t o n ews p ap ers an d m ag a z i n es f re
1 80 T he N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry
so on d ev el o p ed i wi t h which n at ure h ad
an e ff e c t v e o rat o ry

en rich e d h is g i f t s This m an w as F red erick D o u g l ass 7

. .

U n lik e R em o n d D o u g l as s h ad m uch o ri g in alit y and un

,

a d o rn ed el o q u en c e rat h er t h an a fi n e fl o w O f l an g u ag e .

Wh en t h e c o u n t ry t h ere ,

f o re h ad h e ard F red eric k

,

D o u g l as s R em o n d b ec am e
,

a s ec o n d r at e m a n -
This .

s o u red t h e spi ri t O f t h e l at
t er wh o f ell a v ic t i m O f
,

s p eaki n g d is p arag i n g l y O f

his c o wo rk er B u t R em .

o n d was n o t t h e o n l y an t i

Th e succ es s S l av ery O r a
O f D o ug l ss a
t or t o p al e
.

in t o ins ign ifi c an ce o n t h e
“
a pp ro ac h O f t h e el o qu en t

fu g i t i ve f ro m sl av ery in
M ary l an d ; f o r t h e p eo pl e
p ref erred t o h ear D o u g l a ss .

An d w ell m i g h t t h ey d e
si re t o s ee an d h ear t his
man H e w a s t all an d w ell
F EDE C K D O U G L S S
.

R RI A
m ad e w i t h a f ull y devel
,
-

Op ed f o reh ead H e w as d i g n i fi ed in app earan c e p o li sh ed in

.
,

his l an g u ag e an d g en t l em an l y in his m ann er A c o n tem p o

,
.

“
r ary s a i d H e is a m an O f l o f t y reaso n n at u ral an d wi t h
: ,

o u t p ret en s i o n ; a lw ay s m a s t er O f h i m s el f ; b r illi an t in t h e
”
art O f exp o s i n g an d ab s t ra c t i n g A n o t h er s a i d : In his .

v ery l o o k his g es t u re his wh o l e m ann er t h ere is s o m uch

, , ,

O f g en ui n e e arn es t el o qu en c e t h at t h ey h av e n o t i m e f o r re
, ,

fl ect io n No w y o u are rem i n d ed O f o n e rushi n g d o wn s o m e

.

7 ik l
S ee Fred er c D o u g a s s N a rra t iv e o f t h e Life o f Fr ed eri c k D o ug
’

i
la s s as a n A m er can S la v e a n d h is L f e a n d Ti m es o f Frederi c k
, ,
i
D o u g l as s fr o m 1 8 1 7 t o 188 2 .
 '

A b o lit io n 181

f earf ul s t eep bi ddi n g y o u f o ll o w ; n o w o n s o m e deli g h t f ul

,

s t ream s t ill b eck o n i n g y o u o n w ard In ei t h er c as e n o m at

,
.
,

t er wh at y o u r p rep o ss essi o n s o r o pp o si t i o n s y o u f o r t h e
,

m o m en t at l eas t fo rg et t h e ju s t n es s o r u n jus t n e ss O f t h e
, ,

c aus e an d Ob ey t h e su m m o n s an d l o at h if a t a ll y o u re
, , , ,
”
t urn t o y our fo rm er p o s t .
 C H A PT E R XI I

FU R T H E R PR O TE S T

IN t h e w es t ern p art O f t h e c o unt ry t o o ab o li t i o n was f o r , ,

e c o n o m ic reaso n s g radu a lly g ai n i n g g ro u n d T h ere h ad .

a l w ay s b een m uch an t i s l av ery s en t i m en t in t h e m o u n t a in s

O f N o rt h C aro li n a T en n es s ee K en t ucky an d W es t Vi rg i n i a
, , .

A b o li t i o n in Wh en t h e i n t o l e r abl e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e N eg ro es
t h e W est in t h e S o u t h m ade it i m p o s s ibl e f o r t h e p ers o n s
in t h at p art Of t h e c o u n t ry t o do f o r t h e N egr o es w h at t h ey
d es i red t h ey m o v e d i n t o t h e No rt h wes t T erri t o ry wh ere
,

t h ey c o ul d c arry o u t t h ei r pl an s f o r t h e upli f t O f t h e bl a cks .

A cc o rd i n g l y in t h es e m o u n t a i n s t h ere aro s e a n um b er Of
,

an t isl avery s o ci et i es A m o n g t h e p ers o n s Op erat i n g as t h e

.

n ucl eus ar o u n d which t h is s en t i m en t d ev el o p ed w ere such

m en as B en j am i n L u n dy in T en n es s e e J am es G Bi rn ey in , .

K en t ucky an d D an i el R G o o dl o e in No rt h C aro li n a O th er
,
. .

i deas t o o t en d ed t o i n flu en ce th e y o u t h as it h app en ed in
, , ,

t h e c as e Of t h e s t u d en t s in M aryv ill e C o ll eg e in T en n ess ee ,

m o re t h an h alf O f wh o m h ad b ec o m e an t isl avery b y t h e

y e a r 1 84 1 a n d in
,
t h a t O f B e r e a C o ll e g e i n K en t uck y whi c h ,

d ev el o p ed f ro m a g ro up O f s t u d en t s i n flu en c ed l arg el y b y
In K ent uck y C assius M Cl ay t h e an t i sl av ery ed i t o r an d.
. .
, ,

J o h n G Fee t h e ab o li t i o n o rat o r wh o fo un ded t h at in

.
,
‘

s t it u t io n .

A s t hi s i m en t t en ded t o s p read in t h e p ro p o rt i o n t h at
s en t

t h e an t i s l av ery l ea ders O f t h e w e s t ern s l av e S t a t es w ere

f o rc ed t o g o N o rt h t h ere w as m ad e p o s s ibl e a b et t er ch an c e
,

f o r ab o li t i o n in c en t ers wh ere it h ad b een c on si dered d an g er

1 Jo h n G . Fee
’
s Ant i s l a v ery M an u a l .

182
184 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
ous . L an e T h eo l o g i cal S em i n ary in Cin ci n n at i t h e ar
In ,

d en t d i s cu s si o n O f sl av ery l ed t o a s o rt O f uph eav al resul t ,

Lane in g in a d i v i s i o n Of t h e s t u d en t s T h eo do re .

s emin al ? F W el d o n e o f t h i s g ro up a c t u al ly es p o used
.
, ,

t h e c aus e O f G arr i so n an d u n d ert o o k t o t ran sl at e i n t o a c t i o n

his t h eo ri es Of Neg ro upli f t b y a ct u ally t ea chi n g c o l o red
chil dren A s L an e Th eo l o g ic al S em i n ary w as t h en at t en ded
.

b y a n um b er Of s o u t h ern s t u d en t s a s ep arat i o n o f t h o s e ,

w h o h ad t hus b ec o m e d i v i d e d w as n ec es s ary Wh en the .

t ru s t ee s t ri ed t o p r ev en t f urt h er d iscu s s i o n Of sl av ery

fo u r fif ths O f t h e s t u den t s wi th drew Fi f t y f o ur assert ed
-
.
-

t h ei r ri g h t t o a freed o m Of d i s cu ss i o n Of t h is i m p o rt an t
t o pic an d u n d er l ea d er s lik e A s a M ah an an d J o h n M o rg an
,

ret i re d t o t h e W e s t ern R es erve an d e s t ablish ed O b erlin

C o ll eg e .
2

I n t h at s am e s e c t i o n Of O hi o h o w ever an t isl av ery S O , ,

c iet ies h ad al re ady fl o u ri sh ed u n der t h e l eadership Of

S am u el C ro t h ers J o h n R an ki n an d E lizur W ri g h t l at er a
,
’
, ,

Th e W e st ern p r o f e s s o r in t h e W e s t er n R es er v e C o ll eg e .

R es erve Th es e an t isl av ery c en t ers t o o w ere furt h er , ,

st ren gt h en ed b y t h e c o min g Of J am es G Bi rn ey f ro m .
3

K en t ucky f ro m which h e h ad b een driv en b ec au s e o f h is

,

an t i s l av ery u t t eran c es H e fi rst est ablish ed in Cin cin

.

n at i O hi o t h e Phi lan throp is t a n ews p ap er w hich wi el ded

, , ,

g r e a t i n flu en c e in p r e p ari n g t h e m i n d s o f t h e p eo pl e O f t his

c o u n t ry f o r a f a i r d iscussi o n Of sl avery al t h o u g h his li f e w as ,

s ev era l t i m es en d an g ered an d his p ress w as t w ic e b ro k en

up an d dest ro y ed .

h
A n o t er g o r up Of a b o li t i o n is t s d e se r v e h o n o r a bl e m en t i o n .

Th ese w ere ref o rm ers o f a m il der s o rt wh o c o ul d n ei t h er ,

l i
t o er a t e r a d c a li s m n o r a pp r o v e t h e m et h o d s o f s o m e o f t h e

2 i
Th s i s n a rra t ed in t h e Fi rs t f A nn u a l R ep o r t o t h e A m eri c an
i
An t S la v er y S o ci et y
- .

3 Jam es G Bi i m
rn ey , Th e A m e r c a n Ch u rc h es ,
t h e B u l w a r ks o f er
A
illi Bi H m
.

d T
ica/n S l a ver y; a n d W a m rn e y , J a m es G B i r n e y a n i s i es
.
.
 F ur t he r P r o t e st

l ess arden t an
'

t isl av ery g ro up . A m o n g t h o se t aki n g t hi s

p o s i t i o n w as Dr Willi am E ll ery C h ann i n g a Un i t ari an
. ,

i i
m n st e r O f m uc h f a m e in B o s t o n a n d N e w W i lli am 3 .

p o rt H is app eal w as t o t i ll h e n t e e c t ra t h er
C h m ”
.

h
t a to n t h e e m o t i o n I n .p r e s e n t i n g h i s c a s e h e w ro t e e ss a y s

on sl av e ry ,
m a ki n g a f o r c e f ul a r g u m en t a s t o e v il O f t h e

i ns t i t u t i o n b u t s u g g est i n g
so m e rem edy o t h er t h an in

st an t ab o li t i o n A l o n g wi t h
.

Ch ann i n g m ay b e m en
tio n ed sc o res O f w r i t er s lik e
F redrik a B rem er F ran c es ,

Kem bl e H en ry W a d s w o rt h
,

Lo n g f ell o w J am es R u s sell
,

Lo w ell an d J o h n G Whi t
,
.

t i er.

T h ere w ere ab o li t i o n is ts
wh o in a dd i t i o n t o app ear
in g o n t h e pl at f o rm o t h er
wi s e ren dered t h e c au se
v a lu abl e s erv ic e . A mong
t h es e w er e A r t h u r an d

L ewi s T app an succ ess f ul ,

merch an t s O f New Y o rk ,

wh o h a d f o r y ear s sup
GE RR I T SM TH
I
p o rt ed t h e c ause O f c o l o n i
z at io n b u t ,
s eei n g t h at it d id n o t rea ch t h e ro o t O f t h e
ev il ,
a b a n d o n ed t h at m o v em en t t o p ro m o t e a b o li t i o n .

Mo re p ro m i n en t t h an t h es e w as G err i t S m i th o f P et er
b o rO New Y o rk so n o f an ex s l av eh o l d er
, ,
-
. H e t o o had
,

a t fi rs t res t ri c t ed his eff o rt s a t upli f t i n g t h e N eg ro es t o

wh at c o ul d b e eff ec t ed t h ro u g h t h e co l o n i z a t i o n s o ci et y .

B ec o m i n g m o re i n t erest ed in t h e b eh al f o f t h e Neg ro es an d
al s o d ev el o pi n g in his m i n d an t i l an d m o n o p o li st t en d en c i es
-
,

h e d ev is ed t h e sc h em e o f i m p ro vi n g t h ei r c o n d i t i o n b y
186 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
t ran spl an t i n g t h em fro m t h e ci ty t o s m all f arm s in th e
c o un t ry H e t h eref o re a d dress ed a l et t er t o C h arl es B Ray
.
.
,

D r J M c Cu n e S m i t h an d T h eo do re S W ri g h t p ro m i n en t
. .
.
,

Negr o es o f New Yo rk Ci ty as ki n g t h em t o des i g n at e a n u m

,

G errit S mit h . b er Of Neg ro es wh o m h e m i g h t t hus c o l o n i z e

o n his l an ds in c ert a i n c o un t i e s in s o u t h e as t ern N ew Y o rk .

This lis t was a cc o rdi n g l y g i v en an d t h e en t erp ri s e u n der

t ak en b u t b ec au se O f t h e i n f elici t y O f t h e s o il an d t h e l ack
,

Of i n i t i at i ve On t he p art Of t h e Neg ro es it f ail ed , .

Th e m o re i n t en s e t h e ab o li t i o n ag i t at i o n g rew h o w ev er , ,

t h e m o re s ec t i o n al t h e m o v em en t b ec am e B ack w ard as t h e .

i n st i t u t i o n O f sl avery s eem ed t h e S o u t h b ec am e m o re an d
,

mo re at t ach ed t o it an d w o ul d n o t c o u n t en an c e an y a t t ack
Th e S o ut h O n it N o t o n l y w as t h e O l d t i m e ab o li t i o n i st
.
-

Pm swv ery in d an g er t h ere af t er 1840 b ut t h e o rd i n ary ,

Obs erver who s u gg est ed m o ral su asi o n h el d h is s o ci al p o si

t i o n b y p rec ari o us t en u re C assius M Cl ay w as d ri ven o ut
. .

Of L exi n g t o n K en t ucky b y p ro sl av ery ci t iz en s wh o c o ul d

, ,

n o t t o l erat e t h e an t isl av ery s en t i m en t s exp ress ed in his

T h e Tru e A m erica n U p o n rec ei vi n g s o m e c o p 1es O f t h e

.

E m an c ip a t o r w hich h e l o an ed t o whi t e f ri en ds whil e in

,

W ashi n g t o n D r R eub en C ran d all O f New Y o rk w as ar

,
.

res t ed an d i m p ri s o n ed o n t h e ch arg e Of i n ci t i n g a ri o t

am o n g t h e sl av es b u t a f t er w a i t i n g t ri al e i g h t m o n t h s in
,

j ail h e w as decl ared n o t g uil ty No t k n o w i n g t h e t em p er

,
.
,

o f t h e S o u t h an E n g li s h t r av eli n g b o o ks ell er w as whipp ed

,

a n d d ri ven o u t Of P et ersbu rg Vi rg i n i a in 1832 b ec au se

, , ,

h e d ared t o s ay at t h e t i m e O f t h e N at Tu rn er i n su rrec t i o n
exci t em en t t h at t h e bl a cks as men w ere en t i t l ed t o t h ei r

freedo m an d sh o ul d b e em an cip at ed A m o s D ress er a .

,

s t u d en t O f Lan e S em i n ary an d Of O b erli n C o ll eg e w as ,

w hipp ed an d e xp ell ed f ro m t h e S t at e O f T en n ess ee b ec au se ,

w h il e s elli n g b o o k s in t h at S t at e h e h ad a c o p y O f t h e E m a n
e ,

c ip a t o r w ra pp ed aro u n d a Bibl e l ef t in a N a s h v ill e h o t el .

A b o li t i o n in t h e S o u th t h eref o re c eas ed t o b e O p en l y
, ,
188 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
wi th a i ro n f o r a i d i n g t h e esc ap e O f a s l av e In 184 1
ho t .

Th o m pso n B urr an d B u rk e ab o li t i o n i st s f ro m I lli n o i s

'
, , ,

were s en t en ced t o s erve a t erm in t h e Mi s s o u ri p en i t en t i ary

f o r p ers u ad i n g sl av es t o esc ap e f ro m t h e t o w n o f P al my ra
‘

In 1 844 L W P a i n e a R h o d e I sl an d m a ch i n is t w o rki n g in
. .
,

Geo rg i a w as t hus i m p ris o n ed six y earS f o r t h e s am e O ff en s e

, .

J o h n L B ro wn w as in 1 846 c ondem n ed t o b e h an g ed f o r
.
, ,

a i d i n g fu g i t i v es b u t t h e sen t en c e w as c o mm u t ed t o a whip
,

pi n g D an i el D ray t o n c ap t ai n Of a vesSel up o n which b e

.
,

p erm i t t ed s ev en t y s even sl aves t o es c ap e fro m t h ei r m ast ers

-

in t h e Dis t ric t Of C o lu m bi a l o st his h eal t h whil e h e w as ,

b ei ng al m o s t st arv ed t h ere in c o n fin em en t in an un san i t ary

p ri so n c ell A n o th er Of t h ese sy m p at hiz ers D eli a Webst er
.
, ,

a y o un g l ady f ro m V erm o n t t ea chi n g in K en t u c k y t o fin d ,

a n Opp o rt u n i t y f o r t hus a i d i n g f u g i t i v es w as s en t t o th e
”

p en i t en t i ary f o r t w o y ears C alv i n N F ai rb an k h er ac . .

,

c o m plic e w as s en t en c ed t o serve a t erm Of fi f t een y ears

,

in t h e S t at e p ri s o n Wh en p ardon ed b y G o vern o r J o hn J
. .

C ri t t en den h e i m m edi at el y resum ed his w o rk in defi an c e Of

,

l aw an d public Opi nio n an d in 1 8 52 w as i m p ris o n ed t h e ,

s ec o n d tim e f o r fi f t e en y ears H e w as n o t rel e as ed un t il .

1 8 64 wh en t h e s ym p at h et ic A c t i n g Go vern o r R ich ard T

,
.

J ac o bs t aki n g adv an t ag e Of th e ab s en c e o f Go vern o r B ram

,

l et t e p ardo n ed F ai rb ank Ch arl es T T o rrey a g radu at e

,
. .
,

Of Y al e an d A n do v er Th eo l o gi c al S em i n ary w en t t o A n ,

n ap o l is t o rep o rt a sl av eh o l d ers c onvent i o n f o r which he

'

' ’
,

w as arr es t ed an d requi red t o g i v e b o n d f o r his g o o d b e

'

h avi o r S o m e y ears l at er up o n b ei n g ch arg ed w i t h h avi n g

’

.
,

a ssi s t e d a sl av e in esc api n g f ro m his m as t er T o rrey w as

'

c o n v i c t ed an d i m p ris o n ed in a M ary l an d p en i t en t i ary in ,

which h e d i ed .

E x a c t l y w h at t h e ab o li t i o n ist s a cc o m plish ed is d ifficul t

t o e s t i m at e S om e are O f t h e Opi n i o n t h at t h e rad ic als
.

d id th e c au s e O f em an cip at i o n m o re h arm t h an g o o d Few .

w hi t e m en of t h at d ay fel t t h at th e sl av es c o ul d b e in
 F ur t he r P r o t e st

W H I T E MA RT YR S I N T HE CA US E OF A BO L ITION

DA N I EL Y
D RA T O N L . W . PA I N E
L
CA VI N FAI RB A N K C H R LE
A S T . TO RR EY
1 90 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

s t an t ly ip a t ed M o st a dvo c at es O f f reedo m h ad
em an c .

t h o u gh t O f gr a d u a l m et h o d s an d t h e ra d i c a l r e f o rm ers wh o
,

s t i rre d up t h e wh o l e c o un try wi t h t h e i d e a O f imm ed iat e

'

ab o li t i o n s et t h e c o n s erv at i ves a g a i n s t em an
A hi ev ement s
c
O
h
f t e c ip a t i o n T h e ag i.t at i o n i t s el f h o w ev er w ,
as ,
a b l t l o m st s
o i
ho p ef ul It sh o w ed t h at t h e c o un t ry h ad de
.

v el O p ed a feeli n g O f n at i o n ali s m A m an li v i n g in B o s t o n
.

h ad b eg u n t o t hi n k t h at t o s o m e ext en t h e w as resp o n sibl e

f o r an evil Ob t ai n i n g I n S o u t h C aro li n a L ead ers O f t h o u gh t .

w ere n o l o n g er c o n t en t t o l e av e it t o t h e v ari o u s S t at es t o
d eci de f o r t h em s el v e s wh et h er o r n o t an ev il sh o ul d b e
t o l erat ed w i t hi n t h ei r li m i t s Sl av ery h ad b ec o m e so en
.

g raft ed up o n t h e c o u n t ry as t o r equi re n at i o n al at t en t i o n
an d n at i o n al t re at m en t It resul t ed t h eref o re in i n ci t i n g a
.
, ,

l arg e n um b er O f an t i sl av ery p eo pl e t o g reat er act iv i t y an d

en abl ed t h e ab o li t i o n s o ci et i es t o u n i f y t h ei r eff o rt s t h ro u g h

o u t t h e N o rt h b y o rg an i z i n g an d s t i m ul at i n g l o c al b o d i es al l ,

Of which h elp ed t o m ak e p o s s ibl e t h e d es t ruc t i o n O f sl av ery .

In t h e b eg i n n i n g t h ei r s t ru g g l e w as a h ard O n e b u t t h ey ,

h ad a f t er 1 836 g ai n ed c o n si d erabl e g ro u n d
, ,
In t h e fi rs t .

R adi c al pl ac e t h e N o rt h did n o t t ak e s eri o u sly th e

,
.

“0 11110 11 7
ag i t a t i o n f o r t h e ab o li t i o n O f sl av ery in a s e c
;

t i o n cl o s el y c o n n ec t ed w i t h it s fin an ci al an d m an u f a c t u ri n g
c en t ers O t h ers wh o h ad no such in t eres t s m o reov er re
.
, , ,

g arded t h e ab o li t i o n a g i t at i o n as a d i re c t at t a ck o n t h e
U n i o n in t h at t h e p ro v isi o n f o r t h e c o n t i n u an c e O f sl avery
,

in t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n w as at t a ck ed ; an d ci t iz en s in S o u t h ern
S t at es c o n si deri n g t h es e att acks as i n t en ded t o d i st urb th e
,

p eac e in t h ei r c o m m o n w eal t hs d ecl ared th at it furn i sh ed ,

s u ffi c i en t g ro u n d f o r wi t h draw al f ro m t h e U n i o n I n s ev .

eral Of t h e N o rt h ern S t at e s t h eref o re l eg isl at i o n w as p ro

, ,
“
p o sed t o p en aliz e d i s cussi o n s c alcul at ed t o exci t e in su rrec
”
t i o n am o n g t h e sl av es as an O ff en s e ag ai n s t t h e p ea c e O f
,

t h e S t at e S o m e u n d ert o o k t o b ran d t h e efi o rt s O f t h e ab o li
.

t io n is t s as a c t s O f s ed i t i o n A s t h e ab o li t i o n i s t s m a d e g o o d
.
192 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
a v ery li t t l e en c o u rag em en t t o t h e d i so rd erly cro w d b ri n g
ab o u t a ri o t e s p e ci all y s o w h en t h e ci t y w as v ery p o o rl y
,

p o lic ed A m o b d is g rac ed t h e c i t y in 1834 b y b eat i n g up

.

a n u m b er Of N eg ro es an d d am ag i n g fi f t y f o u r h o u s es -
It .

w as s o m ew h at d i fficul t t h ereaf t er t o fi n d a pl ac e f o r ab o
l it io n m eet i n g s Negr o ch urc h es cl o s ed t h ei r d o o rs t o t h es e
.

ag i t at o rs n o t b ec aus e t h ey c o u l d n o t a pp rec i at e t h e i m p et us
,

t h e a b o li t i o n is t s g av e t h e c a us e O f f r eed o m b u t k n o w i n g , ,

t h at an y buil d i n g in w hi c h an ab o li t i o n m eet i n g w as h el d
m i g h t b e bu rn e d t h e N eg ro es h a d t o ex erc i se p re c au t i o n
,
.

T o s o l v e t his p r o bl em t h e a b o li t i o n i s t s c o n s t r uct ed a buil d

,

in g o f t h e i r o w n k n o wn as P en n sy l v an i a H all b u t w h en it
, ,

w as n o i s ed ab ro a d t h at G a rri s o n an d o t h er a b o li t i o n i s t s h ad
a d dres s ed a m eet i n g t h ere O n M ay 16,
1 838 t h ere was
, ,

fo rm ed a m o b w h ich b ro k e Op en t h e d o o rs s et fi re t o t he ,

buil d in g an d p rev en t ed t h e au t h o ri t i es fro m ext i n gu i shi n g

,

t h e fl am es P i tt sbu rg h h ad such an o ut b reak t h e f o ll o wi n g

.

y ear .

In t h e w es t ern p art Of t h e U n i t ed S t at es wh ere t h e ab o ,

l it io n is t s w ere e qu all y b o l d t h e s am e s o rt O f r i o t o us c o n
,

d i t i o n Ob t ai n ed In 1 8 36 a m o b l o n g si n c e en rag ed b ec aus e
.
,

Ri o t s in Of th e a dvo c a cy Of ab o li t i o n in t h e Phila n th ro
t h e W est i t d i t d b J m s G B i rn e d e s t r o ed h is
p s e e y ,
a e y .
y ,

O ffic e an d m ade d esp erat e eff ort s t o t ak e his li f e In A l t o n .

,

I lli n o is t h e pl a c e in which E lij ah P L o v ej o y h ad s o u g h t

,
.

ref u g e f o r his ab o li t i o n efi o rt s wh en h e h ad b e en f o r c ed t o
,

l eav e S t L o ui s f o r cr i t i c i z i n g t h e bu rn i n g o f a Neg ro at
.

t h e s t ak e t h e s am e vi o l en c e b ro k e o u t
,
A f t er his p res s h ad
.

b een t w ic e d est ro y ed h is buil d i n g w as at t a ck ed b y a m ob

,

o n N o v em b er 7 1 837 ,
H e ret u rn ed t h ei r fi re b u t o n wai t
.
,

in g p a t i en t l y o n t h e o u t s i d e f o r t h e exi t Of L o vej o y s o m e
t i m e t h er eaf t er t h e m o b sh o t h im d ead
,
Th e j u ry ap
.

p o i n t ed t o i n qui re i n t o t h e g uil t O f t h e O ff en d ers requi red

o n l y t en m i n u t es t o b r i n g in a v erd ic t O f n o t g uil t y .

In st ead O f p rev en t i n g t h e r i se o f ab o li t i o n as w as ,
 F u r t he r P r o t e s t

exp ec t ed h es e eff o rt s rat h er t en ded t o i n creas e t h e s en t i

,
t
m en t in t h e N o rt h ag a i n st sl avery In s o m e O f t h e S t at e
.

l eg i s l at u res t h ere b eg an t o app ear a n u m b er O f an t isl avery

m em b ers an d v ery s o o n even in C o n g ress
,
Re sul t s o f .

J o h n P H al e fir s t t o o k a st an d ag a i n st sl avery
.

in t h e S en at e I n 1838 t h ere c am e t o C o n g res s t h e d o wn

.

ri g h t ab o li t i o n i s t J o shu a R Gi dd i n g s O f t h e W est ern R e

,
.

s erve . Willi am Sl ade Of

V erm o n t an an t isl av ery ,

m an w as s en t t o t h at b o dy
,

in 184 0 T h ere app ear ed

. ,

too ,
T h o m a s M o rris ,

a U n i t ed S t at es S en ator
f ro m O hi o wh o ren d ered ,

t h e c aus e m u c h as s i st an c e .

Th e ab o li t i o n i s t s t h en h ad
th e o pp o rt u n i t y t o g a i n n a
t io n al reco g n i t i o n as a

b o dy p ri m arily in t eres t ed
in p ro m o t i n g th e m o ral
li f e an d at m o sp h ere o f t h e
co un t ry B u t t h ey w ere
.

f ar ap art in t h ei r m et h o d
Of p ro ce dure an d rad i c al ,

u tt eran c es d en o un c i n g t h e
C o ns t i t u t i o n as a p ro sl av S EN OR JO H N P H A L E AT .

ery d o cu m en t w hil e o t h ers ,

arg u ed t h at it w as an t i s l av ery d id t h ei r c au s e u n u su al
,

h arm .

S al m o n P Ch as e i n sist ed th at t h e C o n s t it u t i o n is an an t i
.

sl avery d o cum en t m aki n g t h e i n st i t u t i o n a bl ack f o rg ery

, .

Reply i n g t o t h e arg u m en t s O f t he p ro s l av ery Radi cal

e l eme n t t h at s l av ery w as ma i n t a i n e d b y t h e l e ad ers
in c e ed r as
F edera l C o n s t i t u t i o n s o m e o t h ers a l t h o u g h
, ,
°

n o t ad vo c at e s O f i n s t an t ab o li t i o n ins is t ed t h at a hi g h er ,
 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
’

194

l aw t h an t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n p ro t es t ed a g a i n s t t h e a c t i o n Of
C o n g res s o n t h i s p o i n t A c co rd i n g t o t h e l aw O f hum an
.

“
n at u re n o g rea t er c ri m e a g a i n s t hu m an b ei n g s c an b e
”
c om m i tt ed t h an t o m ak e h im a sl ave Wh il e G arris o n in
.
,

1835 c al l ed G o d t o wi t n es s t h at t h e ab o li t i o n is t s w ere n o t
,

h o s t il e t o t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e Un i t ed S t at es in 1 843
4
,
“
h e d ecl ared t h at t h e c o m p a c t w hich exist s b et w een t he
N o rth an d t h e S o u t h is a c o v en an t w i t h deat h an d an
ag reem en t w i t h H ell i n v o lvi n g b o t h p art i es in at ro c i o us
,

”
c ri m i n ali t y an d sh o ul d b e i mm edi at ely an n ull ed
,
Th ere
.

s t ill rem ai n ed m il der ab o li t i o n is t s lik e Willi am Jay an d

Ch an n i n g wh o d is av o w ed t h e ex t rem e t h eo ry
,
Th e c aus e
.

O f ab o li t i o n h o w ev er c o n t i n u ed t o suff er f o r it h ad n o t
, , ,

o n l y f a il ed t o i n t eres t a m a j o ri t y O f t h e p eo pl e in t h e N o rt h

b u t h a d f u rn i s h ed su ffici en t r ad ic ali s m up o n whi ch t h e p ro

S l av ery s p o k esm en c o ul d s t i r up t h e c o u n t ry w i t h t h r eat s

o f d isu n i o n an d t erro riz e t h e g ra du al em an cip at i o n is t s in

,

t h e S o ut h .

4 S ee t h e a pp ea l Of a S o u t h ern m at ro n in t h e A pp endix .
196 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
i n s i st ed t h at t h ere sh o ul d b e a rep o rt f ro m t h e c o m m i t t ee
a n d a v o te up o n t h at re p o rt i t l o o k ed t o o m u c h lik e an
'

in s ul t fro m t h e an t isl av ery p arty H e Was t h erefo re cen ’

.
, ,

s u re d b y t h e p ro sl av ery el em en t in t h e H o us e
2
.

I t is w ell t o k eep in m i n d h o w ev er t h at A d am s was , ,

n o t an an t i s l av ery m an H is c areer h ad sh o wn p ro sl av ery

.

t en d en ci es I n t h e S en at e in 1 8 07 wh en t h e p ro hibi t i o n O f
.
3
, ,

T h e re cord t h e sl av e t ra de w as b ro u g h t b ef o re t h at b o dy ,

O f A dams
h e v o t ed a g a i n s t t h e m eas u re A s a m em b er .

O f t h e m issi o n n eg o t i at i n g t h e t re a t y wi t h G reat B ri t ai n ,

b y wh i c h t h e W ar O f 1 8 1 2
w as cl o s ed h e d em an ded ,

co m p en s at i o n f o r sl av es
wh o h ad b een c arr i ed
a w ay f ro m t h ei r m a st ers

by the B ri t ish A rm y .

D uri n g h is i n cu m b en cy as
S e cret ary Of S t at e h e was
u nf ri en d ly t o t h e p rOp os al
of Great B ri t ai n f o r a
sl ave t rade t reaty in t h e
i nte res t O f t h e A f rican s ,

an d as P r es i d en t h e m ani

f est ed n o p art ic l ar i n t er
u
JO H N QUI N C Y A D A M S t h h am es t , in t h e b o n d m e n
e c
i p
.

P f f
on O h ree S eec
Thro u g h o u t his s t rugg l e
f o r t h e ri g h t O f p et i t i o n in C o n gr ess t h erefo re h e w as in , ,

t er est ed n o t in t h e w o rk O f ab o li t i o n is ts b u t in d ef en d in g
,

t h e ri g h t Of t h e p eo pl e Of h is s e ct i o n t o free sp eech .

Wh en th e H o us e in 1 835 t abl ed an an t isl avery p et i t i on

, ,

p resen t ed b y J o h n Qui n cy A dam s H enry A Wi se o f Vir ,

.

2 Jo hn W . B u rg es s , The M i dd l e Perio d ; A . B
S la very a d
. H art
n ,

A bo l t ii on ; a n d H erm a n v o n H o l st , i i
Co ns t t u t o n a l a n d P o l i t i ca l H i s
t o ry o f i
t h e Un t ed S t a t es .

3 S ee t h e s p e e ch O f J o h n Qu i n cy A da m s qu o t ed in t h e A pp en d ix
.
 S l a v e ry an d t he C o n st it u t io n

g i n i a t o o k o cc as i o n t o r em a rk : S ir s
,
l a v e ry i n t er w o v en

wi t h o u r very p o lit ic al i n st i t u t i o n is g u aran t ee d b y o u r Co n

s t it u t io n and it s c o n s equ en c es m us t b e ho m e
, H enry A .

b y o u r n o rt h ern b ret h ren as res ul t i n g f ro m W 183

Ou r sy s t em o f g o v ern m en t ,
a n d t h ey c an n o t att a ck t h e

i n st i t u t i o n Of sl avery wi t h o ut att acki n g t h e i n st i t u t i o n s Of

t he c o u n t ry o u r s af ety an d w el f are
, . In D e c e m b e r O f
t h at s am e y ear Sl ad e Of V erm o n t t o o k o cc asi o n t o rem ark
t h at as a c o n s t i t u t i o n al ri g h t an ab o li t i o n p et i t i o n s h o ul d
b e p ri n t ed an d t h at C o n g re ss h ad p o w er t o p ro hibi t sl a very
,

in t h e D is t ric t Of Co lu m bi a . H e b eli eved m o reo ver t h at

, ,

t h e p ro g ress Of ab o li t i o n m u s t b e n ec es sary t o p res erv e t h e

b al an c e Of t h e sit u at i o n o r rat h er t o rest o re it Wh en a
, , .

f ew d ay s l at er t wo o t h er such p et i t i o n s w ere p res en t ed b y

M o rris Of O hi o an d Buch an an Of P en n sy l v an i a J o h n C , .

“
Calh o u n d ecl ared such a m em o ri al a f o ul sl an d er o n

n early o n e h alf Of t h e S t at es o f t h e Un i o n
-
an d u rg ed
,
“
t h at a s t o p b e p u t t o t h at ag i t at i o n w hich h ad p rev a il e d
in so l arg e a s ec t i o n O f t h e c o u n t ry an d wh ich u n l ess
ch eck ed w o ul d en dan g er t h e ex t en s i o n Of t h e Un i o n
, Co n .

g r e ss d i d n o t g r a n t t h e d e s i re O f J o h n C .C a lh o u n b u t d i,
d
vo t e t o r ej e c t t h e p ray er O f t h e p et i t i o n .

S o u t h ern m em b ers i m m ed i at el y t h ereaf t er s e cu red a s p e

“ ”
cial g ag rul e t h at all p et i t i o n s m em o ri als res o lu t i o n s
, , ,

p ro p o si t i o n s o r p ap ers rel at i n g in an y w ay o r t o an y ext en t

“
wh at ev er t o th e subj e ct o f sl avery o r t h e G ag R ul e ”
.

ab o li t i o n O f sl av ery s h o ul d wi t h o u t b ei n g e i t h er p ri n t ed o r

r eferred b e l ai d up o n t he t abl e an d t h at n o fu rt h er ac t i on
wh at ev er sh o ul d b e h ad t h ereo n Th e p ro s l avery advo c at e s
.

h ad t ak en t h e adv an c ed p o si t i o n t h at C o n g res s c o ul d n o t
l eg is l at e o n sl avery in t h e Dis t ri ct O f C o lu m bi a an d t h at
t h e wish es o f t h e sl ave S t at es b o rd er i n g o n t h e Dis t ric t o f
C o lu m bi a t o o k p reced en c e o ver t h e p o wer O f C o n g ress t o
l eg i s l at e f o r t h e Di s t ri ct al th o u g h t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n p ro vi d es
,

t h at C o n g res s sh all m ak e n o l aw ab ri d g i n g t h e f ree do m O f

 198 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
s p eech o r t h e ri g h t s O f t h e p eo pl e p eaceably t o ass em bl e o r
t o p et i t i o n t h e g o vern m en t f o r t h e re d re ss O f r i ev an c e s
g .

A d am s t h eref o re h el d t h e res o l u t i o n t o b e a d i re c t v i o l a
, ,

t i o n O f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n O f t h e U n i t ed S t at es an d t h e rul e s
O f t h e H o us e an d O f t h e r i g h t s O f his c o n st i t u en t s .

A n ew s t ag e in t h e d is c u ss i o n O f t h e ri g h t o f p et i t i o n
in C o n g res s w as re a ch e d wh en in 1 8 37 t h ere w ere p re , ,

s en t ed res o lu t i o n s f ro m V erm o n t l eg i s l at u r e p ra i n t h at
y g
A p et it i o n s l av ery b e ab o li sh ed in t h e Di s t ri c t O f C o lu m
“mm a S t at e b ia A s in acc o rd an c e w i t h t h e s o u t h ern i dea
.
.

O f S t at e ri g h t s n o S t at e c o ul d b e qu es t i o n ed in p r es en t i n
, g
a n y p e t i t i o n t o C o n g re s s a l t h o u g h c i t iz en s m i g h t b e re
,

s trai n ed t h eref ro m R h ett O f S o u t h C a ro li n a sum m o n ed t o

,

his supp o rt h is s o u t h ern c o wo rk ers t o d ev i s e a pl an f o r

p eac eabl y d i ss o l vi n g t h e U n i o n T h ey fi n ally a g reed h o w
.
,

ever t o u n d ert ak e t h e en a c t m en t o f a l aw p rov i d i n g f o r a

,

“ ” “
m o re s uc c ess f ul g a g ru l e wh i ch d ec l ared it t h e s o l emn
,

d u ty O f t h e g o v ern m en t t o res i s t all at t em p t s b y o n e p o rt i o n

t o u se it as an i n s t ru m en t t o a tt a ck t h e d em o c rat ic in st it u
”
t i o n s o f an o t h er .

A t t his t i m e H en ry Cl ay an d D an i el W ebs t er t wo o f ,

t he w eak es t m en in t his c o u n t ry w ere d o dg i n g t h e s l avery

,

qu es t i o n al t h o u gh t h ey s aw th e en c ro a ch m en t O f t h e sl ave
,

p o w er up o n t h e ri g h t s g u aran t eed t h e i n d iv i du al in t h e
Web st er and C o n s t i t u t i o n H en ry Cl ay wh o d ec l ar ed t h at
.
,

h e w as n o t a f ri en d Of S l avery p ref err i n g

'

r at h er f reed o m f o r all m en n ev ert h el ess c o n si d ered t h e

,

p et i t i o n s f o r t h e ab o li t i o n o f sl av ery a g reat p rac t ic al in

”
c o n ven i en c e an d an n o y an ce f ro m w hich h e h o p ed t h e
,

p eo pl e in t h e No rt h w o ul d d es i st In 18 30 D an i el W ebs t er
.

c o n s i dered do m es t ic sl av ery o n e O f t h e g reat est evils b o t h ,

m o ral an d p o li t i c al I n 1 8 36 h e f el t t h at it w as t h e d u t y
.

O f C o n g ress t o t ak e c are t h at t h e au t h o ri t y O f t his g o v ern

m en t w as n o t b ro u g h t t o b e ar up o n sl avery b y any i n d i re c t
i n t erf eren c e H e l at er an n o u n c ed th at as t o s l avery h e
.
 2 00 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

g et h er A b o li t i o n an d t h e Un i o n c an n o t co exi st ; c o m e wh at
.

will s ho ul d i t c o s t ev ery d ro p O f bl o o d an d ev ery c en t Of

,
”
p ro p erty w e m ust defen d o u rs elv es
,
.

A s t h e S t at e Of T ex as d ev el o p ed u n d er d i re c t i o n O f p ro
,

sl avery m en l ed b y S am u el A u st i n an d S am u el H o u st o n ,

b ec am e an i n dep en den t sl aveh o l d i ng s ect i o n d es i ri n g an

Th e T exas n exa t io n t o t h e U n i on C al h o un f o u n d f o r t h e
,

q u eSt mn S o u t h a s af ety v alv e in ch am pi o n i n g t h e d e

sirabl e p o licy Of exp an s i o n This ext en si o n o f o u r t erri t o ry
.

c oul d n o t b e eas ily de “

f eat ed a l t h o u g h t h e p u r ,

p o s e w as t o s ecu re s l ave
t erri t o ry J o shu a R G id . .

d in gs t h e fi rs t m ili t an t
,

ab o li t i o n m em b er O f Co n

g ess h o w ev er sh o w ed in
r , ,

a sp eec h at t a cki n g sl av
ery in 1 841 ex ac t l y h o w
, ,

t h e a dm i ss i o n O f T ex a s
w o ul d i n crease t h e p o w er
O f t h e S o u t h an d eff e c t t h e

e c o n o m ic his t o ry O f t h e
wh o l e c o u n t ry .
5

M an y c o n st i t u t i o n a l dif
fi cu l t ies w ere en c o u n t ered
a f t er so m e O f t h e S t at es
J O S HUA R GI DDI N G S
h ad a b o li sh e d sl av ery T h e
.

S o u t h c o n t in u ed t o h ave t ro u bl e wi t h f u g i t i ve s e sc api n g
‘

r T h e ret urn
f f ug i t i v es
f ro m it s p o r t s I t w as a l w ay s easy m o reo v er
.
, ,
o
f o r a f ew s l aves t o arr an g e w i t h t h e N eg ro
.

c o o ks an d st ew ard s o n v ess els t o c o n c eal t h em as c arg o an d

d eli v er t h em t o s o m e ag en t O f t h e Un d ergr o u n d R ail ro a d o n
arr i v i n g in t h e N o rt h In 1 837 t h e sch o o n er S usa n s aili n g
.
,

fro m Geo rg i a p erm i tt ed a N eg ro st o waway t o esc ap e o n

,

5 S ee G i dd i ng s s s p e ec h
’
in t h e A pp end ix .
 S l a v e ry an d t h e C o n st it u t io n

FRI E DS
N OF T H E UG
F E
IT IV S

JOH N N EEDLE
S A BI G A I G O O DW I N
L
GRA C E A E LE W
NN IS D A N I L G I BB O N S
E
 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

r ea chi n g a p o rt in M ai n e The S t at e O f G eo rg i a p ref erred

.

c h arg es ag a i n s t t h e O ffic ers O f t h e s h ip an d u n d ert o o k t o t ak e

t h em i n t o cu s t o dy b u t t h e G o v ern o r o f M a i n e r ef u s ed t o
,

h o n o r t h e re qui s i t i on o n t h e g ro u n ds t h at t h ey h ad l ef t
G eo rg i a b ef o re t h ey w ere ch arg ed w i t h t h e c ri m e Three .

s a il or s c om i n g i n t o N ew
Yo rk wi t h t h e sl av e t h ey
help ed t o es ca p e f ro m N o r
f o l k in 1 839 w ere s i m i
,

l arl y p ro t ec t ed b y G o v er
no r Willi am H S ew ard
.
,

wh o d es pi s ed t h e in s tit u
ti o n o f sl av ery . This
c aus ed a p ro l o n g ed c o n t ro
versy b et w een t h e c h ief ex

e c u t ives O f t h e t w o S t a t es

an d t h e exp ress i o n O f m u c h

b i t t er f e eli n g o n b o th s i d es.

Vi rg i n i a fi n all y p as s ed a
l aw requi ri n g t h e in sp ec
t i o n O f al l v es s el s b o u n d
f o r N ew Y o rk . Mi ss i s
WI LLIA M H S EW ARD
sippi , t aki n g up h er c au se ,
.
“
p ro p o s ed t o un i t e wi t h
o t h er S t a t es in an y m easu re Of resis t an c e o r r ed r ess .

B ec au s e O f t h e d i st u rb an c es resul t i n g f ro m t h e Negr o
“
i n su rrect i o n in 1 8 22 S o u th C aro li n a p ass ed c ert a in Negro
,
”
S eam en A c t s requi ri n g al l N eg ro es O n v ess els t o g o t o j ail
S eamen On arri v i n g in p o rt an d t o rem a i n t h ere u n t il
“it s :
t h ei r v ess el s s et s a il ag ai n . T h ese ac t s w ere
e arn es t l y pro t es t e d a g a i n s t b y N o rt h ern S t at es an d b y E n g

l an d al l O f w hi ch h ad c o n st an t c o mm erc i al i n t erc o urs e

,

w i t h S o u t h C aro li n a . T h e m eas u res w ere r el ax ed w i t h ref

eren ce t o E n g l an d b u t w i t h r es p ec t t o t h e N o rt h ern S t a t es
,

t h ey c o n t i n u ed as l a w ,T h i n ki n g t h at it w o ul d b e adv i s ab l e
 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry

PR O M O TER S OF T H E UND ER G R O U N D RAI LROA D

WI LL I A M WR I G H T E . F. PE N N Y PA C K ER
SA H DS
M UE L R OA
J M M C KI
. . M J H HE M N O N A
J H H E Y H LL
O N NR I

WM . H F
. U R NI S S B H O L M EW FU ELL
A RT O SS
 S l a v e ry an d t he C o n st it ut io n

l
s av ery ex t en d e d a l s o t o th e s earc h O f t h e m a il s f o r in c en

d i ary m a t t er s en t b y t h e ab o li t i o n is t s t o s l av e s an d t h ei r
sy m p at h iz ers in t h e S o u t h B ec aus e O f t he S earchi ng
.

an n o y an c e f ro m w hich t h e S o u t h h ad s u fi ered t h e m th s
a

t h eref ro m Ca lh o un i n t ro d uc ed in 1 836 a bill p ro v i di n g

, , ,

t h at m a il m at t er o t h er t h an l et t ers t o uchin g t h e subj e c t

Of S l avery sh o ul d n o t b e d eli vered in an y S t at e p ro hibi t i n g
t h e ci rcul at i o n O f such m at t er C o n g res s h o w ever c o ul d
.
, ,

no t p ass such a l aw si n c e m an y S t at es h ad n o t p ro hibi t ed

,

t h e ci rc ul at i o n Of such m at t er Th e m at t er w as s et t l ed
.

b y a g en eral s earc h O f t h e m ails t h r o u g h o u t t h e S o u t h j us t ,

as is d o n e t o d ay in t h e t i m e O f w ar .

T h ere aro s e al so t h e qu est i o n as t o wh at eff ec t o n t h e

St at us Of t h e sl ave wo ul d his rem o v al t o a free S t at e h av e
an d if a cc o rd i n g t o t h e l aw O f t h at S t at e it w o rk ed h is
,

man um iss i o n w o ul d h e b e free o n his ret u rn

, R emo v al t o
a f ee S t t e
t o t h e sl av e S t at e f ro m which h e w en t In .
r a :

M ass achus ett s s l av ery w as f o rbi dd en f o r an y c aus e wh ereas ,

in Miss o u ri an d L o ui s i an a it w as h el d t h at a f reedm an v o l
u n t aril y ret u rn i n g t o his m as t er rev ert ed t o sl av ery In .

d i an a g av e t h e m as t er t h e ri g h t Of t ran si t w i t h his sl av es in
t h at S t at e In P en n sy l v an i a h o w ev er it w as n o t all o w ed
.
, ,
.

Wh en J o h n H Wh eel er Of N o rt h C aro li n a p ass ed t h ro u g h

.

t h at S t at e o n his w ay t o New Yo rk f ro m w hi ch h e w as t o ,

p ro c eed t o N ic arag ua P ass m o re Willi am s o n i n f o rm ed

,

J an e J o h n s o n t h e at t en d i n g s erv an t t h at sh e w as f ree
, ,

u n d er t h e l aws O f t h at S t at e an d t h e c o u rt s up h el d t h at
,

Opi n i o n .

Du ri n g t h e d ark est d ay s O f sl avery wh en m an y O f t h em

es c ap ed t o t h e N o rt h ern S t at es h o w ev er in spi t e o f s en t i
, ,

m en t t o t h e c o n t rary m as t ers h u n t ed t h em d o wn in t h e
,

N o rt h d em an d i n g O f t h e l o cal c o u rts t h ei r Pers o nal

'

r et u rn t o sl av ery Th e l o c al co u rt s O f t en re
.
Li b ert y Laws .

f u sed t o c arry o u t t h es e m an d at es an d c ert ai n N o rt h ern

,

S t at es p ass ed p erso n al lib ert y l aw s t o i m p ede t h ese eff o rt s

2 06 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
b y g ran t i n g all eg ed f u g i t i v es a t ri a l b y j u ry I n V e rm o n t .

a n d N e w Y o rk l o c a l O ffi c i a l s w ere d ep ri v ed O f ju ri s d ic t i o n
’

in such c as es , S t at e at t o rn ey s w ere re qu i red t o act as

an d

l eg al a dv is ers f o r N eg ro es t h us a ccu se d O h i o h o wev er

.
, ,

e g g ed o n b y t h e m o b c ru ell y t reat i n g f ree N eg ro es m i g r at i n g

fro m t h e S o u t h t o t h at S t at e en ac t ed in 1 839 a Fu g i t i ve
,

Sl ave Law m o re dras t ic t h an t h e F ed eral m easu re O f 17 93 .

S o m e exci t em en t w as c au s ed in 1 8 37 h o w ever wh en a , ,

K en t u ck y s l ave M at il d a wh o w i t h o u t b ei n g ask ed an y
, , ,

qu es t i o n s en t ered t h e s ervi ce O f J am es G Bi rn ey at Cin

, .

c in n at i w as cl ai m ed a n d s u rren d ere d as a f u g i t i v e
, In 1840 .

J o h n Van Z an dt w as d es pi t e t h e app eal t o t h e Sup reme

,

C ourt b y such valu abl e c o u n s ell o rs as S al m o n P Ch as e an d .

Willi am H S eward fin ed
.
,
b ec au se h e res cu ed o n e Of
n i n e sl av e s wh o h ad esc a p ed t o t h e o t h er si de O f t h e O hi o

R iver .

A n e p o ch w as r ea ch ed in t h e ex e cu t i o n o f t h e Fu g i t i ve
Sl ave Law h o w ev er wh en E dward P ri gg O f M ary l an d uh
, ,

d ert o o k t o ret u rn f ro m P enn sy l v an i a t h e f u g i t i ve M arg aret

Th e Pri g g M org an B ec aus e P ri g g s eiz ed h er wi t h o u t
.

0 38 9 fi rs t i n s t i t u t i n g p ro c eed i n g s in t h e c o urt s O f
t h e S t at e h e w as arres t ed f o r vi o l at i n g t h e P en n sy lv an i a
s t at u t e ag ai n s t ki dn appi n g U p o n app eali n g t o th e Un i t ed
.

S t at es Sup rem e C o urt h o w ever t h e Opi n i o n w as g i ven t h at

, ,

t h e o w n er h a d a ri g h t t o r ec o v er t h e sl av e b u t t h at t h e
a c t o f 1 7 9 3 c o ul d n o t b e c o n s t ru e d as m aki n g it s e x e cu t i o n

a n Obli g at i o n O f t h e S t at e O ffici als F o ll o wi n g t his d ec isi on

.

J Ohn Sh aw O f B o st o n ref u s ed n o t l o n g t h ereaft er t o g ran t

a w ri t O f h ab eas c o r pus in a c c o rd a n c e w i t h t h e S t at e p er

s o n al lib ert y l aw t o rem o v e Lat i m er a f u g i t i ve f ro m cu s

, ,

T h e Latim er t o dy O f t h e F ed era l au t h o ri t i es Th ere f o l .

c as e l o wed s u ch a s t o rm o f p ro t est h o w ev er such , ,

an array O f ab o li t i o n is t s a g ai n s t t h e au t h o ri t i es t h u s a dm m

is t erin g t h e l aw t h at an O b serv er O f t h e t ren d o f t h e t i me s

,

c o ul d easil y s ee t h at f e eli n g w as ru n n i n g t o o hi g h t o c al m
 C HAP T E R XI V
'

T H E IR REPR E S S IB LE CO N FLI CT

S LAVERY b ec am e m o re t ro ubl es o m e f o r th e Un i t ed S t at es
at h o m e wh en it i n v o l v ed t h e c o u n t ry in en t an g l em ent s

a b ro ad . Th e B ri t ish G o vern m en t g radu ally em an cip at ed

i t s S l ave s in t h e c o l o n i es af t er 1 833 an d t h ere
I nt ern at i o nal ,

e nt an g l e w as a t en d en cy o n t h e p art Of sl av es an d t h eir
ment s .

sym p at hiz ers t o s eek ref u g e in t h o s e p art s

when c arried o n t h e hi g h s eas For y ears very li t t l e eff ort
.

h ad b een m ade t o s t o p t h e n u m ero us vi o l at i o n s O f t h e sl ave

t rade d espi t e t h e f a c t t h at E u ro p ean g o v ern m en t s h ad
,

rep eat ed l y c all ed up o n t h e U n i t ed S t at e s t o u n i t e wi t h t h em

t o ab o lish t his t raffi c in m en Wh en t h e ship Co m et in 1 831

.
, ,

c arry i n g s l av es an d b o un d f o r t h e Un i t ed S t at es was
, ,
“

w reck ed at t h e B ah am as t h ey w ere b ro u gh t as h o re an d
,

s et f ree o n t h e g ro u n d t h at t h e B ri t ish G o v ern m en t d id n o t

re c o g n iz e sl av ery o n t h e hi g h s e as Si m il ar i n st an c es o c
.

cu rred ih t h e c as e Of th e E nc o miu m in 1 8 35 an d t h e E n ter ,

p r ise a n d t h e H er m o sa in 1 8 4 0 .T h e U n i t e d S t at es G o v

ern m en t pro m p t ly d em an ded an i n dem n i t y c o n t en di n g,

S l av ery o n t h at t h e a cci d en t al p res en c e O f t h e v ess els in

t h hi g h s e as
e
B ri t i sh w at ers d id n o t i n te rf ere wi t h t he
rel at i o n Of m as t er an d sl av e ; b u t d o ub t l ess f o r t h e reas o n
,

t h at em an cip at i o n w as n o t at t h at t i m e c o m pl et ed in t h e
W est I n d i es Great B ri t ai n g ran t ed t h e Un i t ed S t at es in
, ,

184 0 an i n d em n i t y O f
,
f o r t h e sl aves Of t h e Co m et
an d E n c om iu m ,
b u t n o t hi n g w as g ran t ed f o r t h e o t h ers .

2 08
 T he I rr e p r e ss ib l e C o n fl ic t

Th e ly co n s o l at i o n o u r g o vern m en t rec e ed w as t o d ecl are

on

it a v i o l at i o n O f i n t ern at i o n a l l aw f o r w hi ch n o red res s

"
'

c o ul d b e Ob t ai n ed .

T h ere t o o k pl a c e m o reo ver a n u m b er o f m u t i n i es O f

, ,

s l av es o n t h e hi g h s e as w h i c h t h e p ro s l av ery el em en t b e
, ,

lieved requi red i n t erv en t i o n o n t h e p art O f t h e U n i t ed

,

S t at es On e O f th e m o s t s i g n ific an t O f t h ese L A mi st ad
.
’
.

c as es was t h at Of t h e A m is t a d T h ere w ere On b o ard t h e .

s c h o o n er fif t y f o u r N eg ro es w h o w ere b ei n g c arri ed c o as t
-

w i se f ro m H av an a t o Neu
v i t a o n t h e i s l a n d O f Cub a
s
in 1 839 U n d er t h e l ea d er
.

ship O f t h e A f ri can J o sep h ,

Cin qu e t h e N egr o es m u r
,

d ered t h e p ass en g ers a n d

t h e crew w i t h t h e e xc ep
t ion of t wo Sp an i ard s
s p ared t o s t eer t h e v es s el

t o w ard f ree d o m . A f t er
ro am n g i on the h g i h s eas
a f e w d ay s , t h e v es s el c a m e
as h o re f o r w a t er an d p ro
i i
v s on s at Cull o d en P o i n t
on the eas t en d of Lo n g
I sl an d ,
an d w as es pi e d an d

ta k en p o ss ess i o n O f a sh o rt
W hil e t h ere af t er b y Cap
JO E P H C N QUE S I
t ai n G edn ey o f t h e Un i t ed
S t at es Navy J o seph C in qu e t h e l eader u n d ert o o k t o es
.
, ,

c ap e b u t fin ally y i el ded Th e c ap t i ves w ere t h en b ro u gh t

, .

bef o re t h e Uni t ed S t at es Ci rc u i t C o u rt in C o n n ect i cut p re ,

s i ded o v er b y A n d re w T J u dso n A s t h e p ro c eed i n g s

. .

l ast ed f o r s o m e m o n t h s Ci n qu e an d h is co m p an l o n s w ere
,

t u rn e d o v er t o cert a i n ab o li t i o n t e a c h ers w h o s o t h o ro u g h l y
,

g ro u n d ed h im in t h e f u n d ame n t al s o f edu ca t i o n t h at h e
2 10 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
devel o p ed i n t o a m an O f c o n s i d era bl e i n t elli g en c e S h o w ,

in g n at ural abili ty as an o rat or T h e o u t c o m e O f t h e c as e

.

was t h at al t h o u g h Van B ur en w as rea dy t o rem an d t h em ,

th e Sup rem e C o urt o n app eal d ec i d ed t h at t h e N egr o es

b ei ng f ree wh en t h ey l ef t H av an a w ere vi o l at i n g n o l aw .

in k illi n g t h o s e t ry i n g t o en sl av e t h em T h ey w ere t h ere .

fo re set free .

Th e m u t in y o f th e sl ave s o n t h e Creo l e en ro u t e f ro m ,

R ichm o n d t o New O rl ean s in 1 841 g av e r i s e t o an o t h er

, ,

C on gressi o n al i n quir y in whi ch

t h e rig h t o f t h e Un i t ed S t at es t o
e x ercise a u t h o ri t y o v er sl aves o n

t h e hi g h seas w as qu es t i o n ed .

Un der t h e l eadersh ip O f M ad is o n
W as hi n g t o n wh o h ad m ad e his
,

Th e Creo l e es c a p e f ro m s l av ery
c as e :
in Vi rg i n i a t o Can
a da ,
b u t o n ret urn i n g t o rescu e
his wi f e h ad b een c ap t ured an d
s en t S o u t h f o r sa l e On e hun dred ,

an d t hi rt y f o ur sl av e s o v erp o w
-

ere d t h e Offi c ers o f t h e v ess el ,

kill ed o n e an d d i re ct ed t h e s hip
,

S U M N ER f
{ d t f dm y
J
t o t h e B ri t ish p o rt N assa u wh ere
H L AR ES , a e a r“
,
es s a vo c a e o e o c ra c
t h ey w ere h el d t o aw aI t I n s t ru o
t i o n s fro m t h e B ri t i s h g o v ern m en t W h en p ro sl av ery m en .

in C o n g ress s o u g h t t o h av e t h es e N eg ro es ret u rn ed t o t h ei r
m as t ers On t h e g ro un d t h at t h ey w ere l eg ally h el d at t h e
t i m e Of t h ei r d ep art u re Ch arl es Su m n er i n s i s t ed t h at t h e
,
1

s l aves b e c am e f ree wh en t ak en b y t h e v o lu n t ary a c t i o n O f

,

t h ei r o w n ers b ey o n d t h e ju ri s d ic t i o n Of t h e s l av e S t at es
,
.

O n t h e o t h er h an d D an i el W eb s t er t h en S ecret ary o f S t at e
, , ,

co n t en ded t h at i n as m uch as sl aves w ere rec o g n i z ed as p ro p

ert y b y t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n O f t h e U n i t ed S t at es w h ere s l av ery ,

1 Se e A pp en d ix f o r S um ne r
’
s id ea s .
212 T he N eg r o I n o ur H ist o ry
t h e ref o re, t w i ce c en s ur ed b y th e p ro sl av ery C o n g ress To .

s h o w t h e at t a c h m en t o f his d is t r ic t t o f ree i n s t i t u t i o n s ,

h o w ev er h e res i g n ed an d app eal ed t o h is c o n s t i t u en t s in

,

t h e W es t ern Reserv e wh o i mm ed i at el y ret u rn ed h im t h at ,

h e m i g h t i n t ro duc e t h ese res o lu t i o n s ag ai n .

Th e i n t erp ret at i o n o f t h e c o n st i t u t i o n w as ag ai n a pp eal ed

t o wh en in t h e d ev el o p m en t o f t h e p ro s l av ery p o li cy wh i c h
,

d o m i n at ed t h i s c o u n t ry up t o th e Ci v il W ar t h e S o u t h ,

T h e W il mo t a c t u all y f o r ced t h e c o u n t ry i n t o a s t ru g g l e
” 0 17 13“ w i t h M exic o t o a cqui re t erri t o ry f o r t h e ex
t en s i o n o f sl avery A rat h er s eri o us qu es t i o n aro se w h en
.

a n a c t a pp ro p r i at i n g m o n ey f o r t h e pu r c h as e o f t err i t o ry

f ro m M e xic o w as bl o ck ed b y D av i d Wil m o t s am en d m en t
’

p ro v i d i n g t h at in t h e t erri t o ry t o b e t hus a cqui red s l avery

s h o ul d b e f o rev er p ro h ibi t ed This am en dm en t c au s ed m u ch .

t rou bl e y ears t h ereaf t er ; f o r i n t ro d u c ed f ro m s es s i o n t o ,

b o a rd sai d b ig r ,
and s u ch p ers o n s b ec a me a m en a bl e on ly to the l aw s

o f the U n it d S t e at es .

7 . R es o lv ed , Th a t t h e b
e rs o n s o n i ip
o a rd t h e s a d s h p , in re
i
s u m in g t h e r n a t u ra l i r gh t s o f p l lib
e rs o n a i l
ert y , v o a t e d n o l a w o f

i i p i l i i l
t h e U n t ed S t a t es , a n d a re n c o m a t b e w t h o u r n at o n a h o n o r .

8 . p i p
R es o l ved , Th a t a l l a t t em t s t o reg a n i
o s s e s s o n o f o r t o re
l
en s a ve s a d i p i i i l
e rs o n s a re u n a u t h o r z e d b y t h e C o n s t t u t o n o r aw s

i
o f t h e U n t ed S t a t e s , a n d a rei p ibl i
nco m at i l
e w t h o u r na t o n a h o no r .

9 . R e o l v d Th t
s l l at t m p t s t
e ,
x e t o u r n at i n a l i n flu n ce
a , a e o e r o e

in f r
a vo f th o twi sl
e co as t d t pl a th i s n a t i n in t h
se ave ra e, or o ce o e

tt it u d f m i n t i n i ng in h u m n b i n g s
“ su b
”
a e o a mm a a a co e rc e a e ,
re

v i
e rs ve o f th i gh t n d i n j u i u s t t h e f li ng f t h f S t at
e r s a r o o ee s o e ree es,

a re un uth a iz d b y t h C n st i t u t i n a n d p j u d i c i l t o ur n t n a l
or e e o o ,
re a o a io

c h a ra c t e r .

S e e T ext o f t h e re so u t o n s in H o u s e J o u rn a l , 2 7 th Co n , 2 d S e ss ;
l i . .

l i
f o r t h e re so u t o n o f c en s u re , i b , 5 80 Fo r t h e d s c u s s o n s see t h e
. p . . i i
C o n g G l o b e, o r
.
’
B
e n t o n s A b rid g m en t , X I V Th e d o m at i c c o rre . ipl
i
s p o n d e n c e reg a rd ng t h e Cr e o l e i s in t h e H o u s e E xec D o c 2 , 2 7th . .

C o n g , 3d S es s , pp
1 14 1 2 3, a n d S en a t e D o c 1 ,
- 1 16 -
1 2 5 S e e a s o . pp . . l
v o n H o l s t s Un t ed S t a t es , II , 4 7 9 4 8 6 ; J
. . .

’
i Q A d a m s
’
s M e m o i rs ,
X I -
. . .
,

-
il ’
i
1 1 3 1 15 ; W so n s R s e a n d Fa ll o f t h e S l a ve Po w er, I , Ch a 31 ; p .

B i
en t o n s Th r t y Ye a rs
’ ’
V ew , I I , Ch a 98 i p . .

Th e or w kof i
t h s s t a t e s m a n i s t re a t e d i n y ro n R L
’
o ng s B .

J o s h ua R G i dd n g s , A Ch a m p o n o f Po l t i ca l Fr e ed o m a n d l l
i i i '

G eo rg e W J u a n s L f e o f J o s h u a R Gi dd in g s S ee a s o J B l
.

.
’
li i . . .

i
M o o re s I n t ern a t o n a l A r b t ra t o n s , I , 4 1 7
’
i i .
 T he I rre p re ss 1b le C o n fli ct

i
s ess o n , b ec am e th e n em esis o f th e p ro sl avery p arty in
it
qu est o f n ew t erri t o ry Th e p ro viso evo k ed f ro m t h e p ro
.

s l av ery ad vo c at es t h e cl ai m t h at C o n g res s h ad n o ri g h t t o

l eg isl at e o n t his qu est i o n an d t h at t he qu es t i o n o f sl avery

s h o ul d b e d e ci d ed b y t h o s e p ers o n s wh o w o ul d s et t l e in

t h e s a i d t erri t o ry .

A b o u t t h e y ear 1 8 50 wh en t h e an t i s l avery ag i t at i o n w as
,

a t it s h e i g h t an d t h e v ari o u s l aw s o f i n t eres t t o t h e m an y

co n t en d i n g e l emen t s em e rg ed in t h e f o rm o f t h e O m n ib u s

Bill s evera l co ns t i t u t i o n al qu es t i o n s o f i m p o rt an c e w ere

,
.

rai s ed . T h ere c am e up t h e qu es t i o n o f th e Th e cri sis

adm issi o n o f C a li f o rn i a t h e p ay i n g o f c ert ai n
,
° f 1 850

T ex as cl ai m s t h e o rg an i z at i o n o f t erri t o ry acqui red f ro m

,

M exic o th e ab o li t i o n o f t h e s l av e t ra de in t h e D is t ric t o f
,

C o lu m bi a an d th e p ro v isi o n f o r a m o re eff ect ive f ug i t ive

,

sl av e l aw Th e f ri en ds o f s l av ery o bj e c t ed t o h avi n g t h e
.

S t at e o f C ali f o rn i a adm i t t ed w i t h o u t p ass i n g t h ro u g h th e

t erri t o ri al p ro b at i o n p eri o d an d d id n o t a g ree w i t h H en ry
,

Cl ay , 5wh o c o n t en ded t h at sl av ery in t h at S t at e ill eg ally

exi s t ed .Th ey b eli eved t h at s l av ery exi s t ed every wh ere
u n l es s it h ad b een p o s i t i vely p ro h ibi t ed b y l aw M an y .

n o rth ern ers o bj e c t ed t o p ay i n g c l ai m s i n cu rred b y t h e

acquisi t i o n o f s l av e t erri t o ry an d w ere n o t d i s p o s ed t o

hu rry up wi th t h e o rg an i z at i o n o f s l ave S t at es t o b e f o rm ed
t h eref ro m A s t o t h e p ro h ibi t i o n o f sl av ery in t h e Di s t ri c t
3
.

o f C o lum bi a t h e s o u t h e rn ers w ere s t ill o f t h e o pi n i o n t h at

,

t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n h ad n o t g i v en C o n gress an y p o w er t o l egi s
l at e reg ard i n g sl avery O n t h e o t h er h an d t h e f ri en ds o f
.
,

freedo m were o f t h e Opi n i o n t h at t h e p ro p o sed f u g i t ive s l av e

l aw i n t en d e d t o i m p res s i n t o t h e s erv i c e o f s l av e ca t chi n g -

m en w h o h ad n o i n cli n a t i o n t o p erf o rm s u c h a t as k t h at it ,

i n t erf ered w i t h a m an s r i g h t s as a c i t iz en an d t h at it was

’
,

u n co n st i t u t i o n al b ec au s e it d id n o t g u ar an t ee t h e su sp ect s
an y r i g h t o f t r i al b y ju ry a n d d id n o t p ermi t a f u g i t i v e t o

3 Th is is w e ll exp re ss e d b y G ddi i ng ’
s s s p eech in th e A pp en d ix .
2 14 T he N egr o I n O u r H ist o ry
t es t ify in his b eh alf In t h e m i dst o f s o m any co nflict
o wn .

in g eff o rt s t o b ri n g ab o u t a c o mp ro m i s e b et w een t w o m ili

t a n t sec t i o n s f ar s i g h t ed m en lik e Willi am H S ew ard an d
-
4
.
,

H en ry W ard B eech er s aw n o h 0 p e f o r p eac e in t h e O m n ibu s

Bill .

A m o re i n t eres t i n g c o n s t i t u t i o n al qu es t i o n aro s e s o m e
y ears l a t e r wh en o u t o f
t h e t erri t o ry in t h e W es t
it w as p ro p o s ed t o o rg an iz e
K an s as an d N eb ras k a wi t h
o u t r eg ard t o s l avery Ste .

ph en A D o u g l as t h e ch am
.
,

pi o n o f t his m o v em en t ,

seem e d t o s t ul t i f y h im
s el f in t ry i n g
l 119 m
.

N eb ras k a .t o h arm o n iz e
Quest i on .

his t h eo ry o f
squ att er s o v erei gn t y w i t h
t h at o f t h e f reed o m o f t h e
p eo pl e in d et erm i n i n g f o r
t h em s el v es h o w t h e n ew
c o mmo n w eal t h sh o ul d c o m e
i n t o th e Un i o n Ho w .

D o u g l as co ul d m ak e it p o s
H E N R Y WAR D B CH h m pi n EE EB , a c a o
s ibl e f o r a m an t o t ak e his
f f d m o re e o

s l av es w h erev er h e w o ul d

an d s t ill h o l d t h em as g o o d s an d ch att els w hil e a t t h e s am e ,

t i m e t h e l aw w o ul d g u aran t ee t o t h e p eo pl e in a n ew co m
m o n w e al t h w h en f ram i n g t h e C o n st i t u t i o n t h e ri g h t t o d e
c i d e f o r t h em s el v es w h et h er o r n o t t h e S t at e sh o ul d b e

f ree w as n ev er s at i s f ac t o ril y expl a i n ed t o t h e i n c reas in g

,

n u m b er o f an t i s l av ery m en .

T h e m o s t f o rm i d abl e o f al l o f t h es e p ro t ag o n is t s h o w ,

e v er w a s n o t am o n g t h e fi rs t t o a pp ear
,
H e was a b ack .

4 S ee A pp en d ix f o r S ew a rd
’
s i
H g h er La w .
2 16 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

c at e s w ill pu sh it f o rw ard t ill it h all b eco m e a lik e l aw f ul

s

in al l t h e S t at es , ol d as w ell as n ew N o rt h a s w ell as
,
" .

”
S o u th .
6

Th e cul m in at i on o f t h e p ro sl av ery d i s cu ss i o n w as t h e
D red Sc o t t d eci s i o n T h i s w as t h e cas e o f a N eg ro w h o h ad
.

b een t ak en f ro m t h e s l av e S t at es i n t o f ree t erri t o ry a s ec o n d

Th e Dred S co t t t i m e w h en h e i n s t i t u t e d p ro c eed i n gs t o o b
,

D e ci si o n .
t a i n h is f ree d o m T h e c a s e p ass ed t h ro u g h.

t h e l o c al an d hi g h er c o urt s an d fi n all y c am e b ef o r e t h e
Sup rem e C o u rt o f t h e Un i t ed S t at es w hich d ec i ded t h at at ,

t h at t i m e wh en t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e U n i t ed S t a t es w as
,

a d o p t ed Neg ro es w ere n o t reg ard ed as c i t iz en s o f t his

,

c o u n t ry an d t h ey c o u l d n o t t h eref o re su e as su ch in t h e , ,

Un i t ed S tat es c o u rt s T h at t ribu n al th en h ad n o juris dic

.

t i o n in such a c as e an d it w as d i s m i ss ed Thi s w as t o say .

t h at t h e N eg ro s o f ar as t h e U n i t ed S t at es G o v ern m ent
,

w as c o n c ern ed h a d n o ri g h t s t h a t t h e w h i t e m an sh o ul d
,

r esp e c t an d t h at a l t h o u g h c ert a i n s e c t i o n s o f t h e c o u n t ry b y
,

r eg ul at i o n s w e re g en er a ll y f re e an y p art o f t h e c o un t ry ,

m i g h t b ec o m e sl av e s h o u l d p ers o n s o w n i n g N egr o es ch o o s e
,

t o s ett l e t h er ei n Sl avery w as t h eref o re n at i o n al wh il e

.
,

f r e ed o m w a s s e c t i o n a l .

A g ai n s t t h i s i n t er p ret at i o n o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n t o j u s t ify
such en cro a ch m en t up o n t h e r i gh t s o f t h e i n d iv i du al t h e ,

f ri en d s o f f reed o m p ers i st en t l y p ro t est e d W en dell Phil .

In c e as
r in g lip s t h e s t a n ch a d v
,
o c a t e o f lib er t y e qu a li t y , ,

O PPO Smw an d f rat ern i t y ; s aw i n t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n t h us

i n t erp ret ed such an i n hu m an l aw t h at h e ref u sed t o s eek

el ec t i o n t o C o n g ress b ec au s e h e c o u l d n o t co n s ci en t i o u sl y

t ak e t h e o at h t o s u pp o rt it Willi am H en ry S ew ard t h en .
,

c o m i n g f o rw ar d as t h e sp o k es m an o f t h o s e wh o d ar ed t o

e n g ag e in t h e b at t l e f or t h e r i g h t s o f c i t iz en s u n d er t h e

c o n st i t u t i o n a cc ep t ed ,
t h e c h all en g e i n his I m p en d in g

6 A b ra h a m L i nc l n
o , S p e e c h es a n d D e b a t es (N ew Yo r k , P 36. .
 T h e I rr e p r e s sib l e C o n fl ic t

Crisis an d I rrep ressi b l e Co nflic t S al m o n P Ch ase an d .

"
.

Ch arl es Su mn er t h o u g h n o t at fi rs t m ili t an t ab o li t i o n i st s
, ,

h ad reach ed t h e c o n clusi o n t h at sl av ery w o ul d h av e t o

y i el d g ro u n d t o f ree s o il free sp ee ch an d f ree m en

, .

Th e s l avery deb at e t h en c eas ed t o b e a c o n st i t u t i o n al qu es

t i o n an d b ec am e l arg el y p o li t ic al Th e o rg an iz at i o n o f t h e
.

R epubli can P art y in 1 8 54 an d it s a ll b u t s u ccess f u l c am,

p g a i n i n 1 8 5 6 wi t h J o h n C F r em o n t o n t h e Sl avery i n
.

° ufi
pl at f o rm o f p ro h ibi t i n g t h e ex t en s i o n o f sl av P cs °

ery ,
m ad e t his qu es t i o n t h e do m i n an t t h o u g h t o f m o st
fo rw ard l o o ki n g m en H ere we s ee t h e ag i t at i o n f o r t h e
-
.

ri g h t s o f m an c o n n ec t i n g o pp o rt u n el y w i t h m o d ern eco

n o m ic m o vem en t s t o re d uc e sl av e l ab o r t o t h e p o i n t o f a

d eat h s t ru g g l e w i t h f ree l ab o r A l t h o u g h aw ar e o f t h e f a c t
.

t h at t h e ci v ili z ed w o rl d h a d p ro sc r ib ed sl av ery t h e S o u t h ,

w as w illi n g t o r em a i n in a p ri m i t i v e s t at e t o ret ai n it Th e .

N o rt h w as det erm i n ed n o t t o y i el d an y m o re g ro u n d t o an
i n st i t u t i o n in wh ich it h ad n o i n t erest an d ag ai n st wh ich
it h ad m an y reas o n s t o b e Opp o sed T h en f o ll o w ed th e .

p o pul ariz at i o n o f Un c l e T o m s Ca b in t h e f am o us d eb at es ’
,

o f Li n c o l n an d D o u g l as t h e d i v i s i o n o f t h e t ru n c at e d D em o
,

c rat ic P art y t h e acc ess i o n o f n o rt h ern lib er a l s t o t h e ran k s

,

o f t h e R epubli c an s an d t h e t riu m ph o f t h e R e publi c an

,

P art y in 1 8 60 .

Th e s o u t h ern S t at es b eli ev i n g t h at t h ei r l as t ch an c e t o
,

m ai n t a i n sl av ery in t h e U n i o n h a d p as s ed t h ereu p o n s e ,

c e d ed t o est abli s h a c o n f ed erat e g o v ern m en t in k e epi n g

wi t h t h ei r i n s t i t u t i o n s S o ut h C aro li n a t o o k T h Last
.
e

s u ch a c t i o n D ec em b er 2 0 1 860 an d b ef o re ,
t nd f t h
,
s a o e
S o ut h
Li n c o l n h ad b een i n au gu rat ed t h e f o ll o w i n g
.

M arch al l o f t h e c o t t o n S t at es h ad f o ll o w ed h er e x am pl e .

W as s ec es si o n c o n s t i t u t i o n al ? J am es Bu ch an an t h e w eak ,

e x e c u t i v e t h en fi n i s h i n g h is t erm a s P res i d en t s ai d t h at ,

7 S ee A pp en d ix f o r S e w a rd
’
s t h o u gh t on th e i i
cr s s .
2 18 T he N eg r o I n O u r
.
H ist o ry
t h es e c o mmo n w eal t hs h ad n o ri g h t t o l eav e t h e Un i on b u t ,

h e d id n o t b eli ev e t h at he h ad an y c o n st i t u t i o n al p o w er t o
i n t erf ere w i t h t h ei r g o i n g This w as t h e m o s t c ri t ic al
.

p eri o d t h ro u g h which t h e U n i o n h ad p ass ed an d p ers on s ,

wh o h a d f o r s o m e y ears o bs erv ed t h e d evel o p m en t o f d isin

t eg rat in g f o rc es d o ub t ed t h at it w o u l d w eat h er t h e s t o rm .

Wh en th e F ederal C o n st i t u t i o n w as fram ed an d ado p t ed

1 8 6 0

W 50 TO 75 PER GEN? 75 PER c ent AND

TH E DI S T RI BU T I O N OF T H E N EG RO PO P U LA TION I N 1 8 60
B y pe r m is s io n o f t he U n it e d S t at e s B u re a u o f t he Ce n s u s

p
f ew ers o s w e e
n r c o n s c i o us o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e f o u n d at i o n

for a d a eu r bl u n i o n o f t h e S t a t e s h a d b e e n l a i d T h e v e r y
.

T h e nat ure o f l an g u a g e O f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n i t s elf i n d ic a t es

t h e u m° u °
t h at a c o n s o li d at i o n o f t h e S t at es r at i f y i n g
"

t h a m
t ag ree e t n w a s n O t cl e a r i n t h e m i n d s o f t h e f r am er s .

In th e c o u rs e O f t i m e h o w ev er t h e c o u n t ry d ev el o p ed i n t o
, ,

a U n i o n t h e m aj o r i t y O f t h e S t a t es t aki n g t h e p o s i t i o n t h at
,

c ul
it o d n o t b e ro b k en S o m e . S t at e s w e r e i n d o ub t a s t o

wh eth er a S t at e c o ul d s ec ede at t h e t i me o f t h e ag i t at i o n
220 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
l eav i n g c ert ai n s o res which th e al l c o m p reh en d i n g c o mp ro
-

m is e Of 1850 f a il ed t o h eal A n d w h en t h e a g i t at i o n had

.

s eem i n g l y b een all b ut s et t l ed b y t h es e arran g em en t s t h e ,

m at t er b ro k e o u t an ew in t h e eff o rt t o p ro v i de a g o v ern
m en t f o r K ans as an d Ne
b ras k a an d in t h e s t ru g g l e
t h ere b et w een t h e rep re
s en t a t iv es o f t h e N o rt h an d

S o ut h Th e bl o o d sh ed in
.

K an sas w as t h e b eg i n n in g
o f t h e Ci v il W ar an d t h e ,

r ai d of J o hn B ro wn at
H arp ers F erry in 1 8 59
'

w as b u t an o t h er even t o f
t h e s am e s t ru gg l e Al .
9

t h o ug h h e o veres t i m at ed
t h e eff e ct o f h is expl o i t s
h e d id d ri v e h o m e h o w ,

e v er , t h e f ac t t h at a num

p eo pl e in t h e No rt h
b er of

h ad t h o u g h t s o seri o us l y

JOH N B RO W N
a b o u t sl av ery as t o e n

d an g er t h ei r li v es in t ry
in g t o ex t erm i n at e t h e in s t i t u t i o n I t ma d e t he c o u n t ry
.

r ea liz e t h at so m et hi n g w o ul d h ave t o b e do n e t o brin g

t h e m att er t o a c o n c l u si o n an d t h e Ci vil W ar w as t he
,

cro wn i n g even t O f t h i s l o n g drawn o u t m o v em en t

- -
.

9 S ee t h e l a st w o rd s of J o h n B ro wn in t h e A pp endix .
 C H A PT E R XV

THE N EG R O IN T HE CIVIL W AR

WH E N th e w ar b ro k e o u t t h e P resi d en t o f t h e U n i t ed
,

S t at es o p en ly d ecl ared t h at it w as n o t his pu rp o s e t o i n t er

f ere w i t h t h e i n st i t u t i o n s o f t h e S o u t h m ean in g o f c o u rse , ,

t h at h e h a d n o d es i re t o at t a ck sl av ery in t h o s e E v adi n g
sl av ery
co mm o n w ea l t h s in w h i c h it exi s t ed Th e .
.

So u t h o n t h e o t h er h an d an xi o us t o w in f av o r ab ro ad an d
, ,

kn o w i n g h o w it w o u l d h arm it s c au se in f o rei g n c o u n t ri es
t o h av e it s ai d t h at it h ad u n d ert ak en a w ar t o p ro m o t e
s l av ery d ec l are d it s p o s i t i o n o n e o f sel f d e f en s e t o m a i n t a i n
,
-

it s ri g h t t o g o v ern i t s e l f an d t o p r es erv e it s o wn p ec u li ar
i n st i t u t i o n s Neg ro es t h eref o re w ere n o t t o b e f reed an d
.
, ,

o f c o u rs e w ere n o t t o t ak e a p art in t h e w ar as it w as
‘

c o n s i d ered a st ru gg l e b et w een w hi t e m en T h is d o es n o t .

m ean h o w ev er t h a t A b r ah am Li n co l n h ad l o st si g h t o f t h e
, ,

f ac t t h at h e h a d b een el ec t e d b y a p a rt y O pp o s ed t o t h e
ex t en s i o n o f s l av ery n o r t h at h e c eas ed t o p u t f o rt h eff o rt s
, ,

wh en ev er p o s s ibl e t o ch eck t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a s h e h ad f o r
,

m erl y d ec l a re d A f t er t h e w a r h a d b een w ell b e g un an d it

. ,

w as ev i d en t t h at s u ch eff o rt s as t h e p ea c e co n v en t i o n c o ul d
n o t su c cee d Li n co l n t o o k up w i t h t h e b o rder S t at es t he
,

qu est i o n o f s et t i n g t h e ex am pl e o f f reei n g t h e N eg ro es b y a
p ro c es s o f g rad u al eman cip at i o n .
1

1J K Ho s m er, Th e A p p ea l t o A rm s a n d h is O u t c o m e o f t h e Ci v l
. . i
Wa r ; J W . u rg e s s , Ci vi l W a r a n d t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n ; J a m e s Fo r d
. B
R h o de s , H i s t o r y o f t h e Un i t ed S t a t es , Vo l II I ; J B M c M a st e r, . . .

i
H s t o ry o f t h e Un i t ed S t a t es , Vo l VIII , 4 7 3 ; J a m e s S c h o u er,
. p . l
H s t o r y o f t h e Un i t ed S t a t es , VI , 1 8 6 1 18 65 , p a s s i m ; W
i -
a m We s illi ll
B i i
ro w n , T h e R s n g S o n , 34 1 38 1 ; G eo rg e W W a m s , H is t o ry o f
-

"
. illi
22 1
T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

ABRA HA M LI N CO LN
224 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
C o n f ederat e arm i es an d c o ul d b e co n fis c at ed in t h e sam e
s en s e t h at o n e w o ul d t ak e o v er o t h er suppli es Of t h e
C o n fed erat es Mu c h d i s cu ss i o n w as a ro us ed b y t he a ct i on
.

o f G en era l B ut l er an d t h ere w as d o ub t as t o wh et h er o r n o t
,

it w o ul d b e s u pp o rt ed b y t h e P res i d en t This pl an h o w .
,

w as f o ll o w e d b y G en eral W o o d B u t l er s su c c es so r
’
ev er , , ,

an d b y G en e ra l B an k s w h en h e w as Op er at i n g in N ew O r

l ean s G en eral H all eck whil e o p erat i n g in t h e W est at first

.
, ,

N EGROE s IN TH E S E R VI CE OF T H E CO N FE D E R AT ES
x
e c lu d ed sl av e s f ro m t h e c am ps as d i d a ls o G e
,
n er a l D ix in

Vi rg in i a S om e g en erals lik e Gen eral M c CO Ok an d G en eral

.
,

J o h n so n p erm i t t ed sl av e h u n t ers t o co m e i n t o t h ei r li n es
,

an d re c l ai m t h e i r fu g i t i v e s l av es L at er h o wev er G en eral
.
, ,

H all eck s eems t o h ave receded f ro m h is earl y p o s i t i o n .

G en eral Gran t re fu s ed t o g i v e p erm i t s t o t h o s e s eeki n g t o

re cap t u re t h e N e g ro es w h o h a d es c ap ed f ro m t h e i r f o rm er

m as t ers an d u s e d t h e bl a c k s at s u ch l ab o r as t h e buil d in g
,

O f r o a d s an d f o rt ifi c at i o n s v ery m u c h as t h ey w ere fi rs t
,
.
 T he N eg r o I n t he C iv il W ar 2 25

s
u ed Gen eral B u t l er This an t icip at ed a p o licy whi ch
by .

w as l at er f o ll o w ed b y t h e U n i t ed St at es A rm y
3
.

In t h e c o u rs e o f t i m e h o w ever t h e n at i o n al g o vern m en t
, ,

s aw t h e n e c es si t y o f t rea t i n g t h e N eg r o qu e s Th e N egro
t i o n m o re seri o u sl y It w as ev i den t t h at if q uest i o n
s m o us
.

t h e S o u t h c o n t i n u ed t o u se t h e N eg ro sl av e s
’

in buil d i n g f o rt ifi ca t i o n s an d ro ad s an d b ri d g es an d in ,

fa ct t o do p rac t i c al ly all
,

of t h e l ab o r r equ ired in
th e ar m y , it w as in cum
b en t u p o n t h e Un i o n arm
/

ies Op erat i n g in t h e S o u t h
t o d o lik ew i s e L i n c o ln
.
,

t h er ef o re s o o n a c cep t ed t h e
,

p o licy o f us i n g t h e sl av es
in t hi s c ap ac i t y rec ed i n g ,

f ro m h is f o rm er p o s i t i o n
o f t h i n ki n g t h at s h o ul d t h e

sl av es b e g iv en an y en
c o u ra g em en t t o l eav e t h e i r

h o m es th ey m i g h t s t art a
s er vil e i n su rre c t i o n an d in ,

p ro m o t in g su ch h e w o ul d
weak en hi m s el f in his h o l d
o n t h e N o rt h
U S G RA N
.

. . T
A t firs t t h es e N eg roe s d id
n o t fi n d t h ei r li f e a pl eas an t o n e Th ey w ere su dden ly .

t h ro wn a m o n g s t ran g e m en f ro m t h e N o rt h wh o h a d ,
.

n ev er h a d m u c h d e ali n g w i t h t h e N eg ro es an d w h o s e fi rs t

i m p ress i o n O f t h em w as n o t f avo rabl e A rri v Th e N egro in .

in g am o n g t h es e s o l d i ers n ak ed h u n g ry a n d ,
“ ,
c amp s
,
1° °

o f t en d is eas ed— m o reo v er l ac ki n

g t h e i n i t i at i v e t o p ro v i d e
,

3 G .W W illi a m s H is t o ry o f t h e N eg r o Tr o o p s in
.
, the Wa r o f t he
R e b e lli o n p as s i m ; W illi a m W e ll s B ro w n T h e R i s in g Joh n
.

, , Son ; a nd
Eat o n , G ran t , Linc o ln , a nd t h e Fre ed m en .
226 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
f o r t h em s el v es w h a t t h e xp e c t ed t o
a v e ra g e f r eem an w as e

do t h ey p r es en t ed a pi t eo us s p ec t a c l e wh i ch b affled t h e ski l l
,

o f t h e arm y . T h e ref u g ees w ere fi n all y o rg ani z ed u n der

d i rec t i o n s s en t o u t f ro m h ead qu art ers o f t h e a rm y an d ,

pl ac ed in ch arg e O f a sup erin t en d en t h av in g un d er h im

s u ffici en t ass is t an t s t o r eli ev e mo s t o f t h e c as e s o f d is

t ress an d t o m ak e s o m e u s e o f t h e abl e b o d i ed N eg ro es -
.

M o s t Of t h es e ref u g ees w ere s en t t o W a sh i n gt o n A l ex ,

an d ri a , F o rt ress M o n ro e H am p t o n C ran ey I sl an d Yo rk
, , ,

t o wn S u fl o l k P o rt s m o ut h P o r t R o y al S o u t h C aro li n a
, , , , ,

an d c ert ai n c am p s o f t h e W es t n ear M em phis A t o n e t ime .

,

in t h e c am p at A rli n g t o n jus t a c ro ss f ro m W as hi n gt o n , ,

t h ere w ere as m an y as N egro es T his n u m b er in .

cr eas ed t o alm o s t in t h e v ari o us c am ps n ear W as h

ing t on in t h e p ro p o rt i o n t h at t h e w ar adv an c ed an d t h e
,

t erri t o ry o f t h e C o n f ed erat es b ec am e o v errun b y t h e in vad

"

in g Un i o n arm i es It w as easy t o fin d em pl o ym en t f o r
4
'

t h o s e in c amp s near pi t i es S o m e Of t h em w ere p u t t o w o rk

’

o n des ert ed pl an t ati o n s O th ers were i n c o rp o rat ed int o

.

t h e arm y as t eams t ers m e ch an ics an d c o mm o n l ab o rers

, ,
.

S o j o u rn er T ru t h wh o s erv ed th e U n i o n arm y as a m es
,

s en g er an d a s p y ren dered v alu abl e s erv ic e in t h es e c am ps

,

b y t ea chi n g th e re fu g ees cl ean li n ess an d h abi t s o f i n d us t ry .

It was arran g ed a ls o t o s en d a n u m b er o f t h es e N eg ro e s
f ro m t h e c o n g es t ed d i s t ric t s in t h e l o y al S t at es as fas t as
o pp o rt u n i t i es f o r t h ei r em pl o ym en t p res en t ed t h em s el v es .

T h o s e f o u n d n ear ci t i es an d m an u f act uri n g p o i n t s wh ere ,

Fug it i ves t h er e w as a d e m an d f o r l ab o r w er e i n s o m e ,

s ent N O rt h
c as es em pl o y ed t o d o w o rk in which whi t e m en
s ent t o t h e war h ad b een en g ag ed A g o o d m any p as s ed .

4 x i
Fo r m o re e t en s ve t rea t m en t , see Jo h n Eat o n , G ra n t , Lin c o ln a nd
.
’
. i
t h e Fr eed m en ; E L P e rc e s Th e Fr ee d m en o f Po rt R o y a l , S o u t h
Ca r o lin a ; G W W ill ia m s s T h e H i s t o ry o f N eg r o Tro o p s , 9 0 9 8 ; E H
. .
’ -
. .

B o t u m e s Fi rs t D a ys A mo n g s t t h e Co n t ra b ands , and Th e A t lan t ic

’

M o n t hly , XII , 308 .

 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
bu s i n ess m en in New Y o rk who in ret urn f o r co mm erci al
, ,

a d v ant a g es t o b e g a i n ed t h ere a g ree d al s o t o fi n an c e t h e

,

en t erp ri s e Wh e n t his d o ubl e d e a li n w a s

T h e d o ub l e .
g
d eali n g o f d isc o v ered t h e U n i t ed S t at es G o v ern m en t
K och
severed c o nn ec t i o n wi t h K o ch Th e c api t al
.

ist s h o w ever s t ill d et erm i n ed t o c o n duc t t his en t erp ris e

, , ,

en g ag ed t h e s erv ic es o f K o ch as g o v ern o r A cc o rd i n g ly
.

a n u m b er o f N eg ro es w ere s en t t o t his isl an d in t h e y ear

1862 b u t o w i n g t o t h e u n f av o ra bl e c o n d i t i o n s an d t h ei r l ac k
,

o f i n i t i at i v e u n u su al suff eri n g en su e d I t w as n ec essary

, .

f o r t h e G o v ern m en t b ecau s e o f t h e m an y co m pl a i n t s re
,

c eiv ed t h eref ro m t o s en d a sp eci al i n ves t i g at o r t o r ep o rt o u

,

t h e si t u at i o n an d fi n ally o n a c c o u n t o f his u n f av o rabl e

, ,

rep ort t o d i s p at ch a t ran sp o rt t o b ri ng t h e em i gr an t s b ack

,

t o t h e Un i t ed S t at es .

L in c o ln h o w ever rem ai n ed fun dam en t ally an an t isl av

, ,

ery m an in S pi t e o f t his u n t o w ard en t erpris e b u t b e re ,

l ig io u sl y ad h ered t o his g rad u al em an cip at i o n sch em es .

H e wo ul d n o t p erm i t t h e an t i s l av ery s en t i m en t Of t h e .

c o u n t ry t o f o r c e up o n him t h e p o lic y o f i n s t an t em an cip a

t io n . A s t h ere w ere in t h e fi el d g en erals av aili n g t h em

s elves O f every Opp o rt un i ty t o w eak en th e sl ave p o wer ,

m uch vi g il an c e h ad t o b e exercis ed t o avo i d ex t rem e

m easu res which m i g h t em b arras s t h e F ed eral G o vern m en t .

T ak i n g t h e adv an c ed p o s i t i o n t h at t h e sl aves sh o ul d b e free ,

F rem on t issu ed a d ecree ab o lishi n g sl avery in Miss o u ri .

I t w as n ec ess ary f o r L i n c o l n t o s ay t o h im o n S ep t em b er
“
2 1 8 61 :
,
I t hi n k t h ere is gr eat d an g er t h at t h e cl o si n g
p arag raph in rel at i o n t o th e c o n fisc at i o n o f p ro p erty an d
,

t h e lib erat i n g sl av es Of t ra i t o ro us o wn ers will al arm o u r ,

s o u t h ern Un i o n f ri en d s an d t urn t h em ag ai n st us ; p erh aps

rui n o u r r at h er f a i r p ro sp ec t f o r K en t uck y A ll o w m e .
,

t h eref o re t o ask t h at y o u will as o f y o u r o wn m o t i o n

, , ,

m o di f y t h at p arag raph so as t o c o n fo rm t o t h e fi rs t and

f o urt h sec t i o n s o f t h e act o f Co n g res s en t i t l ed A n A c t to
,
 T he N eg r o I n t he C iv il W ar
Co nfis ca t e Prop er ty us ed f I ns u rrec tion a ry Pu rp o ses
’

or .

Th e f o ll o w i n g M ay , Li n c o l n h ad t o d eal s i m il arl y wi th
Maj o r G en eral H un t er, t h en s t at i o n ed at P o rt R o y al , S o u t h
-

Car o li n a This c o m m an der h ad i s su ed a d ec l arat i o n t o t h e

.

eff ec t t h at t h e c o mm o n w ea l t hs wi t hi n his ju ris d ic t i o n h av

in g d elib erat el y d ec l ared t h em s el ves n o l o n g er u n d er t h e

p ro t ec t i o n o f t h e Un i t ed S t at es O f A m eric a an d h av i n g
t ak en up arm s ag ai n s t t h e U n i t ed S t at es it b e c am e a m ili ,

t ary n ec es s i t y t o d e cl are m art i al l aw an d as sl av ery an d ,

m art i al l aw w ere i n c o m p at ibl e in a f ree c o u n t ry t h e p er ,

s o n s o f t h es e S t at es h el d t o s erv ic e w ere decl ared f ree .

L i n c o ln t h en i ssu ed a p ro cl am at i o n d ecl ari n g t h at n ei t h er

Gen eral H u n t er n o r an y o th er c o mm an d er o r p ers on h ad
b een au t h o riz ed b y t h e g o vern m en t Of t h e Un i t ed S t at es t o
t ak e such a c t i o n an d t h at t h e supp o s ed p ro cl am at i o n in

q u es t i o n wh et h er g en ui n e o r f als e w as al t o g e t h er v o i d
, ,

so f ar as r esp ec t s such a d ecl a ra t i o n He c o n si dered it .

suffic i en t at t h at t i m e t o rel y up o n his p ro p o s ed pl an f o r th e

g radu al ab o li t i o n O f sl av ery o n t h e c o m p ens at i o n b asis re
c en t l y a cc ep t ed by C o n g ress .

Wri t i n g H un t er ag a i n o n t h e el ev en t h o f t h e s am e m o n t h ,
“
L i n c o l n s ai d : Th e p art icul ar cl aus e h o w ev er in rel at i o n , ,

t o t h e c o n fisc at i o n o f p ro p ert y an d t h e lib erat i o n o f sl av es

app eare d t o m e t o b e Obj ec t i o n abl e in it s n o n c o n f o rm i t y t o

t h e a ct o f C o n g r ess p ass ed t h e 6t h o f l as t A u g us t up o n t h e
s am e subj e c t s ; an d h en c e I w ro t e y o u exp res s i n g m y w i s h ,

t h at t h at cl au s e sh o ul d b e m o d ifi ed a cc o rd i n g l y Yo u r .

an s w er ju s t r ec ei v e d e xp res s es t h e p ref er en c e o n y o u r p art

, ,

t h at I sh o ul d m ak e an O p en o rd er f o r t h e m o d ific at i o n which ,

I v ery ch eerf ull y d o It is t h eref o re o rdered t h at t h e s a i d

.
, ,

cl aus e Of s ai d p ro c l am at i o n b e so m o d ifi ed h el d an d c on , ,

s t ru ed as t o c o n f o rm t o a n d n o t t o t ran s c en d t h e p ro v i s i o n s
, ,

o n t h e s am e subj ec t c o n t a i n ed in t h e a c t O f C o n g ress en t i ,

t l ed A n A c t t o Con fis ca t e PrOp ert y u s ed f o r I n surrectio n a ry

’
Pu rp o s es .
2 30 T he N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry
I t w as gro w i n g m o re an d m o re a pp aren t , h o wever t h at ,

t h e Neg ro w o ul d h av e t o b e t reat e d as a ci t i z en o f t h e
Un i t ed S t at es In t h e arm y h e h ad d em o n s t rat ed his c a
.

A c onvin cing p a c it y as a m a n H e h a
.d sh o wn t h at h e co ul d
b ec o m e in du st ri o us t h at h e w as t hr i f ty an d
, ,

t h at h e w o ul d s erv e u n s el fi sh l y . Wh ere h e h ad an Opper

tu n it y t o t o il up w ard h e s uc c eed ed I t w as t h eref o re
.

rec o mm en d ed b y a n u m b er o f m en an d am o n g t h em G en eral ,

Grant hi m s el f t h at c ert ai n N eg ro es b e so equipp ed an d

,

t rai n ed t h at t h ey m i g h t b e em pl o y ed n o t o n l y as t eam s t ers

an d m e ch an ics an d t h e lik e b u t as s o l d i ers ,
This ch an g e o f
.

p o licy w as n ec ess ary n o t m erel y f o r s en t i m ent al reas o n s b u t

b ec aus e t h e No rt h in it s effo rt t o subju g at e t h e c av ali er
,

S o ut h h ad f o u n d t h o s e w arri o rs t o o w ell t rai n ed an d t o o

,

S pi ri t ed t o b e eas il y c o n qu ered In m o s t o f t h e i m p ort an t

.

en g ag em en t s t h e S o u t h h ad w o n F arrag ut h ad c ap t u red
.

New O rl ean s Th o m as an d Gran t h ad w o n a f ew vic t o ri es

,

in t h e W es t an d t h e M on it o r h a d h el d it s o wn w i t h t h e
,

M errim ac in d ef en d i n g t h e n at i o n s c au se b u t t h e Un i o n
’
,

arm y h ad b een t w i c e i n g l o ri o usl y d ef eat ed a t M an ass as an d ,

M c Cl el l an h ad l o s t in his P en i n s u l ar c am p a i g n an d h a d
t h ro w n aw ay his adv an t ag es g ai n ed at A n t i et am A s t he .

army w as u n succ es s f ul u n d er Bu rn s i d e a t F red eri cksbu rg ,

an d u n d er H o o k er a t Ch an c ell o rs v ill e t h e N o rt h gr o win g , ,

t i red o f t h e w ar was b e c o m i n g f ert il e g ro u n d f o r s eed s o f

,

a s e c o n d s ec e ssi o n s o wn b y c o pp erh e a d s wh o w ere pl an n i n g

t o es t ablish a n o t h e r r e public in t h e N o r t h w e s t I t w . as
'

d eem ed a dv is abl e t h eref o re t o b ri n g t h e N eg ro i n t o t h e

, ,

m h t h m i h t h lp t s t h U i n B t h is t i m e
a r y t a e g e o av e e n o y .
,

to o,
t e
h F e d er a l G o v er n m e n t h a d r e a ch e d t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t

sl avery t h e ro o t o f m o st O f t h e ev ils o f t h e c o u n t ry an d
,

t h e a c t u a l c au s e o f t h e w ar w o ul d h av e t o b e
Th e ,

E man ci p at i o n ext erm i n at e d C o n g res s p as sed sw eepi n g c o n

.

Pro cl amat i o n .

fis ca t io n a c t s b y v i r t u e o f w hich t h e a r m i e s
c o ul d t ak e ov er sl av es an d in 1862 Li n c o l n c am e f o rw ard
, , ,
2 32 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
A rm y t ak e t his i
ac t o n , f o r th e s e c ed ers h ad n o t o nl y m ad e
us e o f the N eg ro es l ab o rers b u t in T en n ess ee an d Lo u i si
as ,

an a h ad a c t u all y o rg an iz ed f ree N eg ro es f o r m ili t ary s erv

ice in t h e C o n f ed erat e A rmy Y et al t h o u g h t h e co nfi s

.
,

T h e a ming
r c at i o n a c ts an d o th er l egis l at i o n j us t ified t h e ‘

0 1 N egr o es
em pl o y men t o f N eg ro es Li n co l n h e i t at ed t o
. s

c arry o u t: t h es e p ro v isi o n s In 18 62 h o wev er G en eral

.
, ,

D avi d H un t er c o mm an di n g in S o u t h C aro li n a i ssu ed an

, ,

o rd er f o r rec rui t i n g a N eg ro re g i m en t wh ich in a f ew ,

m o n t hs w as in t h e fi el d T h is c aus ed m u c h d issat i sf a c t i o n
.

am o n g t h e U n i o n i s t s w h o d id n o t f eel t h at N eg ro es sh o ul d
,

b e c all ed o n t o fi g h t t h e b at t l es O f a f ree r epublic A n eff o rt .

w as m ad e t o em b arras s G en eral Hun t er b u t h e em erg ed ,

f ro m t h e i n v es t i gat i o n wi t h o u t b ei n g reversed al t h o u g h ,

h e did n o t h av e t h e supp o rt o f L i n c o l n G en eral J W . . .

Ph elps u n der Gen eral B F Bu t l er in L o uisi an a u n der

, . .
,

t o o k t o c arry o u t H u n t er s p o li cy b u t his sup eri o r w as

’
,

t h en willi n g t o u se t h e N egr o es as l ab o rers o n l y .

C ert ai n l eaders in t h e No rt h h o w ev er were b ec om i n g a , ,

li t t l e m o re ag gressi ve in t h ei r d em an d f o r t h e em pl o y m en t
of Negro es a s s o l d i ers O n A u g u st 4 1 8 62 Go v ern o r
.
, ,

Sp rag u e O f R h o de I sl an d u rg ed Negr o ci t i z en s t o enl is t an d ,

t h at s am e m o n t h B u t l er hi m s el f app ea l ed t o t h e f ree p eo pl e
o f c o l o r o f L o uisi an a t o c o m e t o t h e d ef en s e o f t h e U n i o n .

Th e n ex t m o n t h a reg i m en t o f N eg ro es m arch ed f o rt h t o
“ ”
war as t h e Fi rs t R eg i m en t Of L o ui s i an a Nat i ve Gu ards ,
“
s o o n ch an g ed t o t h e Fi rs t Reg i m ent In f an t ry C o rps
” “
d A f riqu e
’
. Th ere w as l at er o rg an iz ed th e Fi rst R eg i
”
m en t L o uisi an a H eavy A rt ill ery O t h er Neg ro reg i m en t s
.

so o n f o ll o wed an d b ef o re t h e en d O f 1 862 f o u r N eg ro reg i

,

m en t s h ad b een b ro u g h t i n t o t h e m ili t ary s erv ic e o f t h e

“
Un it ed S t at es Th en c am e t h e K an s as C o l o red Vo l un
.

t eers e arl y in 18 63 an d w h en t h e E m an cip at i o n Pro c l a

”
,

m at i o n h ad b een si g n ed L i n c o l n O ffi ci all y au t h o ri z ed t h e

rai s i n g O f N eg ro t ro o p s T h en f o ll ow ed t h e f am o us Fi f ty
.
 T he N eg r o I n t he C iv il W ar
fo urt h M ass a ch us et t s an d s o m an y o t h er t ro o p s t h at t h ere
was es t ablish ed in W as hi n g t o n a sp eciaL b u reau f o r h an
d l in g aff a i rs resp e c t in g t h es e un i t s ag greg at i n g b efo re t h e
,

en d O f t h e w ar
In k eepi n g wi t h t he cust o m which was al l b ut f o llo wed
d u ri n g t h e W o rl d W ar t h e N eg ro t ro o ps w ere c o mm an d ed
,

a l m o s t al t o g et h er b y whi t e O ffi c ers T h ere w as s o m e d o ub t

.

ROB ER GO U LD S H
T AW E D
L A IN G TH E FI F T Y F O UR H
-
T MA S S A C HU S E T T S
R EG M ENT
I

t h at the N eg ro w o ul d m ak e s o l d i er an d o f c o urs e
a g o o d , ,

t h e N eg ro O ffic er w as t h en a l m o s t i m p o s s ibl e T h e u se o f .

N eg “
M as s a chuset t s h o w ev er co mm i ss i o n ed t en
, ,

N eg ro O ffic ers K an s a s t h ree an d t h e m ili t ary au th o ri t i es

, ,

a co n si d erabl e n u m b er in Lo u i s i an a N eg ro e s h el d a l t o g et h er
.

a b o u t s ev en t y fi v e c o mm i s s i o n s in t h e arm y d u r i n g t h e Ci v il
-

W ar . A m o n g t h es e o ff i cers w ere Li eu t en an t C o l o n el
2 34 T h e N e g r o I n O ur H ist o ry
Willi am N R eed o f t h e Fi rs t No rt h C aro lin a a m an well
.
,

e d uc ated in G erm an y He m ad e a g all an t c h arg e wi t h his

.

r eg i m en t at t h e b at t l e o f O lus t ee Fl o r i da wh ere h e was , ,

m o rt all y w o u n ded In t h e K an s as c o rps t h ere w ere C ap t ain

.

H F o rd D o u g l ass Fi rs t L i eu t en an t W D M at t h ews an d
.
, . .

S ec on d L i eut en an t P at rick A Mi n o r In t h e U S C T . . . . . .

O ne H u n d red an d F o u rt h R eg i m en t t h ere w ere M aj o r

M art i n R D el an ey an d C ap t ai n O S B W all o f C o m p any
. . . .

K D r A l ex an der T A u g us t a wh o w as su rg eo n O f t h e
. . .
,

U S C T S ev en t h Reg i m en t w as fi n all y b rev et ed wi t h

. . . .
,

L i eu t en an t C o lo n el Dr J o h n V D e G rasse w a assis t an t
-
. . .
s

s u rg eo n o f t h e U S C T Thi rt y fif th Reg i m en t Ch arl es

. . . .
-
.

B Purvis A lph eus Tuck er J o h n R api er Willi am E llis

.
, , , ,

A n ders o n R A bb o t t an d Willi am P o w ell w ere h o spi t al

.

s urg eo n s at W as hi n gt o n D C , . .

O n e m i g h t i n qu i re t o o as t o ex ac t ly wh at w as t h e s t at us
, ,

o f t h e N egro t ro o ps In t h e fi rst pl ac e t h ey w ere n o t

.
,

t reat ed as t h e e qu als o f whi t e m en Th ere w as o bj ect i o n .

t o g i v i n g t h em t h e s am e c o m p en s at i o n O ff ered t h e whi t es .

I n t h e m at t er Of b o u n t i es t h ere w as a dis
T h e st at us o f
t h e N eg ro cri m i n at i o n ag ai n st Neg ro s o l d i ers wh o were
s wi ers
o '

sl aves o n A p ril 1 9 1 861 T his c aus ed dissat is ,

.

f ac t i o n am o n g t h e N eg ro t ro o ps w h o s e f am ili es t h er eb y ,

s eri o usl y su ff ered S erg ean t Willi am W alk er w as sh o t b y

.

o rd er o f c o u rt m art i al b e c aus e h e h ad his c o m p an y s t ack

arm s b efo re t h e c ap t ai n s t en t f o r t h e re as o n t h at t h e G o v
’

e rn m en t h ad f ail ed t o c o m pl y wi t h it s c o n t ra c t Th e F i f ty .

f o u rt h Of M ass a chus et t s n o bly ref us ed t o r ec ei ve it s p ay

u n t il it h ad b een m ade equ al t o t h at Of t h e whi t es Neg ro
'

t ro o ps m o reo ver w ere o f t en us ed b y whi t e t ro o ps f o r

, ,

f at i g ue du t y B ec aus e o f t his n o t o ri o us discri m i n at i o n

.

m an y o f t h es e s o l d i ers b ec am e res t i v e s ull en an d ev en in ,

s ub o rd i n at e .

Yet t h es e Negro e s d i s t i n g ui sh ed th em sel v es as s o l di ers .

2 36 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
L o uisi an a sh o w ed t h ems el ves e qu a lly b rave at M illik en s ’

B en d R ep o rt i n g t his b att l e C ap t a i n M att h ew M Miller

.
, .

“
s ai d : S O t h ey f o u g h t an d d i ed d ef en d i n g t h e c aus e t h at
,

we revere Th ey m et d eat h c o o lly b rav ely ; n o r ra shly d id

.
,

t h ey exp o s e t h em s el v es b u t al l w ere s t eady an d o b ed i en t t o

,
”
o rd ers . A n d s o w en t o t h ers t o d eat h in t h e m as sac re at
F o rt P ill o w in T en n ess ee w h ere t he C o n f ed erat es in k eep
, ,

in g wi t h t h ei r b o l d d ecl ara t i o n n o t t o gi v e qu art er t o t h e

sl aves s t riki n g f o r t h ei r o wn f reedo m s l au g h t ered t h em as ,

m en kill b eas t s .

I n t h e D ep ar t m en t o f t h e P o t o m a c t h e N egr o m ai n t ai n ed
t h ere his repu t at i o n as a s o l d i er U n der G en eral Wil d at
.
,

F o rt P o wh at an in 1 864 t h e Neg ro s o l d i ers b ravel y h el d t h ei r

,

g ro u n d a g a i n s t t h e h eavy o n sl au g h t o f F i t z
B rav ery
hu g h L ee s b rilli an t s o l d i ers wh o were b adly
’

g0tn
lo t he ,
mac .

w o rs t ed in t h e c o n flict Wh en Gen eral Grant .

w as en deavo ri n g t o reduc e P et ers bu rg a b ri g ad e o f H i n ck s

’
,

N egro d i v isi o n b rilli an t l y d ash ed f o rw ard and cl eared a

li n e o f rifle pi t s an d c arri ed a redo ub t ah ead T h ey did
-
.

v a li an t w o rk o f t h e s am e o rd er at S o u t h M ou n t ai n an d d i ed

b ravel y in c arry i n g t h e fo rt ifi ed p o si t i on s o f t h e C o n f ed
erat es at New M ark et H ei g h t s an d n earer t o P et ersbu rg In .

t h e d ash a l o n g t h e J am es an d in t h e pu rsui t o f L ee s w eak

’

e n ed f o r c es t h e N eg ro e s u n der arm s m ai n t a i n ed t h ei r b ear

,

in g as b rav e m en an d c am e o u t o f t h e Ci v il W ar as h ero es .

In c arry i n g o n t h e Ci vil W ar m any c o n s t i t u t i o n al qu es

t i o n s aro s e Chi ef am o n g t h ese was t he susp en sio n o f t he
.

Wri t o f h ab ea s c o rpus in th e c as es o f c ert ai n c o pp erh eads

“ ”
C o nst i t uti o nal or p a c ifi s t s in t h e N o rt h w h o arr ,
ay ed
q ueSt i m‘S :
t h em s el v es ag ai ns t t h e Un i t ed S t at es G o v ern
m en t an d at o n e t i m e ev en t h reat en ed t h e c o u n t ry wi t h an
a d d i t i o n a l s ec essi o n Th e C o n s t i t u t i o n p ro v i ded f o r t h e sus
.

p en si on o f t h e wri t in t i mes o f g reat dan g er b u t it is n o t ,

cl ear wh et h er t h e fram ers o f th e C o n st i t u t i o n c o n t em pl at ed

t h at t his p o w er sh o ul d b e exer ci s ed b y t h e P resi d en t O f t he
 T he N eg r o I n t he C ivil W ar 2 37

Un i t ed S ta t es Fu rt h ermore th o s e wh o ass ert ed t h at t he

.
,

wri t c o ul d b e susp en ded un der c ert ai n c o n d i t i o ns did no t

co n c ede t h e ri g h t t o t h e P resi den t t o susp en d it in s ec t i o ns

wh ere t he c o urt s were Op en an d wh ere t h e arm i es were n o t

in o p erat i o n . The m o s t i m p o rt an t c ase o f t his k i n d was
t h at o f M illi g an wh en b y o p erat i o n Of t h e c o u rt s t h e
,

p l ai n t i ff u n d ert o o k t o s e cu re his lib ert y t hr o u g h a w ri t o f

hab eas c o rpus an d t h e Presi d en t o f t h e U n i t ed S t at es in
t erf ered .

Th ere aro s e also a qu es t i on as t o t axi ng the p eo pl e un duly

t o s upp o rt a g o v ern m en t w ag i n g war t o c o erc e c ert ai n
S t at es i n t erf eri n g wi t h t h e freed o m o f t h e p ress by t he
,

c en s orship est ablish ed d u ri n g t he war en f o rc ,

T axat i on

in g co ns crip t i o n a c t s c o m p elli ng m en t o fi g h t a g a i ns t t h eir

will and fin ally b y ac t i o n o f C o n g ress p ro vi d i ng f o r
, , ,

g rad u al eman cip at i o n in c ert ai n b o rder S t at es an d t h e ab o

l it io n o f sl av ery in t h e D is t ric t Of Co lu m bi a Wh et h er Co n.

g ress c o ul d c o n s t i t u t i o n all y l eg isl at e resp ec t i n g sl avery was

s t ill a qu est i o n b ut t he Civil W ar g radu ally b ro u g ht t he
,

co u n t ry t o a realiz at i o n t h at Co n gress r ep res en t i n g t h e p eo

,

p l e o f t h e U n i t ed S t at es h a
,
d a d e qu at e p o w er i n t h e p r e m
is os. B ec aus e o f vest i n g t h e P resi den t w i t h d ic t at o ri al
p o wer t o w ag e t h e war effect ively h o wever t h ere c am e fro m
, ,

c ert ai n s o u rc es a b i tt er ant ag o n is m which l ed t o t h e o rg an

iz at io n o f a p art y o f o pp o si t i o n adv o c at i n g t h e U n i o n as it
was an d t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n as it is .

Th e m o s t i m p o rt an t c o n s t i t u t i o n al m at t er c o m i n g up dur
in g t h e Ci v il W ar was t h at o f t h e E m an cip at i o n P ro cl am a
t i o n i t s el f .L i n c o l n h ad f or s o m e t i me w o n dered wh et h er
o r n o t h e h ad such au t h o ri t y an d l o n g h es i t at ed t o issu e t his
,

m an d at e d ecl ari n g f ree al l t h e N eg ro es in t h e Th e

d i s t ric t s t h en in r eb elli o n ag a i n s t t h e Un i t ed man ci p at i o n
e

p m b l em
S t at es F rem o n t H u n t er an d B u t ler in
.
, ,
'

ch arg e o f U n i o n arm i es h ad un dert ak en t o do t h i s b u t h ad

, ,

t o b e r es t ra i n ed O n e o f t h e mem b ers o f Li n c o l n s c abi n et

’
.
2 38 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
w as Of t he Opi n i o n t h at h e h a d n o s u ch p o w er an d th at s uch
a s t ep w o ul d d o ub t l es s d o m o re h a rm t h an g o o d . I n t h e en d ,

h o wever jus t af t er a n u m b er o f en co u rag i n g Un i o n vic

,

t o ri es t h e E m an cip at i o n P ro cl am at i o n w as i ss u ed an d h ad
,

it s d esi red efl ec t b u t t o b ec o m e l eg al it h ad t o b e f o rt ifi ed
,

b y t h e T h i rt e en t h A m en dm en t . Few p ers o n s h ave si n c e

qu est i o n ed t h e T h i rt een t h A m en dm en t b u t t h e F o u rt eent h
,

an d Fi f t een t h w hich f o ll o w ed t h ereup o n h av e s i n c e g i v en

ris e t o al l s o rt s o f c o n s t i t u t i o n al q u es t i o n s i n v o l vi n g t h e

ri g h ts o f th e N egro es .
 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
cl ai m ed f ull p ardo n t o t he p eo pl e in t h e C o n f ederat e S t at es
wi t h t h e res t o rat i o n o f all ri g ht s o f p ro p erty exc ep t as t o
s l av es if t h ey sh o ul d t ak e an d sub s c rib e t o an o at h o f al

l eg ian ce t o t h e Un i t ed S t at es G o v ern m en t an d t h en cef o r

w ard k eep an d m ai n t a i n t his o at h i nv i o l at e .

L i n c o l n f urt h er p ro cl ai m ed t h at wh en ev er in any o f t h es e
S t at es t h ere sh o ul d b e l o y al p ers o n s t o t h e n um b er o f n o t
l ess t h an o n e t en t h o f t h e vo t es c as t in such S t at es at th e
-

p resi d ent i al el ec t i o n o f t h e y ear 1 860 ea ch h avi n g t ak en

,

T h e t en p er t his o at h an d n o t h av i n g vi o l at ed it an d b ei n g
c ent “318
a qu a lifi e d v o t er b y t h e el e c t i o n l aw o f t h e
°

S t at e exis t i n g p ri o r t o t h e s ec essi o n t h e c o mm o n weal t h

,

s h o ul d es t a bl ish a S t at e g o vern m en t . This g o vern m en t

sh o ul d b e d em o crat ic sh o ul d b e rec o g n iz ed as t h e t ru e g ov
,
'

e rn m en t o f t h e S t at e an d s h o ul d r e c e i ve t h e b en efit s o f t h e
,

c o n s t i t ut i o n a l p ro v isi o n which d ecl ares t h at th e Un i t ed

S t at es sh all g uaran t ee t o every S t at e in t his Un i on a re
publi c an f o rm o f g o v ern m ent .

L in c o l n als o p ro cl ai m ed t h at any p rov isi o n which t h ese

c o mm o n w eal t hs t hus res t o red m i gh t ad o p t in rel at i o n t o
t h e f reed p eo pl e w i t hi n t h ei r li m i t s which sh o ul d re c o gn iz e
,

Int est in
er a n d d e cl a r e t h e i r p erm an en t f reedo m an d ,

t h e f re ed men p rovi de f o r t h ei r educ at i o n which m i g h t t h en

,

b e c o n sis t en t a s a t em p o rary arran g em en t wi t h t h ei r

c o n d i t i o n as a l ab o ri n g l an dl ess an d h o m el ess cl as s
, ,

w o ul d n o t b e o bj ect ed t o b y t h e P resi den t Th e P resi dent .

w as o f t h e Opi n i o n t h at t h e n am e o f the S t at e ,

t h e b o u n d ary sub d i v isi o n s c o n s t i t u t i o n an d t h e fo rm er

, , ,

c o de o f l aws sh o ul d b e m ai n t ai n ed subj ec t o n ly t o ,

t h e m o d i fi c at i o n m a de n ec ess ary b y t h e c o n d i t i o n s elsewh ere

s t at e d in t h e p ro c l am at i o n ,
an d such o t h ers if any n o t , ,

c o n t rav en i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e p ro cl am at i o n an d which
m i g h t b e de em ed exp ed i en t b y t h o s e fram i n g t h e n ew S t at e
g o v ern m en t .

U p o n t his b as i s Li n c o l n u n dert o o k th e re o n c s t ruct i o n of

 T he R ec o n st r u c t io n

th e S t at es o f L o ui s i an a A rk an s as an d T en n ess ee p ri o r t o
, ,

t h e cl o s e o f t h e Ci v il W ar as s o o n as l o y al m en t o t h e n um b er
Of o n e t en t h o f t h e vo t ers exercisi n g suff rag e in t h e p res i
-

d en t i a l el ec t i o n o f 1 8 60 w ere fo u n d in S t at es
w aniz ed
t h o s e c o mm o n w eal t hs Wh en t h e c ess at i o n g r r
.

o f arms fin ally c am e s everal o t h er reb elli o u s c o mm o n

,

wealt hs t hi n ki n g t h at t h e S t at es as su ch c o ul d n ever b e
,

d es t ro y ed p ro c eeded t o o rg an iz e si m il ar g o vern m en t s
, ,

T E CH
A IN G THE FR EE M E ND

co m pl y i n g wi t h t h e co n d i t i o n s O f rep u d i at i n g t h e C o n f e d er
a t e d eb t s d ec l ar i n g a ll eg i an c e t o t h e U n i o n
,
an d r at i f y i n g
,

t h e T h i rt een t h A m en d m en t T h ey t h eref o re f eeli n g t h at

.
, ,

t h ey w o ul d b e i mm e d i at el y adm i t t ed t o t h e U n i o n wi t h t h e
ri g h t s an d p r i v il eg es f o rm erl y en j o y e d b y t h e S o u t h ern

S t at es el ec t ed rep resen t at ives an d s en at o rs t o sit in Co n

,

g re ss. B e li ev i n g t h a t L i n c o l n s p o si t i
’
o n in t his c as e was
so un d An drew J o h n so n his s ucc ess o r un dert o o k t o c arry
, , ,

o u t t h i s p o lic y T h i s h o wever as n o t a c cep t abl e t o the

j
s t at es m en t h en i n c o n t ro l o f aéa i rs "an d t h e ri g h t o f such
.
,
2 42 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

p ers o n s t o s erve as rep res en t at i ves o f t h es e c o mm o n weal ths

w as qu est i o n ed .

T h ey fo un d in Co n gress m en l ed b y Th add eu s S t ev en s ,

wh o w as o f t h e Opi n i o n t h at i n as m u ch as t h e S o u t h ern
S t at es h ad reb ell ed an d h ad f ail ed t o m ai n t ai n t h ei r c au se ,

Vari o us t h ey w er e t h en subj ec t t o t h e s am e t reat m en t

t h eO fi S
Q '
as an y o t h er p e o pl e in a c o n qu er ed t e rr i t o ry .

This t o b e su re c o n flict ed wi t h c ert ai n o t h er v i ews as it ad

, , ,

m it t e d t h at secess io n h ad b een t em p o raril y s ucc es s f u l an d

'

c on flic t ed wi t h th e adm i n ist rat i v e pl an s o f Li n c ol n an d

J o h n s on t o th e eff ec t t h at s ec essi o n w as m erel y an u n su c
cess f u l eff o rt an d t h at t h e S t at es w ere s t ill in t h e Un i o n .

Sh ell ab arg er c o n t en d ed t h at s ec ess i o n w as a n ul l i t y w hi ch ,

a l t h o u g h it c o ul d n o t assu m e c o n t ro l o f t h e t err i t o ry in

which it exist ed n evert h el ess w o rk ed a l o s s in t h e s t at u s o f

,

a m em b er o f t h e U n i o n an d t h e ci t iz en s r em a i n i n g t h erei n
,

w ere t h erefo re exclusiv ely subj ec t ed t o t h e ju ri sd ic t i o n o f

, ,

t h e Un i t ed S t at es G o v ern m en t . This was en do rs ed b y

Su mn er F ess en den an d Wils o n an d b ec am e in f act t h e
, , , ,

t h eo ry o f t h e R e public an P art y in C o n g ress wh i ch g r ew,

an t ag o n is t ic t o t h e ad m i n is t rat i o n an d l ed t o t h e l o n g d i ff er

en c es o f Opi n i o n b et w een t h at b o dy an d J o h n s o n fi n all y ,

cul m i n at i n g in th e i m p each m en t o f t h e P resi dent .

Th ere c am e als o t o t h e n at i o n al c api t al v ar i o us rep o rt s

w hi c h fu rt h er c o n vi n c ed t h e g en t l em en in ch ar g e Of aff ai rs
in C o n gress t h at t h e S o u t h w as u n w illi n g t o g r an t t h e N eg ro
T h eunwm t h e r i gh t t o en j o y t h e frui t s o f t h e v ic t o ry o f
.

mg 3° “t h t h e Ci vil W ar f o r t h e freedm en w er e b ei n g
g ,

o pp r ess e d a l m o s t t o t h e ex t en t o f b ei n g en s l a v ed . Th e fi rs t
r ep ort s w ere b ro u g h t in b y G en er al G ran t an d C arl S ch u rz ,

t h e f o rm er c o n t en d i n g t h at t h e s o u t h ern ers w ere in t h e

m a i n willi ng t o a cc ep t t h e c h an g es eff ec t ed b y t h e Ci v il
W ar an d t h e l at t er b ei n g o f t h e o pi n i o n t h at t h e r eb elli o u s
,

c o m m o n w e al t h s w ere n o t l o y a l an d i n t en d ed t o r e en sl av e

th e N eg ro es S o m e o f t h ese S t at es w ere en ac t i n g bl ack

.
 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
c o d es pp ren t ic eship p en ali z i n g t h e v ag ran cy
p ro v i d i n g f or a ,

o f N g ro es a n d i n t erf er i n wi t h t h ci il i h t f t h f eed
e , g e v r g s o e r

m en M an y O f t h e bl a cks h avi n g w an d ere d ab o u t o r fl o ck ed

.
,

t o t h e t o w n s wh ere t h ey t o o o f t en w ere reduc ed t o p o vert y

an d s ubj e c t t o t em p t at i o n s an d vici o us i n flu en c es t en d ed t o
,

r et ro g ra d e r at h er t h an a dvan c e Th e v ag ran cy l aws t h ere

.
,

f o re g en erally p ro v i d ed f o r fi n es c o rp o ral pu n ish m en t in

, , ,

d en t u rin g f o r a c ert ai n p eri o d o f s erv ic e an d in a f ew c as es ,

re q u i red t h at ev er
y N eg ro S h o ul d b e att a ch ed t o s o m e
em pl o y er Fu rt h erm o re t h ere h ad set in a g en eral i n t i m i
.
,

d at i o n o f N eg ro es an d in s o m e p art s as in L o uisi an a
, , ,

l arg e n u m b ers o f t h e ra c e w ere m ass acred b y an t ag o ni st ic

w h it es wi t h n o excu s e b u t t h at o f t ry i n g t o reg a i n t h e l o st
,

c ause A ssu red t h at t h e si t u at i o n w as d epl o rabl e C o n g ress

.
,

p ro c eed ed t o d raf t t h e F o u rt een t h A m en dm en t as a c o ndi

t i o n o f re a dm is s i o n o f a s ec ed ed S t at e t o t h e U n i o n en deav ,

o ri n g t o p rev en t an y S t at e f ro m m aki n g o r en f o r ci n g a l aw

which w o ul d en cro ach up o n th e p riv il eg es o r i mm u n i t i es

o f ci t iz en s o f t h e U n i t ed S t at es d ep ri v e t h em o f li f e
, ,

lib ert y o r p ro p ert y wi t h o u t du e p ro c ess o f l aw o r w i t h ,

h o l d f ro m any o n e w i t hi n it s ju ri sd ic t i o n t h e equ al p ro t ec
t i o n o f th e l aw In t h i s w ay t h e S o u t h b y t aki n g a ra d ic al
.
,

p o s i t i o n in it s u n w i se appli c at i o n o f it s p o w er t o deal wi t h
p ers o n s o v er wh o m it w o ul d h ave b een g i v en m o re c o n t ro l ,

b ro u g h t up o n i t s el f a m ili t ary rul e f ro m which it w o ul d

n o t h av e su ff ered if it h ad b een d i s p o s ed t o t reat t h e f reed "

m en hu m an el y .

Th ese rep o rt s l ed als o t o th e o rg an iz at i o n o f wh at is

'

k n o w n as t h e Freedm en s Bu reau t h e c o m m is s i o n es t ab
’
,
2

l ish ed f o r t h e p ro t e c t i o n an d t h e a s s i s t an c e o f t h e f reedm en .

S o m e such i dea h ad f o r s o m e y ears b een exp ress ed f ro m

‘

2 On i
t h e t w en t y fi f t h o f M a y t h e c o m m t t e e re o rt e d t h e H o u s e
-
p bill
i b i
w th a s u s t t u t e a m en d m e n t , a n d t h e bill
t h u s a m e n d ed a s s ed t h e p
S e n a t e o n t h e t w en t y n n t h o f J u n e b y a v o t e o f 2 1 t o 9
-
i Th e s e ec t . l
i
c o m m t t ee O f t h e H o u s e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e a m e n d m en t s o f t h e

i i
S e n a t e b e d s a g ree d t o a n d f u rt h e r a c t o n w a s o s t o n e d u n tp D ec emp il
 T he R ec o n st r u c t io n 2 45

i
t me t o t i me in C o n gres s A bill t o est ablish a bu reau o f
.

em an cip at i o n w as r ep o rt ed in t h e H o us e D ec em b er 22
”
, ,

1 863 b y E li o t o f M as s a chu se t t s f ro m t h e
, , Th e M ad ,
.

m en s B ur eau
’

S el ect C o m m i tt ee o u E m an cip at i on an d ,

t h en r ec o mm i t t ed Th e bill w as r ep o rt ed wi t h am en d
.

m en t s o n t h e t hi rt een t h o f J an u ary 1 864 an d o n t h e fi rs t , ,

o f M ar ch p ass ed t h e H o u s e b y a v o t e o f 69 t o 67 In .

t h e S en at e t h e bill w as referred t o t h e S el ec t C o mm i tt ee
o n Sl av ery an d F ree d m en o f which Ch arl es Su m n er was
,

ch ai rm an A bill t o est ablish a bu reau o f f reedm en w as re

.

p o r t ed f ro m t h e c o mm i t t ee o n t h e t w elf t h o f A p r il .

O n t h e t h i rd o f M ar ch t h e rep o rt o f a s e c o n d c o n feren c e
c o m m i t t ee w as ag re ed t o b y b o t h h o us es Th e m easu re t o .

e s t ablish t h e d ep art m en t w as v et o ed b y P resi d en t J o h n s o n

wh o in g i v i n g h is reas o n s so an t ag o n i z ed t h e l ead ers in

, ,

C o n g ress as t o wi d en th e i rrep arabl e b reach b et w een t he

e x ec u t i v e an d l eg i s l at i v e d ep art m en t s This bill wi t h cer .
,

t ai n o bj ec t i o n abl e f eat ur es rem o v ed was l at er p a ss ed o v er ,

t h e P resi d en t s v et o b u t h ad t o b e am en d ed t h ereaf t er
’
.
,

T h e a ct p ro v i d ed f o r t h e app o i n t m en t o f a c o mm issi o n er
wi t h a n u m b er o f ass i st an t s un d er t h e adm i n ist rat i o n o f t he
-

P res i d en t t o c are f o r t h e freedm en in t h e d is t ric t s in re

b elli o n o r c o n t ro ll ed b y th e Un i o n arm y P ri m arily t h e .

Freedm en s B u reau was i n t en d ed t o aid refu g ee s an d f reed

’

m en b y suppl y i n g t h em wi t h p ro v isi o n s an d in t aki n g up

a b an d o n ed l an d s in t h e S o u t h which w ere t o b e d is t r ibu t ed
,

in p arc els o f n o t m o re t h an f o rt y a c re s each O n acc o u n t .

o f m is re p res en t at i o n s m an y N eg ro es exp e c t e d fro m t his

qu art er f o rt y a c res o f l an d an d a m ul e f o r each o f t he

l an dl es s f reed m en an d t h i s p ro s p ect i v e ch ari ty t en ded t o
,

p ro duc e v ag ran cy an d sh i f t l essn es s am o n g p eo pl e i n dul g ed

b er . i b
O n t h e t wen t et h o f D ec em er a c o n f e ren c e c o mm t t ee w a s a p i
p i
o nt ed p i
Th e re o rt o f t h e c o m m t t ee w a s a cc e t ed b y t h e H o u s e o n
. p
i b
t h e n n t h o f Fe ru a ry, 18 6 5 , b y a v o t e o f 6 4 t o 62 , 56 n o t vo t ng ; i
j
b u t it w a s re e c t e d b y t h e S e n a t e o n t h e t w en t y s ec o n d b y a vo t e o f -

14 t o 2 4 l
S e e a s o t h e Freedm en s u reau Act in the A en d
.
’
B pp ix .
2 46 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
dep en d en t c h il dren Th e Freedm en Bu reau w as ves t ed
’
as . s

w i t h th e p o w er t o buil d sch o o l h o u s es an d asy lu m s f o r t h e

N egro es an d it w as p ro p o s ed t o g ive it u n usu al p o w er in
,

it s ju ris d ic t i o n o ver al l ci vil an d cri m i n al c as es w h ere

equ ali t y in ci vil ri g h t s an d

in t h e applic at i o n o f jus
t ic e w as d en i ed o n ac
c o u n t o f rac e c o l or o r , ,

p rev i o u s c o n d i t i o n o f ser
vit u d e Wi t h t h i s u n u su al
.

p o w e r v e s t ed i n m a c hi n

ery c o m i n g f ro m wi t h o u t

t h e S t at e an d i n t en d ed
t o b en efi t p ers o ns rec en t l y
en sl av ed th e Freedm en s
’
,

Bu reau b ecam e aso u rc e o f

m uch i rri t at i o n t o t h e
whi t e s o f t h e S o u t h Gran t
.

t h o u g h t t h at t h e o ffic ers o f
t h e Freedm en s B u re au
’

G E N O O HOW AR D h d f
. . . , ea were a us el ess set o f m en
o ,

F ree dm en S B d f un d
u rea u a n fo er o
an d r ec o m m en d ed t h at t h e
H w d U n iv
o ar it y e rs

w o rk b e pl ac ed I n ch arg e
u b f rs d i c d b
'

o f army o ffi cers I t was . f o r a n m e r o y ea r e t e y

G en eral 0 0 H o ward th e fo u n der o f H o w ard Un i versi ty
. .
,
.

’
Wh en C o n g ress fi n ally d eci ded t o i gn o re J o hn s o n s re
s
c o n tr uc i
t on sch em e s a c o mm t t
,
i ee w a s a pp o i n t e d t o w o r k
o u t a m o re a cc ep t abl e pl an A te s
f m d lib t i t h s
r
. o e e e r a o n e e

l
g en t em en ret rn edu wi t h a m a j o r i t y a n d a m i n o r i t y re p o rt .

Co ngr es si onal
T h e ma o j r i t y r e p o r t r e p r,
e s e n t i n g t h e v i e w s
re co n o f the U n i o n i s t s w a s t o
,
t h e e ff e c t t h a t t h e
st ruct i o n .
p
att em t ed se c e ss i o n o f e l e v e n S t a t e s h a d r e

s u l t ed in t h e l os s of t e h i r s t a t e s h ip a n d i n t h e i r b e c o m i n g
i iz c
d s o rg an ed o m m n t e u i i s b u t t h,
a t a l t h o u g h t h e S t a t e g o v

ern m en t s in t h e s a m e h a d b e e n d es t r o y e d t h e , c o m m o n
 2 48 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
c o n st i t u t i o n b y a m aj o ri ty o f th e v o t ers as desi gn at ed b y
t h e s am e l aw o f suffrag e f o r t h e d el eg at e s o f t h e c o n v en t i o n .

Th es e S t at es m o reover wo ul d h ave t o rat i f y t h e F o urt een t h

, ,

A m en dm en t which p ro t ec t ed t h e N eg ro es f ro m t h e o p p res
,

si o n o f t h e whi t es in t h at it g u aran t eed t o t h em th e en j o y

m en t o f t h e p ri v il eg es an d i m m u n i t i es o f ci t i z en s w i t h o u t re
g ard t o ra c e co l o r o r p rev i o u s
,

c o n d i t i o n o f serv i t u d e Th e.

S o u t h h ad ref use d t o r at i f y t h i s
am en dm en t .

S o m e o f t h e S t at es im m ed i
a t el y av a il ed t h em s el v es o f t hi s

Opp o rt un i t y t o b e reli ev ed o f t h e
m il i t ary regim e f o r t h ere w as
,

am o n g t h em a n at ur al an t ag o

Diff erent n is m t o m art i a l l aw .

c u
o rs es O t her S t at es Vir
f o ll o w ed
,

gin i a G eo rg i a an d
.

T ex as h o wever ref u sed t o t ak e

, ,

a dv an t ag e of t his c o n c es s i o n ,

h o pi n g to fin d a b ett er so l u t i o n
JO H N R LY N C H m mb r
o f t h e p ro bl em b y a d o p t i n g t h e
.
, a e e
oC ng
res s

p o licy o f w at ch f ul w ai t i n g Th e .

ci ti z en s o f t h es e S t at es fo u n d o u t t h at th e m ili t ary g ov
ern m en t w as m o re a cc ep t abl e t h an t h e g o v ern m en t s so

quickl y o rg an iz ed in s o m e o f t h e o th er S o u t h ern S t at es an d ,

d eci d ed t h en f o r t h e t i m e b ei n g t o Ob ey t h e d ic t u m o f t h e
arm y . In t h e c o u rs e o f t i m e t h ere w as an en l arg em en t o f
t h e w hi t e m aj o ri t y b y t h e ex t en si o n o f t h e t erm s o f g ran t i n g
p ardo n t o t h o se who h ad p art i c ip at ed in t h e reb elli o n an d ,

as t h ere w as al rea dy a l arg er p erc en t a e o f w hi t e p ers o n s

g
t h an N eg roe s in t h ese t h ree S t at es w h en t h e t i m e d id co m e
f o r t h em t o o rg an i z e S t ate g o v ern m en t s t h ere s o o n d e
,

v el O p ed a m aj o ri t Opp e d t d i al r e c o n s t ru c t io
y o s o r a c

o t h er S t at es in t h e S o u t h f ro m 1 8 68 t o ab o u t 18 7 2
, ,
 T he R e c o n st r u c t io n

subj ec t ed t o wh at is c o mm o n ly kn o wn as Neg ro c arp et b ag -

rul e .

T o c all t hi s N eg ro rul e h o w ever is very m uch o f a m is , ,

t ak e wh en as a m at t er o f f a c t m o s t o f t h e l o c a l O ffi c es in
, ,

t h es e c o mm o n w eal t h s w ere h el d b y t h e whi t e m en and t h o s e ,

Neg ro es wh o d id at t ai n so m e o f t h e hi g h er o ffic es w ere

usu ally ab o u t as c o m p et en t as
t h e av era g e w h i t e s t h eret o
el ec t e d O nl y t w en t y N eg ro es
.

se rv ed in C o n g re ss f ro m 1 8 68
t o 18 9 5 Th e N eg ro es h a d p o li t i
.

c al e qu ali t y in t h e S o u t h ern
S t at es o n ly a f ew y ears an d ,

w i t h s o m e exc ep t i o n s t h ei r t en
u re in C o ng ress w as v ery S h o rt .

H i ram R R evel s Not a N egro .

ré g i me
o f Missis s ippi co m

p l e t e d a n u n expi red t er m in t h e

S en at e an d B K B ruc e s erved . .

t h er e six y ears J o h n M L an g . .

st o n t h e N egro m em b er fro m
H R R E VEL
,
U S S n tS, e a or
Vi rg i n i a s rv e d in t h e H o u s e
. . . .

f m M i i ippi
ro ss s s
e ,

o n e t erm F ro m No rt h C aro .

li n a t h ere w ere s en t t o t h e H o u s e O f R ep resen t at i ves J o h n ,

A Hym an f o r o n e t erm an d J am es E O H ara H P

’
.
,
. . .

Ch eat h am an d G eo rg e H Wh i t e f o r t wo t erm s each J ef . .

f ers o n F L o n g rep res en t ed a d i s t r i c t o f G eo rg i a a p art o f

.

a t erm J o s i ah T W a lls o f Fl o ri d a s erv ed in t h e H o us e

"
. .
'

t w o t erm s A l ab am a el e c t e d t o C o n g res s J ere H ara l s o n

.
,

B en j am i n S Tu rn er an d J am es T R api er wh o s erved o n e
. .
,

t erm e a ch L o u i s i an a sen t C h arl es E N ash f o r o n e t erm

. .
,

an d Mi ss i s sippi J o h n R L y n c h f o r t w o S o ut h C aro lin a

. .

h a d t h e l arg es t n u m b er o f Ne g ro rep res en t at i v es in t h e

Ho us e J os ep h H R ai n ey o f t h at C o m m o n w eal t h sat in
. .

C o n gress fiv e t erm s ; R ich ard H Cai n t wo ; Ro b ert C . , .

 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry

SO ME N E GRO CO N G R ES S M EN
RO B
E B ELL
RT . I OT T J O S I A H T WA LL S
.

ROBE RT C D E L
. AR GE R I C H AR D H CA I N
.
2 52 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
fo rm al ed uc at i o n t h an W arren G H ardin g .
,
n ow P resi dent
of th e Un i t ed S t at es .

O t h er Neg ro Ofii ceh o l ders furt h erm ore were lib erally
'

, ,

t ra i n ed R ich ard T Green er a R ec o n st ruc t i o n Office

'

. .
,

h o l der in S o u th C aro li n a was t h e fi rs t N egro gradu at e

,

of H arvard C o ll eg e . F . L . Cardo z o ,h er fu n ct i on ary

an o t

in t h e s am e S t at e w as e d uc at ed ,

at t h e U n iv ersi t y o f Gl as g o w ,

Sco t l an d E D B ass ett wh o. . .

,

d is t i n g uish ed hi m s el f as an edu
c at o r an d as M i n is t er t o Lib eri a ,

s t u d i ed t h e cl as s ics m at h em a t ics ,

an d g en eral li t erat ur e at Y al e

af t er be in g g rad u at ed at t h e
Bi rm i n g h am A c ad emy an d th e
Co n n ect i at e N O rm al
Sch oo l . P i n chb ack a d
mirab l y c om m o n sen s e
w i t h h is fu n d am en t al ed uc at i o n
o b t ai n ed l arg ely at Gil m o re s ’

H i g h S ch o o l in Ci n c inn at i O hi o , ,

JO S EP H H R A I N EY
.
, a m emb er

W ere Negr o es in g en eral ca

T o wh at ex t en t w ere t h ey qu ali fi ed t o disch arg e
t h e d u t i es o f ci t iz en s ? I t is t ru e t h at m an y o f t h em
w er e n o t p rep ared t o vo t e an d deci dedl y d i sq u ali fi ed f o r
,

N eg ro es t h e p o si t i o n s which t h ey h el d In s o m e o f .

cap ab l e .
t h e l eg i s l at u res as in L o ui s i an a an d S o u t h
,

Caro li n a m o re t h an h alf o f t h e N eg ro m em b ers c o ul d

,

r ead o r w ri t e an d h ad t h er ef o re t o v o t e ao , ,

t o em o t i o n s o r th e d i c t at es o f t h e d em ag o g ues ,

u rs e it h as b een t ru e o f l eg isl at ure c o m p o s ed en

,

w hi t es In t h e l o c al an d S t at e adm i n i st rat ive o f

.

t h ere w ere frequ en t ch an c es f o r c o r

ru p t i o n v ery
, few i n o ran t N egro es ever served
g In .
 T he R e c o n st r u c t io n 2 53

fac t ,
m o st Neg roes i n s i s t ed fin d i n g t h e b es t qu alified
on

c an d i d a t es f o r i m p o rt an t p o s i t i o n s Th at t h ey o f t en .

f a il ed in o b t ai n i n g such is n o t d u e t o t h e sh o rt c o m i n s
g
o f t h e N eg ro b u t t o t h e l ea d ership o f t h e w hi
te a dven
t u rers an d t o t h e r ef us al o f ex sl av eh o l d ers t o c o O erat e -
p
wi t h the f reedm en in est ablishi ng t he Re co n s t ruct i o n g o v
ern m en ts on a s o u n d er b as i s .

M o st o f th e l o ca l S t at e an d ,

F ederal o ffic es h o wev er were , ,

h el d n o t b y N eg ro e s b u t b y
s o u t h ern whi t e m en an d b y ,

o t h ers w h o c am e f ro m t h e N o rt h

an d p ro fi t e d b y t h e p ro s t rat i o n

o f t h e S o uth Th ey w ere in .

m an y res p ec t s sel Whit e men

fi sh m em b u t n o t i n c o nt ro l .

a lw ay s u tt erl y l a cki n g in p ri n

c ip l e Th e n o rt h ern whi t es o f.
,

c o urs e h ad li t t l e sym p at hy f or ,

t h e S o u t h an d d ep en d ed f o r
JA M E S T R P E R a m m
A I
t h ei r c o n s t i t u en cy up o n t h e Ne
’ e
b er f C g
o on re s s

g roe s w h o c o ul d n o t b e e xp
,
e c t e d
t o pl ac at e t h e ex sl av eh o l ders -
B ei n g adven t u rers an d in
.

t erest ed in t h ei r o wn aff ai rs t h e c arp et b ag g ers b ec am e u h

,
-

u s u ally c o rrup t in c ert ai n S t at es a d m i n i st eri n g aff ai rs n o t ,

f o r t h e b en efi t o f t h e b o dy p o li t ic b u t f o r t h ei r o w n p ers o n al
a ggr an d iz em en t Y et al t h o u g h N egr o es w ere i m pli cat ed in
.

t h es e O ff en s es f ew o f t h em m at eri all y p ro fi t ed b y t hi s p ro
,

cedu re . M o st Neg ro o ffic ers wh o served in t h e S o u t h c am e

o u t o f o fiice wi t h an h o n o r abl e re c o rd Such w as t h e c as e .

wi t h J T Whi t e C o m m is s i o n er o f Public W o rks an d I nt er

. .
,

n al I m p ro v em en t s in A rk an s as M W Gibb s Ci t y Ju d g e in , . .
,

Li t t l e Ro c k J C C o rbi n S t at e Sup eri n t en d en t o f Sch o o l s

,
. .
,

in t h e s am e S t at e F L C ardo z o S t at e T reasu rer o f S o u t h

, . .
,

C aro li n a T M o rris Ch es t er B ri g a d i er G en eral in ch arg e

, .
,
254 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

of the S t at e G u ards o f Lo u i s i an a an d P B S Pi n chb ack

,
. . .
,

Li eu t en an t a n d A c t i n g G o vern o r o f Lo ui s i an a O t h ers wh o .

'

h el d o ffi c e el s ew h ere liv ed up t o t h e s am e reco rd C h i ef

‘

am o n g t h es e m ay b e m en t i o n ed F red erick D o u g l ass wh o ,

serv ed in t h e Di s t r i c t o f C o l u m bi a as M a rsh al an d R e .

co rd er o f D ee d s an d ab ro a d as Mi n i s t er t o H a i t i .

Wh et h er o r n o t t h e N eg ro w as c ap abl e wh eth er h e w as ,

h o n es t h o w ev er h ad li t t l e t o do
, ,

wi t h t h e s o u t h ern wh i t e m an s ’

a t t i t u de t o w a rd t h e N eg ro O ffi c e

h o l d ers To p ro duc e ev i d en ce
.

t h at t h e N eg r o es l a ck ed t h es e
essen t i al s t h e w h i t e s w ell kn ew
, ,

Prej udi c e 3 w o ul d h elp t h em t o

.

“c m“ ju st i f y t h em sel ves
t o t h e w o rl d f o r usi n g su c h h arsh
m eas u res t o o v ert h ro w t h e n ew
r é g im e B u t t h e N eg r o w a s u n
.

a c c ep t abl e m erel y b e c au s e h e w as
P B S P N CHB CK t I A
bl ack b ecaus e h e h a d n o t en i G
,
.

n
.

f L i i
.

o vern o r o
,

o u s a na
ac

g
j o y ed t h e d i s t i n c t i o n o f w ri n g i n g
his b read f ro m t h e s w eat o f an o t h er s b ro w G o v ern m en t
’
.
,

a s t h e s o u t h ern m an s aw it S h o ul d b e b as e d o n an ari st o
,

c rat i c e xpl o i t a t i o n o f t h e m an f ar d o w n A s t h e s l av e.

h o l d ers h ad f o r cen t u ri es en j o y ed t his exclusi v e p ri vil eg e ,

t h ey c o u l d n o t b u t b ear it g ri ev o usl y t h at it h ad b een s u d

d en l y t ak en aw ay .

T h at t h e n ew g o v ernm en t s w ere c orrup t w as n o t an ex

c ep t io n t o t h e ru l e o f t h at t i m e Wi t h t h e reo rg an i z at i o n
.

o f t h i n g s t h ro u g h o u t t h e c o u n t ry a f t er t h e Ci vil W ar an d ,

Co rrupt io n t h e Op en i n g up o f n ew i n du s t ri es an d o p p o r
“ Fl m d a e
t u n it ies in t h e u n d evel o p ed p art s o f t h i s c o u n
t ry t h ere c am e an er a o f sp e c u l at i o n d i sh o n est bu s i n ess
, , ,

an d c o rrup t g o v e rn m en t s i m pli c at i n g t h e hi g h es t S t a t e a n d
,

F ed eral f u n c t i o n ari es T h ere n ev er w as a m o re c o rru p t

.
256 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

pl ac ed wh ere t h ey c o u l d n o t s erv e t h e m aj o ri ty o f t h e bl acks

,

w er e an xio u s t o s ec u re t h e co Op era t io n o f t h e b es t whi t es

'

.
. .
’

B u t b ec au se o f t h e u n us u al an t ag o n is t ic at t i t u de o f t h e
f o rm er sl av eh o l d ers f e eli n g t h at t h e N eg ro sh o u l d h av e
,

n o p ar t in t h e g o v ern m en t at al l t h ey r efu s ed to c o Op erate

,
-
,

h o pi n g t h at t h ey co u l d in s o m e w ay eff ect t h e c o m pl et e
e li m i n at i o n o f t h e N egr o f ro m p o li t ics as t h ey h ave do n e in
,

r ec en t y ears Th e resul t t h eref o re w as t h at t h e N eg ro e s

.
, ,

w ere in t h e b eg i n n i n g c o m p ell ed t o supp o rt f o r o ffic e whi t e

m en wh o h ad n ev er b een t ri ed an d wh o h ad in s o m e c as es
g i v en e v i d e n c e o f d i s h o n es t pu rp o s es .

Th e arg u m en t a g ai n s t t his h o w ev er is t h at t h e Negr o es

, ,

sh o ul d n o t h av e b een en f ran chis ed an d t h at t h e g o vern m ent

sh o ul d h av e b een o rg an iz ed am o n g t h e l o y al whi t es To .

Enf ranc hi s e . t his it m ay b e repli ed t h at t h ere w ere f ew l o y al

me nt q u e t i On whi t es an d m an o f t h o s e w h o p ret en d ed t h at
s
y
o

t h ey w ere an d u n d er t o o k t o o rg an i z e g o ve rn m en t s p ro v ed
t o b e jus t as Opp ressi v e as t h ey ev er h ad b een an d in ,

f a c t u n d ert o o k t o rees t abli s h S l av ery H ad t h ere b een a

.
[

cl o s e c o Op erat io n am o n g t h e b es t w hi t es in t h e S o u t h an d a
g r a d u a l i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f t h e i n t elli g en t f r ee d m en i n t o t h e

el e c t o rat e m an y o f t h e m is t ak e s m a d e wo ul d h av e b een o b vi
,

a t ed an d t h e re c en t s t eps b a ckw ard t o w ard s l yn chi n g an d

p eo n ag e w o ul d n o t h ave b een m ade .

T h es e c ri t ici sm s o f t h e c arp et b ag g ov ernm en t h ad t he

-

d esi red eff e c t am o n g t h e p o o r an d i gn o ran t whi t es who ,

re ared u n d er t h e d egrad i n g i n flu en c e s o f sl av ery c o ul d n o t ,

E u Kl ux Kl an .t o l erat e t h e bl a ck s as ci t iz en s Th e N eg ro es
.

t h ereaf t er w ere h arass ed an d h arri ed b y d i s t u rbi n g el e

m en t s o f an ar ch y o u t o f which s o o n em erg ed an o at h b o un d
,
-

o r der c all e d t h e Ku K lux K l an t erro rizi n g t h e N eg ro es

,

wi t h l awl es sn ess an d vi o l en c e C o n g ress t h eref o re deem ed

.
, ,

it n e c es s ary t o p ass a s er i es o f rep res s i v e m easu res k n o wn ,

“
as f o rce bill s t o p ro t ect t h e N eg ro es in t h e en j o ym en t o f
,

t h e c i v il a n d p o li t i cal r i g h t s T h e P res i d en t w as au t h o r
.
T he R e c o n st r u c t io n
2 58 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
i z ed t o s u pp ress i n su rrec t i o n in th e S o u t h ern S t at es wh ere
an d w h en l o c al a u t h o ri t i es w ere p o w erl es s a n d m i h t sus
g
p en d th e w ri t o f h ab ea s c o rpus Th e juri s d ic t i o n o f t h e
.

F ederal c o urt s w as s o ext en d ed as t o t ak e c o g n i z an c e o f

c as es in which Neg ro es c o m pl ai n ed o f b ei n g d ep ri ved o f
t h e i r ri g h t s
. T his l eg isl at i on als o c o n t em pl at ed th e u se
o f F ed eral t ro o ps t o s ecu re f ai r el ec t i o n in t h es e S t at es .

Whil e t h es e m easu re s o fi ered t em p o rary reli ef t h ey c aused

s uch d eep res en t m en t in t h e S o u t h esp eci a ll y amo n g t h o s e
,

whi t es wh o w ere en deav ori n g t o supp ress m ob vi o l en ce ,

t h at t h e S o u t h t en d ed t o b ec o m e a s m o l d eri ng v o lc an o
aw ai t i n g an Opp o rt u n i t y f o r erup t i o n .

Th e dé n o u em en t c am e fro m P resi den t R u t h erf o rd B .

Hay es in t h e wi t h draw al o f t h e t ro o ps t o t h e supp ort o f

'

wh om he pro b ably o w ed his d o ub t f ul el ect i o n Th e o cc as io n .

w as t h e c o n si d erat i o n o f t h e qu es t i o n o f c o n
Th e
wi t h d awal
r t i n n i n g t h e u se o f t ro o ps in S o u t h C aro li n a .

o rt ro o p s “
H ay es s ai d : In m y Opi n i o n t h ere d o es n o t
‘

n o w e xis t in t h at S t at e such d o m es t ic vi o l en c e as is c o n

t em p l at ed b y t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n as t h e g r o u n d up o n wh ich t h e
mili t ary p o w er o f t h e N at i o n al G o v ern m en t m ay b e i n vo k ed
f o r t h e d ef en s e o f t h e S t at e b u t t h es e are s et t l ed b y
,

s uch o rderl y an d p eaceabl e m et h o d s as m ay b e p ro vi ded b y

t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n an d l aw s o f t h e S t at e I feel as sured t h at
.

n o r es o rt t o v i o l en c e is c o n t em pl at ed in an y qu art er b u t ,

t h at o n th e c o n t rary t h e d ispu t es in qu es t i o n are t o b e s et

, ,

t l ed s o l el y b y su c h p ea c ef ul rem ed i es as t h e Co n s t i t u t i o n
”
an d t h e l aws o f t h e S t at e p ro v i de .

Th e wi t h draw al o f t h e n at i o n al t ro o p s fro m t h e S o u t h
g a v e m uch r e li ef t o t h e whi t e s in t h at s e c t i o n a n d pl e a s ed

a m aj o ri ty o f t h e N o rt h ern ci t iz en s wh o d e spi t e t h e eff o r t s

, ,

o f t h e S o u t h ern ers t o b re ak up t h e U n i o n c o ul d n o t supp o r t

,

t h e p o licy o f f o r ev er afflic t i n g t h em wi t h m art i al l aw Th e

.

Neg ro es an d t h eir sym p at hiz ers h o w ever h ave alw ay s c o n

, ,

s idered t his t h e m o s t un st at es m an lik e act an y P r esi dent

 C HA PT E R XV I I

FIN D IN G A W AY O F E SCAP E

TH E a b ri dgm en t of the N eg ro es
i gh t s c am e as such a ’
r

c a l am i t y t h at f o r a g en erat i o n f o ll o w i n g t h e r es t o r at i o n o f

t h e rea c t i o n ari es t o p o w er t h e N eg ro es w ere in a s t at e o f

,

The
c o n f usi o n s eeki n g t o e x t r ic at e t h em s el ves f ro m

u nt w ardo t h ei r d ifficu l t ies T h ere t h en en su ed a m o st .

1

c n di t i o n
o .

cru el p ers ecu t i o n o f t h e b l a cks b y t h e d eg rad ed

an d i m p e cu n i o us p o o r whi t es A l th o u g h as su red t h at t h e .

N eg ro es c o ul d n o t u n der t h e cir cu m st an c es s o o n reg ai n t h ei r

p o li t ic al ri g h t s c ert ai n c ri m i n al c o m m u n i t i es h av e f o un d
,

S p e c i al d eli g h t in killi n g an d l y n c h i n g N egr o es o n a cc o u n t

o f o ff en s es f o r whi c h a whi t e m an w o u l d h ar d l y b e a c c u sed ,

if t h e c o m pl a i n an t h app en ed t o b e b l a ck Th e l o c al n ews .

p ap ers b y t h ei r art o f p sy ch o l o g i c al app eal t o t h e r ac e

,

p reju d ic e o f t h e m ass es h ave su cc eeded in c o n v i n ci n g th e

,

public t h at t h e g en eral c au se o f t h es e l y n ch i n g s w as cri m i

n al ass aul t b u t s t at i s t i c s s h o w t h at o r d i n ary m i s d em e an o r s
,

o f N eg ro e s h av e b een t h e s o l e excu s e f o r t h ree o u t o f every

f o u r o f t h ese l y n ch i n g s .

Th e ex t en t to which t h e c o u n t ry h as b een d is g rac ed b y

G eo rg e W W a m s , His t o ry o f t h e N
1 . illi I I , 37 5 38 0 ; C eg r o R a c e, - .

G W o o d s o n , A C en t u ry o f N eg ro M g r a t o n , c h s VI I a n d VII I ; Th e
.
i i .

A t lan t ic M o n t h ly, X
LI V, a g e 2 2 2 e t s e q p T h e V c ks b u rg Co m m er c i a l ,. i
M a y 6 , 1 9 19 ; T h e N a t o n , VI II , 2 4 2 , 38 6 ; T h e A m eri c a n J o u rna l
i XX
i
o f S o c i a l S c en c e , X I , 1 35 ; P u b l c O p n o n ,
- i
VI I I , 37 0 et s eq ; T h e i i X .

i
‘

A m eri c a n La w R e v ew , XL, 2 9 , 5 2 , 2 0 5, 2 2 7 , 35 4 , 38 1 , 54 7 , 5 9 0 6 9 5 , ,

7 5 8 , 8 6 5 ,
9 05 ; R ep o r t s o f C o m m t t ees O f t h e S en a t e oif t h e Un t e d i
i i
S t a t es f o r t h e F rs t a n d S ec o n d S es s o n s o f t h e Fo r t y si x t h Co n g res s ,
-

1 8 7 9 - 1 8 8 0, pp . 11 1- X II I .
 F in din g a . W ay Of E sc ap e
l

t he i n st i t u t i o n o f ly n ch i n g m ay b e m ore easily es t i m at ed b y
a f ew s t a t i s t i c s A cc o rd i n g t o G en era l S h eri d an
.
p e r ,

s o n s w ere kill ed in t h e S o u t h d u ri n g t h e fir st Ly nchi n g .

d ec ad e af t er em an cip at i o n ; w ere kill ed an d w o u n d ed

in 1 868 an d p ro b abl y
,
b et w een 1 8 68 an d 18 7 5 M o s t .

o f t h es e m as s a c re s o ccu rre d in t h e d i s t u rb ed area O f Lo ui s i

an a . F o ll o w i n g t h at p eri o d t h e n um b er o f N egr o es an n u all y

lyn ch ed in t h e wh o l e c o u n t ry a g g reg at ed b et ween fi f t y an d
a hu n dred an d t h e w h o l e n u m b er f o r t h e re c o n s t ruc t i o n
,

an d read ju s t m en t p er i o d s n o t l ess t h an A s the

Neg ro es w ere n o l o n g er v al u abl es a t t a ch ed t o o w n ers as ,

h o rs es o r c at t l e t h ere w as li t t l e t o rest rai n t h e degraded

,

cl as s f ro m m u rd eri n g t h em in c o m m u n i t i es w h ere f ew whi t e

men h ad an y c o n c ep t i o n o f t h e bl a ck s as p ers o n s en t i t l ed t o
li f e lib ert y an d t h e pu rsui t o f h appi n ess
, , .

Th e ec o n o m ic s i t u at i o n in t h e S o u t h in t h e m ean t i m e b e
c am e c ri t i cal T h e p o o r w hi t es w h o w ere u n w illi n g t o l ab o r
.

t h em s el ves s o d i s t u rb ed t h e N eg ro es t h at t h ei r em pl o y m en t
w as p re c ari o u s Th e ex s l av eh o l d ers m o re T h e ec o n mi c
.
-
, o

o v er i m p o sed up o n t h e N eg ro es w illi n g t o s i t uat i on .

w o rk . Th e N eg r o es w ere t h e o n l y d ep en d abl e l ab o ri n g
c l as s es in t h e S o u t h a n d t o o m an y w ere t ry i n g t o li ve o n t h e
,

f ru i t s o f t h e N eg ro es l a b o r W h et h er aw are o r n o t O f b ei n g
.

d u p ed t h e N eg roe s h a d t o s e ek em pl o y m en t b y t h e w h i t es
, ,

as t h ey h a d n o ca pi t al t o O p er a t e f arm s an d f a c t o r i es i n d e

p en den t ly S o m e o f t h o s e w h o d u ri n g t h e h appi es t d ay s o f
.
,

re c o n s t ruc t i o n s u c c ee d ed in
,
ac qui ri n g p r o p er t y s aw it ,

t h ereaf t er s ei z ed o n t h e pl ea o f d eli n qu en t t ax es an d t ran s

f erred t o t h e m as t er c l as s .

Th e l an d in t h e S o u t h m o reo v er rem a i n ed m a i n l y in
, ,

l arg e t rac t s h el d b y pl an t ers w h o exc ep t in t h e c as e o f , ,

p o v erty n ever des i red t o d i sp o se o f it ; an d ev en if t h ey h ad

,

b een t h u s i n cli n ed t h e Neg ro es c o ul d n o t u n Land T enure

,
.

d er t h e e xi st i n g r é g i m e q u i ckl y earn s u ffi c i en t m o n ey t o
purch as e l arg e h o l d i n g s T h ere w as th en n o ch an c e f o r th e
.
2 62 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
Neg ro es t o dev el o p at o n c e i n t o a d es i rabl e cl as s o f f armers .

T h ey t h en b ecam e m a i n ly a w ag e earn i n g el em en t dep en dent

-

o n t h e w ill o f t h ei r em pl o y ers A s f ew o f th e N eg ro es c o ul d
.

rea d an d wri t e t h ey w ere ch eat ed in S i gn i n g c o n t ract s an d

,

h ad t o s uff er t h e c o n s equ en t p ri vat i o n s ag grav at ed b y

cru el t y if t h ey u n d ul y c o m pl a i n ed
,
.

Th e w ag e s y s t em o f t h e S o u t h e arl y f ail ed t o g ive s at is

fa ct i o n ex c ep t in t h e su g ar d i st rict Th e pl an t ers th en
,
.

ma d e t h e e xp eri m en t o f w o rki n g o n sh ares b u t h ad t o ,

W a g e y st em a b an d o n t hi s b ec au s e t h e em pl o y er w as n o t
s
t i ed
a l w ay s abl e t o adv an c e t h e N egr o t en an t s u p
r "

pli es p en d i ng t h e g ro w t h o f t h e c ro p an d s o m e i n s is t ed t h at
,

t h e N e g ro w as t o o i n d i ff er en t an d l az y t o m ak e t h e p art n er
s hip d esi ra bl e It w as t h en d e ci d ed t o res o rt t o t h e ren t i n g
.

s y s t em which b ec am e th e ac c ep t ed t en ure in t h e c o t t o n
,

d is t ric t W h il e t his sy s t em app aren t ly t h rew t h e t en an t

.

o n h is o w n r esp o n sibili t y it f r equ en t l y m a d e h im t h e v i ct i m

,

R e nt S y st em o f his o wn i g n o ran c e a n d t h e r ap a ci t y o f h is
.

l an dl o rd A S t h e N eg ro es c o ul d d o n o b et t er t h ey h ad t o
.

p ya su c h h i g h ren t t h at t h ey h ardly d eri ved f ro m th ei r l ab o r

ad equ at e ret u rn s t o supp o rt t h ei r f am ili es .

Th e w o rs t f eat ure o f t h e ren t pl an w as it s i n iqui t o u s

c o n c o m i t an t t h e c redi t sy st em H av i n g n o c api t al t o b eg i n
, .

wi th a N eg ro t en an t b ec am e dep en den t o n his l an dlo rd f o r

,

T h e credi t ad van c e o f suppli es o f t o o ls f o o d an d cl o t hi n g

,

” t em
S
d u ri n g t h e y ear s ecu red b y a li en o n t h e
,

c ro p A s t hes e n ew t en an t s h ad h ad o n ly a f ew y ears
.

o f f reed o m t o l earn busi n ess m et h o d s t h ey b ec am e a p rey ,

t o d ish o n es t m en w h o t h ro u g h t h ei r s t o res an d b an ks ex
, ,

t o rt e d f ro m t h e N eg ro es p ra c t ic al l y al l o f t h e i r e arn i n g s b e
f o re t h e en d o f t h e y ear A f ew h o n es t pl an t ers desi red t o
.

p ro t ec t t he N eg ro es b y suppl y i n g t h em at reaso n abl e p ric es ;

b u t s ubj e c t t o u s u ry t h em s el v es t h ei r eff o rt s av ail ed li t t l e
,
.

I t w as n ec ess ary t h en f o r t h e N eg ro t en an t t o b eg i n t h e
y e a r w i t h t h re e m o rt g a g e s c o v eri n g
,
a l l h e o w n e d his l ab o r ,
 2 64 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
an d B en j am i n o r Pap Si n g l et o n o f T en n ess ee S eei n g .

t h at t h e N eg ro es h a d a l m o s t l o s t t h e f rui t s o f t h ei r em an ei

p a t iOn an d t h a t t h ere w as li t t l e h o p e t h at t h ei r si t u at i o n
wo ul d b e g reat l y i m p ro v ed t h ey h ad o rg an i z ed a c o mm i t
,

t ee which t h ey l at er i n c reas ed b y t h e hu n d red s t o ci r cul at e

i n f o rm at i o n as t o t h e i n t o l erabl e
O pp r es s i o n o f t h e bl a cks an d t h e

Opp o rt u n i t i es in t h e W es t f o r re
li ef t h eref ro m In t hi s w ay ac
.
,

c o rdi n g t o t h es e p ro m o t ers t h ey ,

i n t erest ed or

N eg ro es a l t h o u g h n o t m o re t h an
,

o n e f o u rt h
-
or o n e fif t h
-
of t h is
n u m b er a c t u a ll y w en t W es t .

This un u su al m o v em en t o f t h e
Neg ro es t h reat en ed t h e S o u t h
R T G REE N ER
. .
wi t h ec o n o m i c rui n T
. h e t hi n k

in g c l a ss s aw t h at t h e s ec t i o n w as
so o n t o l o s e th e ec o n o m ic fo un d at i o n o f it s p ro s p eri ty ,

a n d t h at if s o m e t h i n g w ere n o t s p e ed il y d o n e t h e l an d

w o ul d do ub t l e ss b ec o m e a w as t e pl ac e in t h e w il d ern ess .

M eet i n g s t h eref o re w ere c all ed amo n g t h e wh i t es an d t h e

, ,

bl acks t o i n duc e t h e l at t er t o r em ai n wh er e th ey were Th e .

m o s t i m p o rt an t m eet i n g o f t his ki n d w as t h at h el d at
A l arm among Vick s bu rg ,
Mississippi o n May 6 187 9
, ,
.

t h e Pl ant em Th ere w ere ass em bl ed th e rep res en t at ives o f

t h e b es t o f b o t h ra c es s eeki n g t o r ea ch so m e c o n clusi o n as
h o w t o deal wi t h t h e si t u at i o n . F ran k exp ressi o n s as t o
t h e c aus es o f t h e g ri ev an c es w ere m ad e o n b o t h s i d es an d ,

m o s t p ers o n s c o n c ern ed w ere w illi n g t o m ak e s uch s a c rific es

o f p ers o n a l f eeli n g an d o pi n i o n as t o rem edy t h e ev ils

c o m pl a i n ed o f .

Unwilli n g t o rel y up o n m o ral s u as i o n h o wever t h e wh i t es

, ,

res o rt ed t o fo rc e t o s t o p t h e exo d us b y d en y i n g t h e N egr o es

 F in ding a l Va y Of E sc ap e

t ran sp o rt at i o n an d i m p ris on i n g t h em o n f als e ch arg es ; b u t

Neg ro es t o t h e n u m b er o f m an y t h o us an ds c o n t i n u ed t h ei r
w ay W es t d espi t e t his o pp o si t i o n —d espi t e Th e res o rt
ev en t h e d isc o u rag em en t o f t h ei r g re at es t h f r e e ee

l eader F rederick D o u g l as s w h o adv i sed t h em t o t h e c on

, ,

t rary be li ev i n g t h at it w o ul d b e b ett er f o r t h e bl a ck s t o re
,

m ai n in t h e S o u t h wh ere t h ey w o ul d h av e su ffici en t n u m
b ers t o wi el d p o li t ic al p o wer Th e p ro m o t ers o f t h e
.

m o v em en t w ere f o rt u n at e in h av i n g t h e supp o rt o f R i c h ard

T Green er an d J o h n M Lan g s t o n wh o h av i n g s u ffi c i en t
. .
, ,

f o res i g h t t o see t h at t h e U n i t ed S t at e s G o vern m en t w o ul d

n o t s o o n i n t erf ere in b eh a l f o f t h e N e g ro es in t h e S o u t h ,

a dv is ed t h em t o fl ee f ro m p o li t ic al o pp ressi o n t o a f re e

c o u n t ry c o n si d eri n g i t a h o p ef ul S i g n t h at t h e bl a cks h ad
,

p ass ed t h ro u g h t h at s t ag e o f d ev el o p m en t o f app eal i n g t o

p h il an t h ro p y i n t o t h at o f app eali n g t o t h em selves .

This rapi d m i g rat i o n w as so o n ch eck ed b u t t h e N eg ro es

,

g a du all y c o n t i n u ed t o g o W es t i n t o t h e i n du st ri al c en t ers
r

o f t h e A pp al ach i an m o u n t ai n s an d i n t o t h e S o u t h w est Th e .

m as s e s o f t h e N eg ro es h o w ever b ec a m e s et
, , T h e mi gr t i o n a
h k ed
t l ed in t h e S o u t h in a c o n d i t i o n n o t m u ch e ee '

b et t er t h an t h ei r f o rm er s t at e ; f o r t h e pl an t ers f o rg o t t h ei r
p ro m i ses o f b et t er t r eat m en t j u st as s o o n as t h e ex o du s
c eas e d .Th e ec o n o m ic a d ju s t m en t a f t er t h e Ci vil W ar ,

cul m i n at i n g in t h e res um p t i o n O f s p ec i e p aym en t s in 187 9 f

m o reo v er b ri gh t en ed s o m ewh at t h e d ark ag e t h ro u g h w h i ch

,

t h e S o u t h w as p ass i n g Du ri n g th e e i gh t i es an d n i n et i es t h e
.

m ass es o f N eg ro es c o ul d d o li t t l e m o re t h an mer e ly ek e o u t
an e xi s t e n c e b u t f o ll o w i n g t h i s p eri o d s o m e o f t h em p ro s
,

p ered su flicien t l y t o app rec i at e t h e d i ff eren c e b et w een f ree

a n d sl av e l ab o r T h e i n co m e o f t h e av er a g e N eg ro ev e n
.

t h en h o w ev er w as v ery s m all
, ,
T h e m o s t f o rt u n at e N eg ro
.

t en an t s o r f arm ers d id n o t g en er all y c o m e t o t h e en d o f t h e

y e ar w i t h m o re t h an t h ey n ee de d t o k e ep t h em w h il e p r o
2 66 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
du cin g t h ei r c ro p du ri n g th e n ex t Th e ru ral w ag e earn er
.

d id w ell t o rec e i ve f o r hi s t o il f ro m sun ris e t o su n s et

, ,

t wen t y fi v e o r t hi rt y c en t s a d ay i n clu d i n g b o ard r es t ric t ed

-
,

t o h a lf a g a ll o n o f m eal an d h al f a p o u n d o f f at b a c o n Me .

ch an ics b eli ev ed t h at t h ey w ere hi g hl y f av o re d wh en t h ey

e arn ed f ro m s ev en t y fi v e c en t s t o a d o ll ar an d a h alf a d ay
- .

In t h e m i d s t o f su ch ci r cu m s t an c es t h e N eg ro es c o ul d
,

n o t es t ablish h o m es an d

e d u c at e t h ei r chil dren .

I t w as o f m uch a ssis t an c e
t o t h e N eg ro es in t h e
Educat i on S OU t h , h OW ‘

m ed e v er , t h at t h e
No rt h rais ed c o n s i d erabl e
m o n ey an ds en t s o m e o f
h er b es t c i t iz en s t o f o u n d
i n s t i t ut i o n s f o r t h e en
l ig h t en m en t of t h e f reed
m en . This p h il an t hro pic
s c h em e p resupp o sed t h at

ed uc a t i o n i n t h e cl ass i
c al fi el d w as t h e u rg en t
J 0 P ICE . . R
n eed o f N eg ro es in t h at
,

it was ess en t i al t o a p ro p er u n d ers t an d i n g o f t h e p ro b

l ems o f g o v ernm en t an d t h at wh en t h is w as su ppli ed
,

t h e m a ss e s t hus en li g h t en ed w o ul d h av e an a dv an t ag e
b y w hich t h ey c o ul d t riu m p h o ver al l Opp o s i t i o n H eed .

in g t his c all t o av a il t h em s el v es o f su ch o pp o rt u n i t i es ,

Neg ro es n o t o n l y cro w d ed t h es e i n st i t u t i o n s lik e H o w ard , ,

Fisk Li n c o l n M o reh o us e an d A t l an t a b u t b eg an t o
, , , ,

es t ablish h i g h er i n s t i t u t i o n s o f t h ei r o wn O u t o f t h ese .

s c h o o ls c am e n o t man y sc h o l ars b u t en t h u s i as t i c t eac h

,

ers devo t ed t o t h e en li g h t en m en t o f t h ei r p eo pl e a l arg e ,

n u m b er o f r a c e l ead i n g p reach ers p ro c l a i m i n g reli g i o n as

-

t h e s o lu t i o n o f t he p ro bl em many w ell i n f o rm ed o rat o rs

, ,
 he N eg ro I n O u r
T
2 68 H ist o ry
t ab l ish ed t o o cl o s e rel at i o n s wi t h t h e S o u t h t o t hi n k o f
s ev eri n g t h es e t i es Th e p revaili n g Opi n i o n w as t h at t h e
.

S o u t h Sh o ul d b e p erm i t t ed t o deal wi t h th e N eg ro e s as it
f el t d i s p o sed .

A s t h e S o u t h in t his p o si t i on Of r en ew ed suprem a cy b e
, ,

c am e i n creasi n g ly i n t o l eran t o f t h e t al en t ed freedm en m any ,

o f t h em l ef t T o t his t h e w hi t es o ff ered n o o bj ec t i o n w h at
.

ev er T h e ex o dus o f t h e i n t elli g en t N eg ro es
Cruel t y o f .

t h e e t o ed
r s r was m uch desi red b y t h e s o u t h ern ers f or ev ery ,

o n e m i gr at i n g d i m i n i sh e d t h e ch an c es o f t h e

N eg ro f o r m en t al d evel o p m en t a t hi n g which m o s t s o u t h
,

ern ers b eli ev e d s p o ils t h e N eg ro I t h as b een t h e p o lic y o f

.

m o s t A n g l o S ax o n n at i o n s t o k eep in i gn o ran c e t h e expl o i t ed

-

r a c es ,
t h at in t h ei r i g n o ran t s t at e t h e o n e gr o u p m ay b e
array ed ag a i n s t t h e o t h er t o p rev en t t h em f ro m rea chi n g

t h e p o i n t o f s elf as s ert i o n -
In k eepi n g wi t h t h at s am e
.

p o licy s o u t h ern ers w o ul d n o t o n l y n o t en co urag e b u t wo ul d

h ave li t t l e d eali n g wi t h th e t al en t ed Neg ro es an d in m ak ,

in g d esi re f at h er t o t h e t h o u g h t i n s i s t ed t h at t h ere w ere n o

,

i n t elli g en t Negr o es W ell m i gh t so m e s ect i o n s reas o n ably

.

rea ch t his c o n clusi o n as t o t h e m en t al d ev el o p m en t o f t h e

Neg ro es if it is t o b e ju d g ed b y t h e am o un t o f m o n ey
,

sp en t f o r t h ei r ed uc at i o n In it s b a ckw ard st ate th e S o ut h

.

c o ul d n o t aff o rd l arg e app ro p ri at i o n s f o r educ at i o n b u t in

'

m o st o f t h e d is t ric t s t h e N eg ro public sch o o ls w ere al m o st a

m o ck ery an d wi t h t h e exc ep t i o n o f t h e S t at e i n dus t ri al
,

s ch o o ls al m o s t n o p r o v isi o n at al l was m a de f o r t h e hi g h er

e duc at i o n o f t h e N eg ro af t er t h e un d o i n g o f re co n s t ru o

tion .

In t h e eff o rt t o g et aw ay fro m t h e S o u t h t h ere w as a

ren ew a l o f t h e c o l o n iz at i o n sch em e u n d er t h e l ead ers hip o f

Co l o niz at i o n B i sh o p H M Turn er Wi t h t h e en c o urag e

. . .

a g ai n .
m en t o f S en at o r M o rg an o f A l ab am a wh o , ,

a ft er t h e r ea c t i o n ari es h ad w ell c o m pl et ed t h e t ask o f

d ep r i vi n g t h e N e g ro es o f t h ei r ri gh t s f el t t h at t h ey sh o ul d
,
 F in ding a W ay o f E sc a p e

t h en go to a fo rei g n l an d
l o p i n d e p en d e n t l y a n a t i o n
t o d eve
o f t h e i r o wn it seem ed t h at t h e pl an m i g h t p ro v e f e asibl e
,
.

S o m e t h o u g h t ag ai n o f A f ric a as th e pl ace o f ref u g e b u t ,

t h e m em o ry O f t h e an t eb ellu m s t ru g g l e o f t h e f re e N eg ro es
t o de f eat t h at en t erp ri se
m ad e t h at c o n t i n en t t o o
f r i g h t en i n g t o a t t r a c t
m an y I n t h e e arl y n i n e
.

t i es a f ew N eg ro es em i
,

g ra t ed t o M api m i M exi c o , ,

f ro m w hich af te r so m e ,

h ard s hips t h ey ret u rn ed ,

t o t h ei r h o m es in Ge o rg i a
an d A l ab a m a R eso rt i n g .

t o A f ric a t h en 1 9 7 Ne ,

gr oe s s a il ed fro m S av an
n ah G eo rg i a f o r Lib eri a
, ,

in 1 8 95 Th e exp ed i t i o n
.

B ISH P H M TU NE f l
t o Lib eri a w as n o t a s un O . . R R, a e ar e ss

p k m f h i p pl S o es an or s eo e
s uc c es s f u l as t h at t o M ex

ic o b u t t h e d ep o rt at io n ists so o n di sc o v ered in c arry in g

,

o u t t h e i r pl an t h at it is i m p o s s ibl e t o e xp at r i a t e a w h o l e

ra c e .

M a ny o f t h e t al en t ed Neg ro es wh o h ad b een c o n s picu o u s

in p o li t i cs t h ereaf t er d ec i d ed t o y i el d t o t h e w h i t e m an s
,
’

co n t ro l an d d ev o t e d t h em se l v es t o t h e a c cu m ul at i o n o f
,

w ea l t h B u t as h ell is n eve r f ull an d t h e ey es

.
,
T erro ri sm .

o f m a n ar e n ev er s a t i s fi ed t h e m ere d o m i n at i o n did n o t
,

m eet al l o f t h e re qui rem en t s o f t h e d e g ra d ed c l as s o f whi t es .

Sl avery h ad m ad e t h em b ru t al T h ey h ad b een accu s t o m ed .

t o d ri v e t o m u t il a t e t o kill N eg ro es an d s u ch t ra i ts c o ul d
, , ,

n o t b e e asil y rem o v ed Th e r ei g n o f t err o r o s t en s ibl y

.
,

in i t i at ed t o o v erth ro w t h e c arp et b ag g o vern m en t s b y m eans -

O f t h e Ku K lux K l an c o n t i n u e d an d it b ecam e a s p ec i al
, ,

deli g h t f o r t h e p o o r w h i t es t o h u m ili at e an d p e rs ecu t e t h e

27 0 T he N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry

Neg ro es wh o h ad ac qui red

uc at i o n an d a ccu m ul at ed s o m e
ed

w eal t h T h e eff o rt w as t o m ak e t h e N eg r o rea li z e t h at h e

”
li ves in a wh i te m an s c o u n t ry in wh i ch l aw f o r t h e Neg ro is
’

t h e will o f t h e whi t e m an w i t h wh o m h e m eet s Th e N eg ro es .

h ad t o un d erg o pun i sh m en t f o r p res u m i n g t o ass u m e t h e

rei n s o f g o vern m en t d u ri n g t h e r ec o n st ru ct i o n T h ey h ad .

t o b e c o n v i n c e d t h at t his c o u n t ry will n ev er p erm i t an o t h er

s uch r evo lu t i o n Fu rt h er l eg isl at i o n t o rest ric t su ff rag e ih
.

al t erabl y t o t h e whi t es as a m aj o r i t y t o d ep r i v e N eg ro es o f
,

t h e ri g h t t o serve in t h e S t at e Mili t i a t o s egr eg at e t h em in

,

public c onv ey an c es an d ex c lu d e t h em fro m pl ac es o f en t er

,

t ain m en t s oo n f o ll o w ed as a n ec essi ty f o r m a i n t a i n i ng
,

whi t e sup rem acy so p rec ari o us h as it s t en ure at t i m es

,

A t the s am e i l ab o ri n g Neg ro es n o t on ly s aw t h em
t m e th e
s el ves o v erw h el m ed b y a r en t an d c r ed i t sy s t em w hi c h w o ul d

n o t p a ss aw ay b u t l o s t f u rt h er g ro u n d in t h e n ew f o rm o f
,

S l av ery c all ed p eo n ag e wh ich o n c e h ad l eg al s an c t i o n in

,

A l ab am a Fl o ri d a G eo rg i a Mis s i ss ippi N o rt h C a ro li n a
, , , , ,

P eonag e , an d S o u t h C aro li n a T h i s w as a so rt o f in
.

v o lun t ary s ervi t u d e b y wh i ch t h e l ab o rer is c o n si d ere d '

b o u n d t o s erve his m as t er u n t il a d eb t h e h as co n tra c t ed

is p ai d Th e o ri g i n o f t h i s w as in a cu st o m in M exi co
. ,

a n d t h e Opp o rt u n i t y l ay i n t h e p o v ert y o f t h e N eg ro es

wh o h a d t o b o rro w f ro m t h e w hi te s In w o rk in g t o p ay
.

t h es e deb t s t h ey m u st s t ill b o rro w t o li v e A s t h e w hi t e .

m an was t h e b o o kk eep er an d h is s t at em en t o f a cc o un t w as
l aw in t h e c o u rt s it w as t h e f o rm er m a s t er s p rero g at i v e
’

t o s ay h o w m uch t h e p eo n o w e d t o d et erm i n e ex a c t l y w h en
,

h e sh o u l d l eav e his s erv i c e o r w h et h er h e sh o ul d ev er l eav e

,
.

P eo ns duri n g t h es e years w ere r ecrui t ed fro m an o t h er

s o u rc e . In c o llusi o n w i t h c o u rt s arran g i n g w i t h t h e p o lic e
P eo na g e and t o arr es t a r eq u i re d n u m b er o f N eg ro es t o

t h “m e
e s ecure t h e d esi red am o un t in f ees an d fin e s in ,

n o c en t N eg ro es w er e c o m m o n l y a rres t ed a n d w h en fi ne d in ,
27 2 T he N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry

i n c re as e d b ro u g h t n earer h o m e t o t h e No rt h t h e SO
an d

c a ll ed race p ro bl em .
'

Th ere w en t fi rs t th e deth ro n ed p o lit ici an s wh o wh en ,

f a ili n g t o s ecur e em pl o y m en t in W as hi n gt o n en d eavo red ,

t o s o l v e t h e p ro bl em b y m i g rat i o n A f ew N eg ro es w ell
.

e s t ablis h e d in bu s i n e ss m o reo v er cl o s e d up
Po lit i cians , ,

l eavi ng t h e t h ei r affa i rs an d m o v ed o u t Th e educ at ed Ne

—
.

s o ut h '

g r o e s es p e ci a ll y t h e Neg ro c o ll eg e g ra du at es
’

wh o w ere i m bu ed wi t h t h e p ri n cipl es o f ju s t ic e s et fo rt h
b y Pick en s T ro tt er an d D u B o is—h ad t o o m uch app reci at i o n
,

f o r f reed o m t o rem a i n l o n g er wh ere t h ey w ere p o li t ic all y

an d so c i all y p ro sc ri b e d A f ew p ro f ess i o n al m en wh o un d er
.
,

t h e u n d es i rabl e c o n d i t i o n s were red uc ed t o w an t al s o m ade ,

t h ei r es ca p e I n t elli g en t l ab o rers wh o kn ew t h at t h ey w ere

.

n o t re c ei v i n g t h e p ro p er ret u rn s f ro m t h ei r l ab o r t i red al s o

o f t h e o rd ea l an d w en t in d u e t i m e t o t ry li f e in o t h er p art s .

In fac t t his S l o w b u t s t eady m i g rat i o n w as a g ra du al draw

,

in g o ff f ro m t h e S o u t h o f t h e m o s t advan c ed cl as s es t h o s e ,

b est qu alifi ed t o l ead t h e rac e m o re rapi d ly t o ward a chi eve

m en t . In it s b a ck w a rd s t at e h o w ever t h e S o u t h c o ul d n o t
, ,

a pp r e ci at e t hi s l o ss s o willi n g h as it b een t o p ay t h e hi g h
,

c o s t o f r a c e p re ju d ic e .

Th e u n des i rabl e f eat u re o f t his m i g rat i o n w as t h at it

w as m ai n l y t o t h e ci t i es T h e h o s t ili t y o f t h e t rad es u n i o n s
.

t o t h e Neg ro es w as al ready a h an d ic ap ren d eri n g t h ei r

T h e rush p r e s e n c e i n l a r g e n o r t h e rn ci t i e s a p r o bl em ,

he c it i es .
an d t h e i n c reas e o f n u m b er s res ul t i n g fro m

t hi s i n flux agg rav at ed t h e s i t u at i o n I t w as fu rt h er ag g ra

.

vat ed in t h e c o u rs e o f t i m e w h en b e c aus e o f t h e i n c re as i n g
,
“ ”
p o p u l ari t y o f t h e No rth m an y N eg ro es ju st h app en ed t o
,

g o. S o m e w e n t o n e x c u rsi o n s t o C o lu m bus I n d i an ap o lis ,

,

Chic ag o Cl ev el an d an d t h e lik e an d n ev er ret u rn ed S o u th

, , ,
.

In t h e N o rt h m o reo v er ed u cat ed N eg ro es h ad t o f o ll o w
, ,

d ru d g ery rat h er t h an t o p rac t ic e p ro f essi o n s o r w o rk at

 F in din g a W ay O f E s c ap e 27 3

S kill ed l ab o r as t h ey c o ul d in t h e S o u t h T h ey w ere w illi n g .

,

h o wever t o p ay t h i s p ric e f o r s o ci al an d p o li t i c al ri g h t s
, ,

h o pi n g t h at a t s o m e t i m e t h e f at es w o ul d b ri n g it t o p ass
t h at t h ey w o ul d s ec u re an e c o n o m i c f o un d a t i o n in t h e N o rt h .

Th e att ai n m en t o f t h is en d n o t w i t hs t an d i n g s o m e en co urag
,

in g ev en t s h o w ever h as b een a b at t l e ag a i n s t w ell e s t ab

, ,
-

l ish ed p reced en t s in t h e eff o rt t o m ai n t a i n t h e eco n o mic su

p re m acy o f t h e l ab o r i n g w h i t es w h o f eel t h a t t h e sh ul d
, y o

n o t b e co m p ell ed t o c o m p et e wi t h N eg ro es I n l ab o r as in .
,

o t h er t h i n g s t h ey c o n t en d t h e s p h ere o f g re a t rem u n erat i o n

, ,

mu st b e res t ri c t ed t o t h e wh i t e m an an d d ru d g ery t o t h e ,

N eg ro .

S o m e s y s t em at ic efi o rt s w ere m ade t o b reak d o wn t h e

b arri ers o f t h es e t rades u n i o n s Whi t e m en lik e E u g en e V
.
, .

D eb s h i g h in t h e c o u n cil s o f t h ese b o d i es a t t ack ed t hi s

, ,

m ed i ev a l a tt i t u d e o f t h e wh i t e l ab o rer s b u t t o n o av a il , .

A s Ne g ro es in t h e N o rt h an d W est t h eref o re ,
T rad es uni o ns ,
.

w ere pi t t e d a g a i n s t t h e t ra d e s un i o n s t h ey em bi t t e red m u ch
,

t h e f eeli n g b et w een t h e r a c es b y all y i n g t h em se l ves w i t h t h e

c api t ali st s t o s erv e as s t rik e b reak ers In t h i s c as e h ow .
,

ev er t h e t r a d e s u n i o n s t h em s el v es w ere t o b e bl am ed
,
Th e .

o n l y t i m e t h e N eg ro es c o ul d w o rk u n d er su c h ci rcu ms t an c es

w as w h en t h e wh i t es w ere s t riki n g an d i t is n o t s u rp r i s i n g
,

t h at s o m e o f t h em eas il y y i el d e d t h en t o t h e t em p t at i o n .

In t h o s e u n i o n s in wh i c h t h e N egr o e s w ere rec o g n iz ed t h ey

s t o o d w i t h t h ei r w h i t e c o w o rk ers in ev ery i n s t an c e o f m ak
in g a reas o n abl e d em an d o f t h ei r em pl o y ers S o m e o f t h es e .

u n i o n s h o w ever a cc ep t ed Neg ro es m erel y as a sub t erf u g e

, ,

t o p rev en t t h em f ro m en g ag i n g in s t rik e b re aki n g Wh en -

.

t h e N eg ro es app e al e d f o r w o rk i d en t i f y i n g t h em s el v es as
,

m em b ers o f t h e u n i o n in c o n t ro l t h ey w ere t u rn ed aw ay
,

w i t h t h e expl an at i o n t h at n o v ac an ci es exi s t ed wh il e wh i t e ,

m en w er e g l a d l y rec ei v ed .

A s a rul e t h eref o re t h e N eg ro es m i g rat i n g t o t h e N o rt h

, ,
274 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

h a d t o d o m en i al s erv ic e I t w as p at h et i c f o r t h e t rave l er
.

t o see N egr o es o n ce w ell est abli sh ed in a b u s i n ess in t h e

,

1 1 m ni al
1 e S o u t h redu c ed t o s ervi c e as p o rt ers t o e arn a
,

s em ce
liv i n g in t h e N o rt h Th e N eg ro es w ere s o
.

s c att ered in t h e N o rt h t h at t h e
y d id n o t s uppl y t h e O pp o r
t u n it y f o r m u t u a l h elp an d s i n c e t h e wh i t es w ere n o t
,

w illi n g t o c o n c ed e e c o n o m ic Opp o r t un i t y t h e n o rt h ern N e

g ro es w ere s o t o sp eak i s o l at ed i n t h e m i d s t o f a m ed i ev al
, ,

ci viliz at i o n f o u n d ed o n t h e c as t e o f c o l o r Wh il e t h e m igr a t
.

in g N egr o es o f i n t elli g en c e h id t h ei r li g h t s u n d er a b u sh el
in t h e N o rt h t h e illi t er at e N eg ro es in t h e S o u t h in n eed o f
, ,

t h ei r ass mt an c e in ed uc at i o n an d en t erp ri s e t o o o f t en f el l ,

R esul t s In i n t o t h e h an ds o f t h e h arp i es an d sh arks ,

t h e S o ut h .
m an y o f w h o m h ad t h e assi st an c e o f u n
scrupul o us Neg ro es in plun deri n g t h es e u n f o rt u n at es .

Th ere c am e f o rw ard t h en a N egr o wi t h a n ew i dea .

“
He s a i d t o his ra c e : C ast d o wn y o ur buck et s wh ere y o u
”
ar e . In o t h er w o rd s t h e N egro es m us t w o rk o u t t h ei r s al
,

v a t i o n in t h e S o u t h H e w as a n at i v e o f Vi rg i n i a H e h ad
. .

b e en t r a i n ed at H am p t o n an d u n d er a dv erse
B o o k er T .

W a shi ngt o n s c i rcum s t an c es h a d f o u n d ed a sch o o l in A l a

’

i d ea .

b am a aff o rdi n g h im t h e Opp o rt u n i t y t o s t u dy

,

t h e N eg ro es in all t h e i r as p e c t s S eei n g t h at t h e n eed o f

.

t h e N eg r o w as a f o u n d at i o n in t hi n g s ec o n o m ic h e c am e ,

f o rw ard wi t h t h e b o l d a dvo c acy o f i n du s t ri al educ at i o n o f

“
t h e N eg ro e s in t h o s e ar t s an d c raf t s in which t h ey are
n o w em pl o y ed an d in w hich t h ey m u st exhibi t g reat er effi
”
c ien cy if t h ey ar e t o c o m p et e w i t h t h e whi t e m en Th e .

wo rl d h ad h eard th i s b ef o r e b u t n ever h ad an educ at o r s o

,

exp o u n d ed t h i s d o c t ri n e a s t o m o v e t h e m illi o n s Thi s m an.

w as B o o k er T W ash i n g t o n
. .

T h e c el eb rat ed p ro n u n c i am en t o o f W as hi n g t o n w as s et
f o rt h in his a d dres s a t t h e A t l an t a E xp o si t i o n in 1 8 95 a n d ,

his educ at i o n al t h eo ry an d p r a c t i c e h av e n o t S i n ce c ea s ed
“

t o b e a u n i v ers al t o pi c H e i n si s t e d t h at s in c e t h e N egr o es
.
27 6 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

h av e Tu sk eg ee an d H am p t o n a n d th e s upp o rt
en d o w e d ,

g i v en t h e m an y o t h er s ch o o l s es t a bli s h ed o n t h a t b as i s ,

t h ey in l ess t h an a g en erat i o n h av e b r o u gh t m o s t n o rt h ern

, ,

p eo pl e aro u n d t o t h ei r w ay o f t hi n ki n g .

Th e N eg ro es h o w ev er wi t h exc ep t i o n o f a s m all m i n o ri ty
, , ,

re g ard ed t his p o li c y as a

s u rren d er to th e O p p r es

so rs wh o d es i r e d to re

d u ce the wh o l e ra ce to
m en i al s erv c e , i an d t h ey
p ro ceed ed m ili t an t ly t o
a tt ac k W as h i n g t o n b ran d ,

O p p o si t i o n t o in g h im W i t h
Was hin gt o n .
t h e O p p ro

b rium of a i
t ra t o r t o his
p eo pl e In t h e c o u rs e o f
.

t i m e h o w ev er w h en t h e
, ,

S o u t h f o ll o w i n g t h e ad
,

v ic e an d ex am pl e o f W as h

in gt o n re c o n s t ruc t ed
, it s
e d u ca t i o n a l sy st em f o r
Neg ro es an d b eg an t o sup
p l y t h es e s c h o o l s w i t h f a c

u l t ies r e c o mm en d ed by
m en i n t eres t ed in in d us
W E B D UB O S . . . I
t ri a l e d uc at i o n an d too
O f t en b y W ash i n g t o n hi m sel f t h ere w ere g radu ally el ev at ed ,

t o l ea d ersh ip m an y N eg ro es w h o I n s t an d i n g f o r i n du s t ri al ,

ed uc at i o n l arg ely i n creas ed t h e supp o rt o f W ash i n g t o n

,

am o n g h is p eo pl e Wh en m o reo v er his i n flu en c e as an
.
, ,

e d uc at or e x t en d ed i n t o a l l ram ifi c at i o n s o f li f e ev en i n t o ,

p o li t ics t o t h e ex t en t t h at h e d i c t at ed t h e ri se an d f all o f
,

al l N eg ro es o c cup y i n g p o s i t i o n s s ubj e c t t o t h e w ill o f t h e

wh i t es t h at c o n s t i t u en cy w as s o g en eral l y i n c reas ed t h at
,

b ef o re h e d i ed t h ere w ere f ew Neg ro es wh o d ared cri t ici z e

 F in ding a W ay o f E sc ap e

h im in public o r l et it b e kn o wn t h at t h ey w ere n o t in
sy m p at h y wi t h his w o rk .

A g ai n s t t hi s p o lic y h o w ev er t h ere a l w ay s s t o o d f o rt h
, ,

s o m e N eg ro e s wh o w o ul d n o t y i el d g ro u n d Th e m o s t o u t
.

s p o k en am o n g t h e s e w ere W M T ro tt er an d W E B
. . . . .

Du B o is . T h ese m en h av e h ad t h e i dea t h at Trot t er and

D uB e i S
t h e fi rs t eff o rt s t o s ec u re rec o g n i t i o n f o r t h e °

N eg ro mu st c o m e t h ro ug h agi t at i o n f o r hi gh er educ a
t i o n an d p o li t ic al e qu ali t y .

W h at t h ey dem an d f o r
t h e N eg ro is t h e s am e o p

p o rt u n ity , the s am e t reat

m en t , g en erall y g i v en t h e
w hi t e m an T o a cc ep t an y
.

thi n g l ess m ean s t rea ch ery .

F eeli n g t h at W as h i n g t o n s ’

p o s i t i o n w as a c o m p rom is e
o n t h es e t hi n g s ,
t h ey p er
s is t en t l y d en o u n c ed him
f ro m the ro s t ru m an d

t h ro u g h t h e p res s in spi t e
o f t h e g rea t p e rs o n a l s ac

rifi c es w hi c h t h e
y t h ereb y OSW LD G S N V LL
A D
A RRI O I AR
s u ff ered . D u B o is l o s t t h e
s upp o rt o f whi t e f ri en d s w h o c an n o t u n d ers t an d w h y al l

Negro es do n o t t hi n k alik e an d T ro t t er suffered u n usu al

,

hum ili at i o n b ec aus e h e u n dert o o k b y u n l awful m ean s t o

b reak up o n e o f W as h i n g t o n s m eet i n g s in B o s t o n
’
.

This ag i t at i o n h as exh ibi t ed ev i d en c es o f u n u su al v i t ali ty .

I t h as g i v en ri se t o w i del y c i rc u l at ed o rg an s w h i c h s t an d
f o r equ al ri g h t s an d e qu al O pp o rt u n i t i es— in sh o rt f o r a ,

s qu are d eal f o r al l m en r e g ard l es s o f rac e c o l o r o r p rev i o u s

,

c o n d i t i o n o f s erv i t u d e . O n e o f t h es e T h e Crisis is n o w a
, ,

s el f s upp o rt i n g
-
p o pul ar m ag azi n e w i t h a ci rcul at i o n o f
al m o s t I t is t h e o rg an o f th e N ati onal A s s o c i at i o n
 278 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
f o r th e A dvan c em en t C o l o red P eo pl e a m ovem en t
of ,

l aun ch ed b y t h e rem n an t o f th e ab o li t i o n an d ref o rm el e

m en t o f t h e N o rt h in c o nn ec t i o n wi t h t h e m ili t an t N eg ro es
, .

Th e p ers o n n el o f t h e m an ag em en t o f t h e A ss o ci at i o n i s c o m
p o s ed o f s o m e o f th e m o s t p ro m i n en t N eg ro es an d whi t e m en
an d w o m en o f th e c o u n t ry .

A m o n g t h es e are O sw al d
G arris o n V i l l a r d t h e ,

g r a n d s o n o f Willi am L l oy d

Ga rri s o n M o o rfl el d S to re y ,

o n e o f t h e m o s t p ro m i n en t

m em b ers o f t h e A m eri c an
B ar ; J o el E Spi n g arn .
,

a s c h o l ar o f n at i o n al r epu
,

t af i o n ; J an e A d d am s t h e ,

s o ci al ref o rm er ; an d A .

H Gri m k e a f earl ess ad

.
,

vo c at e o f e qu al i t y f o r al l .

Wh il e t h e A sso ci at i o n an d
it s p ro m oters m ay h ave at
t i mes g o n e r at h er f ar in
M O R FI E L D S O Y P
O T RE id t f t h
, re S bl am i n g W ash i n gt o n f o r
en o e
N t
a i o na lA t n f
sso ci a l o
.

th Ad or
his S il en c e it h as n everth e
e
v n
a cem nt f C l
e o d P pl
o o re eo e
,

l ess k ep t b ef o re t h e Ne
g ro es t h e i d eal which t h ey m us t at t a i n if t h ey are t o c o un t
as a si g n ific an t f a c t o r in t h i s c o un t ry .

W ashi n g t o n s l o n g sil en c e as t o th e ri g h t s o f t h e Neg ro

’
,

h o w ev er did n o t n ec ess arily m ean t h at h e w as in f avo r o f

,

th e o pp ressi o n o f t h e ra c e H e w as aw are o f t h e f a c t t h at
.

A n unjust t h e m ere ag i t at i o n f o r p o li t ic al r i g h t s c o ul d
Cfi t i ei s m
n o t at t h at t i m e b e o f m u c h b en efi t t o t h e ra ce ,

an d t h at t h ei r ec o n o m ic i m p ro v em en t a t hi n g f un d am en t al
,

in real p ro g ress c o ul d eas il y b e p ro m o t ed w i t h o u t i n cu rri n g

,

t h e d is app ro v al o f t h e d isc o rd an t el em en t s in t h e S o u t h He .

m ay b e jus t l y c ri t iciz ed f o r p erm i t t i n g hi m s el f t o b e drawn

 C HA P T E R XV III

ACH I EVE M E N TS IN FREE O M D

D URIN G t h e y ears wh en t h e N eg ro es h ave h ad all s o rts

o f ad vic e as t o h o w t h ey m i g h t
em erg e fro m t h e m u d d l e o f

c o nt ro versy ab o ut t h e b est s olut i o n o f t h ei r p ro bl em s t h ey ,

A n ora o f h ave n o t all S p en t t h ei r t i m e in a c adem ic dis

p m g res’s '
c u ss io n B uil d i n g up o n t h e f o u n d at i o n t h at
.

t h ey m a de b efo re t h e Ci v il W ar t h e N egro es h av e d evel o p ed ,

int o o n e o f t he m o st c o n st ruct i v e el em en t s in o ur ec o n o m i c
sy s tem The c en sus o f 1 9 10 s h o w s t h at alt h o u g h t h e No
.
1

g r o es c o n s t i t u t e ab o u t t hi rt y p er c en t o f th e p o pul at i o n o f
t h e S o u t h m o re t h an h al f o f t h e a g ricul t u ral l ab o rers o f
,

t h a t s ect i o n ar e N eg ro es In t h e m ai n m o re o v er t h e Ne
.
, ,

g ro es are us ef ul ci t i z en s S h o w i n g li tt l e t en d en cy t o b e c o me
,

p edd l ers ag en t s an d i m p o st o rs wh o m ak e t h ei r livi n g rob

, ,

bi n g t h e p eo pl e On t h e c o rn ers o f t h e s t reets in s o m e ci t i es
.

t h ere m ay b e f o u n d a f ew N eg ro e s wh o are n o t d i s p o s ed t o
w o rk f o r a li v i n g b u t t h es e c o n st i t u t e a s m all f ra c t i o n o f
,

o n e p er c en t o f t h e N eg ro p o pul at i o n o f t h e U n i t ed S t at es .

Th e c en s us rep o rt s w ill h elp us f u rt h er t o d et erm i n e

w h at t h e N eg ro es in t his c o un t ry h av e b een d o i n g I n 1 9 10 .
,

o r 7 1 p er c en t o f t h e N egro es b et w een
,

1 Th e s t a t st c s b ea r ng o n t h e
i i i p
ro g re s s o f t h e N egro a re f o u n d

i
in t h e Un t ed S t a t es Cens u s R ep o r t s O t h e r v a u a e f a ct s m a y b e
. l bl
b i
O t a n e d f ro m M o n ro e N W o rk s N eg r o Yea r B o o k a n d t h e e s o f
’
. fil
Th e Cris is . l
Th ere i s a s o M r H en ry E B ak er s n f o rmi ng a rt c e o n
’
. . i i l
i
T h e N eg r o i n t h e Fi e ld o f I nv en t o n (in t h e Jo u rna l o f N eg ro His
D r T h o m a s J J o n e s s N e g r o E d u c a t o n in t w o i
’
t o ry , I I , 2 1 . .

l
v o u m e s t h ro w s g ht o li
n w h a t h a s b een g o ng o n in t h a t e d d ur n g i fil i
l l
t h e a st h a f c ent u ry .
 A c hie v em e n t s In F r e e do m
t he ag e s
1 0 y ea rs a n d o ver w ere en g ag ed in ag r ic ul t u re ,
of

f o res t ry an d an i m al h usb an dry In t h e n um b er em pl o y ed

.

in agr icul t u re are i n clud ed f arm ers , O ccup at i o ns

N eg m
pl an t ers a d o verseers
n w ere o wn ers
;
° f es
,

t en an t s , an d m an ag ers . O wn ers f re e of d eb t
p o ss ess ed a c re s ,
s h av i n g m o rt g ag ed f arm s
o wn er

h ad an d p art o wn ers T h ere w ere

a c r es o p er a t e d b y c ash t en an t s ;
b y s h are t en an t s an d ,
b y m an ag ers T his area o f .

a c r es w ill app e ar m o re rea li s t ic w h en o n e rea l

i z es t h at it is as l arg e as New E n g l an d o r B el g ium an d ,

H o ll an d c o m bi n ed .

Th e fi el d in w hich m o s t N eg ro es h ave b een em p l o y ed is

ag ricul t u re a n d n e x t t o t h at d o m es t ic an d p ers o n al s ervi c e
, .

Whil e in m o st o f t h e u n skill ed o c cup at i o n s t h e N eg ro es

c o n s t i t u t e a l arg er p erc en t ag e t h an t h ei r p er Un ski ued
c en t ag e o f t h e en t i re p o pul at i o n t h e i n c reasi n g l a b ”
,

n u m b er o f skill ed l ab o rers h as red uc e d t h e p er c en t ag e o f

un skill ed l ab o r ers f ro m a v ery hi g h m ark t o ab o u t s even t y

p e r c e n t. T h e s t a n d ar d o f t h e u n s kill e d l a b o r er m o reo v er , ,

h as b een rai s ed p eo n ag e h as b een g r ad u all y g i vi n g w ay t o

,

a sy s t em o f w ag es t h e i n t elli g en c e o f t h e w o rk m en h as in
,
f
c reas ed an d t l e N eg ro l ab o rers h ave b eco m e s o d ep en d abl e
,

t h at d es pi t e t h e l arg e i n flux o f i m m i g r an t s t h ey h av e b een

abl e t o W i t h s t an d t h e c o m p et i t i o n S o m uch i m p ro v em en t
.

in t h e Ne g ro u n skill ed l ab o rer h as b een m a d e d u ri n g t h e

l ast g en erat i o n t h at h is i n creas i n g effi ci en cy h as ren d ered
d ifii cu l t t h e d is t i n c t i o n b et w een skill ed an d u n skill ed l ab o r .

R ecen t s t at i st i cs as t o t h e n um b er o f N eg ro es em pl o y ed
at s kill e d l ab o r w ill f u rt h er em ph a siz e t his p o i n t A c c o rd .

in g t o t h e c en sus o f 1 9 1 0 t h ere w ere am o n g t h e m al es

b rick an d s t o n e m as o n s ,
bl a ck sm i t h s S kill ed ,

“
g l az i ers p ai n t ers an d v arn i sh e rs
l b a
, ,

pl ast erers ,
l o c o m o t i v e fi rem en s t at i o n ary en g i
,

n eers ,
m ac hi n i s t s an d m ill w ri g h t s c o o p ers
, ,
T he N eg ro I n O ur H ist o ry
284 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
m u s i c i an s an d t e a ch ers of m usic ,
p h y s i c i an s an d
su rg eo n s 47 8 d en t is t s 7 9 8 l awy ers 12 3 ch em i s t s 32 9
, , , ,

art is t s, scu lp t o rs an d t each ers o f art 2 47 au t h o rs edi t o rs

, ,

an d r ep o r t ers 59 a r chi t ec t s a n d 237 ci v il en g i n eers

, ,
Th at .

t h ey h av e in h al f a c en t u ry a ch i ev ed en o u g h in t h e p ro f es
s i o n s t o b ri n g t h em wi t h i n t h e r a n g e o f c o m p ari s o n wi t h

t h e whi t es is s t riki n g ev i d en c e o f t h e a bili t y o f t h e N eg ro

t o m eet t h e t es t o f c o m p et i t i o n .

Thi s g ro w i n g u sef uln es s o f t h e Neg ro in t h e n ew fi el d s h as

m ean t a c o rres p o n d i n g red uc t i o n in t h e n u m b ers o f t h o s e
d isp o sed t o w as t e t h ei r t i m e T h e c ri m i n al c l a ss o f t h e
.

Less crime . N eg ro es in A m eric a t h eref o re h as deci dedly

, ,

i m p ro v ed d espi t e t h e rep o rt s t o t h e c o n t rary Th es e f alse

, .

a l arm s are b as ed l arg el y o n un w arran t e d ch arg es g ro w i n g

o u t o f t h e c o n v ic t l eas e s y s t em a n d t h e i m p o si t i o n o f u n jus t

fi n es f o r o rd i n ary m i s d em ean o rs an d s u c h p ett y o ff en s es

as v ag ran c y Th e att i t u de o f t h e N eg ro es t h em s el ves t o
.

w ard m ai n t ai n i n g t h e p eac e is w ell refi ect ed in th ei r eff o rt s

t o b et t er c o n d i t i o n s b y es t ablish i n g l aw an d o rd er l eag u es
w o rki n g in c o op erat i o n wi t h t h e l o c al g o v ern m en t s To .

furt h er t his c aus e t h e N egr o es h ave h ad t h e c o 6p erat io n o f

th e S o u t h ern S o ci o l o g ic al C o n g ress an d t h e U n i v ersi t y R ac e
C om m issi on which al t h o u g h f ar from b ei n g u n bi ased h ave
, , ,

don e s o m e g o o d T h ese o rg an iz at i o n s are en deavori n g t o

.

i nv est i g at e t h e c auses o f t h e cri m es o f th e whi t es ag ai n st

N eg roe s as w ell as cri m es o f t he l at t er B o th rac es h av e
,
.

b een m uch ai ded b y t h e ab o li t i o n o f t h e liqu or t rafii c .

Th e a c t u al f o rc es which h av e in g en er al eff ec t ed t h e im
p ro v em en t in th e N eg ro ra c e h o w ever h ave b een s t ric t ly
, ,

N eg ro o rg an i z at i o n s t h ems elv es C h i ef am o n g t h es e are t h e

.

Neg ro ch u rc h es s o ci a l w el f ar e ag en ci es an d s ch o o ls In
, ,
.

Ch urch es as 1 9 06 t h e N e g r o e s o f w hi t e d en o m i n at i o n s h ad

fa t s
c or .
chu rch es w i th c o mm u n ic an t s ,

Su n day sch o o l s ,
s ch o l ars an d p r o p ert y w o rt h
,

Th e i n dep en den t N eg ro den o mi n at i o n s h ad

 A chie v em e n t s I n F r e e do m 28 5

chu rch es w i t h c o mm u n i c an t s S un
,

d ay s ch o o ls ,
sc h o l ars an d p ro p erty v alu ed at
,

Th es e church es are in t h e m ai n B ap t i st an d
Met h o di st Whil e t h e l at t er are d i v i d ed i n t o t h ree g ro up s
.
,

k n o wn as t h e A fric an M et h o d is t E pisc o p al Chu rch t h e ,

A f ri c an M et h o d i s t E pi s c o p a l Zi o n C h u r c h an d t h e C o l o red
'

M et h o d is t E pisc o p al Chu rch t h e B ap t i s t s h ad u n t il t h e

,

s c h is m o f 1 9 1 6 o n l y o n e n at io n a l o rg an iz a t i o n ex er c i s i n g ,

l o o se sup erv isi o n o v er t h e wh o l e den o m i n at i o n A l th o u g h .

'

s m all er in n u m b ers h o w ever th es e v ari o us M et h o di st

, ,

chu rch es h ave b y t h ei r w ell c o n s t ru c t ed o rg an iz at i o n s b een

, ,

a bl e t o ac c o m pli s h m uch in t h e ex t en s i o n o f reli g i o n an d

ed uc at i o n t h ro u g h t h ei r t hi rt y six w ell i n f o rm ed bish o p s

- -

an d en t erp risi n g g en era l o ffi c ers T h e w o rk o f o t h er d e

.

n o m i n a t i o n s lik e t h e E pi s c o p a li a n s t h e P res b y t eri an s Co n

, , ,

g gr e a t io n al is t s a n d t h e C a t h o lics h as
, a l s o b e en v er y efi e c t ive

in Neg ro upli f t wh erev er t h ey h av e s ecu red a f o ll o w i n g .

C o op erat i n g w i t h t h es e h av e c o m e t h e phy s ici an s ,

surg eo n s an d d en t is t s p reach ers o f h eal t h suppl em en t i n g

, , ,

t h e w o rk o f t h e m i n i s t ers o f t h e g o sp el Th ey h ave b een abl e

.

t o c all t h e att en t i o n o f en t i r e c o mm u n i t i es t o Ph y s i ci am

t h e n e c es si t y o f o bs erv i n g t h e l aw s o f h ea l t h an d o f m aki n g
t h e c o m m u n i t y a d ec en t pl a c e t o li v e in T h ese w ell t rai n ed
.
-

m en h av e t h eref o re b een abl e t o suppl em en t t h e w o rk o f

t h e A n t i Tub er cul o s is L ea g u e an d t h e A m eri c an H y g i en e
-

A ss o ci at i o n an d t o ex t en d t h e Op era t i o n s o f t h e an n u al
s ch o o l c o n f eren c es h el d at A t l an t a U n i vers i t y H am p t o n , ,

an d Tusk eg ee S o m uch g o o d h as b een rec en t l y aec o m

.

p l is h e d b y t h e s t aff o f w o r k e rs l e c t u r i n g t o t h e s o l d i e r s in

t h e c am ps o n s o ci al h y g i en e t h at n at i o n al b o d i e s p ro m o t i n g
h eal t h are n o w p ay i n g m o re at t en t i o n t o t h e p ro bl em s o f
N eg ro es A s a r esul t o f t h i s p ers i st en t s t ru g g l e ag a i n st
.

i g no ran c e p o v erty an d n eg l i g en c e th e m o rt ali ty r a t e

, ,

a m o n g N eg ro es h as d e c re as ed an d m uch i m p ro vem en t h as

b een n o t ed in th eir p h y s ique .

 2 86 The N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

T o do f o r t h e c s o m e o f t h e t hi n g s whi c h th e chu rch

ra e

h as n ot a cc o m pli sh ed s o ci al w el f are w o rk w as u n d ert ak en

,

a m o n g N e g ro es d e c a d es a o Th e firs t c o l o red Y o un g M en s
’
g .

C h ris t i an A ss o ci at i o n was o rg an iz ed in W as hi n g t o n D C ,
. .
,

W o rk o f t h e in 1 853 by A n t h o ny B o wen a m an o f c o l o r ; ,
Y M 0 A
‘ ‘ °
t h e s e c o n d in C h arl es t o n S o u t h C aro li n a in , ,

18 66 ; an d t h e t hi rd in New Yo rk Ci ty in 18 67 Th e fi rs t .

c o l o re d S t u d en t A ss o ci at i o n w as o r an iz ed at H o w ard U n i
g
versi t y in 18 69 E V C C at o o f t h e New Yo rk Ci ty
. . . .
,

B ran ch att en ded t h e M o n treal C o n v en t i o n in 1 867 as th e

,

fi rs t N eg ro d el eg at e t hus t o s erv e I n 1 8 7 6 G e o rg e D
. .

B ro wn ex C o n f ederat e s o l d i er was app o i n t ed t o sup ervis e

,
-
,

t h e N eg ro B ran ch es o f t h e Y o u n g M en s Ch ris t i an A s s o
’

c iat io n t h ro u g h o u t t h e c o u n t ry In 18 88 h o w ever t h e
.
, ,

l am en t ed Willi am A H un t o n a m an o f c o l or wh o h ad b een
.
, ,

a pp o i n t ed as g en eral s ec ret ary o f t h e N eg ro Y o un g M en s

’

Christ i an A ss o ci at i o n o f N o rf o lk Vi rg i ni a w as app o i n t ed
, ,

t o succ eed Mr B ro wn an d t h ereaf t er t h e w o rk h as b een

.
,

un der t h e sup erv isi o n o f Negr o s ecret ari es .

Th e w o rk w as g re at l y e xt en d ed wi t h s o m e d i ffi cul t y an d ,

w as g i v en m uch n eed ed i m p et us b y t h e a c ces s i o n t o t h e

ran ks o f en t erp risi n g s e c ret ar i es l ab o ri n g in m an y ci t i e s

an d in m o s t N eg r o sch o o ls o f t h e S o u t h I n t erest in g h ere .

T h e g rowt h . an d t h ere p ers o n s w h o w ere p reju d ic ed ag ai n s t

t h e m o v em ent b ec aus e o f t h e f ailu re t o un d ers t an d it t h es e ,

g en t l e m en g r a d u a ll y w o rk ed t h e i r w ay i n t o t h e v ery h eart s
o f i n d i ff eren t c o m m u n i t i es u n t il in a l m o s t al l o f t h e l arg e

ci t i es w h ere Neg ro es are fo u n d in c o n si derabl e n u m b ers ,

b u si n es s an d p ro f es si o n al m en o f b o t h ra c es t h ank s t o t h e ,

n o bl e ex am pl e s et b y t h e l arg e d o n at i o n s o f Juliu s R o s en

w al d h ave u n i t ed t o es t ablish f o r Neg ro es b ran ch es o f t h e

,

Y o u n g M en s Chri st i an A s so ci at i o n w h ere t h ey en j o y a
’

c o m ra d esh ip an d t em p o rary h o m e lik e li f e w hich t h e -

t ran s i en t o f c o l o r c o ul d n o t t h eret o f o re fi n d in t h o s e ci t i es .

R ec en t l y an efi o rt h as b een m ad e t o p ro vi de f o r y o u n g
 288 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

sc h o o l s o f t h e S o u t h h av e b een u n u su all y m eag er h ardl y ,

ex t en d i n g b ey o n d t h at Of t ea chi n t h m t o d d w i te
g e r ea an r ,

t h ere h av e b een o ff ere d in s ch o o ls m a i n t a i n ed in t h e S o ut h

b y n o rt h ern phil a n t h ro p y Opp o rt u n i t i es f or s o m uch en
l ig h t en m en t t h at t ea ch ers g o i n g o u t f ro m t h es e i n s t i t u t i o n s
h av e c o m e t o t h e i r p eo pl e lik e m is s i o n ari es i n spi red t o
p rea ch a n ew g o sp el t o t h e l o w l y Li n c o l n an d Wilb erf o rc e
.

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s t an d ard f o r t h e ed uc a
t i o n o f t h e N eg r o e s p r i o r
t o t h e Ci v il W ar an d ,

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it s d i s t i n g ui sh ed f o u n d er ,

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. .
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f o r t h e en li g h t en m en t o f
t h e i r p eo pl e as t o m ark a
n ew ep o ch in t h ei r p ro
g
r ess . A l arg e n u m b er o f
o t h er phil an t h ro pis t s h av

in g t h e s am e i d eal s as t h e
JU L U S R O S E N W A L D
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t h e y o u t h t o b eg i n wi t h li f e wh ere h e is an d t o m ak e o f
it wh at his o pp o rt u n i t i e s will p erm i t .

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, ,

s c h o o l s h av e b een v ery s ucc ess f u l b ecau se O f t h e i m p et u s

g i v e n t h em b y su c h phil an t h r o pi s t s a s Willi am H B a l d w i
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 A chie v em e n t s I n F r e e do m

Jr Ro be rt C O g den H H Ro g ers J o h n D R o ck ef ell er

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d evel o p m en t o f v ari o us in st i t u t i o n s Whil e p hi l ant h ro .

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t h ei r c a p a ci t y an d o pp o rt u n i t i es w as t e d t i m e u n dert aki n g t o
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t h at Neg ro es like t h e
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o

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in li f e t h ey h ave exhibi t ed
t h e s am e men t a l en d o w
m en t f o un d am o n g the
p eo pl e of , al l o t h er ra es c .

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I n stl t U t l o n S h as b een '

ef
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.

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t h e N egr o e s in l eav i n g t h e i r h o m e s in t h e N o rt h Out o f .

t h e s e sch o o ls h av e c o m e t h o u sa n d s o f N e T ai n d t o r e

o e s f sch l a l t en d en ci es wh o h av e in d e
l e ad e m P fs
g r o o r y ,

v o t i n g t h ei r t i m e an d m ean s t o t h e s t u dy o f e duc at i o n al

p ro bl em s an d s ch o o l adm i n is t rat i o n equipp ed t h em selv es ,

f o r l ead ers hip in ed uc at i o n in t h e S o u t h I t h as f o r s o m e .

t im e b een a m at t er o f m uch reg ret t h at wh i t e p ers o n s in -

 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

JO H N D R OC. K E E LLER
F AND HIS SO N T h ro u g h a
. pp p i i
ro r a t o n s o f t h e
l i B
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o a rd a n d t h e La u r a S e m a n R o c k e f e er M e
mo r i l l
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h a n t h ro s t s t o a g en c i e s

e n g a e d in t h e u
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f t a n d t h e e du c at i
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C o py rig ht b y Under wo o d 6 '

Underwo o d .
2 92 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

e ff o rt s in l arg er en t er p ri ses p ro m o t e th e eco n o m i c

. To
p ro g ress o f t h e r a c e N eg ro es h av e b een wis e en o u gh t o o r
,

g a n i z e s ev e r a l e ffi c i en t a g e n ci e s T h e fi rs t o f t h e.s e t o a t t a i n

i m p o rt an ce w as th e N at i o n al B usi n es s L eag u e fo un ded b y

D r B o o k er T W as hi n g t o n
. . T h ere are al so th e N at i o n al
.

N eg ro B an k ers A s so c i at i o n t h e N at i o n al A sso c i at i o n o f
’
,

Fun eral Di rect o rs an d t h e N at i o n al Negro R et ail Mer

c h an t s
’
A ss o c i at i o n N eg ro f rat ern al o rg an i z at i o n s al
.
,

t h o u g h es t abli s h ed f o r s o c i al pu rp o s es h av e in re c en t y ears ,

t ak en o n a b u si n ess as p ec t in p ro v i di n g f o r t h e pur ch as e
o f p ro p ert y an d t h e i n s u ran c e O f t h e li v es o f t h e i r m em

b ers In s o m e p art s O f t h e S o u t h t h e Neg ro es u se n o o t h er

.

i n su ran c e an d t h e m an ag ers o f t h i s w o rk co n st i t u t e in
,

reali t y an i n dus t ri al i n suran ce c o m p an y Th e N egr o es .

h ave ab o u t fi f t y b an ks an d t en i n s u ran c e c o m p ani es t h ree ,

o f which ar e reg ul ar o l d li n e li f e i n s u ran c e c o m p an i es .

In 1 9 10 ,
Neg ro es w er e empl o y ed in b an ki n g an d
b ro k erag e ,
in i n su ran c e a n d in real es t at e
, .

A m o n g t h es e c ap t ai n s O f i n dus t ry t hus p ressi n g fo rw ard

sh o ul d b e m en t i o n ed J o h n W L ew is P resi d en t o f t h e In .
,

d u st ri al S av i n g s B an k an d t h e Whi t el aw A p art m en t H o us e
C apt ains o f C o rp o rat i on o f W ashi n g t on S am u el W .

i nd usu y
R u t h erf o rd s ecret ary o f t h e N at i o n al B en efit
'

A ss o ci at i o n o f t h e s am e ci t y ; I s ai ah T M o n t g o m ery t h e .
,

c api t alis t Of M o un d B ay o u Miss i ssippi ; J o hn M errick , ,

fo un der o f t h e No rt h Caro li n a Mu t u al an d P ro vi
d en t A sso ci at i o n ; R L S m i t h t h e o rg an i z er O f th e F arm
. .
,

ers
’
Im p rov em en t S o ci et y Of T ex as ; H em an E P erry .
,

P resi den t Of t h e S t an dard L i f e I n su ran c e C o m p an y

Of A t l an t a ; an d t h e l at e M adam e C J W alk er t h e m anu . .
,

f a c t u rer o f t o il et art icl es o u t o f wh i ch s h e a ccum ul at ed

,

m o re t h an a m illi o n d o ll ars w o rt h O f p ro p ert y Th e Ne .

g r o e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t es n o w o w n p ro p ert y w o rt h m o re

t h an a billi o n d o ll ars .

I n t h e m i d st o f t h e bu sy bu s t l e an d t h e e c o n o m i c d e
 A chie v em e n t s I n F r ee do m , 293

vel o p m en t of t he Civil W ar t h e
Un i t ed S t at es si n c e the
Neg ro h as n o t O n l y d em o ns t rat ed his abili ty t o accum ul at e
a p o rt i o n o f t h e w o rl d s g o o ds b ut h as b y his i n ven t i ve
’
,

g en ius c o n t r ibu t e d m uch t o w a r d t h e ec o n o m ic Inv ent i v e

p ro gress o f t he c o un t ry A s t o ex a ct ly h ow .
g e ni u s

m an y N eg ro es h ave app eared in t he fi el d o f i n ven t i o n w e

are s t ill in d o ub t Th e Un i t ed S t at e s P a t en t O ff i c e h as n o t
.

in al l c as es k ep t a rec o rd as t o t h e ra c e o f t h e applic an ts .

Whil e in m any i n st an c es t h e raci al c o nn ec t i o n h as b een

e asil y d et erm i n ed a n i n ves t i g at i o n h as sh o wn t h at m an y
,

i nven t o rs o f c o l o r h av e n o t d i s cl o s ed f ac t s t o t his efi ect b e

c aus e t h e value o f t h e i nven t i o n m i gh t t h ereb y b e d epre
c iat ed B y c o rresp o n den c e w i t h p at en t att o rn ey s an d t h e
.

i nven t o rs t h em selves it h as b een es t abli sh ed as a f act t h at

t h ere are in t h e Un i t e d S t at es P at en t O ffic e a rec o rd o f
i n ven t i o n s m ade b y Neg ro es T his n u mb er n o d o ub t is .
, ,

o n l y a f ra c t i o n o f t h o se which h av e b een a c t u all y assi g n ed

t o p ers o n s o f c o l o r .

S om e o f t h es e i nv en t i o n s h ave b een rem ark abl e P ro b .

abl y t h e m o s t si g n ific an t o n e o f t h em is t h at o f a m achi n e

f or l as t i n g sh o es i n v en t ed b y Jan E Mat z el ig er a N egro .

,

b o rn in Du t ch Gui an a in 1 852 E arly in his M at zel i g er .

.

y o u t h M a t z e l ig er c am e t o t h is c o u n t ry a n d s er v e d as a n

app ren t ic e at t h e c o bbl er s t rad e in Phil a d elp h i a an d in

’

Ly n n M as s a ch u set t s Un derg o i n g un us u al h ardsh ip s whi c h

,
.

u n derm i n ed his h eal t h Mat z el ig er appli ed his b ra i n t o

,

w o rki n g o u t a l ab o r s av i n g d ev i c e b y w h ich h is t ra d e m i g h t
-

b e reli ev ed f ro m dru d g ery He i n ven t ed t h er ef o re a l as t

.
, ,

in g m a c h i n e which a d jus t ed t h e sh o e arran g ed t h e l eat h er

,
,

o v er t h e s o l e an d dro v e in t h e n a il s
,
M at z el ig er d i ed in .

1889 in his t h i rt y s even t h y ear b ef o re h e c o ul d realiz e t h e

,
-
,

v a lu e o f h is i n v en t i o n Th e p at en t w as b o u g h t b y S y dn ey
.

W Wi n sl o w wh o up on t h e advan t ag es d eriv ed f ro m t his

.
, ,

m achi n e es t abli sh ed t h e w el l k n o w n U n i t ed S h o e M achi n ery

,
-

C o mp an y wh ich abs o rb ed o v er 4 0 sm all er c o rp o rat i o n s

,
.
2 94 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
T h is c o m p an y is o p erat ed n o w w i t h a c api t al s t o ck o f m o re
t h an em pl o y i n g Op erat o rs in f ac to ri es
c o veri ng m o r e t h an t wen ty acres o f g ro un d Wi t hi n t h e .

t w en t y y ears f ro m t h e t i m e o f it s i n c o rp o rat i o n it s p ro duc t

i n c reas ed f ro m to an d t h e sh o es ex

p o rt ed i n creas ed f ro m to A s a resul t
t h e c o s t o f sh o es d ec re as ed fi f t y p er c en t t h e w ag es o f t h e
"

o p era t o rs d e c i d ed l y i n c re as e d t h e w o rki n g h o u rs d i m i n
,

ish ed an d l ab o ri n g c o n d i t i o n s i m p ro ved
, .

S o m e o t h er i n ven t i o n s o f N eg ro es o f l ess c o n s equ en c e

w e re o f m uch v al u e an d d es erve m en t i o n J H Dicki n so n . . .

an d S L Dicki n s o n b o t h o f N e w J ers ey h av e b een g ran t ed

. .
, ,

Val uab l e a d o z en p a t en t s f o r m ec h an ic al a ppli an c es us ed

i nv en t i o ns in pl ay er pi an o m a ch i n ery
.
W B Pu rvis o f . . .

Phil adelphi a h as a ccu m ul at ed m uch w eal th b y his inven

t i o n s o f m achi n ery f o r m aki n g p a p er b ag s m o s t o f t h es e ,

h avi n g b een so l d t o t h e Uni o n P ap er B ag C o m p an y o f New

Yo rk A B A lb ert a n at i ve o f Lo uisi an a i nv en t ed a f ew
. . .
, ,

y ears ag o a c o tt o n picki n g m a chi n e Ch arl es V R ich ey . .

o f W ashi n g t o n D C i nv en t ed an d p at en t ed s ev eral de
, . .
,

v ic es f o r reg is t eri n g c alls an d d et ec t i n g t h e u n au t h o riz ed

u se o f t h e t el eph o n e S h elb y J D av i ds o n i n ven t ed a m e

. .

ch an ic al t abul at o r o r a d d i n g m a ch i n e ; R o b ert A P elh am a .

,
'

p ast i n g m a ch i n e ; an d A n drew F H il y er t wo h o t air reg is .

,
-

t er at t ach m en t s B en j am i n F J ackso n o f M as s achus et t s in

. .

ven t ed a h eat app arat us a g as bu rn er an el ec t ro t yp ers , ,

’

f u rn ac e a s t eam b o il er a t ro ll ey w h eel c o n t ro ll er a t an k
, , ,

si g n al an d a h y dro c arb o n bu rn er sys t em F ran k J F errell

,
. .

o f New Y o rk Ob t a i n ed a b o u t a d o z en p at en t s f o r i m p ro v e

m en t s in v al v es f o r s t eam en g i n es G eo rg e W M u rray a . .
,

f o rm er m em b er Of C o n gr ess f ro m S o u t h C aro li n a p at en t ed ,

ei gh t i n v en t i o n s o f ag ricul t u ral i m pl em en t s Henry .

K ream er o f New Y o rk m ade s ev en d i ff eren t i n ven t i o n s in

s t e am t raps Willi am D o u g l ass O f A rk an s as s ecured six
.

p at en t s f o r in v en t i on s o f h arves t i n g m a chi n ery J am es .

 2 96 T h e N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry
D oy l e of
Pi t t sbu rg h d evis ed t h e a u t o m at ic s ervi n g s y st em
s o as to d isp en s e wi t h t h e u s e o f w a i t ers in c f s
a e .

F red J L o wden kn o wn t o f am e as o n e o f t h e Fi sk
.
,

Jubil ee Si n g ers p at en t ed in 1 8 93 a f as t en er f o r t h e m eet i n g

,

rails o f s ash es an d a key f as t ener t h e f o l ,

a p p li an ces
l o w i n g y ear J L Pick eri n g o f H ai t i
.
. . .
,

J am es S m i t h o f C ali f o rn i a W G M adis o n o f I o wa an d , . .
,

H E H o o t er o f Mi ss o u ri h ave b een g ran t ed p at en t s f o r

. .
,

i nv en t i o n s in a i rsh ips No l ess si g n ific an t m o reo v er was

.
, ,

t h e p at en t in 1 8 9 7 O f A n d rew J B eard o f A l ab ama

, , .
, ,

f o r an au t o m at ic c ar c o upli n g d evic e s o l d t o a N ew -

Yo rk c ar c om p an y f o r mo r e t h an Willi am H .

J o hn s o n o f T ex as i n ven t ed a succ ess f ul d evic e f o r o verco m

in g d ead c en t er in m o t i o n o n e f o r a c o m p o u n d en g i n e an d
,

a n o t h er f o r a w at er b o il er Whil e k eepi n g a h o t el in B o s
.

t o n J o s eph Lee p at en t ed t h re e i n v en t i o n s f o r kn eadi n

,
g
do ugh B ri n ay S m art O f T enn ess ee i n v en te d a n u m b er o f
.

rev ers e v al v e g ears J W B en t o n o f K en t ucky i n v en t ed a

. . .

d err ick f o r h o i st i n g h eavy w ei g h t s J o h n T P ark er in . .

ven t ed screw s f o r t o b a cc o p res ses wi t h w hich h e est ablish ed

a t h r i vi n g busi n ess as t h e R ipl ey F o u n dry an d M a chi n e

Co m p an y o f R ipl ey O hi o , .

Th e m o s t us ef ul i n ven t o r wi t h a c areer ext en d i n g i n t o th e

t w en t i et h c en t u ry h o w ev er w as G ran v ill e T W o o d s wh o
, , .
,

d o ub t l ess su rp ass ed m o s t m en in his fi el d in t h e n u m b er an d

G ranvill e T t h e v a ri et y o f his d evic es
.
H e b eg an in Cin .

W ° ° d8 ~
c in n at i O hi o in 1 884 w h ere h e o b t ai n e d his
, , ,

fi rs t p at en t o n a s t eam b o il er f u rn ac e Th en c am e an .

am us em en t m a chi n e a pp arat us in 1 8 8 0 an i n cub at o r in ,

I 9 00 an d el ec t ri c al a ir b rak es in 1 9 02 1 903 an d 1 905

. He , ,
.

t h en d i re c t ed his at t en t i o n t o t el eg raph y p ro d uci n g s ev eral ,

p at en t s f o r t ran sm i tt in g m ess ag es b et w een m o v i n g t rai n s ,

an d als o a n u m b er o f t ran s m i t t ers H e t h ereaft er i n v en t ed .

fi f t een appli an c es h av i n g t o d o w i th el ec t ric al ra il way s an d

a n u m b er o f o t h ers f o r el e c t ri c al c o n t ro l an d d is t ribu t i o n .
 A chie v em en ts I n F r ee do m 297

TO fur t h e r his i n t er e s t s h e o rg a n iz e d t h e W o o d s E l e c t r ic a l
Co m any p ,
which t o o k o v e r b y a ssi g n m e n t a l l o f his e a r ly
p at en t s A s in t h e c o u rs e o f t i m e h o w ever h e f o u n d a
. , ,

l arger m ar k e t f o r his d e v ic e s wi t h t h e m o r e p ro s p e ro u s

p
c o r o rat o i n s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t es ,
t h e r e c o r d s o f t h e p a t e n t

O fiice sh o w t h e a ssi gn m e n t o f a l a r g e n u m b e r o f h is i n v e n

i s
t on t o t h e G e n e r a l E l e c t ric C o m p an y o f N e w Y o r k ,
t h e

W est in g h o us e A ir B rak e Co m
p an y o f P en n sy lv ani a t h e A m er ,

ic an B ell T el eph o n e C o m p an y o f
B o st o n an d t h e Am eri c an E n
,

g in ee r i n g C o m p a n y o f N e w Y o rk .

Duri n g t h is p eri o d o f h is l arg er

us ef ul n es s h e h ad t h e co Op erat io n
o f h is b ro t h er Ly at es W o o d s w h o
, ,

h ims el f in ven t ed a n um b er o f
such appli an c es o f c on si d erabl e
c o mm er ci a l v al u e .

G N V LL E T WO D
RA I . O S

A n o t h er i n v en t o r o f c o u s e
q u e n c e w as E lij a h J . M c C o y. H e w a s u n iq u e i n t h a t
h e w as t h e fi rs t m an t o d i rec t at t en t i o n t o t h e n eed f o r
f a cili t at i n g t h e lub ric at i o n o f m ach i n ery .
E li j ah J ,

H is fi rs t i n v en t i o n w as p at en t ed in 1 8 7 2 as
a lub ric at i n g cup . F ro m t h at d ay h is f am e as an in v en
t o r O f t h is u se f u l appli an c e w en t t h r o u g h o u t t h i s c o u n t ry
a n d ab ro ad . In r es p o n d i n g t o t h e n eed f o r s t ill f u rt h er
i m p ro v em en t s in t h i s wo rk h e p at en t ed ab o u t fi f t y d if
,

f eren t i n v en t i o n s h av i n g t o d o wi t h t h e l u b r i ca t i n g o f
m ach i n ery . H is lub ri c at i n g cup b ec am e o f g en eral u s e o n
t h e l ea d i n g rail ro ad s in t h e U n i t ed S t at es an d ab ro a d a n d
o n t h e v ess els o n t h e hi g h s e as . In h is w o rk h o w ever M r
, ,
.

Mc Co y w as n o t res t ri c t ed t o lub ri c at i n g m ach i n ery . Hc

p at en t ed a v ari et y o f d ev i c es f o r o th er p u rp o s es an d h e w as ,

l o n g act i v e in t h e p ro d u c t i o n o f o t h er m ech an i c al appli an c es

in d em an d in t h e i n du s t ri a l w o rl d .
2 98 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry ,

Th e a chi ev em en t s o f t h e N eg ro es in t his fi el d b ecom e

m u c h w o rt h i er o f m en t i o n w h en o n e t a k es i n t o c o n s i d er at i o n
the h a rd p ro bl em s o f t h e i n ven t o r O f c o l o r In t his c o un t ry
.

i t h as n o t b een a v ery e asy m at t er f or whi t e

Di ffi cul t i es
i tl m en wi t h am pl e p ro t ec t i o n o f t h e l aw t o s e
fr veiifor cu re t o t h em sel v es b y p at en t s t h e full en j oy
m en t o f t h e frui t s O f t h ei r o wn l ab o r Th e a c h i ev em en t s o f
.

E li Wh i t n ey an d R o b ert Ful t o n are c as es in evi den c e .

H en ry A B o wm an a N eg ro i n v en t o r o f W o rc es t er Mas
.
, ,

s a ch u s e t t s t h er ef o re f o u n d hi m s el f f a ci n g t h e s am e d itfi
, ,

cul ty A f t er h e h ad es t ablish ed a t h ri vi n g bu s i n ess o n t h e

.

b asis o f his i n v en t i o n o f a n ew m et h o d o f m aki n g fl ag s h e ,

d isc o v ered t h at a New Yo rk fi rm w as o u t s t rippi n g h im b y

usi n g his i n v en t i on A s h e w as un abl e t o hi re c o m p et en t
.

a tt o rn ey s t o p ro t e c t his i n t eres t s h e w as s o o n c o m p ell ed t o

,

ab an d o n his busi n ess Th e exp eri en c e o f E A R o bi n s o n o f

. . .

Chic ag o is an o t h er c as e in ev i d en c e H e i n v en t ed a n u m .

b er o f d ev ic es such as t h e c as t i n g c o m p o si t e f o r c ar wh eel s
, ,

a t ro ll ey wh eel a ra ilw ay swi t ch an d a r ail

,
H is p at en t s .
,

h o wev er w ere i n f ri n g ed up o n b y t wo l arg e c o rp o rat i o n s

, ,

t h e A m eric an Car a n d F o u n d ry C o m p an y an d t h e Chi c ag o

Ci t y Ra ilw ay C o m p an y TO rest rai n t h es e c o rp o rat i o n s
.

f ro m app ro p ri at i n g his p ro p ert y t o t h ei r u se h e i n st i t u t ed

’
,

p ro c eed i n g s in t h e l o c al c o u rt s an d fi n all y in t h e Sup rem e

C o u rt o f t h e U n i t ed S t at es b u t hi t h ert o h e h as b een u n abl e
,

t o h av e h is p at en t p ro t e c t ed .

E xhibi t i n g t his s am e s o rt o f g en ius ever m an i f es t i n g i t s el f

d es pi t e d i ffi cul t i es N eg r o es h av e sh o wn in o t h er fi el ds
,

ev i d en c e s o f u n usu al at t a i n m en t In m usic t h e w o rl d h as
.

Th e N egro s e e n t h e l o w l y li f e an d hi g h er as pi r a t i o n s o f
in “ 111 8 10
t h e N eg ro in J W an d F W W o rk Will
. . . .
,

M ari o n Coo k N at h an i el D ett an d H arry Bu rl ei gh f ol

, , ,

l o w i n g in t h e fo o t st ep s o f S am u el C o l eri d g e T ay l o r In .

s culp t u re t h e ra c e h as b een w ell r ep r es en t e d b y M et a V aux

W arri ck Full er wh o w o n f am e b y h er fi rs t w o rk in cl ay
,
 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
in g u n u s u ally f avo rabl e c o m m en t H is Ju d a s p resen t ed t o .
,

t h e p ublic in 1 8 99 w as b o u g h t b y t h e C arn eg i e I n s t i t u t e o f
,

P i t t s bu rg h T h at s am e y ear Nic o d em us aw ard ed t h e W al

.
,

t er L ippi n c o t t p r i z e o f $ 300 was pu r ch as ed b y t h e Pen n syl

,

v an i a A c ad em y o f Fi n e A rt s Fo r his D a n iel in t h e Lio n s ’

.

D en h e w as aw arded s e c o n d c l ass m ed als a t t h e U n i v ers al

E xp o si t i o n in P aris in 1900 at t h e Pan A m eric an E xp o ,
-

s it io n in 1 9 01 an d a t t h e S t
,
Lo u i s E xp o s i t i o n in 1 904
. .

I n 1 906 his T h e D is c ip l es a t E mm a us w as aw a rd ed t h e

H . O . TA N N E ’
R S Ch r i st and N i c o dem u s

c
se o n d l
g o d m ed a l
purch as ed b y t h e F ren ch Go v ern
an d

m en t T h at s am e y ear his T he D is cip l es a t th e T om b w as

.

d ec l ar ed t h e b es t p ai n t i n g at t h e an n u al exhibi t i o n o f a rt
in Chi c a o a n d w as a w ard ed t h e N W H arris p riz e o f
'

g
. .

$ 300 In 1 908 app eared T h e Wis e a n d F o o lish Virg ins

.
,

w h ich w as ch ar a c t eri z ed as a m as t erpi e c e o f a si n c ere art is t .

A s a p ai n t er Mr T ann er h as d i re c t ed his at t en t i o n
, .

l arg ely t o reli g i o us an d l o wl y li f e as evi den c ed b y t h e n am es ,

o f his p a i n t i n g s H e n o d o ub t o w es t his a tt i t u de t o th e
.

fact t h at h e is th e s o n O f a bi sh o p o f th e A fric an Meth o di s t

’
 A chiev em en ts I n F r e e do m 30 1

E pi s c o p a l Chu rc h ,
an d c urag ed t o
e ar ly in li f e w as en o

a ppl y hi m se l f t o t h eo lo g y A s an art i s t his p ro d uc t i o n s.

h ave a reveren t a t m o sph ere an d h is pi c t u res ar e cl ean cut ,

-

an d lu m i n o us In his p ai n t i n g s t h ere are s ub t l e p o w er

.
,

pu ri ty o f li n e an d t h o ro u g h c h arm wi t h s en t i m en t p re
, ,

v a ili n g o v er t ech n iq u e Wh il e t h e sh ad es are lu m i n o us th e

.
,
“
c o lo ri n g is n ei t h er h eavy n o r m u ddy He a l w ay s b ri n g s .

“ ”
o u t o f al l his w o rk s ay s o n e ,
an ad m i ra bl e dram at ic ,

s en t i m en t g i ven f ull v alu e a n d full y e xp re ss e d .

In t h e fi el d O f li t era t u re t h e N egr o es a re s o m et i m es c o n
s idered as b eg i nn ers b u t m uch p ro g ress in t his fi e l d is evi
,

d en t . K elly Mill er W E B D u B o is an d Willi am Pick en s

, . . .

h ave do n e w ell in c o n t ro versi al li t erat u re I n l it e at ure . r .

Geo rg e W Willi am s J o h n W C ro m well an d B o o k er T

.
, . .

W ashi n g t o n h av e m ade c o n t ribu t i o n s t o hi st o ry F o llo w i n g .

in t h e w ak e o f Jupi t er H amm o n Ph y llis Wh eat l ey an d ,

F ran ce s E W H arp er w ri t ers o f i n t eres t i n g v ers e P aul

. .
, ,

L au ren c e D un b ar c am e b ef o re t he public in t h e early n in e

t i es as a m an en d o w ed wi t h t h e u n usu al g i f t o f i n t erp ret i n g
t h e l o wl y li f e o f t h e N eg ro A s an el ev at o r b o y in a h o t el .
,

wri t i n g a f ew li n es in d i al ect h e hi ms el f d id n o t realiz e ,

his p o et ic g en ius Succ eed i n g h o w ever in h av i n g a f ew o f

.
, ,

t h es e publi s h ed in d a il y p a p ers an d m ag a z i n es h e a tt ra c t ed ,

att en t i o n . I t w as n o t l o n g b ef o re Willi am D ean H o w ell s a ,

c o n t em p o rary b ecam e i n t eres t ed in his w o rks an d p ro

,

cl ai m ed h im t o t h e w o rl d as a p o et w o rt h y o f t h e c o n s i der
at i o n g i v en W h i t t i er L o w ell an d Lo n g f ell o w
, T h e ri e .
s
f D un b ar
D u n b ar h ad f o rt u n at el y reach ed t h at u n us u al ° .

s t a g e in t h e d ev el o p m en t o f a b el at ed p e o pl e O f h av i n g h is

ed u cat i o n re ac t up o n h is en v i ro n m en t H e sa w t h e Ne .

g r o a s h e is s aw s
,
o m e t h i n g b en e a t h t h e su r f a c e o f his m e re

b ro g u e in f act s aw a p h il o s o p h y f o r wh ich t h e w o rl d
, ,

wan t ed an i n t er p ret a t i o n T h is i n t erp ret at i o n c am e in h is

.

first b o o k O a k a n d l o g an d w as st ill b et t er exh ibi t ed in

, ,

his s e c o n d w o rk M aj o rs a n d Min o rs app eari n g in 1 89 5

, ,
.
 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
V ery so o n t h en w e h ear o f him s u ch c o m m en t s as t h at c om
in g f ro m R ic h ard W a t s o n Gil d er s ay i n g t h at Dun b ar is t h e
;
,

firs t bl a c k m an t o f eel t h e li f e o f t h e Neg ro est h et ic ally a n d

t o exp res s it l y r ic all y .

D u n b ar m ad e an at t em p t at n o v el w ri t i n g as app ears in ,

his The Un ca ll ed T h i s w as a ch arac t er s t u dy up o n which

.

f o rt un at el y his r epu t at i o n
as a li t erary m an d o es n o t

f o r it d o es n o t c o m e
'

r es t ,

up t o t h e s t an dard Of h is
v erse Un s ti n t ed p rais e
.

a w a i t ed him up o n his
publi cat i o n o f Ly rics of
Louzl y Lif e, F o lks f m
ro

D ixie, Ly ric s f th e H ear th

o

s id e P o em s o f Ca b in a nd
,

Fi el d , T h e S tren g th o f
G ideon T h e Lo ve o f Lan
,

d ry , Th e F an a tic s, Th e
S p o rt o f t h e G o ds , Ly ri cs
o f Lo ve and La ug h t er
an d Ca n d l e Lig h tin g Tim e .

S o m e o f t h e p o pul ar p o em s
in t h is c o ll ec t i o n w hich are
w o rt h y o f sp ec i al m en t i o n
PA U L LA U E CE
R N D U N BA R
are Wh en M a lin dy S ing s,
Wh en th e Co
’
n Po n e
’
s H o t, T h e P a r t y an d T h e P o et an d

h is S o ng .

H is succ ess li t erary m an w as du e t o his o ri g i n ali t y

as a .

Whil e t h ere h ad a pp eared f ro m t i m e t o t i m e s c o res o f

w hi t e s an d bl a c ks wh o h a d u n d ert ak en t o w ri t e v ers e in
N eg ro d i al e c t D u n b ar w as t h e fi rs t t o p u t i n t o it su ch
,

t h o u g h t an d m ak e o f it su c h a p o rt r a i t u r e O f t h e f eeli n g
a n d t h e a spi r at i o n s o f t h e N eg ro es as t o g i v e his w o rk t h e

s t am p o f o ri g i n ali t y Whil e h e w as al w ays hu m o ro us h is

.
,
30 4 T he N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry

p ro sc rip t i o n in th e whi t e m en s w o rl d t h ey h ave f ac ed t h ei r

’

t as k w i t h a p ro bl em t o s o l v e an d u n lik e P aul Lau ren c e

,

D un b ar who w en t i n t o li f e an d m erel y p o rt ray ed wh at he

,

s aw t h ey p r eju d ic e t h eir r ead ers a g a i n s t t h em b y a p re

,

m at u re i n t ro d uc t i on t o an u n pl eas an t at m o sph ere .

Th e m o s t rem ark abl e wri t er o f N eg ro bl o o d si n c e D un b ar

is Willi am S t an l ey B rai th w ai t e wh o as a wri t er is n o t a
,

N eg ro A l t h o u g h realizi n g t h e fac t t h at t h e r a c e h as Oh
.

Brai t h wai t o . s t acl es t o s u rm o u n t t h at i t is in a g reat s t ru g

,

g l e a n d t h at t h e b at t l e is b e i n g h ard fo u g h t M r B ra it h
, ,
.

wai t e h as b y his li t erary p ro duct i o n an d cri t icis m w o n much

c o n si d erat i o n f o r t h e N eg ro es n o t b y S i n gi n g o f t h ei r w o es
, ,

b ut b y d em o n s t rat i n g t h at t h e N eg ro i n t ell ec t is c ap abl e Of

t h e s am e a chi ev em en t s as t h at o f t hewhi t es . I n h is p o ems ,

his ann u al public at i o n t h e A n th o l og y of M ag azin e Verse

, ,

an d his n u m ero us li t erary c ri t icism s app eari n g fro m

t i m e t o t i m e in t h e l ea d i n g public at i o n s o f t his c o u n t ry Mr ,
.

B rai t h w a i t e al t h o u g h a m an o f A f ric an bl oo d is acc ep t ed

, ,

as o n e o f th e f orem o s t li t erary cri t ics o f o u r d ay .

 C HA P T E R XIX

T HE N E G R O IN T HE W O R LD W AR

W HILE th e Neg ro es were suff eri n g fro m p ers ecut i o n in

t h e S o u t h an d e c o n o m i c p ro s c r ip t i o n in t h e N o rt h t h e ,

wo rl d plun g ed al m o s t u n exp ec t edly i n t o a u n i vers al s t ru g

gl e which m at eri all y aff e c t e d t h e i n t eres t s o f A f a ct o r
e w ar
t e bl acks
h Th e h ei r p res um p t i v e t o t h e
.
1 -i n t h .

A us t ro H u n g ari an t h ro n e was sh o t at S era j evo Ju n e 2 8

-
,

1 914 Bl am i n g t h e S erbs f o r t his c ri m e t h e A u st ri an g o v

.
,

ern m en t s en t S erbi a an ul t i m at u m d em an di n g t h a t t h e

O ff en ders b e b ro u g h t t o t ri al b y a t ribu n al in which A ust ri a

sh o ul d b e rep resen t ed S erbi a ref u sed t o y i el d t o t h es e
.

d eman d s an d w as s upp o rt ed b y R u ss i a in t his p o si t i o n ; b ut

Germ any uph el d A us t ri a f eeli n g t h at if su ch an act p ass ed ,

wi t h o u t pu n ish m en t it w o ul d s o o n b e i m p o ss ibl e f o r t h e
,

cro wn ed h ead s o f E u ro p e t o m a i n t a i n t h ei r em pi res E n g .

l an d F ran c e an d I t aly reco mm en d ed t h at t h e m at t er b e

, ,

a d j u s t ed b y arbi t ra t i o n b u t G erman y c o n t en d i n g t h a t
, ,

m o biliz at i o n o f t h e R u s si an army w as in rea li t y a decl a

rat i o n O f w ar ag ai n st h er d ecl ared w ar o n R ussi a t h e fi rs t ,

o f A u g us t an d o n F ran c e t w o d ay s l at er E n g l an d sym .

p a t h iz e d w i t h F r a n c e t o w h i c h sh e w as a t,
t a c h e d b y v ar i o u s

t i es an d a cc o rdi n g l y en t ered t h e w ar ag a i n s t G erm an y

,
.

1 Th e h i st o ry Of the W o rl d W a r w r tt en has
Th ere no t y et b een i .

h av e a pp
ea red s ev e ra su scr l b ip i
t o n v o u m e s f o r t h e u r o s e O f m ak ng l p p i
p bli
mo n ey r a t h er t h a n t o u s h t h e w h o e t ru t h , a n d t h ey h a v e ee n l b
x i l
e t en s v e y s o d l
A s t o t h e rOl e o f th e N eg ro in t h s d ra m a t h ere i s
. i
b u t s ca n t re a e li bl i
n f o rm a t o n E m m et t J S c o t t h a s w r t t en a
i . . i
p p l i
o u a r a cc o u n t o f t h e ac h ev e m e n t s o f t h e N eg ro e s in t h s s t ru g g e , i l
p i
b u t it i s h o ed t h a t t h s m a y s o o n b e f o lo w ed b y a s c ent c t rea t s e l i ifi i .

305
306 T he N eg ro I n O u r H ist o ry

Wh en G erm any sh o w ed such d is reg ard o f h er t reaty o b li

g at io n s as t o invade B el g ium a n eu t ra l c o u n t ry sh e l o s t
, ,

t h e sy m p a t hy o f m o s t E u ro p ean an d A m eri c an c o u n t ri es ,

m any o f which fi n ally j o i n ed t h e al li es t o cu rb t h e p o w er Of

th e H o h en z o ll ern s .

A s t h e U n i t ed S t at es al t h o u g h d eepl y s y m p at hizi n g
,

wi t h t h e s t ru g g l e ag a i n s t au t o c ra cy d id n o t d e em t h e i n t er
,

f eren c e wi t h o ur c o mm erc e an d even t h e s i n ki n g o f o u r

Prosp erit y . neu t ra l sh ips s u ffi c i en t c au s e f o r i n t erv en t i o n ,

t his c o u n t ry en t ered at o n c e up o n an u n p r e c ed en t ed p eri o d

O f c o mm er ci al p r o sp eri t y in b e c o m i n g t h e s o u r c e o f s uppl y

f o r a l m o s t every t h i n g n eeded b y t h e n u m ero u s n at i o n s in

vo lved in t h e w ar I n d ust ri es fo rm erly in a s t ru g g li n g
.
,

s t at e rece i v ed an u n u su al i m p et u s ; n ew en t erp ris es s p rang

,

up in a d ay ; an d p erso n s f o rm erl y li v i n g m erely ab o ve w an t

m ul t ipli ed t h ei r w ea l t h b y f o rt u n at e i n ves t m en t s . T h e ag
g r ess io n s o f G e r m a n y up o n o u r c o m m e r c e r e sul t i n g in t h e

deat h o f o u r ci t iz en s up o n sh ips d es t ro y ed o n t h e hi g h s ea s
b ec am e s o n u m ero us h o w ev er t h at t h o u s an d s o f A m eric an s
, , ,

l ed b y Th eo d o re R o o s evel t i n s i s t ed up o n a d e cl arat i o n o f
,

w ar a g a i n s t G erm an y B u t o u r t rad e w i t h t h e A lli es w as s o

.

lucrat i v e t h at it w as d i fficul t t o c o n v ert a m aj o ri t y o f t he

p eo pl e o f t h e c o u n t ry t o t h e b eli ef t h at it w o ul d b e b ett er
f o r us t o d i s t u rb t h e era o f c o m m erc i al p ro sp eri t y t o g o
t o w ar f o r t h e m ere p ri n cipl e t h at G erm an y w ro n g ed u s in
t ry i n g t o b reak up O u r l aw f ul c o m m erc e w i t h t h e b el l ig er
'

en t s in E u ro p e .

T his c o n t i n u ed p ro sp eri t y b ro u g h t o n a n ew d ay f o r t h e
l ab o ri n g m an an d c o n s equ en t ly a p eri o d O f ec o n o m ic ad
van c em en t f o r t h e N eg ro T h e m illi o n o f i mm i g ran t s ah
.

A n ew d ay nu all y r e a chi n g o u r s h o re s w e re c u t o ff f ro m

f ° r 1ab ° r
t his c o u n t ry b y t h e w ar Lab or in t h e U n i t ed
.

S t at es t h en s o o n p ro v ed t o b e i n ad equ at e t o suppl y t h e
d em an d . W ag es in t h e i n dus t ri al c en t ers o f t h e No rth an d
W est w ere i n creas ed t o at t r ac t whi t e m en b u t a su ffici en t
,
 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry

PER CENTA G E NEGR O I N THE POPULAT I O N

(1 6)

B y p er m i s s i o n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t es B u r ea u o f t h e C en s u s
 T h e N e g r o I n t he W o r l d W ar

O F THE U NITE D STA TE S , B Y C O UNTI ES 1 9 10

'

.
31 0 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
a m en i al , h e w as i n v i t ed t o c o m e t o t h es e i n dust ri al c en t ers
w h ere f ri en d s an d em pl o y m en t aw ai t ed h im
'
.H ist o ry ,

m o reo ver d o es n o t sh o w t h at l arg e n u m b ers o f p ers o n s h av e

,

m i gr at ed b e c aus e o f p ers e cu t i o n . If n o t as su red o f an

e qu all y g o o d e c o n o m ic f o u n d at i o n els ew h ere t h e m aj o ri t y ,

o f t h o s e p ers ecu t ed h av e d e ci d ed in t h e fi n a l an al y sis t o b ear

t h e ills t h ey h av e rat h er t h an fl y t o t h o s e t h ey kn o w n o t o f .

Th e o pp ress i o n o f t h e N eg ro es in t h e S o u t h h o w ev er w as , ,

a ls o a c aus e o f t h e ex o dus t h o u g h n o t t h e d o m i n an t o ne
, .

Wh en m en fro m af ar c am e t o t ell th e Neg ro es o f a way o f

O p p ressi o n esc a p e t o a p ea c ef ul an d l aw abi d i n g l an d
,
-
,

a caus e ;
t h ey w ere r ec ei v ed as spi e s ret u rn i n g f ro m t h e
i n sp ect i o n o f a p ro m is ed l an d Whil e t h e m any w ere m o ved
.

b y t h e ch an c e t o am ass f abul o us sum s t h ey al l si g h ed wi t h

,

reli ef at t h e t h o u g h t th at t h ey c o ul d at l as t g o t o a c o u nt ry
w h er e t h ey c o ul d e duc at e t h ei r chil dren p ro t ec t t h e i r fam i
,

li es fro m i n sul t an d en j o y t h e frui t s o f t h ei r l ab o r Th ey

, .

h a d pl eas an t rec o ll e c t i o n s o f t h e d ay s wh en N eg ro es wi el ded

p o li t ic al p o w er an d t h e dream o f ag ai n c o m i n g i n t o t h eir
'

o wn w as a s t ro n g m o t i v e i m p elli n g m an y t o l eav e t h e S o u t h .

Neg ro l eaders p ri m aril y i n t eres t ed in s ecu ri n g t o th e r ac e

t h e full en j o y m en t o f it s r i g h t s r ej o ic ed t h at t h ey w ere

g o i n g;
N o rt h W hil e
,
t h e c o n s e rv a t i v e s
, c p h a n t ic t o a dy
cl ass es a dv is ed t h em t o rem ai n in t h e s ervic e o f t h eir em
p l o y ers in t h e S o u t h .

In t h e N o rt h h o w ever al t h o u g h t h e Negr o es readily

, ,

en t ered up o n t h e en j o y m en t o f m any p ri v il eg es d en i ed t h em

in t h e S o u t h t h ey h ave h ere an d t h ere b een b ro u g h t i nt o

,

T r
o ub l es in c o m p e t i t i o n wi t h t h e ra d ic a l whi t e l ab o r in g
th e N 0 “
el em en t w hich a t Ch es t er Yo un g s t o wn an d
, ,

E a st S t L o uis p recipit at ed r i o t s in t ry i n g t o g et rid o f

.

N eg ro l ab o r A t E as t St Lo ui s in Jul y 1 9 17 N eg ro es
. .
, ,

l o n g h arassed b y t his el em en t fi n ally b ec am e t h e Obj ect

o f o n sl au g h t s b y t h e whi t es Th ey w ere o verc o m e b y the
.
31 2 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
s o ut h ern em pl oy ers t h at t h e N eg ro es w o ul d n o t b e w elc o m ed
in t h e N o rt h an d s t ren g t h en ed c ert ai n s eri o usl y t hi n ki n g
N egr o es in b eli ev i n g t h at t h e p ro s p eri ty o f t h e N egro in
Diff ering t h e i n d u s t ri al c en t er s w as m erel y t em p o rary
efl ec u m‘s
an d t h at t h e t ra d e s u n i o n s e sp e ci all y wh en
r '

s t ren g t h en ed b y t h e i m m i g ran t s fro m E u ro p e af ter t h e w ar ,

w o u l d ev en t u ally f o rc e t h e N eg ro e s o u t o f e m pl o y m en t af t er
h avi n g s evered t h e t i es wh ich b o un d t h em t o th e S o ut h .

O t h er Neg ro es h ad li tt l e f ear f ro m t h e i mm i g ran t s B e .

li evi n g t h at t h e d ep o pul at i o n o f E uro p e d ur i n g t his war

will ren d er a l arg e i m m i g rat i o n f ro m t h at qu art er an im
p o ssibili ty o t h ers u rg ed th e Neg ro es t o c o n t i n u e th ei r c om
,

in g N o rt h in spi t e o f al l c o n fli c t s an d d i fficul t i es s eei n g

,

t h at t h ey are n o w m i g rat i n g in such n u m b ers as t o b e

m at eri al ly h elpful an d t o wi el d e c o n o m ic an d p o li t ic al
p o w er .

K n o w i n g t h at t h e S o ut h was l o si n g t h e o n l y s ort o f l ab o r
it c an u s e in it s expl o i t i n g sy s t em em pl o y ers o f t h at s e c t i o n
,

c o n si dered th e ex o dus a c al am i t y T h ey t h eref o re t oo k

.
, ,

Th e Exo dus s t eps t o i m p ed e an d if p o ss ibl e t o s t o p t h e

a Cal amit y m o v em en t
. M o ral su asi o n w as fi rst us ed Ne .

g ro es w ere t o l d o f t h e h o rr o rs o f t h e N o rt h an d esp eci all y

o f t h e h ard wi n t ers . Wh en l et t ers t o N eg ro es fro m f ri en ds
wh o w ere e asil y b rav i n g t h es e h ardsh ips reach ed t h e S o u t h ,

an o t h er s o rt o f arg u m en t w as n e c es s ary L ab o r agen t s w ere

.

fi rs t h an d ic app ed b y requi ri n g o f t h em a hi g h lic en s e ; t h ey

w ere t h en b y sp eci al o rd i n an c es p ro hibi t ed f ro m i n duci n g
N eg ro es t o l eav e an d fi n all y d ri ven o u t o f t h e S o u t h A s
,
.

t h e m ail p ro v ed t o b e al m o s t as g o o d an av en u e f o r rea chi n g

t h e p ro s p e c t i v e m i g ran t t h o s e s eeki n g t o p rev en t t h e ex o dus
,

f o u n d t h ei r eff o rt s s t ill f u t il e
. Negro es g o i n g N o rt h were
t h en d r i v en f ro m t h e r a ilw ay s t at i o n s t ak en f ro m t rai n s
, ,

an d i m p ris o n ed o n f als e ch arg es t o d el ay o r p r ev en t t h ei r

d e p art u re f ro m s o u t h ern ci t i es b u t t h e N eg ro es c o n t i n u ed t o
,

N m m n t w as n o t ch e ck ed u n t il af t er t h e
'

g o o r t.h T h e o v e e
 T he N egr o I n t he Wo r l d W ar 313

i n t erv en t i o n o f t h e Un i t ed S t at es in t h e war wh en t h e ad ,

mi n is t ra t i o n sp en t so m uch m o n ey in t h e S o u t h whil e
hurryi n g t h e p rep arat i o n f o r w ar t h at w ag es so rapi dl y in
c reas ed an d wo rk b ec am e s o g en era l t h at it w as un n eces
s ary f o r t h e Negro es t o g o No rt h t o i m p ro ve t h ei r ec o no m ic
co n dit i on .

Th e fi n al i n t erv en t i o n o f t h e Un i t ed S t at es in t h e W o rl d
W ar m arked an o t h er ep o ch in t h e hi s t o ry o f t h e N egr o in
t his c o un t ry . In t h e fi rs t pl a c e f ew p eo pl e in A m eric a
w ere an xi o us t o g o t o t h e f ro n t a l th o u g h a
, T h e in t erv en
m aj o ri t y o f o u r ci t i z en s f e l t t h at t h e H o h en t io n o f t h e
U ni t ed S t at e s
z o ll ern a u t o c ra c y sh o ul d b e d es t r o ed M
’

y en .

h ad t o b e c o n v ert ed t o t h e w ar G erm an spi es h ad l o n g

.

b een ab ro ad in t his c o un t ry an d m illi o n s b ec aus e o f t h ei r

, ,

G erm an desc en t f el t bi tt er t o w ard t h e Un i t ed S t at es f o r

,

g o i n g t o t h e a id o f t h e A lli es T h ere w as t h en m uch app re

.

h en sio n as t o t h e at t i t u d e o f t h e N eg ro es as t h ey t h ro u g h
,

o u t t his c o u n t ry h ad b e en t re at ed as p ar i ahs u n p rep ared

f o r t h e f ull m eas u re o f t h at d em o c ra cy f o r which Wo o d ro w

Wil so n d es i red t o fi g h t in E u ro p e t h at t h e w o rl d m i g h t b e a
d ec en t pl ace t o li v e in . A s a m at t er o f f a c t G erm an s pi es
d id app ro a ch N eg ro es an d a f ew o f t h em ex
,
G erm n S p i es a .

p ress ed t h em s el ves as b ei n g in s y m p at hy w i t h Germ any .

A s t ill l arg er n u m b er b o l d l y adv o c at ed m aki n g t h is c o u n

t ry a de c en t pl a c e f o r t h e N eg ro e s b ef o re t aki n g N eg ro es
t o E u ro p e t o s e c u re t o t h e Opp res s ed t h ere p ri v il eg e s w h i c h
t h e bl acks c o ul d n o t en j o y a t h o m e .

In t hi n ki n g t h at t h e N eg ro w o ul d p ro ve d isl o y a l t o t h e
U n i t ed S t at es h o w ev er t h e wh i t e m an sh o w ed t h at h e d id
, ,

n o t u n d ers t an d t h e race Th e N eg ro es o f t h i s c o u n t ry
.

l o v e t h ei r n at i v e s o il an d will rea d ily d ie if T h e N egro es ,

1 a1
n e c ess ary ,
t o d ef en d it .H o w ev er t h ey d o ,
Y ° '

n o t l o v e t h e r ea c t i o n ar i es w h o d u r i n g t h e l as t fi f t y y ears
,

o f t h e i r c o n t ro l o f t h e F ed er a l G o ve rn m en t h av e f a il ed t o

li v e up t o t h e i r o at h t o c arry o u t t h e C o n st i t u t i o n o f t h e
31 4 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
Un i t ed S t at es which , gu aran t ee s t o th e N eg ro es the j
en o y

m en t f of ev ery i g h t i mm u n i t y an d p ri v il eg e f o u n d in
r , , ,

t h e m o s t lib e ral d em o c ra cy o n eart h Th e N eg ro es w ill c o n

.

f i n u e t o b e l o y al t o t h ei r c o u n t ry w i t h t h e h o p e t h at ,

t h e d eg ra d ed el em en t s in c o n t ro l m ay b ec o m e s u ffici en t l y
ci viliz ed t o ab an do n m edi eval m et h o d s f or g o vern m en t
b as ed o n lib ert y equ ali t y an d f rat ern i t y A s t h e p ri n
, ,
.

c ip l e is w o rt h fi g h t i n g f o r an d a s t h e s t ru gg l e f o r it m us t
,

n o t b e h o p el ess in v i ew o f t h e i n t er es t o cc as i o n a ll y sh o w n in

t h e m an f ar do w n t h e N eg ro es w o ul d n o t p erm i t t h ei r
,

d i s p o si t i o n s t o s o u r ; t h ey f o rg o t t h ei r w ro n g s an d Ofi ered
t h em s el v es t o fi g h t t h e b at t l es o f hu m an i t y .

Th e rea c t i o n ary cl as s h o w ev er al t h o u g h ready t o b ran d

, ,

t h e Ne g ro es wi t h s u s pici o n an d t o p ro sec u t e t h em f o r d is ~

R ea c t i o nari es
l o y al t y u rg e d t h e g o v ern m en t n o t t o re c rui t
,

a g ain s t N eg ro es Th e N eg ro es acc o rd i n g t o t he
.
,
N egro es
w hi t es o f t his a tt i t u d e c o n s t i t u t ed an i n f eri o r
.

cl as s which sh o ul d n o t p art icip at e in t h e s t ru gg l e O f w hi t e

m en . M an y S o u t h ern ers m o reo ver w h o in t h eir f aul ty
, , ,
'

ju dg m en t h av e s o l v ed f o rev er t h e ra c e p ro bl em b y d ep riv
,

in g N eg ro es o f s o c i al p o li t ic al an d ci v ic ri gh t s c o n si d ered
, ,

it al arm i n g t o t ra i n t h em in t h e art s o f w ar ; f o r m en wh o
h av e w aded t h ro u g h bl o o d t o v ic t o ry are n o t eas ily i n t i m i
d at ed i n t o s ubj ec t i o n t o t h e i n sul t an d o u t rag e l eg al iz ed
in t h e b a c k w ard d i s t ric t s Th e eff o rt s o f t h e rea c t i o n ar i es
.

w ere f u t il e h o w ev er an d t h e Neg ro es w ere d rawn i n t o t h e

, ,

arm y in m uch l arg er n u m b ers t h an t h ey s h o ul d h av e b een .

A l t h o u g h c o n s t i t u t i n g o n e t en t h o f t h e p o pul at i o n t h e
-
,

N eg ro el em en t f u rn i sh ed t hi rt een p er c en t o f t h e s o l di ers
c all e d t o t h e c o l o rs A t t h e s am e t i m e t h e E u ro p ean n a
.

t i o n s h ad n o t s u ffi c i en t p rej u d ic e t o h es i t at e as d id
A m eri c an s in d ec i d i n g t h e q u es t i o n o f em pl o y i n g N eg ro
t ro o p s . Th ere w er e S en eg al es w h o h a d h elp ed t o
re p el t h e G erm an s o n t h e O u rc q a n d t h e M arn e ,

C o n g o l e s e a n d ab o u t
,
f ro m t h e B ri t ish W es t I n d i es ,
 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
c ee d ed in d ispl aci n g s o m e o f t he se t h ere w as n o o n e t o
,

who m t h es e N eg ro es c o ul d t ak e a c o m pl ai n t Th e Bu reau .

o f N eg ro E c o n o m i cs d i re c t ed b y G eo rg e E H ay n es in .

t h e D ep art m en t o f Lab o r w as v ery b u sy w i t h v ar i o u s pl an s

d u ri n g t h e w ar b u t d id n o t s eem t o i m p ro v e t h e li f e o f t h e
,

Negro l ab o rer in t h e arm y o r in c i v il li f e ; an d t h e s erv i c es

o f E m m ett J S c o tt as Sp e ci a l A s s i s t an t t o t h e S ec ret ary o f
.

W ar h ad li tt l e b eari n g o n t h e s i t u at i o n .

T h es e Neg ro es h o w ev er a cc ep t ed t h ei r l o t as g o o d sol
, ,

d i ers. L oy al t o t h e c au se o f h um an i t y t h ey w i th o u t m u r
,

mu r f a c ed hum ili at i o n h ar d sh ip s an d i n sul t B u t t h e u n i

, , .

v ers a l Opi n i o n is t h at t h e N eg ro s t ev ed o re in ,

S pi t e o f al l h e h ad t o en d u r e w as t h e b es t l a
,

b o rer in th e w ar an d t h at w i t h o u t t h i s effi ci en t
servi ce t h e A lli es c o u l d n ot h ave be en s uppli ed w i t h f o o d an d
m u n i t i o n s rapi d l y en o u g h t o s av e t h em f ro m exh aus t i o n .

Th es e m en w ere s t at i o n ed at th e E n g li sh an d F ren ch p o rt s
a n d at d ep o t s lik e t h at a t Gi v res wh ere m illi o n s o f A m er
,

i c an w eal t h h a n d l ed b y m en p as s ed t h ro u g h en o r
m o us m as s es o f w areh o u s es w i t h 14 0 m il es o f i n t eri o r rail
ro ad li n es f o r t h e h an d li n g o f f rei gh t T h ey u n l o ad ed t h e
.

t ran sp o rt s p rep ared t h e v eh icl es t o c o n v ey t h e s uppli es

,

t o t h e i n t eri o r an d buil t d ep o t s f o r s t o ri n g t h em
,
Wh en .

t h e w ay t o t h e exp ed i t i o n ary f o rc e l ay t h r o u g h w o o ds an d
o v er hills t h e l ab o r b at t ali o n s buil t r o ad s f ro m t h e p o r t o f
,

en t ry t o t h e f ro n t Th ey m o reo ver bu ri ed t h e d ead sal

.
, , ,

v ag ed w ar m at er i al an d d et o n at ed expl o si ves sc at t ered o ver

,

F ran c e b y t h e en em y .

T h e N eg ro es w ere d ipl o m at ic all y t o l d t h at t h ey w o ul d b e

d raf t ed t o fi g h t in t h e ran ks a s o t h er m en T h e W ar D e.

p a r t me n
,
t h o w ev er w as ,
n o t a t fi rs t su r e t h a t t h e a rmy
c o ul d m ak e u se o f th e Neg ro as an o ffi c er S eei n g wh at .

li t t l e h o p e t his si t u at i o n O ff ered t h e t h o us an d s o f w ell edu -

c at ed N eg ro es w h o in t h e arm y w o ul d b e s erv i n g u n d er in

f erio r whi t es t h e s t u d en t s an d a f ew m em b ers o f t h e f ac u l t y

,
 T h e N eg r o I n t h e W o r l d W ar 31 7

of H o w ard Un i versi ty i n st i t u t ed a n at i o n wi de c am p ai gn -

f o r a t ra i n i n g c am p in w h i c h N eg ro e s o f c ert ai n edu ca
t io n al qu alific at i o n s sh o ul d h ave t he O pp o rt un i ty t o qu ali f y
as o ffic ers in t h e n at i o n al s ervic e A s t hi s Th e
d eman d
.

m o vem en t so o n h ad t h e supp o rt o f all N eg ro f r N egro o

O ffi ce s r
s ch o o ls o f c o n se q u en c e an d w as p ro m o t ed t o o
.

, ,

b y m an y whi t e an d bl ack ci t iz en s t h e W ar D ep art m en t ,

w as f o rc ed t o t ak e t h e m att er u n d er a dvis em en t A f t er .

so me h es i t at i o n t h e a d
m i n i s t rat i o n d ec i d ed t o es
t ab l ish a t F o rt D es M o i n es
a cam p f o r t h e t ra i n i n g
of c o l o red O ffi c ers . Th ere
w as ,
h o wev er m uch ap
,

p reh en s i o n as t o h o w t h e
exp eri m en t wo ul d w o rk
o u t an d s t ill m o re as to
w h et h er t h e Un i t ed S t at es
Go v ern m en t w o ul d a c t u
a ll y c o mmi ss mn a l arg e
n u m b er" o f N egr o o ffi c ers .

Six hun dred an d s even ty

fi v e O f t h e t wel ve hu n d red COL CH LE YO U N G t h h i h t AR S e es
.
g ,

a c cep t é d at t h e cam p h O W N f W t
O

kra n
g g ing d t e ro ra ua e o es
P i t
,
o n
ev er , w er e co m m i ss mn ed
in O c t o b er 1 9 1 7 an d t h e co u n t ry s aw g o i n g hi t h er an d
, ,

t hi t h e r t h e l arg es t n u m b er o f N eg ro e s wh o h a d ev er w o rn
t h e s t rip es an d b ars .

Th e N eg ro o ffic er h o w ev er h a d a l rea dy b een p ro s c r ib ed

, ,
.

Th e adm in i s t rat i o n h a d g ran t ed t h e N eg ro t h i s re c o gn i

t i o n t o s ec ure t h e s u pp o r t o f t h e N e g ro es f o r t h e w ar b u t ,

t h e N eg ro O ffi cer w as n o t d es i red in t h e arm y P o i pt i n , r scr o

a n d t h e p ers o n n e l in co n t ro l d id n o t i n t en d f t h e N eg o ro

o fli c er
t o k eep h im t h ere C o l o n el Y o u n g w as s o o n .

ret i re d b e c au se o f hi g h bl o o d p ress u re f ro m w h ic h h e d id
31 8 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
not d read f ull y uff er u n t il in a t i me o f rapi d p ro m o
.
s .

t i o n in t h e a rmy it s eeme d lik ely t h at h e w o ul d a dv an ce

"

hi g h en o u g h t o c o mm an d t o o m an y wh it e men an d d ist urb

r a c e sup e ri o ri t y in t h e U n i t e d S t at es T h en fo ll o wed in th e
.

c an t o n m en t s t h e c am p a i gn t o d i s c re d i t an d f o rc e t h e N eg ro

o ff ic er o u t o f t h e arm y T h ro u g h th e S ecret ary o f W ar

.
,

E mm et t J Sc o t t w as abl e t o c o u n t erac t s o m e o f t h es e effo rt s

.

m a de wi t h i n t h e li m i t s o f t h e U n it ed S t at es
'

This att ack h o w ever fin ally c en t ered o n t he Negro

, ,

o ffic er in a c t i o n in F ran c e as it w as a li t t l e d i ffi cul t t o d o

,

h ere s o m e t hin g s which c o ul d b e eff ec t ed ab ro ad b efo re th e

W ar D ep art m n t c ul d i n t erv ene I n t he
Fi g ht i ng t h e
e o
.

N ew Offi c er 9 2n d D i vi s10 n I n W t h m o s t o f t h e N eg ro es
in Fran ce
,

t ra i n ed at F o rt D es M o i n es s erv ed t h e N eg ro
'

o ffice r s u ff ered u n u s u all y Th e d i v i s i o n w as pl ac ed in

.

c o m m an d o f an i n c o m p et en t m an G en eral B all o u wh o sur , , ,

ro u n d ed b y o ffic ial s p reju d i c ed a g a i n s t t h e N eg ro b ec ame ,

u n duly in flu en c ed t h ereb y an d sh ap ed h is p o licy acco rd

in g l y . H e sh o w ed v ery li tt l e ju d gm en t in t ry i n g t o forc e
h is d i v isi o n t o a ccep t r a c e d i s c ri m i n at i o n an d s t ill l ess in ,

c ri t icizi n g Neg ro o ffic ers in th e p res en c e o f t h ei r sub o rdi

n at es s ay i n g t h at t h ey w er e f a ilu res b ef o re t h ey h ad b een
,

t es t ed Wh erever Neg ro o ffic ers w ere s t at i o n ed m oreover

.
, ,

a s y s t em at ic eff o rt w as m ad e t a g et rid o f t h em b y b ri n g

in g t h em as earl y as p o ss ibl e b ef o re effici en cy b o ard s t o fi n d

excus es f o r t h e i r ret i rem en t o r as si g n m en t t o l ab o r b at

t ali o n s I n reg i m en t s wh er e t h ere w ere all N eg ro es as in

.
,

t h e N ew Y o rk Fi f t een t h f ro m which C o l o n el H ay ward t h e

, ,

w hi t e c o m m an d er s e cur ed t h e t ran s f er o f all N egr o o ffic ers

,

a ft er r et i r i n g a f ew f o r i n effici en cy t h e s am e en d w as ,

r ea ch e d Th e s t aff c o ul d t h en c o n t en d t h at as add i t i o n al O f
.

fi c ers t h ereaf t er w ere n e c es sa ry an d o t h er N eg ro O ffic ers

c o ul d n o t b e s uppli ed t h e r eg i m en t w o ul d h av e t o t ak e
,

o n w hi t e o ffic ers a l t o g et h er si n c e o ffi c er s o f t h e t w o r aces

,
32 0 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
cou ld not s erv e M an y su p eri o r O ffic er s O p en ly
t o g et h er .

as k e d t h at wh i t e O ffi c ers b e s en t t o t h ei r r eg i m en t s r eg ard

l ess o f t h e qu est i o n o f effi c i en cy .

T o c arry o u t t h i s pu rp o se g r av e c o mpl ai n t s w ere fi l ed

ag a i ns t t h e N eg ro O ffi c ers Th ey w ere o f t en ch arg ed w i t h
.

c o w ar d i c e a l t h o u g h t h e N eg ro so l d i er w as b y t h e s am e m an
,

M et h o ds u sed p ra i s ed f o r h is b r av ery
. Such a ch arg e w as .

p ref erred ag ai n s t f o u r o ffi cers o f t h e 368th R egim en t wh o ,

h av i n g re c ei v ed t h e w ro n g o rd ers an d fi n d i n g t h em s el v es
en t an g l ed in b arb w i re whil e un d er t h e fi re o f t h e en em
y s
’

g u n s re t r e a t e d
, A s a m at t er o f f a c t t h es e t ro o p s h a d n o t
.
,

b een p rep ared f o r t h is at t a ck T h ey w ere w i t h o u t m aps .

'

w i t h o u t h an d g ren a d es an d w i t h o u t a d e qu at e am m u n i t i o n
,
.

M aj o r E ls er a wh i t e o ffic er s upp o s ed t o b e l ead i n g t h em

, ,

was n o w h ere t o b e f o u n d d u ri n g t h e en g ag em en t Two o f .

th e N eg ro C ap t ai n s a cc o r d i n g t o R alph W T y l er a w ar
, .
,

c o rresp o n den t af t er t h ey h ad g o n e o v er t h e t o p an d h ad
,

ru n i n t o a n es t o f m a chi n e g u n s t u rn e d b a ck a n d a s k ed f o r
,

s upp o rt an d g o t t h e t h i rd b at t ali o n B u t t h ey c oul d n o t .

g et i n t o t o u c h w i t h t h ei r M aj o r w h o i m m e d i at el y af t er t h e
, ,

en g ag em en t b ec am e s eri o u s h a d r et i re d t o t h e r ear s o m e
,

wh ere m aki n g it i m p o ssibl e f o r t h e c ap t a i n t o c o n n ect wi t h

,

h im t o se cu re o rd ers This M a j o r h o wev er b ecau s e o f

.
, ,

t h e f a ilu r e o f t h e en g a g em en t u n der such ci r cu ms t an c es ,

ch arg ed t h e Neg ro o ffic ers w i t h c o w ard ic e an d i n effici en cy .

A s a rew ar d f o r his c o w ard ic e h o w ev er h e w as a f ew d ay s

, ,

t h ereaf t er r a is e d t o t h e ran k o f L i eu t en an t C o l o n el an d -

g i v en c o mm a n d o f a N e g r o r e g i m en t A n i n v es t i g at i o n by .

t h e S ec ret ary o f W ar sh o w ed t h at t h es e o ffi cers w er e n o t t o

b e bl am e d an d h e ex o n erat ed t h em t aki n g o cc as i o n t o l au d ,

t h es e an d o t h er N eg ro s o l d i ers f o r t h ei r v al o r an d p at ri
o t is m .

In k eepi n g wi t h t h e p o li cy o f eli m i n at i n g N eg ro O ffic ers

f ro m t h e arm y C o l o n el A ll an J G reer ad d ress ed a l et t er
,
.

f o r t h i s p u rp o s e t o S en at o r K D M cK el l ar in v i o l at i o n o f
. .
,
 T he N eg r o I n t he W o r l d W ar 32 1
,

a l aw w hich , in u n t ry b eli ev i n g in ju st ic e w o ul d s ub
a co ,

j c et him t o c o u rt m a r t i a l P o
. i n t i n g o u t t h e s o c al l ed w eak-

“
n ess in t h e N eg ro o ffic er h e s a i d :NO W t h at a reo rg an i
z at io n o f t h e a rm y is in p ro s p e c t a n d a s all
, A st ep b e
O fficers o f t h e t em p o rary f o rc e s h av e b e en Y ° n d 3 mm “
as k ed if t h ey d es i re t o rem a i n in t h e reg ul ar ar m y I ,

t hi n k I o u g h t t o b ri n g a m at t er t o y o u r at t en t i o n t h at
is o f vi t al i m p o rt an ce n o t o n ly f ro m a m ili t ary p o i n t o f
,

Vi ew b u t f ro m t h at w hich a l l S o u t h ern er s h av e I ref er .

t o t h e qu es t i o n o f N egr o o ffic er s an d N eg ro t ro o p s .

” “
Th e rec o rd o f th e d i visi o n ,
s a i d h e is o n e wh ich
,

will p ro b ably n ever b e g i ven f ull publici ty b u t t h e b are ,

f a c t s are ab o u t as fo ll o ws : W e c am e t o F ran c e in Ju n e ,

w e w ere g i ven s ev en w eek s in t h e t rai n i n g a rea i n st ea d o f

t h e fo u r w eeks in t ra i n i n g area as usu all y a ll o t t ed t h en ,

w ent t o a qui et s ec t o r o f t h e f ro n t F ro m t h ere w e w en t

.

t o A rg o nn e an d in t h e o ff en s i ve s t art i n g t h e re o n S ep t em
,

b er 26 h ad o n e reg i m en t in t h e li n e att a c h ed t o t h e 38t h

, ,

F ren ch C o rps Th ey f ail ed t h ere in all t h ei r m i ss i o n s

.
,

l ai d do wn an d s n eak ed t o th e rear u n t il t h ey w ere wi t h

,

d rawn Thi rty o f t h e o ffic ers o f t hi s reg i m en t al o n e w ere

.

rep o rt e d e i t h er f o r c o w ard ic e o r f a il u re t o p rev en t t h ei r

m en f ro m ret re at i n g an d t h i s ag a i n s t very li t t l e Opp o si

’
,

t io n . Th e F ren c h an d o u r w h i t e fi el d O ffi c ers d id all t h at

co ul d p o ss ibl y h av e b een d o n e b u t t h e t ro o p s w ere im p o s
s ibl e O n e o f o u r M a j o rs c o mm an d i n g a b at t a li o n s a i d
.
,

Th e m en a re ran k co w a rd s ; t h ere is n o o t h er w o rd f o r it .

Wh il e t h es e wh i t e o ffi c ers o f s up eri o r r an k w ere p er

s is t en t l y t ry i n g t o w eed o u t t h e N eg ro o ffic ers o n t h e
g ro u n d s o f t h e i r i n effi c i en cy t h e F r en c h wh o w ere f o rt u
, ,

n a t el y b ri g ad ed w i t h s o m e O f t h e t ro o p s c o m P ai se d b y r
t h e Fren c h
m an d ed b y t h em h a d n o t h i n g b u t w o rds o f
,
°

p rai s e f o r t h ei r g all an t l ead ers h ip A m o n g t h e F ren ch

.

o ffi c ers o f co n s e q u en c e w h o t h us c o m pli m e n t ed t h em w er e

C o l o n el T u p es an d G en eral G o yb et I n f ac t th e F ren ch
.
,
32 2 . T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
o fficers eas il y o b s erv i n g
, h at t h e t ro ubl e wi t h t h e Negro
t
o ffic era n d his A m eric an sup eri o r w as m erely a qu est i on o f
color ,
o f t en i n t erf ered t o s av e m an y a N eg ro O ffic er f ro m

h u m ili at i o n an d f ro m d i sh o n o rabl e d isch arg e f ro m t h e

army .
T ah t t
/
h ere w as n o t ru t h in t h e rep o rt s as t o t h e

g en er al in effi c ien cy o f t h e N eg ro o ffic er is ev i d en c ed b y t h e

r

f a c t t h at t h e 37 0t h (t h e 8 t h I lli n o i s ) w h ich w as o fficered

,

t h ro u g h o u t b y N egr o es ren d ered such g all an t s e

,
rv ic e t h at

it re c ei v ed m o re ci t at i o n s an d c ro ix d e g u err e t h an an y
o t h er A m eri c an reg i m en t in F ran c e . A n d m an y w o n d ered
h ow it c o ul d b e p o ssibl e f o r a N eg ro t o b e s u c h a g oo d
s o l d i er an d h av e n o p o ssibili ty f o r l eadership .

I t is t ru e t h at s o m e N eg ro O ffi c ers w ere i n effi ci en t ; an d

so w er e m an y whi t es t h o us an d s o f wh o m c o ul d n o t s t an d
,

t h e o rd ea l . It is t ru e als o t h at it d o e s n o t m ak e f o r t h e
Th e crit i ci sm m o ral e o f t h e arm y t o c ri t iciz e abus e an d
,

“mu“ hu m ili at e an o ffi c er in th e p res en c e o f his m en .

I f t h e whi t e O ffic ers c o ul d n o t b y arm y reg ul at i o n s b e fo rc ed

t o r esp e c t t h e N eg ro o ffic ers h o w c o ul d t h e Negr o s o l diers
’

b e exp ec t ed t o d o s o ? Yet it is n o t t rue t h at t h e N eg ro

s o l d i ers in F ran c e did n o t resp ec t an d fo ll o w t h ei r Negro
o ffi c ers . U n u su ally p ro u d o f t h e h o n o r c o n ferr ed up o n
m en o f t h ei r ra c e t h ey rat h er t reat ed t h em w i t h every
,

m ark o f resp e c t . Th e N eg ro o ffic ers w ere n o t l o w ered in

t h e es t i m at i o n o f t h e N eg ro s o l d i ers b y t h e whi ff an d sc o rn
o f t h e whi t e o ffi c ers hi gh er in t h e ran ks f o r t h e s am e d ar t
,

o f p reju d ic e hu rl e d a t t h e N eg ro O ffic er w as als o d i re c t ed

a g a i n s t N eg ro s o l d i ers .Th ey w ere all in c o m m o n t o b e

s o ci ally p ro s c rib ed in F ran c e b y A m eric an s whil e fi g h t i n g
t o m ak e t h e w o rl d s af e f o r d em o c ra cy .

A f ew c as es in ev i d en c e w ill b e i n t eres t i n g Cert ai n

.

c o l o re d t r o o ps w er e o rd er ed t o s ail o n t h e b att l esh ip

Virg in ia b u t a f t er g o i n g ab o ard th e o ffic er in c h arg e h ad
, ,

t h es e t ro o ps rem o v ed o n t h e g ro u n d t h at n o
co l o re d t roo ps h ad ev er t rav el ed o n b o ard a U n i t ed S t at es
32 4 T he N eg ro I n O u r H ist Ory

on ly b y an i m p assabl e g ul f est abli sh ed b et ween t h e t wo

rac es , an d es p ec i a ll y so b e c au se o f t h e t en d en c
y o f the
bl ack s t o c o mm i t t h e l o at h so m e cri m e o f ass ault as t h ey ,

s ai d t h e N eg ro es h a d al re a dy b e en d o i n g in F ran c e Th e .

F ren ch w ere t h eref o re c au t i o n ed n o t t o t reat t h e Negro es

, ,

w i t h f am ili ar i t y an d in
du l g en ce w hi ch are m at ,

t ers O f g ri evo u s c o n c ern

t o A m eri c an s an d an a f
f ro n t t o t h ei r n at i o n al
p o licy Th e A meri can s .
,

it c o n t i n u ed w ere af ra i d ,

t h at t h e bl a cks m i g h t
t h ereb y b e in s pi re d w i t h
u n des i rabl e as pi rat i o n s .

I t w a s c aref ull y ex
pl ai n ed t h a t a lt h o u gh
t h e bl a ck m an is a ci t i
z en O f t h e U n i t ed S t a t es

h e is r eg ar d ed b y the
wh i t es
i n f eri or as an

w i t h w h o m rel at i o n s o f
MA J OR JO E L E S P N G N I ARmy a n ene

o f p j udi
re
.

i th
ce my
n e
,
busi
ar
n ess an d s e r v i c e

o n l y are p o s s ibl e ; t h at

t h e bl a ck is n o t ed f o r h is w an t o f i n t elli g en c e l ac k o f d is ,

c ret i o n an d l ack o f ci vic an d p ro fessi o n al c o n sci en c e Th e

,
.

F ren ch A rm y t h en w as adv is ed t o p revent i n t im acy b e

t w een F ren ch o ffi c ers an d bl a ck o ffic ers n o t t o e at wi t h ,

t h em n o r s h ak e h an d s n o r s eek t o t alk o r m eet wi t h t h em

o u ts i d e o f t h e re qui rem en t s o f m ili t ary s erv ic e Th ey w ere .

ask ed a ls o n o t t o c o mm en d t o o hi g h l y th e bl a ck A m eric an

t ro o ps in th e p r es en c e o f wh i t e A m eri c an s A l t h o u g h it .

w as al l r i g h t t o re c o g n iz e t h e g o o d qu ali t i es an d s ervic e
o f bl a ck A m er i c an s it sh o u l d b e d o n e in m o d erat e t erm s
.

s t ri c t ly in k eepi n g w i t h t h e t ru t h T h e F ren ch w ere u rg ed

.
 T he N eg r o I n t he W o r l d W ar 32 5

l t o res t rain t he n at i ve c an t o n m en t p o pul at i o n f ro m

a so

s p o ili n g t h e N egr o es as w h i t e A m e r i c an s b eco m e gr e at l y

,

i n c en sed at an y d eep exp ress i o n o f i n t i m acy b et w een whi t e

w o m en an d bl a c k m en .

F ro m a cc ess ibl e ev i den c e it is cl ea r t h at if s o m e o f t h e

A m eri c an s o l d i ers h ad s t ru gg l ed a s h ard t o d ef e at t h e G er
m ans as t h ey d id t o i m pl an t r ace p reju d i c e in F ran c e t h e ,

a rm y w o ul d h av e b een m u c h n earer t h e R h i n e w h en t h e arm

is t ice w as s i g n e d T h ey f a il ed h o w ev er t o b ri n g t h e F ren ch
.
, ,

aro u n d t o t h ei r w ay o f s ee i n g lib e rt y an d t h e N eg ro es in
, ,

a pp re ci at i o n f o r t h e d em o c rac y o f F ran c e as t h ey s aw it an d

f el t it w illi n g l y s ac rifi c ed t h ei r li v es t o s av e t h e b e au t ifull y

,

hum an e p eo pl e Wh et h er in Ch am p ag n e in t h e A rg o n n e
.
,

F o rest o r at M et z it w as t h e hi st o ry o f t h e Neg ro rep eat i n g

,

i t s el f — u n flin ch in g s t an d b ef o re t h e b ru t al en em y eag er ,

ness t o en g ag e in t h e c o n fli c t a n d n o bl e d ari ng en d u ran ce

,

in t h e h ea t o f t h e b a t t l e M an y a
. T h e N egro as
a fi g h t er
s o l d i er m an y a w
, h it e o ffi c er r e t u,
rn ed wi t h
.

t h e t es t i m o ny t h at t h ey w e re b raver t h a n a n y whi t e m an
t h at ever li v ed . T h ey f o u g h t t h e en em y f ro m b eh i n d an d
in t h e f ro n t an d s t ill c am e o u t t h e v i c t o r B u t t h ey w ere
.

n o t m erel y v i c t o rs A s c o re o f t h em lik e R o b ert s an d

.
,

Jo h n so n o f t h e New Yo rk Fi f t een t h ret u rn ed as h ero es ,

d ec o rat ed b y F ran c e f o r t h e i r b ra v ery in a c t i o n a n d t h ei r

g l o ri o us t r iu m ph o v e r G er m a n s b y w h o m t h ey w e re g r eat ly
o u t n u m b ered .

T h i n ki n g t h at t h e rec o rd o f t h e N eg ro in F ran c e m i g h t
b e t ak en as a reas o n f o r en l arg i n g h is m e as u re o f d em o c
ra c y f o r wh ich h e f o u g h t t h e N eg ro h at i n g el em en t in t h e
,
-

a rm y ,
n avy
,
a n d c i v ili an li f e o rg an i z ed t o T h e wel c o me
h ° m°
p rev en t t h is ev en b ef o re t h e c l o se o f t h e w ar .
°

T h ey t ri ed s o t o i n t i m i d at e t h e N eg ro es o n t h ei r ret u rn
h o m e t h at t h ey m i g h t rem ai n c o n t en t t o c o n t i n u e in a
p o s i t i o n Of rec o g n i z ed i n f eri o ri t y Th e t em p er o f edi
.

t o rial s a pp eari n g in reac t i o n a ry n ews p ap e rs i n d ic at ed

32 6 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
a h o s t il e c p t i o n f o r Negr o s o l d i ers ret u rn i n g fro m t he
re e

war an d s o o n s o u t h ern ers o p en l y d ec l ared t h at such

'

d em an d s w o ul d b e fi rm ly m et w i t h o pp o si t i o n t y pic al o f
t h e Ku K lux K l an Th e ret u rn i n g N eg ro s o l d i er w as
.
,

t h ere f o re f o r t h e S o u t h
,
an Obj ect o f c o n t em p t Th e
, .

v ery u n i f o rm o n a N egr o w as t o t h e s o u t h ern er lik e a

red ra g t h r o wn in t h e f a c e o f a bull N eg ro so l d i ers re

.

FI R S T S EP A RA T EB A TT A L ION OF T H E D I S T R I C T O F CO LUM B i i
I A , rec e v ng
t h e C ro ix de G u erre in Fra n c e

t u rn i n g S o ut h t h en were b eat en sh o t do wn an d
t o th e , ,

l y n ch ed ,
t o t erro riz e t h e bl a cks i n sis t i n g o n b et t er t reat
m en t f o r t h ei r ra c e Th ey were n o t g uil t y o f t h e v i o l a
.

t i o n o f an y l aw b u t t h e S o u t h c o n si ders it adv is abl e t o

,

l yn ch a f ew N eg ro es ev en wh en it is kn o wn th at t h ey ar e
i n n o c en t ; f o r it g en erally resu l t s in t erro rizin g o t h ers wh o
m i g h t o t h erw i s e i n sis t t h at t h ey b e t reat ed as m en .

T his p o st w ar do wn wi t h t h e Neg ro p ro p ag an da S p read

- - - -

f ro m t h e S o u t h i n t o s o m e p o i n t s in t h e No rt h an d fi n ally ,
32 8 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
ta sk w as w ell d o n e
l eader y ell ed t o th e exe cu t i o n ers Did
a ,

“ ”
y o u g et him ? Th e repl y was Yes w e g o t h im
, , .

T h e even t s o f t h e f o ll o w i n g d ay h o w ev er s h o w ed t h at t hi s
, ,

m o b h ad m isju dg ed t h e W as hi n g t o n N eg ro es T h ey m ade .

e x t en si v e p rep arat i o n f o r t h e ret ali at o ry o n s l au g h t o f t h e

wh i t es . W eap o n s w ere b o u gh t h o us es w ere b arric aded an d

, ,

hi g h p o w ered aut o m o bil es w ere arm o red f o r t o u ri n g t h e

ci ty l at e in t he n i g h t Th e au g m en t ed p o lic e fo rc e an d t h e
.

300 p ro v o s t g u ard s suppli ed w i t h rifl es an d m achi n e g u n s

d id n o t d et er t h e N eg ro es Wh en at t a ck ed b y t h e whi t e
.

m o b t h ey e asil y s t o o d t h ei r g ro u n d an d t o o k th e o fi en s iv e
,

wh en t h e whi t e m o b at t em p t ed t o i n v ade N eg ro qu art ers ,

a l t h o u g h Th o m a s A rm is t e a d ch arg i n g in d ef en s e o f th e
,

N eg ro es fell m o rt all y w o u n ded Wh ereas t h e whi t es

,
.

w o u n ded ab o u t 300 N eg ro es t h e Su n d ay n i g h t wh en t h ey
w ere n o t exp ec t i n g th e at t ack t h e c as u al ty li st o f M o n day
,

n i g h t sh o w ed t w o N eg ro es an d fo u r w hi t es kill ed a n d a

m uch l arg er n u m b er o f whi t es w o u n ded t h an N egro es .

A ri o t al m o s t o f t h e s am e o rd er b ro k e o u t in C h i c ag o a f ew
weeks l at er In t h at ci t y t h e l arg e m i gr at i o n o f Neg ro es t o
.

it s i n dus t ri al pl an t s an d t h e i n v asi o n o f des i rabl e resi d en

t i al d is t ric t s b y t h ese n ewc o m er s i n c en s ed t h e whi t es t o
t h e p o i n t o f p recipi t at i n g a r a c e w ar Th e N eg ro es h o w
.
,

ev er ,
sh o w ed b y t h e n u m b er o f w hi t es kill ed t h e s am e
t en den cy o f t h e W ashi n gt o n N eg ro t o ret ali at e wh en at
t a ck ed b y c o w ard s T h e Neg ro h elp ed t o s ave dem o c ra cy
.

ab ro ad b ut h e m us t fi g h t t o en j o y it at h o me
,
.
 C HA P TE R XX

T HE N E G R O A N D SO CIA L J U S T ICE

D U R IN G l as t qu art er o f a c en t u ry t he Neg ro h as h ad
t he
so m e g ro u n d f o r h o p e in t h e f o r c es whi ch b id f a i r t o b ri n g

a b o u t a s o c i al r e ad jus t m en t i n v o l v i n g t h e l ev eli n g o f s o

c iety if n o t t h e e l ev at i o n o f t h e u n d erm an Imp endi ng

t o rul e o v er his hi t h ert o s o c all ed sup eri o rs -
“ 18 13
.
1

A ll el em en t s o f o ur p o p u l a t i o n d u ri n g t h i s p eri o d h av e
b een subj ec t t o ch an g e b y t h es e evo lu t i o n ary m o vem en t s at
wo rk am o n g t h e m ass es Th e l ab o ri n g m an is n o l o n g er
.

a serv il e em pl o y e e O f s erf lik e t en d en c i es b u t a ra d ic al m em

-
,

b er o f a d is s at isfi ed g ro up d em an d i n g a p ro p er d i v i s i o n O f
,

t h e ret u rn s f ro m h is l ab o r H e is m ad e m o re p o t en t i a l in
.

t h is p o si t i o n b y a re c en t p ro p ag an d a t o t h e eff e c t t h at so f ar ,

as t h e l ab o ri n g m an is c o n c ern ed p o li t i ca l affili at i o n m ean s

,

li t t l e si n c e al l p art i es h ave b een u n d er t h e i n flu en c e o f

,

a ris t o c ra t ic l ead ers wh o t aki n g a d v an t ag e o f t h e i g n o ran ce

, ,

o f t h ei r c o n s t i t u en t s h av e b een abl e t o ru l e t h i s co u n t ry
,

f o r t h e b en efi t o f t h o s e t h at h ave ra t h er t h an in t h e i n t er
es t o f t h o s e t h at h a ve n o t I n c o n f o rm i t y t h en w i t h t h e
.

cy cl es o f g o v ern m en t b o rn e o u t b y hi st o ry t his c o u n t ry ,

h as p assed t h ro u g h t h e s t ag e o f ari s t o c ra cy t o t h at O f t h e
whi t e m an s dem o c ra cy an d bi ds f ai r t o b e rev o l u t i o n i z e d
’

1 i x
Th s s t u dy m a y b e f u rt h er e t en d e d b y re a d n g W E iD u B o is s
. . B .
’

T h e S o u l o f B la c k Fo l k , h i s Th e N eg ro , W illi
a m P c k e n s T h e N ew
’
i
ll ill
N eg ro , K e y M e r s R a c e A d j u s t m en t , O u t o f t h e H o u s e o f B o n d
’

a g e, a n d A p p ea l t o R ea s o n . i
T h e A t l a n t a Un i v e rs t y S t u d es a n d i
t h e O c c as i o n a l Pa p ers o f t h e A m eri c a n N eg r o A ca d em y a re h e f u lp l .

Th e fil i i
e s O f Th e C r s s , T h e M es s en g er , T h e C r u s a d er , T h e B o s t o n
i i
G u a r d a n , Th e Ch c a g o D ef en d er a n d Th e N ew Yo r k A g e S h o u d b e l
l
c o n su t e d .
330 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
in t h e f u t u re b y t h e ru l e o f t h e m o b rep res ent ed b y
n ear

so - c a ll ed o rg an i z ed l ab o r In o t h er w o rds , t h e c o u n t ry h as
.

d ev el o p ed f ro m i
c cy t o f ro n t i er d em o cr a cy f ro m
ar s to ra ,

f ro n t i er d em o c ra c y t o p ro gr es s i v i sm an d f ro m p ro g res
s iv ism al m o s t t o s o ci alis m .

T h is h as b een al l b u t t ru e ev en in t h e S o u t h wh ere th i s
s o ci a l uph eav a l h as exp ress ed i t s el f p o li t ic all y in t h e ri se

o f t h e p o o r whi t e m an Duri n g t h e d ay s o f S l av ery t h e

.

T h e ri s e o f
S o u t h an d t o s o m e e x t en t t h e w h o l e c o u n t ry
, , ,

t h e p or o c o n t i n u ed u n der t h e do m i n at i o n o f aris t o crat ic

W h i t es ’

sl av eh o l d ers Th e p o o r wh i t es driv en t o th e
.
,

upl an ds an d t h e m o u n t ai n s w h ere sl avery w as u n p ro fi t abl e ,

n ev er a cc u m ul at ed su ffici en t w e a l t h t o att a i n p o li t i cal rec o

g
n it io n en j o y ed b y t h o s e li v i n g n ear t h e c o as t d es pi t e t he f a c t ,

t h at t h ere w ere n u m ero us cl a sh es u rg en t d eb at es ch arg es , , ,

a n d c o u n t er ch arg es c o m i n g f ro m d isc o rd an t el em en t s am o n g
-

t h e m o u n t ai n w hi t es r equi ri n g an equ aliz at i o n o f p o li t i

cal p o w er Wh en h o w ever af t er 1 850 an d e sp eci ally aft er
.
, ,

t h e Ci v il W ar t h ere resul t ed an ex t en si o n o f t h e f ran c hi s e ,

m aki n g it u n i v ers al f ree m an h o o d su ff rag e t h e p o o r w hi t es ,

d id n o t l o n g d el ay in realizi n g t h e p o w er g i v en t h em
t h ro u g h t h e b all o t Un der t h e l ead ership t h en o f m en
.

l ike Jam es K V ardam an B en j am i n Till m an

'

R adi c al .
, ,

l ead e s
an d C o l e B l e as e t h es e upl an d ers h av e c o m e
r
,

i n t o t h ei r o wn L acki n g t h at s y m p at hy f o r th e N eg ro es
.

f o u n d am o n g t h e ex sl av eh o l d ers t h es e p o o r wh i t e s h av e
-
,

in g et t i n g c o n t ro l o f t h e s o u t h ern g o v ern m en t s h o w ev er ef , ,

f ec t e d s u ffi c i en t ch an g es t o d ep r i v e t h e bl a ck s o f t h ei r ci vil
an d p o li t ic al r i g h t s an d ev en o f s o m e e c o n o m ic o pp o rt u n i

t i es . Gi v i n g s o m u ch at t en t i o n t o t h e p erp et u at i o n o f
c as t e t h en th e m o l d ers o f public O pi n i o n in t h e S o u t h
, ,

h av e n o t p erm i t t ed t h e radi c all y d em o crat ic m o vem ent s

t o i n v ade t h a t s ec t i o n T h ere it w as d i sco v ered t h at
.

it w o ul d b e i m p o ss ibl e t o li ve up t o t h e p ri n c ipl es set f o rt h

wi t h o u t g i vi n g t h e N eg ro es a l arg er sh are o f s o ci al an d
332 T he N e g r o I n O u r H ist o ry
t h em s e l v es u n c o n s c i o usly alli ed wi t h t h e m o st radic al f o rc es
in t h e U n i t ed S t at es This o f Co u rse if n o t arres te d b y a
.
, ,

m o re s y m p at h et ic c o n si d erat i o n o f t h e N eg ro s ri g h t s m ay ’
,

i n c reas e t h e ran ks o f t h e m alc o n t en t s t o t h e ext en t o f ef

f ec t in g a g en eral up h eav al in t hi s c o u n t ry .

It is w ell t o n o t e t h at t h ere n o l o n g er exi s t s a f ro n t i er

w i t h all o f it s o pp o rt u n i t i es f o r f ree arabl e l an d wh ere ,

in t h e m i d s t o f s o m an y c h an g es f ro n t i ersm en p ass ed so ,

ra pi d l y t h ro u g h t h e v a ri o us s t ag e s O f t h e ci v ili z a t i o n o f t h e

b ack w o o ds t h e f arm t h e t o wn an d t h e c i t y t h at in a
’

, ,

g en erat i o n t h ey b ecam e t h o ro u g h l y A m er ic an i z ed Si n c e .

1 8 9 0 w e h ave b een Co n f ro n t ed w i t h t h e a f t erm at h o f t h e

f ro n t i er t h e i n c reas e o f r es t l es s n es s p ess i m ism an d revo
~ -
,

l u t io nary s en t i m en t , a gg rav at e d b y t h e p resen c e Of u n

A m eri c an i z ed f o rei g n ers w h o n o l o n g er abl e t o g o W es t
, ,

m u s t rem ai n in o u r l arg e ci t i es t o w a g e w ar a g a i n s t t h e
'

c api t ali st s wh o m t h ey n o w c o n si d er t h e s o u rc e o f all t h ei r

ev ils .

L ab o r an d c api t al n o w f ac e eac h o th er in t h e Ci t i es in
a res t ri c t e d ar ea an d e a ch h as t o c o m bi n e t o p ro t e c t it s
,

Th e co nfl i ct i n t er est s Th e c o m bi n at i o n o f c api t al was

.

i n i t i es
C
i m p o s sibl e wh en l an d was abu n dan t an d in
d i v i d u alis m w as s t ro n g T o p ro t ec t t h e w eak w e ar e n o w
.

red u c e d t o a n ew s o rt o f ra d ic a lis m which d i ff ers f ro m t h at

o f t h e E u ro p e an S o c i a li s t s in t h at whil e t h e l at t er are t ry

in g t o buil d a d em o c ra cy o u t o f t h e rem ai n s o f m o n archi al

li f e o u r m alc o n t en t s are res o rt i n g t o v ari o us p o li t ic al ex
,

p e ri m en t s t o h o l d o n t o t h e i d e al s o f t h e f ro n t i er whic h
h av e b een S h att er ed b y t h e c o n c en t rat i o n o f t h e p o pul at i o n
in c i t i es Th ere h as f o ll o w ed t h eref o re s u ch assi m il at i o n
.
, ,

o f t h e bl a ck an d w hi t e p eo pl e t o u rb an c o n d i t i o n s as t o

m ark an ep o ch in t h e m aki n g o f o u r c i v iliz at i o n eff ec t i n g ,

a rev o lu t i o n n o t o n l y in i n d u s t ry b u t in p o li t ics s o ci ety , ,

an d li f e i t s el f T h e ru ra l s o c i et y h as b een d es t ro y ed b y
.

c o mm erc i ali s m wh i ch h as t ran s f o rm ed t h e m aj o ri t y o f t h e

,
 T h e N eg r o an d S o c ia l Ju s t ic e 333

A meri can p eo pl e i n t o c o m m erc i a l b e i n g s A s m o re t h an .

h al f o f t h e p eo pl e o f t he U n i t ed S t at es n o w li ve in u rb an
c o mm u n i t i es o f o v er 5000 i n h abi t an t s t h e p ro bl em s o f t h i s ,

c o u n t ry t o m o rro w w ill b e t h e p ro bl em s o f t h e ci t y A s th e .

ci t i es are n o w in c o n t ro l o f t h e m o s t rad i cal el em en t s in

t h e U n i t ed S t a te s it is ,

o n l y a m at t er o f t i m e b e

fo re t h e n at i o n al p o li c y
w ill b e d o m i n at e d b y r a d i
c al tho u ght , an d m en d is
p o sed t o h o l d o n t o t h e
b es t in rep u bli c an g o vern
m en t s h o u l d t h i n k s eri
o u sl y of the d an g er of

d ri v i n g b y p ers e c u t i o n in
t o t h e ra n k s o f t h i s u n re
i
s t ra n e d l
e em e n t t h e Ne

g ro es , wh o c o n st i tu t e the
m o st i
c o n se rv at v e a n d
the
m o st c o n s t ru c t i v e s t o ck in
A m eri c a .

Wi t h t h e m i g rat i o n o f
a l arg e n u m b er o f N eg ro es

to n o rt h ern Cl t l eS , ho w MAR Y WH I T E O VI N G T O N , Ch a rm a n
i
'

ev er , h av e b een t en d
t h er e B i
of
t he o a rd o f D re c t o rs o f t h e

eu c ies i n d i c at in g t h a t l N at i o n a A s so c i at i o n f o r t h e A d
l pl
va n c e m e nt of Co o re d Peo e
wh er ev er N eg ro es are n u
m ero u s en o u g h t o i m p r es s t h ems e l v es up o n t h e c o m m u n i t y ,

d i s t u rbi n g ra ce p rej u d i c e d evel o p s W e h ea r t h e r e f o re

.
, ,

o f t h e a g i t at i o n f o r sep a r a t e s c h o o l s in R ac e co n fl i ct .

P hil a d elp h i a Pi t t sb u rg C o l u m b u s I n d i an a p o li s an d Ch i
, , , ,

c ag o . T h ere is al s o a d es i r e am o n g c ert a i n w h i t es n o t ,

n e c es s a r il y t o s e g r eg a t e t h e N e g r o es b y s p ec i a l o r d i
n an ces t o t h at eff e c t b u t b y a c o m m o n u n d ers t an d i n g t o
,

res t r i c t t h em t o c er t a i n p ar t s o f t h e c i t i es w h ere t h ey
 334 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
m ay n ot i n t o s u ch cl o s e c o n t a ct w i t h t h e s o c all ed
co m e -

sup eri o r wh i t es R a ce p reju d i c e in t h es e p art s t h en h as

.

b ec o m e m u c h m o r e v o l can ic at t i m es t h an it is in c er
t a i n s ec t i o n s o f t h e S o u t h as w as ev i d en c e d b y t h e rec en t
,
.

ri o t s a t C h es t er P en n sy lv an i a Y o u n g st o wn O hi o E as t
, , , ,

S t L o u i s an d C h i ca g o
.
, A l t h o u gh it d o es n o t app ear
.

t h at an y p art o f t h e N o rt h h as as in t h e c as e o f t h e re

W
,

g i o n s lik e t h at a ro u n d h at
w k p p rp e rl y s t y l ed a c r1m 1n a c o mm u m t y i t h as s o w n ,

Th e g reat es t d i fficul t y o f al l whi c h t h e N egr o es h ave h ad

in t h e N o rt h h as b e en t h e p ro bl em o f i
e ar n n g a livi n g .

Wh en t he N o rt h h a d f ew N e g ro es
h an ds it w as an on it s
T h e co n o mi c
e u n u su all y pl eas an t exp eri en c e f o r a Negro -

Pm b l em t o g o t o t h at s ec t i o n an d s p en d his m o n ey
wi t h o ut res trict i o n en j o y i n g all o f t h e s o ci al pri vil eg es
,

usu ally d en i ed t h e N eg ro es in t h e S o u t h B ut un t il re .

cen t l y it h ad a l w ay s b een e x t rem el y d i fficul t f o r t h e s am e

p ers o n s o f c o l o r p erm i t t ed t o w o rship in a whi t e chu rch

o r t o at t en d a wh i t e sch o o l t o earn a li v i n g am o n g t h es e

s am e s y m p a t h et i c p ers o n s I t is o n l y s i n c e 1 9 1 6 w h en th e
.
,

N eg ro es w en t N o rt h in such l arg e n u m b ers as t o en abl e

em pl o y ers t o hi r e en o u g h o f t h em t o t ak e o v er t h e e n t i re

o p er at i o n o f pl an t s t h at t h ey h av e ea sil y succ e eded in

,

fi n di n g em pl o y m en t .

T h is d i fficul ty h as s eem ed a p ro bl em i m p o ssi b l e o f s o lu

t i o n f o r t h e re as o n t h at b ac k o f t h e p ro t es t s ag a i n s t t h e em
pl o ym en t o f N eg ro es in hi g her pu rsui t s h ave b een t h e t rad es
'

T ad es u ni o n s
r u n i o n s wi el d i n g such p o wer t h at in t h e eco
.
,

n o m ic w o rl d t h ei r w ill h as b e en l aw S ev eral y ears ag o .

t h e A m eric an F ed erat i o n o f L ab o r d ecl ared t h at it s p u r

p o se w as f o r t h e o rg an iz at i o n o f all w o rki n g p eo pl e w i t h
o u t r eg ard t o c l ass ra c e r eli g i o n
,
o r p o li t ic s ; t h at m an y
, ,

o rg an iz at i o n s affili a t ed w i t h t h e A m er ic an F ed er at i o n o f

Lab o r h ad w i t h i n t h ei r m em b ersh ip N eg ro w o rkm en wi t h

 336 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
the ir i i
a dm ss o n , an d t h erea f t er b y c ert a i n e xcus es an d p e
,

c u l iar m et h o d s o f ev asi o n t o em pl o
, y w hi t e m en in p ref er
en c e t o t h e N eg ro es ,
al t h o u g h t h e l at t er m i g h t b e m em

b ers o f t h e u n i o n D uri n g th e m i g rat i o n h o wever t h e

.
, ,

A m eric an F ed erat i o n o f L ab o r h ad t o t ak e an o t h er s t an d .

A t t h e an n u al m eet i n g o f t h e A m eri c an F ederat i o n in 1 91 6 ,

t h eref o re it w as rep o rt ed t h at t h e N eg ro es wh o w ere t h en

,

b ei n g b ro u g h t No rt h w ere t o fil l th e pl ac es o f u n i o n m en
d em an d in g b et t er c o n d i t i o n s an d it w as t h eref o re f el t
, ,

n ec ess ary t o t ak e s t eps t o o rg an iz e t h es e N egro e s wh o w ere

c o m i n g in rat h er l arg e n u m b er s t o b e ch e ck ed b y s t rik es

an d ri o t s .

Th e f o ll o w i n g y ear t h e A m eric an F ed erat i o n o f L ab o r

, ,

af t er g ivi n g m o re at t en t i o n t h an ev er t o t h e si t u at i o n o f

A tt ent ion
l ab o r c o n d i t i o n s am o n g t h e bl a cks ,
f o u n d it

g i v en s el f s o m ewh at h an d i c app ed b ec aus e o f t h e

N eg ro es
f ac t t h at n o t o n l y w as t h ere an an t ip at h y o f
.

th e N eg ro t o w ard t h e l ab o r u n i o n s b u t t h ey w ere n o t ih
,

fo rm ed as t o t h ei r Op erat io n s an d t h ei r b en efi t s I t w as .
'

t h eref o re u rg ed t h at a N eg ro o rg ani z er b e app o i n t e d t o

,

ex t en d t h e w o rk o f t h es e t r ad es u n i o n s am o n g t h em .

M any o f th e del eg at es ass em bl ed t h o u g h t it a d vis abl e t o

su g g es t t h at at t h e p ea c e t abl e cl o si n g up t h e W o rl d W ar
th e A m er ic an p eo pl e sh o ul d en d eav o r t o i n flu en c e t h e
n at i o n s p art icip at i n g in t his c o n f er en c e t o ag ree up o n a

pl an o f t urn i n g o v er t h e c o n t i n en t o f A f ric a o r c ert ai n

p art s t h ereo f t o t h e A fric an rac e an d t h o s e d esc en d an ts o f
t h e s ame r esi d i n g in t his c o u n t ry .

A t t h e m eet i n g o f t h e A m eri c an F ed erat i o n o f L ab o r in

A t l an t ic Ci t y in 1 9 1 9 t h ere w as r eac h ed t h e d e cisi o n t o ad
,

m it N eg ro es i n d i s c ri m i n at el y i n t o t h e v ari o us t rad es u n i o n s ,

e n j o y i n g t h e s am e p ri vil eg e s as t h e whi t es
Th e A m eri c an
.

Fe d er t i n o f
a o P ro cl aim i n g t hu s s o b o l dly t h e ab o li t i o n o f
Lab o r i n 1 9 19
ra c e d i s t i n c t i o n in t h e l ab o r o rg an i z at i o n s t h e
‘

A m eri can F ed erat i o n o f Lab o r h as at l eas t l ai d t h e f o un

 T he N eg r o an d S o c ia l J u st ic e 337

dat i o n f o r t h e ec o n o m ic bl acks This

a d v an c em en t o f th e .

decl arat i o n h o wever m u s t b e a cc ep t ed m erel y as a b asis

, ,

up o n which t h e N eg ro m ay t ak e h is st an d f o r t h e ec on o m ic
st ru gg l e b ef o re h im B ro ad as t h e d ecisi o n m ay s eem
.
,

it mus t lik e an y o t h er l aw o r c o n s t i t u t i o n b e c arr i ed o u t b y

, ,

p erso n s wh o if n o t sym p at h et ic al ly d i sp o s ed m ay g i ve t his

, ,

d eci s i o n such an i n t erp ret at i o n as t o m ak e it m ean n o t h i n g .

Lib eral as t h e A m eric an F ed era t i o n o f L ab o r m ay n o w b e ,

m o reo ver t h e N eg ro es t o c o m e i n t o t h e i r o wn en j o y i n g ec o
,
.

n o m ic lib ert y m u s t s t ill b ri n g ab o u t su c h c h an g es in t h e

,

l aws an d c o n s t i t u t i o n s o f t h e l ab o r l o c al s as t o p erm i t t h e
c arry i n g o u t o f t h e p u rp o s e o f t he n at i o n al b o dy A s t h e .

m at t er n o w s t an ds t h en t h e v i c t o ry h as b een w o n in t h e n a
, ,

t io n al c o u n cil b u t t h e b at t l e is y et t o b e w ag ed in t h e
,

l o c als
.

A n u m b er o f N eg ro es n o t c o n t en t wi t h t h e eff o rt s f o r t h eir
,

e c o n o m ic a dv an c em en t m ad e f ro m wi t h o u t h av e e n d ea v o r ed ,

t o r em edy t h ei r o w n ev il s t h ro u g h ag en ci e s e i t h er est ab
l ish ed b y N eg ro es o r b y whi t e p ers o n s cl o s el y c o op erat i n g
w i t h t h em O n e o f t h e f a c t o rs in efi ect in g E ff rt s
.
o
t h e p ro p er d i s t ribu t i o n o f l ab o r d u rin g t h e m ng a o
N eg ro es
W o rl d W ar an d in s ecu ri n g f o r t h em jus t i ce .

in m an y c o m m u n i t i es wh ere t h ey w o ul d h av e o t h erw is e
b een i m p o s ed up o n w as t h e N at i o n al L eag u e o n Urb an
,

C o n d i t i o n s am o n g N eg ro es T h is is an o rg an iz at i o n wi t h
.

e i g h t een b ran ch e s d eali n g wi t h t h e N eg ro l a b o ri n g d ep en d ,

en t,
an d d eli n qu en t cl ass e s in t h e v ari o u s l arg e ci t i es .

Th e N eg ro es h ave o rg an i z ed als o in New Y o rk a N eg ro l a

b o r u n i o n l arg el y i n t en d ed t o fi n d em pl o y m en t f o r N eg ro es
r at h er t h an t o s ecu re an i n c reas e in t h e i r w ag es In t h e .

S o u t hwes t t h ere h as b een o rg an i z ed t h e I n t er S t at e A ss o

,
-

c iat io n o f N eg ro T ra i n m en o f A m eric a i n t en d e d t o p erf ect ,

’

t h e u n i o n o f all u n o rg an i z ed ra il w ay em pl o y ees o f co l o r .

Du ri n g t h e W o rl d W ar t h ere h av e b een s everal s uch o r

g an iz at io n s f o ll o w i n g in t h e w ak e o f t h is an d r ec en t ly an ,
338 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry

eff o rt h as b een m ade t o cfi ect t h e o rg an iz at i o n o f a n at io n al

b o dy which will b e f or t h e Negro es jus t wh at t h e A m eric an
F ederat i o n o f L ab o r h as b een f o r t h e whi t es .

Th e N egr o es h ave s o u g h t jus t ic e t o o n o t b y t ry i n g t o

, ,

fo rc e t h em s el ves s o ci al ly o n th e whi t es b u t b y c ert ai n im

,

A j us t p ro vem en t s in t h e si t u at i o n s in w hi c h t h ey
° ° mp 1ai nt
n o w are O n e o f t h eir at t a cks is d i rec t ed
.

ag ai n s t t h e p o o r r a il ro ad a cc o mm o d at i o n s in t h e s ep a rat e

c ars an d st at i o n s assi g n ed Neg ro es in t h e S o u t h Th ey .

c o m pl ai n al s o o f t h e in
ad e qu at e s c h o o l f ac ili t i es ,

c o n t en d i n g t h at it is p o o r
l o g ic t o i n s is t t h at t h e Ne
g ro e s m ust b e d en i ed cer
t a i n p ri v il eg es b ec aus e o f
t h ei r u n dev el o p ed s t at e
an d at t h e s am e t i m e b e

r ef u se d t h o s e o pp o rt un i
t i es f o r i m p r o v em en t n ec
es s ary t o m ak e t h em s el ves

w o rt h y o f t h o s e p ri vil eg es
wh ich t h ey ar e d en i ed .

Th ey h ave ins i st ed t h at
c ert a i n re c rea t i o n al f a cili

t i es b e g i v en t h e N eg ro es
in t h e i n t erest o f t h ei r
A H GR I MK E
“
A D f nd e e f Hi er o s
. .
,

P pl eo e
” c o n t en t m en t an d h e al t h
,

whi ch are ess en t i al t o t h e

m ai n t en an c e o f t h at ph y sic al s t ren gt h n ec ess ary t o effi
ci en t l ab o r Th ey h av e w is el y c o nt en ded al so t h at if t h e
.

w hi t e m an is t h e sup eri o r o f t h e t w o t h e N eg ro m u s t b e
,

b ro u g h t i n t o suffi c i en t ly c l o se co n t a c t w i t h t h e wh i t es s o
a s t o l earn b y e x am pl e S eg reg at i o n w ill t en d t o k eep o n e
.

p art o f a c o mm u n i t y b ack w ard whil e t h e o t h er is h o p el essly

s t ru gg li n g t o g o f o rw ard .
340 T he N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
A m o ng t h es e m et h o d s h ave b een t h e c o ll ec t i o n o f dat a in
t en d e d t o sh o w t h a t t h e N eg ro is n at u ral l y a c ri m i n al .

S o m e h av e m ade p sy ch o l o g i cal m easu rem en t s o f vari o u s

t y p es o f hu m an i t y wi t h a v i ew t o p ro v i n g t h at t h e N eg ro
is m en t ally w eak er t h an o t h er p eo pl es O t h ers are busy
.

w ri t i n g his t o ry o f t he c o u n t ri es o u t si de o f A f ric a t o p ro ve
t h a t t h e N eg ro es in A f ric a ar e i n f er i o r t o r ac e s wi t h o u t .

A p assi n g rem ark as t o t h es e m et h o d s m ay b e w o rt h

wh il e In al m o st all o f t h e i n v es t i g at i o n s as t o t h e c ri m e
.

o f t h e N eg ro es t h e ev i d en c e is ex p ar te No m an sh o ul d
.

U ns ci ent i fi c b e c o n d em n ed as a c ri m i n al m erel y o n t h e
t es t i m o n y o f his en em i es . In t he m att er o f
cri m i n al s t at is t ics o f t h e Negro t h e evi den c e is al ways
qu es t i o n abl e f o r t h e wh i t e m an is t he s o l e ju dg e He
, .

m ak es t h e arres t d et erm i n es t h e g uil t o f t h e N egro an d

, ,

appli e s t h e p en al t y . Ju s t as d uri n g t h e d ay s o f sl av ery

p reju dic ed m as t ers sp o k e o f t h e c ri m es o f t h ei r sl aves
an d b ran d ed f ree N eg ro es as p ari ah s o f so ci et y s o n o w w e ,

h ear t h e s am e c o n c ern i n g t he N eg ro es In o t h er w o rds al l

.
,

o f t his ev i d en c e is f ro m t h o s e p ers o n s wh o m aki n g d esi re ,

t h e f at h er o f t h o u g h t h av e issu ed s t at em en t s wi t h o u t
,

ev i d en c e t o s upp o rt t h em . Such so c all ed s t at ist ics o f t h e

-

whi t es adv ersely c ri t ic al o f t h e Neg ro es ag ai n st wh o m ,

t h ey are i n t en s ely p reju d ic ed an d t o wh o m t h ey h av e de

n i ed t he ri g h t s an d p ri v il eg e s o f m en are w o rt hl ess in
,

s eeki n g t h e t ru t h .

In m aki n g s o m e o f t h e psy ch o l o g ic al m eas u rem en t s t h e

exp eri m en t s h av e b een v ery i n t eres t i n g O n e m an f o u n d
.

in a whi t e sch o o l a N eg ro wh o sh o w ed m o re m en t al c ap ac
M easurement s it y t h an an y o t h er m em b er o f t h e in s t it u
us ed .
t io n . T o expl a i n t his aw ay in k e epi n g wi t h
his t h eo ry t h at t h e Neg ro is i n f eri o r h e c o n t en d ed t h at th e
,

Neg ro f ar o ff in t h e N o rt h am o n g t h e whi t e p eo pl e b y him

s elf w as b ett er s el ect ed t h an t h e whi t es In an o t h er c ase
.
,

in which t h e pu rp o s e o f t h e exp eri m en t w as t o p ro ve t h at t h e

 T he N eg r o an d S o c ia l Ju st ice 34 1

N eg ro w as i n feri o r b o t h t o t he I n di an an d whi t e man it ,

was d isc o vered t h at t he Negr o s t o o d b et ween t h e I n d i an

an d t h e whi t e m an .A dh eri n g t o t h e c o n t en t i o n t h at t h e
fi

N eg ro was s t ill i n feri o r even t o t he I n d i an t h e bi as ed ,

wri t er at t ribu t ed th e Neg ro s sup eri o r m en t al c ap aci ty t o

’

his cl o ser c o n t ac t wi t h t h e whi t e m an .

Un t il t h e s t u d en t s o f t h e whi t e ra c e g i ve t h e s am e att en
'

t i o n t o t h e s t u dy o f A f ric a w hi c h t h ey h ave g i v en t o t h e
s t u dy o f t h e his t o ry o f E u ro p e an d A s i a t h ey will b e nu ,

p rep ared t o reach an y c o n clu s i o n s as t o t he Th e

s o rt o f c i v iliz a t i o n w hich t h e N eg ro ra c e h a s n ec essit y f o r
i nv es t i g at i o n
p ro du ced an d it s r el at i ve valu e Th e f ac t .
.

is t h at t h e whi t e man is s t ill i g n o ran t as t o wh at h as t ak en

pl ac e in A fric a H is kn o wl edg e is c o n fin ed l arg ely t o t he
.

c o u n t ri es o n t h e b o rder an d t h e rep o rt s o f sp o rad i c expl o ra

t i o n s i n t o t h e i nt eri o r B ec aus e t h e whi t es o f m o dern
.

t i m es succ eeded in fi n d i n g in A f ric a sl av es f o r e xpl o i t a

t i o n a t t h e t i m e wh en t h e c o u n t ry w as t o rn t o pi ec e s b y
w ars o f m i gr at i n g h o rdes t h ey h ave c o n clu ded t h at t h ese
,

weak c ap t i ves in w ar wh o m t h ey en sl aved and deb as ed

, ,

m us t b e t ak en a s a s am pl e o f wh at t h e Neg ro is c ap abl e o f .

Yet if t he Neg ro es o f t hi s c o u n t ry are t o s erve as an in

d icat io n o f t h e c ap abili t i e s o f t h e ra c e it is b o t h u n sci en t ific
,

an d u n jus t t o e xp e c t t h e N eg ro e s t o p ass t h ro u g h t w o

hun dred an d fi f ty y ears o f s l av ery an d in t hree g en era

t i o n s a chi ev e as m u c h a s t h e w h i t es h ave duri n g m an y
c en t u ri es I f t h ey c o ul d i n s t ead o f t h ereb y sh o wi n g th at
.
,

t h ey are equ al t o t h e whi t es t h ey w o ul d d em o n s t rat e t h ei r

,

sup eri o ri ty .

To d i s abus e th e pub l ic m i n d o f t his sl an d er p ro c eedi n g

f ro m ill d es i g n i n g i n v est i g at o rs C G W o o dso n o rg an iz ed
-
,
. .

t h e A sso ci at i o n f o r t h e S t u dy o f N eg ro L i f e an d H i s t o ry
in C h ic a g o in 1 9 1 5 h O p in g t o s av e an d p u b T h st u d y o f e
“
,

1" N 9 8“
lis h t h e reco rd s o f t he Neg ro t h at th e race ,
.

m ay n o t b ec o m e a n egli g ibl e f ac t o r in t h e t h o u g h t o f t h e
34 2 T h e N eg r o I n O u r H ist o ry
w o rl d . Th e wo rk his
is t o c o ll ect s o ci o
of t A ss o ci at i o n
l o g ic al an d hi st o ric al d at a t o publi sh b o o ks on Negro li f e ,

a n d his t o ry t o p ro m o t e s t u d i e s in t his fi el d t h ro u g h sch o o ls

,

a n d clubs wi t h a vi ew t o b ri n g i n g ab o u t h arm o n y b e

t w een t h e ra c es b y i n t erp ret i n g t h e o n e t o t h e o t h er Th e .

s upp o rt ers o f t h e m o v em en t h av e b een w ell k n o wn phil an

t hro p ists lik e M o o refi el d S t o rey Julius R o s en w a l d an d ,

J o h n D R o ck ef ell er J r w ri t ers lik e R o l an d G Ush er

.
,
.
, .
,

Jo h n M M eckl in Ju s t i c e W R R i d d ell J ero m e D o w d

.
,
. .
, ,

J F ran klin J am es o n an d Ch arl es H W es l ey an d pub

.
,
.
,

l ic ist s lik e F re d erick L H o ff m an T al c o t t Willi ams an d .

, ,

O swal d G arr i so n Vill ard Fo r s everal y ears th e A s so ci a .

t i o n h as publi s h ed w o rk s b ear i n g o n al l p h as es o f t h e N egro

an d als o T h e Jo u rn al o f N eg r o H is t o ry a qu art erl y sci on ,

t ifi c m ag azi n e whi c h n o w ci rc ul at es t h ro u g h o ut t h e c iviliz ed

wo rl d as a valu abl e h elp t o s t u den t s an d i n ve s t i g at o rs
. .

A n ew n o t e in t h e p ro g ress o f t h e N eg ro h as b een
s o un ded in t h e app eals o f t h e chu rch es an d t he civi c
o rg an iz at i o n s in b eh alf o f a squ are d ea l f or t h e N eg ro ,

as t h e m u rd er o f N eg ro e s h as l ed t o t h e m u rder o f whi t e

m en an d t h e w hi t es t h eref o re c all f o r a h al t al l al o n g
,
2
,

t h e li n e Ci t iz en s o f b o t h rac es h av e b een app o in t ed b y

.

m ay o rs g o vern o rs an d t h e lik e t o efi ect an ag reem en t b y

,

whi ch b o t h rac es m ay live t o g et h er f o r t he great est g o o d

o f t h e g reat es t n u m b er A n effo rt al s o h as b een m ade
’

t o b ri dl e t h e r adic al p res s which du ri n g t h e l as t t wo g en ,

e r at io n s b y pl ay i n g up in b ri g h t h ead l in es th e cri m es o f
,

N eg ro es an d supp ressi n g t h e si m il ar cri m es o f whi t es h as ,

i n fl am ed t h e publi c m i n d ag a in st t h e Negro es as a nat u

r all y c r i m i n al c l ass A n ew d ay is d awn i n g
. .

Li n co l n p eech l yn ch i ng in t h e A pp endix
’
2 S ee s s on .
 '

34 4 A pp en dix
t u t io n o f t h e U n t ed S t a t e s is m o ra
y a nid o t c a y v c o u s , in ll p li i ll i i
i
co n s s t e n t w t h t h e r nc i p i ipl
e s u o n w h ch a o n e o u r R evo u t o n ca n p i l l i
j ifi
b e u st ed ; c ru e a n d o l pp
res s v e , b y r ve t ng t h e c h a n s o f s a v er ,
y i i i i l
by pl i
e dg ng t h e f a t h o f f re e d o m t o m a n t a n a n d i er et u at e t h e i i p p
t yra nn y o f t h e m as t e r ; a n d g ro s s y u n e u a a n d m o t c b y a dm t l q l i p li i i
i l
t ng t h at s a ve s a re a t o n ce e n em es t o b e e t in s u ec t o n , i k p bj i
p p
ro e rt y t o b e s e c u re d o r re s t o re d t o t h e r o w n e r s , a n d ers o n s n o t t o i p
p l
b e re re s en t e d t h e m s e v e s , b u t f o r w h o m t h e r m a st er s a re r v eg ed i p i il
i l
w t h n e a r y a d o u e sh a re o f re re sen t a t o n bl Th e co n s e u e nc e h a s p i q .

been t h at t h s s ave r e re sen t a t o n h a s g o vern ed t h e U n o n B en

i l p i i .

jam n i p o rt o n e d a o v e h is i b
re t h ren h a s ra ve n e d a s a w o f b
In t h e l .

i
mo rn ng h e h a s d evo u red t h e re y, a n d a t n g h t h e h a s d v ded t h e p i i i
s o p il It w o u d b e n o d ffi cu t m a tt er t o
. l i
ro v e , b y r ev ew n g t h e l p i i
i i
h st o ry o f t h e U n o n u n d er t h s Co n s t t u t o n , t h at a m o st everyt h n g i i i l i
i ib
wh ch h a s c o nt r u t e d t o t h e h o n o r a n d w e f a re o f t h e n a t o n h as l i
b een a c co m sh ed in d e s t e o f t h em o r f o rced u o n t h em , a n d t h at
pli pi p
e v eryt h n g u n ro i p pi i i
t o u s a n d d sh o n o ra e , n c u d ng t h e u n d er s a n d bl i l i bl
lli i i
f o e s o f t h e r a dv ersa r e s , m a y b e t rac ed t o t h em I h ave f avo red .

i
t h s M s so u r i
C o m ro m s e , i e ev n g p i b li
it t o b e a l l t h at c o u d b e i l
e ff e c t ed u n de r t h e p i
resen t Co n s t t u t o n a n d f ro m e t re m e u nw ng i x illi
ne s s t o p u t t h e U n o n a t h a a rd i
But z
erh a s it w o u d h ave een . p p l b
a w s er a s w e i as a ll b l
o d er c o u r s e t o h a v e e rs s t ed in t h e r es t r ct o n p i i i
p
u o n M s so u r , t i i ill l
it s h o u d h a v e t erm n a t ed in a c o n ven t o n o f t h e i i
S t a t e s t o a m end a n d rev se t h e Co n st t u t o n i Th s w o u d h a ve i i . i l
p i i
ro du c ed a n ew U n o n o f t h rt ee n o r f o u rt e en S t a t e s u n o u t ed p ll
i l i l
w t h s a v ery, w t h a g reat a n d g o r o u s o ec t t o eff ec t , n a m e y, t h a t i bj l
ll i
o f ra y ng t o i
t h e r s t a n da rd t h e o t h er S t a t es b y t h e u n versa i l
e man c ip
a t o n o f t h e r s ave s i i l
I f t h e U n o n m u st b e d s s o ved, s a very . i i l l
is p i
re c se y t h e l q i
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S t e d m a n a n d H u t ch n i . i
s o n , A m eric a/ n L t era t u re (N Y , i I V, 2 13 2 33, p as s m . .
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v an i a m em b er o f C o n g ress a n d app o i n t ed c o mm i ss i o n er t o

t h e P an am a C o n gress , s ai d
i
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i mp o s e t he i i
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Let every m a n w h o .
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o rd n a n ce o f 1 7 8 7 i l i i i
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e v en m o re t h a n h e r w o n t e d s pl p i
en d o r, a n d s re a d ng o u t t h e sc roll of

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t erm n a t ed in t h e re s t r ct o n o f M s so u r i i i C o n s der w h a t a f o u nda .
,

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A n d eh o d , w t h t h ebl i es s ng o f

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p p i
ro s er t y o f t h e S t a t e s f o rm e d o u t o f t h e N o rt h w e s t i Te rr t o ry ?
p p i
W h en Eu ro ea n s re ro a ch u s w t h o u r n eg ro s a very, w h en t h ey co n l
t ra s t o u r re up bli ca nb o ast and p i i
ret en s o n s w t h t h e exi s t en c e o f t h i s

ii
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t h s ev y o u a n t ed i t h e r e, a n d it h a s t a k e n s u ch ro o t m t h e 8 0 1 1
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.

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.

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a e t h e f r e e r o d u c t o n s o f t h e c o n s t 1 t u t 1 0 n o t e n l e

S t at es B t, i f b n di t h s ili s m n g i re g o n l t h e y s h o u d d e sc ry
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T
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o f n eg or l
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o u r s e v e s , a n d s p r e a d m g c o nt m u a l l y

t o w a rd s t h e f u rt h e r o c ea n , w h a t s h a ll w e s a y t h en ? N o , s 1 r, l et u s
ll
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wo r d a new pl edg e o f o uir s in c e r t y L e t t h e s t a n d
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 34 6 A pp en dix
be pl
a n t ed in M s so u r , b i i
y t h e h a n d s o f t h e c o n s t it u t io n , an d l et it s
b a nn er aw a ve o v er t h e h ea d s o f n o n e b u t f ree do m —m en re t a n n g t h e
.

i i
i m ag e i p p
m res s ed u o n t h e m b y t h e r Crea t o r, a n d d e en d en t u o n i p p
n o ne b ut G o d a nd t h e aw s T h en , a s o u r re u lc a n S t a t e s e t en d ,
. p bli x
re u p bli can p i ipl
r nc es w g o h a n d in h a n d w t h r e u ill ca n ra c t ce i p bli p i
l
t h e o ve o f lib i
ert y w t h t h e s e n se o f u st ce Th en , s ir, t h e d aw n , i j .

b i i i
ea m ng f ro m t h e c o n s t t u t o n , w h ch n o w u m n a t es O h o , I n d a n a , i ill i i i
and I lli i n o s, w ill p i
s rea d w t h n c re a s n g r g h t n e s s t o t h e f u rt h er i i b i
w es t ; u n t il b illi
i n it s r ant l u s t e r, t h e d a r s o t , w h ch n o w re st s k p i
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u o n o u r c o u n t ry, s h a ll b e f o rev e r h id f ro m s g h t I n du s t ry , a rt s , i .

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l
a g es t o c o m e , a n d t h e o u d c h o ru s o f u n ver s a f reed o m, re e c h o f ro m i l -

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t h e Pa c c t o t h e A t a n t c , t h e g rea t t ru t h s o f t h e d e c a ra t o n o f l i
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Th en , t o o , o u r ret h ren o f t h e so u t h , if t h ey s n c ere y
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reg o n , a n d o u r c o u n t ry, a t l en g t h , b e h a y f reed f o rev er f ro m ppil
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o t o n c v d ss e n s o n d v s o n , sho u d i il i i i i i l
ha pp — en w e sh a ll no tl ea v e o u r o st e r t y e o se d t o t h e co m n ed p i xp bi
h o rro rs o f a C v i il il
a n d a s erv e w a r I f a ny m an st h e s t a t e , in . ill i
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fl u en c ed b y so m e t em o ra ry m o t ve o f c o n ven en c e , o r ea se , o r ro t , i i p fi
i
I c h a rg e h im t o t h n k w h a t o u r f a t h e rs h a ve s uff ered f o r u s , an d t h en
t o a sk h i s h ea rt , i f h e ca n b e f a t h es s t o t h e o b g a t o n h e o w e s t o i l li i
p o s t e rit y l M o o re ,
— A m eri c a n E l o q u en c e (N Y , I I ,
5 3 1-
5 32 . . .

Calh o u n , t h e ch am pi o n o f t h e sl aveh o l d i n g i n t eres t s an d

a f earl ess d ef en d er o f t h e jus t ic e o f sl avery, t hus c o m
m en t ed b o li t i o n in 1 837 :
on a

A w i d l y a t h i i n n d i y pi i t h
s e s s p d it h n t y t in
ce ar s r as s re a , as o e

f t d t h i b dy
ec e s th g o t m ,
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or i nt llig nt n d b u i n ss
e re a ass o e e e a s e

p t i n f t h N t h ; b t l it b p d il y t pp d it w ill p d
or o o e or u u n es s e s ee s o e , s rea

a nd w k u p w d t ill it b i g t h t w g t t i n f th U n i n
or ar s r n s e o rea s ec o s o e o
i nt d d ly n fli t Th i i n t n w i m p i n w i t h m S v a l
o ea co c . s s o a e res s o e . e er

y i i
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se tt ( M
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e

p di t d t h t t h d t i
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o c r ne o B ill e ro c a a o a e o rc e ,

t h t this G
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a r , e as re s o r , o e er e

th x t n t f it w n p w
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e rs , an e o rce s ec s o a e o

o f t h b y n t wh i h w
e a o e w m l y m i nt i d b y t h t S n t
,
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w ou ld t n d i t t d y
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s an t pi i t f b li t i n i m
a a ro u s e I e or an s r o a o o s .

t l d h im t h t t h
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b t h i mp
e e i n n t h p bli m i nd in l g p t i
re s s o o e f th U i n
u c a ar e or on o e n o .

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e co n se w l d b i i t bl A l g p t i
u en ce s ou f t h N th
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er n St t b li d l
a es y t
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a ny d g e p re eibl f it
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or d t in
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w ou ld n il y l d t t h b li f f u h p ibilit y
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o a e a e s r o a ro a e or

di ew y a f i t l f w i t h ut
a o h k
se nvu l i n ho f m d aa s oc or co s o , ave or e
 34 8 App en dix
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a nd I v en t u re n o t h n
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S t at e s w r s ill i k i
t h e r a sc en d a n c e f o r o u r sa f et y I f w e d o no t .

d ef end o u rs e ve s n o n e w l ill
d ef e n d u s ; i f w e y e d w e w il
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t h at g a n ed , t h e n e t st e w o u d b e t o ra se x p l i
t he n eg ro e s t o a s o c a a n d o i l p li i l q li
t ca e u a t y w t h t h e w h t e s ; a n d i i
t h a t b e ng efl ec t ed , w e w o u d so o n fi n d t h e re s en t c o n d t o n o f t h e
i l p ii
'

t w o ra ces rev ers ed Ca h o un , S p eec hes (N Y ,

. l II, 62 8 . .

6 33 p as s i m .

Th e b eg i nn i ng s of t h e Li b era t o r are w ell s et f o rt h in t hi s

ext ra ct :
To t he Pub li c .

In t h e mo nt h o f A ug u s t I s su ed ro o s a s f o r ub sh ing t h e
i p p l p li
i i
Li b era t o r in W a sh ngt o n c t y ; b u t t h e e n t er r se , t h o u g h h a ed in p i il
i i
d ff erent s e c t o n s o f t h e c o u n t ry , w a s a s ed b y u c n d ff eren cep l i p bli i i .

i i
S nc e t h a t t m e, t h e rem o v a o f t h e G en us o f Un vers a l E ma nci p a l i i "

t i o n t o t h e S ea t o f Go v ern m en t h a s ren d ered ess m er o u s t h e l i p i

e s t a b sh m en t o f a s m a r
li p i i l e r o d ca i il
in t h a t u a rt er q .

i p p
D u r ng my rec en t t o u r f o r t h e u r o se o f e c t ng t h e m nds o f x ii i
p pl i i
t h e eo e b y a s er e s o f d s c o u rs e s o n t h e s u ect o f s a v ery, every bj l
pl i i i
ac e t h a t I v s t e d g a v e f re sh ev d en c e o f t h e f a ct t h a t a g reat er ,

l i p bli
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i —
a n d p a r t c u l a r l y i n N ew E n g l a n d t h a n in t h e S o u t h I fo u n d co n .

p bi
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re u d c e m o re s t u p o rn , a n d a a t h y m o re f ro en , t h a n a m o ng s av e z l
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a t o n in t h e e ye s o f t h e n a t o n w i t h n s g h t o f B u n k er H l l , i i i
a n d i n t h e b i rt h p l ac e o f l i b er t y Th a t s t a n d a rd i s n o w u n f ur ed ;
. l
l o n g m a y it fl
o a t , u n h u rt b y t h e s o at o ns o f t me o r t he p li i i
a nd
i il
m s s e s o f a d e s era t e f o e yea , t p —
eve ry s ec ret a et t o r t rem ill e b bl
i p l i
l et t h e r n o rt h ern a o o g s t t rem e l et a ll t h e enem es o f t h e bl — i
p e rs e c u t e d bl k
ac s t re m e bl .

I sh a ll
n o t a rra y m y s e f a s t h e o t ca l a rt s an o f a ny m an p li i l p
In i .

i
def en d ng t h e g re a t c a u s e o f h u m a n r g h t s , I w sh t o der ve t h e i i i
i
a s s st a n c e o f a l l re g o n s a n d o f a l l li i a rt es p i .
 App e n dix 34 9

i “
A s s ent ng t o t he s e f ev den t t ru t h ma nt a ned in t he A m er c a n l -
i ”
i i i
D ec a rat o n o f I nde e nde n ce , t h a t a l l m en a re c rea t ed e u a , a n d
l i “
p q l
end o w ed b y t h e r C rea t o r w t h c e rt a n i n a en a e r ght s a m o ng i i i li bl i —
i
w h c h a re fe, ert y , a ndli the u rs u tlib of ha n es s,
”
I sh a p i ppi ll
l
s t renu o u s y co nt e n d f o r t h e m m ed a t e e n f ra n c h s em en t o f o u r s a ve i i i l
p p l i
o u at o n I n Pa r S t reet Ch u rc h , o n t h e Fo u rt h o f J u y, 18 2 9 , i n
. k l
l
a n ad d re ss o n s a v ery , I u n re fl ec t in g l y a s s en t ed t o t h e o u ar b ut p p l
p ii
e rn c o u s d o c t r n e o f g ra d u a l a o t oni I se e t h s o o rt u n t y b li i . iz i pp i
t o ma e a f u k a nd u ne u vo c a ll re ca n t a t o n , a n d t h u s q i
u c y t o a sk l i p bli l
p a rd o n o f m y G o d , o f m y c o u n t ry, a n d o f m y ret h ren , t h e oor b p
l i
s a ve s , f o r h a v ng u t t ered a s e n t m e n t s o f u o f t mi d t y , n u st c e , i ll i i i j i
a nd a b s u rd t y i i il
A s m a r rec a n t a t o n , f ro m m y p en , w a s
. u sh ed i p bli
i
in t h e G en u s o f Un vers a l E m a n c p a t o n , a t i a t m o re , i n S e t e m e r , i i B li p b
18 2 9 My co n sc en c e is n o w s a t s ed
. i i fi .

I a m a w a re t h a t m a ny o b ect t o t h e s ever t y o f m y an gu ag e ; b u t j i l
is t h ere n o t c a u se f o r s eve r t y ? I wi ll b e a s h a rsh a s t ru t h , a n d a s i
unc o m ro m s ng a s p u st c ei i j i
O n t h s s u e c t , I d o n o t w sh t o t h nk , . i bj i i
p k
o r s ea , o r w r t e , w t h m o d era t o n iN o " no " Te i a man w h o se i . ll
h o u s e i s o n fi re t o g ve a m o de ra t e a a rm ; t e i h im t o m o dera t e y l ll l
i
re s cu e h i s w f e f ro m t h e h a n d s o f t h e ra v s h e r ; t e t h e m o t h er t o i ll
ll x i
g ra du a y e t r ca t e h er a e f ro m t h e fi re nt o w h c h it h a s f a en , b b i i ll
b u t u rg e m e n o t t o u s e m o d era t o n in a ca u se k e t h e re s ent I am i li p
in ea rne s t —I w —
.

n o t e u vo c a t w ill n o t e c u se I w q i no t ill x ill

ret re a t a s ng e n c h i l i
and I w b e h e a rd —
Th e a a t h y o f t h e eo e ill . p p pl
k
i s eno ug h t o ma e ev ery s t at u e e a f ro m it s e de s t a , a n d t o h a s t en l p p l
t h e res u rrect o n o f t h e d ea d i .

p
It i s ret en ded t h at I a m ret a rd ng t h e c au s e o f ema n c at o n b y i ip i
t h e c o arse n e s s o f m y nvec t v e a n d t h e rec i
t a n c y o f m y m ea s u re s i p ipi .

Th e c ha rg e is n o t t ru e O n t h s u es t o n m y in fl u en c e , h u m e a s it i q i -
bl
—
.

l i
i s , is f e t a t t h s m o m ent t o a c o n s d era e e t en t , a n d sh a b e fe t i bl x ll l
i n c o m n g y e a i
r s n o t e r n c o u s y , b u t— b e n e fi c i a ll y
— npo t a s a ci i
u rs e, l
b ut a s a e ss n g ; and bl o ste r t y w i p
e a r t e s t m o n y t h a t I w as i ill b i
i
r gh t i
I d e s re t o t h a n k G o d , t h a t h e en a e s m e t o d s reg a rd t h e
.
“
bl i
”
i b i
f ea r o f m an w h ch r ng et h a s n a re , a n d t o S e a h i s t ru t h in it s p k
s mi pli i c t y a nd o w er p
A n d h ere I c o s e w t h t h s f resh d ed c at o n
. l i i i i
O pp res si o n " I h a ve
t h ee f ace t o f a c e , s een
A n d m e t t h y c ru e ey e a n d c o u dy ro w ; l l b
l i
B u t t h y s o u -w t h e r ng g a n c e I f e ar n o t n o w i l
Fo r d re a d t o p
ro u d e r f ee ng s d o t h g v e ace li i pl
O f d ee p b
a h o rren c e " S co rn n g t h e d sg ra c e i i
O f s a v sh l i k
n ees t h at a t t h y f o o t s t o o b o w, l
I a so l k l—
n ee i
b u t w t h f a r o t h er v o w
il
D o h a t h e e a n d t h y h e rd o f h re ng s a s e i li b
I sw ea r, w h e f e il li blo o d w a rm s m y t h ro ng v e n s ,
-
bbi i
St ill
to o pp
o se a n d t h w a rt , w t h h e a rt a n d h a n d , i
b ng s w a y—t
lizi A fr c s cha ns ill i i
’
Thy ru t a
b
A re u rs t , a n d Free d o m ru e s t h e re sc u e d a n d , l l
T ra m ng Opli pp i
re s s o n a n d ro n ro d i
S u ch is t h e vo w I t a k e so h e me G o d " — lp
—W . L . G a rri so n Wo rks , (B o st o n, pp . 70 73-
.
35 0 App en dix
Th e c o nst i t ut i o n of th e A m eric an A nt i sl avery S o ci ety

Wh erea s t h e M o st H g h G o d h at h made o f o n e b o o d al l n at o n s
, i “
l i
o f m en t o dw e ll
o n a l l t h e f a ce o f t h e e a rt h ,
”
a n d h a t h c o mm an de d
l i b i l
t h e m t o o v e t h e r n e g h o rs a s t h em s e ve s ; a n d w h erea s , o u r N at o n a i l
xi b
E s t en c e i s a s ed o n t h s r nc i p i ipl
e , a s re co g n iz
e d i n t h e D e c a ra t o n l i
p
o f I n d e e n d en c e , ki
t h a t a l l m a n n d a re c rea t e d e u a , a nd t h at t h ey q l
a re e n d o w ed b i i
y t h e r Crea t o r w t h c ert a n na en a e r gh t s , a m o ng i i li bl i
i
w h c h a re li lib
f e, ert y, a n d t h e p
u rs u t o f h a i ”
ppi
n e s s ; a n d w h erea s ,
a f t er t h e l p
a s e o f n ea r y s l ix i
t y y ea rs , s n c e t h e f a t h an d h o n o r o f t h e i
i
Am e r c a n eop pl e w ere pl
e dg e d t o t h s a vo w a , i l b
e f o re A m gh t y G o d l i
l
a n d t h e W o r d , n e a r y o n e- s l th ix p
a rt o f t h e n a t o n a re h e d in i
o nd l b
i ll
ag e b y t h e r f e o w c t i iz
en s ; a n d w h e rea s , S a v ery i s c o n t ra ry t o t h e
-
l
p i ipl
r nc e s o f n a t u ra
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i c e , o f o u r r e u c a n f o p bli
rm o f g o v e rn ment ,
'

i i li i
a n d o f t h e C h r s t a n r e g o n , a n d i s d e s t ru c t v e o f t h e i
ro s e r t y p p i
il
o f t h e c o u n t ry, w h e it i s e n d a n g e r ng t h e i
ea c e , u n o n , a n dp e rt e s i lib i
o f t h e S t a t e s ; a n d w h erea s , w e b e ev e it t h e d u t y a n d n t ere st o f t h e
li i
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m a s t ers mm ed at e y t o em an c a t e t h e r s ave s , a n d t h a t n o s ch em e i l
of e xp i i i l
a t r a t o n , e t h er v o u nt a ry o r b y c o m u s o n , c a n rem o v e t h s p l i i
i i
g rea t a n d n c rea s ng ev ; a n d w h e re a s , w e il e ev e t h a t it is p rac b li
t ica b l e, b y a pp l i
e a s t o t h e c o n sc en c e s , h ea rt s , a n d n t e re st s o f t h e i
p pl
eo e , t o a w a k en a u b c s en t m en t t h ro u g h o u t t h e n a t o n t h at w
p li i i ill
be o pp i
o s e d t o t h e c o n t n u a n c e o f S a v e ry in a n y l a rt o f t h e R e u b c , p p li
i p
a n d b y eff ec t ng t h e s ee dy a o t o n o f S a v e ry, b li i l
reven t a g en e ra p l
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c o n vu s o n ; a n d w h e rea s , w e b li
e ev e w e o w e it t o t h e o res s ed , t o pp
ll
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en s w h o h o d s a v es , t o o u r w h o e c o u n t ry , t o
-
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o s t e r t y, p i
a n d t o G o d , t o d o a ll t h at i s l
a w f u y in o u r ll o w er t o p
r ng a o u t b i b
xi i l
t h e e t n ct o n o f S a very , w e d o h e re y a g re e, w t h a b ra y erf u tei p l
i i
l ia n c e o n t h e D v n e a id , t o f o rm o u rse v es nt o a so c et y, t o b e l i i
g o v e rn e d b y t h e f o o w nll i
g C o n s t t u t o n i i
A t i cl e I —Th i s S o c i et y sh a ll b e c all ed Th e A m eri c an A n t i sl avery
r .

S i ty
oc e

A rt i c l II —
.

e Th o b j ect s o f t h i s S o c i et y a re t h e ent i re ab o li t i o n o f
. e

s l ave y in t h U n i t d St at es Wh il e it adm i t s t h t ch St at i n
r e e . a ea e,

whi h Sl c y xi
a ve r
e t s h as b ys t h e
, C n t,
i t u t i o n o f th o U n it ed S t at es
s e ,

x l u i rig h t t l eg is la t e in r g ard t o it s a b lit i n n sa d

O

th e e c s ve o e o o i i

S t at it h ll
e, s im t a c o n v i nc
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o f ll w c i t izen s b y a rg u m n t s
e r e o -
,
e

a dd res se d t th i u n d rs t n d i ng s a n d
o e r e a o n sc i n s t h at S l a v h l d
c e ce ,
e o

i g is a
n h i n u se c i m o i n t h
r s i g h te f G o d
e a n d t h to t h d u t y ,
s f e t y a e ,
a ,

a nd b t i n t es t
es f a ll c o n
er s o n d r qu i r c er it s i m m d i t e
e , e b
ne d n e a a a o

m n t with ut
e ,
xp o t i t ie n Th
a r a S c i
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y w ill ea l so on d ea v r n a e e o , i

co i
n t t uts i n l w y to
o a i n fl
a u n,
c C n g s s
e t e p u t o a n e n
re d t t h
o o e

d m t
o es i S l c t dav e nd t ra b li
e, a h S l o y a i no a lsl t h
p r
av er t n s f o se o io o

o u r co mm n u nt y wh
o co i h r m e u n d c i t co n t l p
er ll y s n t
coh ro , es ec i a i e

D i t i t f C l u m bi
s r c o o n d li k w i a, -
t p v nt t h
a e se xt n n f t t
o re e e e e si o o i o

an
y S t a t e t h t m y ba h a f t de m i t t
e rea d t er t h a U n n e o e io .

A t i
r l I I
I
c e T h i s S.
-
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oc e t sl v a
a t tah h ar aoc t re ea n d e e C e

i i p pl l i ll t l
O

e t h t
co nd t n o f t h o e f o b y e on u
co o r , g g n e n co ra
u ei r a e ec a ,

m o ra l , d an li g i u re i m p o m s t n d b y
ro v e men v ,
m g a p u bl p j u d
re c o ic re i e,

t h at t h u t h y m y s e d i
a n g t,
t h
a c co ri i n t ll ot u l m e r l w t
e h h
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35 2 A pp e n dix
t e re s t s , t h e eo e o f t h e N o rt h a re o u r b ret h ren
p pl T o g et h er o ur .

f a t h e rs s h a re d m a n y a er p il
S d e b y s d e , t h ey f o u g h t a n d .
ed in i i bl
d e f en s e o f t h e r c o mm o n c o u n t ry i T h e r u n t e d w sd o m w a s e ert ed . i i i x
l i
t o f o rm o u r g o r o u s Co n st t u t o n , a n d t h e s e rep u b l ica ri n st t ut o n s, i i i i i
i
w h ch s o u s t y a re o u r j l
o a st , a n d t h e s a f eg u a rd o f o u r b ert e s lib i
Wo u d t h e s o n s o v ert h ro w t h e n o e f a r c t h e r f a th ers a s s st ed t o
.

l bl b i i i
rea r, eve n n o w , w h e n t o w e r n
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a t t ra ct s t h e a d m ra t o n o f t h e w o r d Z i i
W e c a nn o t e eve t h ey a re l — ‘
b li
p pre a re d f o r s o s u c d a a n act i i l
Th e S t a t e s a re a l l m o re o r e s s . l
p
d e en d en t o n ea ch o t h er Let o n e o rt o n b e w e ak en ed a n d d e re s sed,
. p i p
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t h e w h o e m u s t u t m a t e y s u ff er li l
O h " t h a t a s r t o f c o m ro m se , . pi i p i
b
f o r e ara n c e, a n d ro t h e r
y o ve bco u d b e n f u se d l
nt o o u r c o u nl l i i
c ils , a n d a n ma t e t h e i
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e ry of the n ce n d a r i i
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f a ct o u s d em ag o g u e s w o u d s h r nk a a s h e d en e a t h l t h e d ee , i b b p
i
s t ern v o c e o f a n a t o n s c e n s u r e
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Th en t h e d au g h t er s o f A m er .

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t h e r s o n s an d ll n du g e t he ro u d i i l p
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h o e t h a t t h ey a n d t h e r c h d re n w o u d i
v e a n d d ie t h e f re e il l li
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t h e g re a t , o u r s h ng a n d U n t ed S t a t es o f fl i i i
A m eri c a .

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D e u d ed e m a n c a t o rs o f t h e N o rt h , w e n o w aip ea t o yo u " W e pp l
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d e rec a t e s a v e ry a s m u ch a s y o u l W e a s a r d e n t y d e s re t h e . l i lib
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o f t m e m u st o v e rc o m e t h e s e d f c u t e s n o w n s u rm o u n t a e An ifi l i i bl .

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a n d en g h t en e d m e n wli ill
d o u t es s efl ec t m u ch b y c a u t o u s e ert o n , bl '

i x i
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i f t h e r e ff o rt s a re n o t c h e ck ed b y yo u r ra sh a t t em t s t o d ctat e o n a p i
s u b ec t o n w h ch it i s
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u dg j
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l
f et t e rs o f t h e s a v e s , a n d ren der t h em t en t h o u s a n d t m e s m o re g a i ll
ing . Yo u s ac r f c e h is h a ii
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i Yo u ren der a b e n g n o w i li
.

t h e a ff e ct o n o f h i s m a s t er g ht h ea rt ed
-

—
.

a nd j
o y o u s , m o o d y , w ret c h e d y e s , h o e es s y w ret c h ed Yo u w rea p l l . k
o n the i
nn o c en t a n d h e e s s , w h o , h a d t h ey t h e w lpl , o s s es s n o t t h e ill p
p o w e r t o b id t h e s a ve b e f ree f ro m a l l h i s l m a g n ed w ro ng s Yo u i i .

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l
t h e w h o e h u m a n ra c e , o f w h a t ever c o o r t h ey m ay b e Fea rf u l . l
b i i l
f o re o d ng s m ng e w t h a l l a d ee , m er sh a e o v e , a s th e m at ro n i p i p i bl l
b en d s o ve r t h e i
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i
d er ng h o rro r, s h e t rem e s a s s h e g a es o n t h e d a u g h t ers , w h o s e bl z
y o u t h f u e a u t y g
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—
.
,

y o u h o d s a c r e dl b y y o u r o w n f e e n g s o r t h e w ve s o f y o u r o so m li i b
a n d t h e c h d r en o f y o u r il o ve, a u s e a n d re ec t o n t h e m sc h e f l p fl i i
a n d w o e yo u s eek t o n c t on i fli
o t h t h e w h t e a n d c o o re d o u at o n b i l p p l i
o f t h e S o u t h e rn S t a t e s .

“
A S o u t h e rn N a t o n , i
Th e Co l o n iz a t o n i s t ( o st o n , 7 5 -7 7 i B .
 App en dix 35 3

Th efo llo wi n g sp eech o f J o hn Qui n cy A dams sh o ws his

l at er at t i t u d e o n sl av ery an d t h e lik e
Th i n n i t n y f t h i n t i t u t i n f d m t i
e co s s e c o l v y w i th th e s o o o es c s a er e
p i n ipl f t h D l t i n f I nd p n d
r c es o e w
ec a ra n nd l m o t d o e e en c e as s ee a a en e
by ll t h a S th n p t i t e ou f th R er l ut i n ; b y n a r o w ith s o e ev o o o o ne
d p ee nd m
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o ns cer or o cr s ca a r e a
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e r N c ar f m t h ei e lip w h d n yll bl f
. ev e r ro r s as e ar o e s a e o
at t m p t t
e j u t i fy t h i n t i t t i n f l
o s T h e u i ll
s n u o o s a ver e n vers a
y y y . co
si d d it
e re p h f t n d up n th m b y th u
as a re ro a c tu l t p
as e e o e e nna ra s e
m th o nt y ;
er nd t h y
co u w th t b f
r a th p i n ipl e f th sa a , e o re e r c es o e
D l ti n
ec a ra f Ind p nd o o l y in m m n w i th v y t h
e e en ce, s a v er , co o e er o er
m d o f e pp i n w d t i n d
o o re s s o ,l t to b b i h d as es e so o n er or a er e an s e
f m th
ro th eSu h w ea r th und. b t i ng n i t i n f J ff n
c as e ou co v c o o e ers o
t h i dy i ng d y
o s In t h m m i a f h i li f
. w it t n t t h e g fe o r o s e, r e a e a e o
s v nt y
e e n h g
-
sev e t hi , u n t ym n t h
e a ve l m n d mp h t i o s co r e e so e an e a c
w n i ng t h t t h
ar d y w a n t di t t wh n t h y m
e a t h as nd o s an e e us ea r a
ad p t t h l m ip t i“n f t h i l N t h i ng i m
“
o g n e e era e an c a o o e r s a ves . o s o re
t i nly w i t t n
c er a id hr in t h
e b k f f t th n th t th
, sa e, e oo o a e, a a es e

p pleo eto b a ref My u n t ym n "

e I t i w i t t n in
ree . b tt r co r e s r e a e e
v l um
o t h n th b k
e a f f t ; it i w i tt n in t h l w
e oo o f N t ura e s r e e a s o a e
”
a nd f N t G d
’
o a u re s o .

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a re o l nd d t
, n ee f t h nu ll ifi t i n
, e ea r e o c o rs o e ca o
sch l th t l
oo , p t
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era e s as a or e u re o e r s o u a
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re d k ki a t a m n i nt ar h tt l ; th t
s n i py
u rn s a a o a c a e a cr s
h i t n f m
a r ra h ums or b i g i nt f s a f t d b t
an Th m t e n o a o u r- o o e ea s . e as er
p i t in f m y u t h t l
r es or s y i o t d d a t ifi d b y
s a v er t h s c o n s e c ra e an s an c e e
H l y S ip t u
o cr f th Old re s d N w T t m t ; th t H m w s
o e an e es a en a a a
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an a a d m d by hi
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o f Sh m ed J ph t ; t h t t h n t i
an a Am i e f Af i n d a t e a ve er c a n s o r ca e s c en

a re th h il d n f H m w i th t h
e c re o f N h t ill f t a ,
d p n e c u rs e o oa s a s en e u o

th m ; e nd t h a n ti Am i e f E a p n d ve t h il d en f
e r ca n s o u ro ea es cen a re c r o
J ph t p u
a e ,A ng l S x n bl d b
re t mm
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th w t f n th b w Th m t p h il p h t h y u ’
er e ac es o
—
e s ea o a o er s ro . e a s e r- o so

h t l i bl i P i d P i d
—
t a s a v er
y s n b u t " t h
o c u rs e ,
g t n a " es s n a ro v en c e ro v e ce

h as d so d it t h t t h i
or e re t y h l d b i h bi t d b y t wa s co un r s ou e n a e o

r a ce s of m n — n b n t w i ld t h
e , o eg d th
or th t b
o e e s co u r e, an e o er o ear

th d f it
e re c o r t ip o up n h i b k;
s s r t n thes gh t il
o s ac o ne o ear , ro u a o

m li f t h b d d t f d h im b d f ; th t
’
so e th
e, e o er s rea , an o ee on a e o ro s e s a

l
s av e r y i s t h g d i n de p m t f
uar w i d m a d i tan ; t h t ro o er o s o an . v r ue a

th l v by l b i g f
e s a e, th a j ym t l
or n di i t
o r a no t d er s
’
en o en , e a rn s s n e re s e

n s
es d h m ili t y ; t h t t h m t
an u t d l t h d d h lt d
a e a s e r , n u r u re , c o e , an s e e re ,

t il l n t b g d g t fu l t th l
’
b y n th a o er s o s, ea r s o e en e ro u s an ra e o e s a ve ,

a nd m t im so t e f l f h im
es f th
o f ee hi h il d ; t h t
or as a a er or s c a ,

r l e ea se d f m th n ro i t y f u ppl yi g h i w n w t h
e ece s s qu i s o s n s o an s, e ac re

o pp t u n i t y f l i
or t imp
o hi mi d t
e s u re p u i fy h i h t t o
o ro v e s n , o r s ea r ,

cu lt i t h i t t ; t h t h h t im
va e s as e hi h d t pl un g i t t h
a e as e on s an s o e n o e
d pt h
e f p h il
s o phy nd t o so t th l m py a n ph io s o ar o e c ea r e re a o r s e ra c
lity Th e ma t t t m n— y t h t t m n in t h l nd
,

m o ra . s er-s a es a a , e s a es a e a
35 4 App en dix
o l i
f t h e D ec a ra t o n o f I n d e e n d e n c e , in th e h a s o f n at o n a p eg s a ll i l l il
i i
t o n , w t h t h e m u s e o f h s t o ry r e c o rd ng h i s w o rd s a s t h ey d ro i i p
f ro m h i s lip
s, w t h t h e c o o s s a i l
g u re o f A m er ca n L ert y ea n ng l fi i ib l i
l
o n a c o u m n en t w n ed w t h t h e e m i i
e m o f et e rn t y o v e r h i s h e a d , bl i
i
w t h t h e f o rm s o f W a sh ng t o n a n d La f a y et t e s ea k ng t o h im f ro m i p i
t h e c a n va s — t u rn s t o t h e m a g e o f t h e f a t h er o f h i s c o u nt ry, a n d, i
i
f o rg et t ng t h a t t h e a st a ct o f h is l
f e w a s t o e m a n c at e h i s s av e s , li ip l
to b l
o s t e r up t h e ca u se o f s a v e r , s a s ,
y y
“
l
T h a t m a n w a s a s av e . l
h o de r l ”
.

My co u n t rym en " t h e s e a re t h e t en et s o f t h e m o dern n u l lifi c at io n

s cho o l
C a n y o u w o n d er t h a t t h e y s h r n f ro m t h e g h t o f f ree i k li
d s c u s s o n— t h a t t h ey s u
.

i i k lk
f ro m t h e g ra s o f f reedo m a n d o f t ru t h ? p
I s t h e re a m o ng y o u o n e w h o h ea r s m e, s o c t o u s a o ve a l l t h ng s f o r li i b i
p i
t h e re serv a t o n o f t h e U n o n s o t ru y d e a r t o u s o f t h a t U n o n p ro i l — i
l i
c a m e d in t h e D ec a ra t o n o f I n d e e n d e n ce l io i t h a t U n o n n eve r t o p — i
b e d v ded b y a n y a ct wh a t ever—a n d w h o d re a d s t h a t t h e d s c u s s o n
i i i i
o f t h e m er t s o f s a ve ry w i l ill
e n d a ng e r t h e c o n t n u a n c e o f t h e U n o n ? i i
i
Let h im d s c a rd h is t erro rs , a n d b e a s s u red t h a t t h ey a re n o o t h er
t h an t h e p
h a n t o m f ea rs o f n u l l ifi ca t io n ; t h at , w h e d o ct r n e s il i
lik e t h ese a re t a u g h t i n h e r s c h o o s o f h o so h y, l
rea ch e d in h er p il p p
p lpi
u l il i
t s , a n d a v o w ed in h er eg s a t v e c o u n c s , t h e f ree, u n re st ra n e d il i
i i i
d s c u s s o n o f t h e r g h t s a n d w ro n g s o f s a ve ry , f a r f ro m e n da ng er ng l i
i
t h e U n o n o f t h e s e S t a t e s , i s t h e o n y c o n d t o n u o n w h ch t h at l ii p i
i p
U n o n c an b e re s e rved a n d er et u a t e d W h a t " a re y o u t o b e t o d , p p . l
i b
w t h o n e rea t h , t h a t t h e t ra n s c e n d en t g o ry o f t h s d a y c o n s s t s in l i i
t he p l i
ro c a m a t o n t h a t a ll aw f u l
g o v ern m e n t i s f o u n d ed o n t h e l
i li bl i
n a en a e r gh t s of m a n , a n d, w t h t h e n e t re a t h , t h a t
yo u i x b
ip i
mu st n o t w h s e r t h s t ru t h t o t h e w n d s , e s t t h ey s h o u d t a n t i l l i
p i
t h e a t m o s h e re w t h f ree d o m , a n d nd e t h e am e o f ki l
n s u rre c t o n ? fl i i
A re y o u t o b e s s t h e e a rt h
l e n e a t h y o u r f e et b
ec a u s e s h e s u rn s b p
p l
t h e f o o t s t e s o f a s a v e , a n d t h e n t o c h o e t h e u t t e ra n c e o f y o u r k
i l
vo ce es t t h e s o u n d o f lib e rt y s h o u d b e r e ech o e d f ro m t h e l
a m ett o p l
g r o v e s , m i n g l e
. d i w t h t h e d sc o r d a n t n o t e s o f d i
su n o n ? N o " no " i i
p
Freedo m o f s ee ch i s t h e o n y s a f et y v a ve w h ch , u n d er t h e h g h l l i -
i
p l
re ss u re o f s a v e ry, c a n p re s erv e y o u r o t ca o p li i l b il
er f ro m a f ea rf u l
a nd f at a l xpl i
e os on Let it b e a dm tt e d t h at s a very i s a n in st it u
. i l
i i
t o n o f n t ern a l p li o x
ce, e c u s ve y su l i l bj
ec t t o t h e s e a ra t e ju r i s dic p
t o n o f t h e S t a t e s w h e re it i s ch er s h ed a s a b e s s ng , o r t o e ra t ed a s
i i l i l
a n ev il a s ye t i i bl
rrem e d a e B u t l et t h a t s a ve ry w h c h nt ren ch e s
. l i i
i l i i ll
t se f w t h n t h e w a s o f h er o w n m reg n a e f o rt res s n o t sa y i p bl ll
q
f o rt h t o c o n u e s t o v e r t h e do m a n o f f reedo m I nt ru de n o t b eyo n d
i .

ll
t h e h a o w ed b o u n ds o f o re s s o n ; pp i
b u t , i f yo u h ave b y s o emn l
p
c o m ac t d o o m e d yo u r e a rs t o h e a r t h e d s t an t c a n i l ki
ng o f t h e c h a n , i
l et n o t t h e f et t ers o f t h e s av e b e f o rg ed a f re sh u o n yo u r o w n l p
so il
; f a r e s s e r m l p
t t h e m t o b e r v i i
e t ed u o n y o u r o w n f eet p Q u en ch .

no t t h e s pi i
r t o f f ree d o m Let it g o f o rt h , n o t in a n o y o f fl e sh ly
. p pl
i
w s do m , b u t w t h t h e i
ro m s e o f ea ce , a ndp i p
t h e v o c e o f p er i
i l l
s u a s o n , c a d i n t h e W h o e a rm o r o f t ru t h , c o n u e r ng a n d t o c o n q i
u er
q
f J o hn
.

Jo s i ah Q i
u n cy, Mem o i r o f the L if e o Qu i ncy A da m s (B o sto n,
18 58 2 7 2 -2 7 5 .
35 6 A pp en dix
m it t ed i
w t h t h e a dva nt ag es o ver o u r f ree S t a t es o f h o d ng a
, l i
p
re re sen t a t o n o n t h s i i fl
o o r, a n d a v o t e in t h e e ec t o n o f re s d ent l i p i
a nd v ce i p i
re s d e n t , a n d in t h e a d m n s t ra t o n o f t h e f e d e ra
-

g o v ern i i i l
m en t , i n ro o rt o n t o
.
p p i
t h e nu m er o f s a v e s t h ey s h a h o d in b l ll l
b o n dag e I n o t h er w o rds , t h e r n u en c e o n a l l t h e se su e ct s i s to
. i i fl bj
be p p
ro o rt o n ed t o i
t h e r c o n t em t o f ert y i
T h e T e an , w h o p lib . x
l l
h o d s fi v e s a v e s , i s t o w e d a n n u en c e o v e r o u r n a t o n a i l
nt eres t s i fl i l i
e uaq l t o f o u r o f o u r n o rt h ern f re em en I f ea ch h o d s f t y s a v es , . l fi l
i fl
h i s n u en c e w ill q l
b e e u a t o t h a t o f t h i rt y o n e o f t h e n d e en d en t -
i p
l
e e c t o rs o f t h e f ree S t at e s I a sk t h e ea rn e d g en t e m an f ro m . l l
i
I n d a n a (M r O w en ) if h e re a y est m a t e s t h e o t ca w o rt h o f h i s
. ll i p li i l
i
c o n s t t u e n t s so l o w a s t o r e qu re t h rt y o n e o f t h e m t o f o rm a n i i -

a gg reg a t e o f o t ca p li i l i fl
n u en ce e u a t o t h at o f t h e ra t c a o w n er q l pi i l
of fi ft y h u m an ch a t t e s
”
l
in T e a s ? O r d o e s h e e s t m a t e h i s o w n x i
p li i l
o t ca w o rt h a t o n e f o u rt h a rt o f t h a t w h ch h e a t t a ch e s t o t h e
-
p i
l l
h o de r o f fi ve s a v e s in T e a s ? I w sh g ent em en h ere w o u d s eak x i l l p
o u t , a n d l et u s k n o w t h e r e a es t m a t e w h c h t h ey p u t u o n t h e l i i p
l p li i l
mo ra a n d o t ca w o rt h o f n o rt h ern m en ? W o u d t o G o d I w ere l
a bl
e t o s ea p k
t o e v e ry m a n o f ev ery a rt y , n o rt h o f M a s o n a n d p
ix
D o n s L ne
’
i
I w o u d d em a n d o f t h e m a s m en , a s fr eem en , t o
. l
c o m e f o rw a rd , a n d l et t h e c o u n t ry u n d e rs t a n d w h et h e r a n y o n e o f

t h em i s w illi
ng t h u s t o d eg ra d e h m se f ; o r w h et h er a n y o n e o f i l
t h em is w illi
ng t o b e t h u s d eg ra de d b y h is re re se n t a t v e s i n t h s p i i
ha ll i p p ii
T h s ro o s t o n , c o m e f ro m w h o m it m a y, f ro m erso n s h g h
. p i
in o ffi c e , o r f ro m t h o s e wis h in g t o b e h g h in o fli c e, i s n s u t n g t o i i li
li
no rt h ern f ee n g a n d n o rt h e rn h o n o r S ir, w h y n o t ro o s e a t o n c e . p p
t h at o u r eo e sh a p pl ll
s u rre n d er t h e m s e v e s a s s a v e s t o t h e T e a n l l x
pl a n t e rs ? W h y n o t a dv s e t h e eo e o f o u r f ree S t at es a t o n ce i p pl
to l
ea v e t h e r h o m e s , t o g o i t o Te a s , a nd ec o m e t h e v o u n t a r
y x b l
“h ew ers o f w o o d a n d d ra w ers o f w a t er t o t h o se f ug t ve c r m n a s ,
”
ii i i l
wh o , w t h n t h e a s ti i l fi
f t e en ye a rs , w e re d r ven f ro m t h e U n t ed i i
i p i
S t at e s t o a vo d u n sh m en t f o r t h e r c r m e s ? i i
Jo sh u a R G dd ng s , S p eec h es i n Co ng r ess (B o st o n ,
. i i 104 -106 .

A s th e fo ll o wi n g ext rac t f ro m his s p eech sh o ws Sum n er ,

b eli eved in th e equ ali ty o f all m en b ef o re t h e l aw H e s ai d .

Th w y i n w p p
e a d t s n id th n t u
o f E q u li t y a
re are o co s er e a re o a ,
s

s ec u d b y t h C n t i t ut i n
re f M eh u tt o Th D l s ti n f o o a s sa c se s . e e c a ra o o
Ind p n de e w h i h f ll w d t h F n h E n y l p d i
en c e , c nd th o p o e e re c c c o e a a e o
l it i l w i t i ng
ca f R u
r u n u c s m g
o l f i d n t t uth
o ss ea , a no n es a on se -
ev e r s,
“
th t a ll m n a t d q u l ;e t h t t h
a re y n d w d b
c r ea ey t h i e a a e a re e o e e r

C t
rea o r w ith t i n u n li n bl i gh t ; t h t m g t h
c er a li f a e a e r s a a on e se a re e,

lib t y n d t h p u i t f h ppi
er , a e Th C n t i t t i n r su f M o a n es s . e o s u o o a s sa
c hu t t se p “t t h s m t th i
re ea d i ff
s t f m e y i g in it
sa e ru n a e r en or , sa n ,
s

fi t ti l
rs ar A ll m c e : b f d qu l d h en t in a re o rn re e an e a ,
an av e c er a
n tua l rant i l d n li
e sse bl igh t a m g w hi h m y b
, an u a en a e r s, a on c a e
re c k n d t h i g h t f j y i g d d f n d i g t h i li
o e e r o d liben o n an e e n e r ve s an

ti l xpl i w h t i m t b y Eq li t y yi ng
”
er ti es An th
. o er a r c e e a ns a s ea n ua , sa :
“
N m o n p ti n
an, i ti n f m n h
o r co r o ra y th t it l
o o r a s so c a o o e , a ve a n o er e
 A pp en dix J35 7

t o o b t a in adva nt ag es , o r a rt c u a r a n d e c u s ve r v eg e s , d st nct
p i l x l i p i il i i
f ro m t h o se o f t h e c o m m u n t y, t h a t w h at a r ses f ro m t h e c o n s d er i i i
i i
a t o n o f s e rv c e s r e n d e re d t o t h e u c ; a nd t h s t t e p bli
e ng i n n a t u re i il b i
i i
n e t h e r h e re d t a ry , n o r t ra n s m s s i ibl
e t o c h d re n , o r d e s c en d a n t s , o r il
l i
re a t o n s b y bl
o o d, t h e i
de a o f a m a n e n g o rn a m ag st ra t e , l aw b i b i
g i
v e r , o r u d g e ijs a s u b
rd a n d u n n a t u ra Th s a n l
g u a g e, in it s i l .

n a t u ra l i ifi i
s gn c a t o n , c o n d e mn s every f o rm o f n e u a t y in c v a nd i q li i il
p li i l i i i
o t ca n st t u t o n s .

l i
Th es e d ec a ra t o n s , t h o ug h in o nt o f t m e b e f o re t h e a m p ier i pl
l i
d ec a ra t o n s o f Fra n ce, m a y b e co n s t ru ed in t h e g h t o f t h e a t t er li l .

i l
Ev den t y t h ey s ee k t o d ec a re t h e s a m e r nc el Th ey a re d eo a p i ipl . l
i
ra t o n s o f R i g h t s ; a nd t h e a ng u a g e e m l
o ye d , t h o u g h g en e ra in pl l
b i l
c h a ra ct e r, is o v o u s y li i
m t ed t o t h o s e m a t t ers w th n t h e d e s g n i i i
l i
o f a d e c a ra t o n o f R i g h t s A n d erm t m e t o say , it i s a c h d sh
. p i il i
p i
so h s m t o a d d u c e a n y h ys ca o r m e n t a p i l
n e u a t y in a r u m ent
g l i q li
i q li
ag a n st E ua t y o f R gh t s i .

O v o u s y , m en a re n o t b o rn e u a in
b i l h ys c a st re ng t h o r in q l p i l
l p i
m en t a c a a c t y, in b ea u t y o f f o rm o r h e a t h o f o dy D ve rs t y l b . i i
or i q li
ne u a t y in t h ese re s e c t s i s t h e l a w o f c rea t o n p Fro m i .

i p i
t h s d ifi e ren ce s r ng s d v n e h a rm o n y i i
B ut t h s ne ua ty is . i i q li
in no p i l
a rt c u a r i n c o n s s t en t w t h c o m e te c v i a nd o i
t ca pl i il p li i l
q li
e ua ty .

q li l
Th e e u a t y d e c a red b y o u r f a t h e rs in 1 7 7 6, a n d ma de t h e
l
f u n d a m en t a l a w o f M a s s a c h u s et t s in 1 7 80, w a s E qu a l t y b efo r e t h e i
La w . bj
I t s o ec t w a s t o e fl a c e a ll o t ca o r c v
'

p li i l
d s t n c t o n s , a nd i il i i i
t o a b o sh a ll i n s t t u t o n s f o u n de d u o n b i r t h
li i i p
“
A l l m en a re c rea t ed .

q l
e ua ,
”
l
sa y s t h e D e c a ra t o n o f I n d e en de n c e i “
A l l m en a re b o rn p .

f ree a n d e u a ,q l ”
sa y s t h e M a s s a c h u s ett s o f R ght s Th es e a re i B ill .

i
n o t va n w o rd s i i p
W t h n t h e s h ere o f t h e r n u e n c e , n o erso n
. i i fl p
c a n b e cr ea t ed , n o p ers o n c a n b e b o rn w t h c v or o t cai i il
r v p li i l p i i
l j q
eg e s n o t e n o ye d e u a y b y a l l h i s f e o w c t ll en s ; ll i iz
n o r c a n a ny -

i i i
n st t u t o n b e e s t a bli s h e d , re c o g n n g d st n c t o n o f izi rt h i i iH ere is bi .

t h e G re a t Ch a rt e r o f e v e ry h u ma n e ng d ra w ng v t a b i i
re a t h u o n i l b p
i il
t h s s o , w h a t e v e r m a y b e h i s c o n d t o n , a n d w h o e v e r m a y b e h is ii
p a re n t s H e m a y b e o o r, w ea k , h u m e , o r p a ck ; — h e m a y b e o f
bl bl
C a u cas a n , J ew sh , I n d a n , o r E t h o a n ra c e ,—h e m a y b e o f Fren ch ,
.

i i i i pi
G erm an , Eng sh , o r I r s h e t ra c t o n ; b u t e f o re t h e C o n s t t u t o n
li i x i b i i
o f M a s s a c h u s et t s a l l t h e s e d s t n c t o n s d sa ea r i i iH e is no t i pp o o r, p .

k bl
w ea , h u m e , o r bl a ck ; n o r is h e Ca u c a s a n , J e w , I n d a n , o r i i
Et h o a n ; n o r i s h e Fre n c h , G e rm a n , En g s h , o r I r s h ; h e i s a M A N ,
i pi li i
q l ll
t h e e u a o f a ll h i s f e o w m en H e i s o n e o f t h e c h d ren o f t h e
-
. il
i li
S t a t e , w h ch , i p
k e a n m a rt a i lp
a r en t , re g a rd s a l l it s o fl s p ri ng s w t h i '

q l
an e ua c a re j l ll
T o so m e it m a y u s t y a o t h g h e r d u t e s , a c co rd ng
. i i i
i p i i
t o h g h e r c a a c t e s ; b u t it w e c o m e s a ll t o it s e u a l ho s t a e q l pi bl
b o a rd . i i i
Th e S t a t e , m t a t n g t h e d v n e u s t c e , i s n o res ect er o f i i j i p
p nsers o .

He n o b ili t y c ann t
re xi t b c u se it is a p ivil eg f m bi rt h But
o e s ,
e a r e ro .

th sa m
e an t h m a w h i h
e m it
a n d b an i h
e n bili t y m u t
c l so s es a s es o s a

sm ite and b n i h y f m a f d i si m i n t i n f
ev e r u n d d o n bi rt h
or o sc r a o o e ,
“ ”
Qu a m vis i l l e n i g e r,q u a m v is t u c a n d i d us es s es .

Ch a r l es S u m n e r, l Vo r ks ( o s t o n , B I I , 340-34 2 .
35 8 A pp en dix

Vo i c i n g a s tro n g p ro t es t ag a i n st th e t he o ry t h at t he
r i g h t f ul n e ss o f sl av ery m u s t n ot b e publicly d iscus s ed o r
'

qu es t i o n ed J o shu a R Gi dd i n g s s ai d , .

Si r,t i n S n at s in t h
cer a th e nd or f th pit l h e of er e o e ca o av e or
m nt h bo s nd een i ng t e i t h p pl
ea vo r f th no i
c o nv n c ety f e eo e o e ece s s o

p i ng t h
a ss
“
m n ib u bill e o it i ll d N s
g,u m
”
n
as t l d b e s ca e . o ar e s co u
i d in f
ra se f th t m a vo r o f it w a n t f un d d e a s u re ,n n or as o o e o re a so .

On e n id co ti n s l n w
e ra p o d up a o th e p bli as mi d Th
re s se on e u c n . e
cr yw i “d t h t t h Un i w i d g " Th n w p p h e
a s ra s e
“
a e on as n an er
”
e e s a e rs er
re s p d d t h Un i n i in d g " Th
on e , e o t y p
s p t d
an er
”
e co u n r re s s re ea e

th e l m Th a ar
y w . ug h t u pe cr d h d by as ca y t im id an ec oe ev e r ,

f l t i ng p l t
a er n f th o N th ro o P t it i no t “
e th
or Un i . e o s o s a ve e on
”

w e re c rci u l t d Pu bli m t i g w h l d i a e . c mm
ee i l it i
n s e re e n o ur co erc a c es
wh ereT x ip e w as m t ly i n fl scr ti l nd
as s l ti n
os w u en a ,
a re o u o s ere
a d pt do
“
et th U i o s a veTh pplie ti n on w .
”
n t th t w e su ca o ns er e o a e
m y l gi l t d l t j ti
“
nd m
”
a e in ig h t u
s a e r eo s n es s , y to ea ou us ce a erc

th o se wh pp o d a red d g d d byo re s s e u l w Th an w e ra e o r a s . e se ere

re g dar d bj
e t as f t ifli o
g i m pec s t o w h n r m p n d w i t h t h o r a n c e, e co a re e
p nd i g d ng t h t T x w ld d i l t h Un i n Ind d t h y
e n a er a e as ou s s o ve e o . ee ,
e

a re n m nt i
eve r d by u e h pl i n o ne o r c a a .

Si I r, m n at d i k d t t h i m l n d p li t i l fl m
au sea e , s c ene a s o ra a o ca e
'

e
in y ; t h i d w
ac ight w di
s o It i
nr w t hy f Am i n t t
co ar ce . s un or o er c a s a es
m n e Ou
. n t it r t t u
co sh t
u en s m i t i s en d d f d th ir s e re o a n a n an e en e
r ight ; n t t s o d th m ; n t t m k
o s u rren u
er l e nd p pl o o a e o rs e v e s a o ur eo e
t ib t
r y t
u ar T x I o l ti g e as th y h d n
. n xp t t i t h t
e ec n u s, e a o e ec a on a
w w e ld t n p n t h m d i l t l y t h t
ou ur u o e h an d i t t h irv o en ru s o ur an s n o e

p k t a d t k t h f m t m illi
oc e s n a e f d ll
e re ro nd h en d it ons o o a rs , a an o v er

t tho l h ld
e s a v e -
f T x f o t i t y w h i h b l ng t u a nd
er s o e as, or e rr or c e o s o s,

t wh i h T x
o c n h d e as
y t i t l w h
ev er t a an e a ev e r .

S i g nt l m n hr, e m y e y ew h t t h
e re y pl ;a t h p pl h v n
sa a e ea s e e eo e a e o
f e a rs f di
o l ut i n f“ t h U i
a s so Th y
o do t n d t h i k i nd f
e n on . e un ers a s o

g a sc o n a d T h y e . f d i l t ei cr h bo n t h d ni s so u t f on as ee e er er re s o r o
so ut h n m n f
er fi ft y y e wh or th y d i d t e a rs , f ig h t n e n ev e r e es re o r e
d ug h f
o i nt
a ces m pli w ith t h i
o a co m u a n ceIt m y l m e r ea s re s . a a ar

g en t l m ne h ;e b t I d n t
e re t h i n k y uu n fi d oi n o t h O h i n o ca n n or ern o a

e qu l nu m b
a f n u ld w m n
er o ervo f l v i k g i l wh
s o o uld e or o o e- s c r s, o co

b m e d b y it
o ve .

A g i n it i a id t h t w mu t t p t h i g it t i n i
, s sa a e l t i n to s s o s a a o n re a o
l
s a v er y " Th p pl h
e p
eo i g e l w t
s ee u s l e re f ll w a ss n a s o e n s a ve o ur e o

m n; t e ll w m n in p n m k t ; t
o se o e t ot ffi i t h b d i
e ar e o c re a e a ra c n e o es

o f h il d c T h y kn w th i t b
ren . e pp d t th
o l f s i d t t ut h
o e o o se o e se -
ev en r

t d q l th t g t i t ut d
“ “ ”
th t a ll m a en a re c rea e nm t e ua , a o v er en s a re c o n s e

t o t in t h t q
su s a lit y f i g h t a e nd t h y
ua o r n th b s a e c o n v er s e o e su

j ect x ,
m e i t ah ne w h i he h t
re a s o n s ffi i b on d d t c suc ra c s a se , an vo e

f or m n w h w ill ppe o h b b ou p ti o se Th i
suc i ll d ar a ro s ra c ces . s s ca e

a g i t t i an ; d
o g t l m n h
an t l k en f u ppe e i g i t b y
ere p i n g a o s re s s n a ss

s uc h l w ath t s as y u t bl a Th i on i t h m o r i a w h i h e w . s s e a n n er n c e

a re t t p th p g
o s o f t th ; t
e ro l t h lip f p h il t h pi t ;
re s s o ru o s ea e s o an ro s s

an d t il n t h
o s e i f h u m n i t y Y S i it i g
ce e v o ce o ly p p d
a . es, r, s ra v e ro o se
360 A pp en dix

i
t h a t t h s c h a ra ct er st c i s re co g n ed b y t h e Co n st t ut o n i i But iz i i .

s l a v ery i s o n y o n e o f m an y l
n st t u t o n s t h ere Fre edo m i s e u a y i i i . q ll
i i
a n n st t u t o n t h ere i l
S av ery i s o n y a t em o ra ry, a cc d en t a , a rt a ,
. l p i l p i l
a nd i
n co ng ru o u s o n e Freedo m , o n t h e c o n t ra ry , i s a . er et u a , p p l
i
o rg a n c , u n v e rsa i
o n e, in h a rm o n y w th l t h e C o n st t u t o n o f t h e i i i
i
U n t ed S t a t e s l
Th e s a veh o d er h m s e f s t a n d s u n d er t h e ro t ect o n
. l i l p i
l
o f t h e at t er, in c o mm o n w t h a l l t h e f re e c t i
en s o f t h a t s t at e B ut i iz .

it i s , m o re o ve r, a n n d s en sa e n s t t u t o n i ip
Yo u m a y s e a rat e bl i i i . p
l
s avery f ro m S o u t h Ca ro n a , a n d t h e s t a t e w li
st re m a n ; b u t i f ill ill i
b
yo u s u v e rt f reed o m t h ere , t h e st a t e w c ea s e t o e st B ut t h e ill xi .

p i ipl
r nc e o f t h s c o m ro m s e g v es c o m i p
e t e a sc en d en c
y in t h e s avei i pl l
s t a t e s , a n d in t h e C o n s t t u t o n o f t h e U n t e d S t a t e s , t o t h e s u b i i i
i
o rd n a t e , a c c d en t a , a n d i
n c o ng ru o u s l
n s t t u t o n , o v e r it s i
a ra m o u n t i i i p
a nt a g o n s t i
T o red u c e t h s c a m o f s a v e ry t o a n a su rd t y, it is
. i l i l b i
l
o n y n ec e s sa ry t o a d d t h a t t h ere a re o n y t w o s t a t e s in w h c h s av es l i l
j i
a re a m a o r t y, a n d n o t o n e in w h c h t h e s aveh o de rs a re n o t a ve ry i l l
ip p i
d s ro o rt o n a t e m n o r t y i i .

B ut t h ere i s yet a n o t h er a s ect in wh c h t h s r nc e m u st b e p i i p i ipl

x
e am n e d i I t reg a rd s t h e d o m a n o n y a s a o s s e s s o n , t o b e en o yed
. i l p i j
i
e t h er in c o mm o n o r b y a rt t o n b y t h e c t p
en s o f t h e o l d s t a t e s i i i iz .

i
It i s t ru e, n d ee d , t h at t h e n a t o n a d o ma n i s o u rs I t i s t ru e it i l i .

q i
w a s a c u red b y t h e va o r a n d w t h t h e w ea t h o f t h e w h o e n at o n l i l l i .

l
B ut w e h o d, n evert h e e ss , n o a r t ra ry o w er o v e r i t l We h o d bi p . l
bi i
n o a r t ra ry a u t h o r t y o ve r a n yt h n g , w h et h e r a c u re d aw fu y i q i l ll
o r se iz
ed b y u s u r a t o n p i
T h e Co n st t u t o n reg u a t e s o u r s t ew ard . i i l
sh ip i i
; t h e Co n st t u t o n d evo t e s t h e d o ma n t o u n o n , t o u st ce, to i i j i
def en s e, t o w e f a re , a n d t o e rt yl lib .

i
B ut t h ere i s a h g h er l aw t h a n t h e Co n st t u t o n , w h ch regu at e s i i i l
i
o u r a u t h o r t y o v e r t h e d o m a n , a n d d evo t e s it t o t h e s a m e n o e i bl
p u p
r o s es Th e t e rr t o ry i s a
. a rt , n o i
n c o n s d e ra e a rt , o f t h e p i i bl p
c o mm o n h er t ag e o f m a n k n d i e s t o w e d u o n t h e m b y t h e Cre at o r o f i b p
t h e u n v e rs e i W e a re h i s st ew a rd s , a n d m u st s o d s ch a rg e o u r t ru st
. i
a s t o s e c u re in t h e h g h es t a tt a n a i
e d eg re e t h e r h a n e ss Ho w i bl i ppi .

m o m en t o u s t h a t t ru st i s w e m a y ea rn f ro m t h e n st ru ct o n s o f t h e l i i
f o u n der o f m o d e rn h o so h y : p il p
“ ” “
B
N o m a n , s a ys a co n , c an b y c a re t a ng , a s t h e S c r t u re sa t h , ki -
ip i
a dd a c u bi
t t o h is s t at u re in t h s t t e mo d e o f a m a n s
’
o dy ; i li l l b
b u t , in t h e g rea t f ra m e o f ng do m s a n d c o m m o n w ea t h s , it i s in t h e ki l
p o w er o f p i
r n c e s o r e s t a t e s t o a dd a m t u de a n d g rea t n e ss t o t h e r pli i
ki ng d o m s i
Fo r, b y n t ro du c ng s u ch o rd n a n c e s , c o n s t t u t o n s , a n d
. i i i i
i
c u st o m s , a s a re w s e , t h ey m a y s o w g re at n e s s t o t h e r o st er t y a n d i p i
s u c c e ss o rs B ut t h e se t h ng s a re c o mm o n y n o t o served , b u t eft
. i l b l
t o t ak e t h e r c h a n c e
”
i .

i
T h s i s a s t a t e , a n d w e a re d e era t n g f o r it , u st a s o u r lib i j
fa t h ers d e lib
e ra t ed i n e s t a sh n g t h e n st t u t o n s w e e n o y Wh a t
bli i i i i j .

p i i
e v er s u er o r t y t h ere i s i n o u r c o n d t o n a n d h o e s o v e r t h o s e o f ii p
a ny o t h e r
“
ki
n g do m
”
or
“
e st a t e
”
i s d u e t o t h e f o rt u n a t e c rcu m i
st a nce t h at o u r a n c es t o rs d id n o t ea v e t h ng s t o
“
t a e t he r l i k i
ch a n ce, b u t t h a t t h ey
“
a dd e d a m t u de a n d g re a t n e s s
”
t o o ur pli
co mm o n -w ea t h
“
l i
b y nt ro du c ng s u ch o rd n a n ce s , co n s t t u t o n s , a n d i i i i
c u s t o ms , a s w e re w se
”
i
W e in o u r t u rn h ave s u cc eed ed t o t h e .

s a m e re s o n s p
t es, and w e c anno t a ibili i ro a c h t h e d u t
y e f o re u s pp b
 App en dix 36 1

i l
w s e y o r u st y, e ce t w e j l x p i
ra s e o u rs e ve s t o t h e great l i derat i o n
co ns
o f h o w w e ca n m o st c ert a
”
inl y
“
s o w g rea t n es s t o o u r po t ity nd s er a
s u cc e s s o rs .

i pl b l
A n d n o w t h e s m e, o d, a nd ev en a w f u , u est o n w h ch re s en t s l q i i p
l
it s e f t o u s i s t h s : S ha i ll
w e, w h o a re f o u n d ng n s t t u t o n s , s o c a i i i i i l
a nd o p li i l
t ca , f o r c o u n t e s s m o n s ; sh a l
w e, w ho now b
y e xp e r i illi ll k
i
e n ce t h e w s e an d t h e j
u s t , a n d a re f re e t o c h o o s e t h em , a n d t o re ect j
t h e erro n eo u s a n d u n u s t ; s h a w e est a j sh h u m a n o n dag e , o r ll bli b
p i
e rm t it b y o u r s uff e ra n c e t o b e e s t a s h ed ? S ir, o u r f o re f a t h ers bli
l
w o u d n o t h a ve h e s t a t ed a n h o u r i
Th ey f o u n d s av e ry e s t ng . l xi i
l
h ere, a n d t h ey e f t it o n y ec a u s e t h ey c o u d n o t re m o v e it l b Th ere l .

l
i s n o t o n y n o f ree S t a t e w h c h w o u d n o w e st a sh it , b u t t h ere i s i l bli
l i
n o s a ve S t a t e , w h ch , i f it h a d h a d t h e f re e a t ern a t v e a s w e l i
n o w h a v e , w o u d h a v e f o u n d ed s a v e ry l I n d eed , o u r revo u t o n a ry l . l i
p re d ec e s s o rs h a d re c s e y t h e s a m e p
u e st o n i l
e f o re t h e m i n e s t a q i b b
i
l ish ing a n o rg a n c l aw u n d e r w h c h t h e s t a t e s o f O h o , I nd a n a , i i i
i i lli i
M c h g a n , I n o s , a n d W sco n s n , h a v e s n c e c o m e n t o t h e U n o n , i i i i i
l l p i
a n d t h ey s o e m n y re u d a t e d a n d e c u d ed s a v e ry f ro m t h o s e s t a t e s x l l
f o rev er I c o n f e s s t h a t t h e m o s t a a rm ng ev d en c e o f o u r d eg en era c y
. l i i
i
w h ch h a s y et b i
ee n g v en i s f o u n d in t h e f a c t t h a t w e e v e n d e a t e b
s u ch a u es t o n q i .

Th e s en a t o r ro o s es t o e e p p
me I a m rea dy t o m e et t h a t t r a , xp l . i l
t o o ; a nd if I sh a be e ll
e ed , I s h a xp ll
no t b e t h e rs t m a n s u ect e d ll fi bj
to p i
u n s h m e n t f o r m a n t a n n g t h a t t h e re i s a i i i o w er h g h er t h a n p i
p li
h u m a n l aw , a n d t h a t o w e r d e g h t s in u s t ce ; t h a t ru ers , w h et h er j i l
p
d e s o t s o r e e c t ed ru e rs o f a f re el eo l
e , a re o u n d t o a dm n st er p pl b i i
j i
u st c e f o r t h e e n e t o f s o c et y b fi i .

illi
W a m H S ew a rd , W o rks (N Y , . I, 7 4 - 12 9 . . pp . .

Th e f o ll o w i n g p eech f ro m L i n c o l n exp o s ed t h e f all a cy o f

s

t h e s o c all ed reas o n abl en ess o f sl av ery

-

Eq li t y in
ua i t y lik b t i n q li t y w h th t h l t t b
so c e a e ea s e ua , e er e a er e
o f t h B it i h e it r ti s t f th d m ti
ar s o c ra l y c t Wso r or o e o es c s a ver so r . e

k w S uth n m d l
no o er th t th i l en b tt
ec a re ff t h n a e r s av e s a re e er o a
hi d l b
re m g u
a o re r s H w li t t l t h y k w w h
a on sf th y p k "
. o e e no ereo e s ea

Th i n p m
e re s t l o f hi d l b
er a n enm g t c ass T w t y o re a o re r s a on s us . en

fi vey g I w
ea rs a h i d lo b T h h i d
as a l b f y
re t d y a o re r . e re a o re r o e s er a

l b
a n hi
o rs wn o t t d y
s o d w ill h i th
a c co un t l b f o- a an re o e rs o a or or

m t— im p —i t h
,

h im t m w o- Ad o rro . m t i d it i
va n c e en ro v e en n co n on s e

or d f th i g
er in
o i ty f q l A l b i t h
n s a so c e mm n o e ua s . s a or s e co o

b dn f
ur e o tho ur ff t f m t
ra ce , h i ft t h i
so h e f e or o so e o s e r s a re o

th b e d n urt th e h ldon o f th i th g e s t d ou bl e rs o f o er s s e re a u ra e c u rs e o

th e ra c e O ig i ll y
. r f t na
g i p th wh l
a c u rs e or ra n s re s s o n u on e o e ra c e ,

wh n e by l
, as y i t i t t d
s a ver p ,
t l y it bs mc o n c en r a e on a ar on ,
eco es

th ed u bl fi o d f G d up
e - re ne hi t
c u rs e o o on s c re a u re s .

F l b h t h i pi t i n f h p ; p
re e a or as e l y h
ns h p
ra o o o e u re s a v e r as no o e .

Th p w
e f h p
o p h m
er o x ti o d h ppi
e u on i w u d f l an e er on an a ness s on er u .

Th l m t h im lf h
e s ave- a s er pt i f it d h
se th y t m
a s a co nce on o ,
an en c e e s s e

o f t k asm g ls a Th on l W h m y s a ve s t.
d i w i t h teh s a ve o ou c a nn o r ve e

l h t b k
as o ty fire a p d f h mp is ev e n d y if y
-
ve w ill k
o un s o e n a a ,
ou as
 36 2 App en dix
h im t o b rea a h undred , a nd ro m s e h im p ay f o r a l l h e d o es o ver,
k p i
he w ill b
rea
y o u a h u n d re d a n d
k ft y Y o u h a ve s u st t u t e d h o e fi . b i p
'
f o r t h e ro d p p
'

A n d y et erh a s it d o e s n o t o c c u r t o y o u t h a t t o t h e
.

x
e t en t o f y o u r g a n in t h e c a s e , i
y o u h a v e g v en u p t h e s a v e s y s t e m i l
p
a n d a do t ed t h e f re e s y s t e m o f a bo r l .

p
I f A c a n ro ve , h o w eve r, c o n c u s ve y , t h a t h e m a y o f r gh t en s ave l i l i l
B , wh y m ay n o t B
s n a t c h t h e s a m e a rg u m e n t a n d ro ve e u a
y t h at p q ll
h e m a y e n s av e A ? Yo u sa y A i s w h t e a n d l is ac It is i B bl k .

l
c o o r, t h en ; the li
g ht er h a v ng t h e r g h t t o en s a v e t h e d ark er ? i i l
k
T a e c a re B y t h s ru e yo u a re t o b e s a ve t o t h e
. i l rs t m a n y o u l fi
i
m eet w t h a f a rer sk n t h a n yo u r o w n i i
Yo u d o n o t m ea n c o o r . l
x l
e a c t y ? Yo u mea n t h e w h t e s a re n t e e c t u a y t h e s u er o r s o f t h e i i ll ll p i
bl ac k s , a n d t h ere f o re h a v e t h e r
g h t t o e n s a v e t h e m ? T a e c a r e i l k
a ga n iB y t h s ru e yo u a re t o b e s a ve t o t h e
. i l rs t m a n y o u m e et l fi
i i
w t h a n n t e e c t s u er o r t o y o u r o w n ll p i
B u t , yo u s a y , i t i s a u e s . q
i i
t o n o f n t ere st , a n d if yo u m a e it y o u r n t ere st yo u h a v e t h e r g h t k i i
l
t o en s a v e a n o t h e r Ve ry w e A n d i f h e c a n m ak e it h i s nt ere s t
. ll . i
h e h a s t h e r g h t t o en s a v e yo u i l .

Th e a n t w h o h a s t o e d a n d d ragg e d a c ru m il
t o h is n est w l b il
i l
f u r o u s y d e f en d t h e f ru t o f h is a o r a g a n st i
w h a t ev e r ro er l b i bb
a ss a s h i m il So a n t h a t t h e m o st d u m
. pl ia n d st u d s a v e t h a t eve r b pi l
il
t o ed f o r a m a s t e r d o e s c o n s t a n t y n o w t h a t h e i s w ro ng e d So l k .

pl ia n t h a t n o o n e , h g h o r l o w , e v e r d o e s m s t a e i t , e c e t in a i i k x p
p l i l lfi
a n y se sh w a y ; f o r a t h o u g h v o u m e u o n v o u m e i s w r t t en t o l l p l i
p l
ro v e s a v e ry a v e ry g o o d t h ng , w e n ev e r h ea r o f t h e m a n w h o w sh e s i i
k
t o t a e t h e g o o d o f it b y e ng a s a v e h m s e f b i l i l .

M o st g o v ern m e n t s h a v e een a s ed , ra c t ca y , o n t h e den a o f b b p i ll i l

q l i
t h e e u a r g h t s o f m e n a s I h a v e , in a rt , s t a t e d t h e m ; o u rs eg a n p b
fi i
b y a f rm ng t h o s e r g h t s i
T h ey sa d , s o m e m en a re t o o g n o ra nt . i i
i i
a n d v c o u s t o s h a re in g o v e rn m en t Po s s y s o , s a d w e ; a n d, b y . ibl i
y o u r s y s t e m , y o u w o u d a w a y s k ee t h e m g n o ra n t l a n d l
v c o us We p i i i .

p pro o se d t o g ve a l l a c h a n c e ; a n d w e e i e c t e d t h e w e a k t o g ro w xp
s t ro n g er, t h e g n o ra n t w s e r , a n d a i
l l et t e r a n d h a i
e r t o g et h er b ppi .

We m a d e t h e e er m ent , a n d t h e f ru t i s b e f o re u s Lo o k a t it ,
xp i i .

i k
t h n o f it k
Lo o a t it in it s a gg reg at e g ra n deu r, o f e t en t o f c o u n x
p p l i —
.

t ry, a n d n u m ers o f o u at o n of b sh , an d s t ea m o a t , a nd ip b
il
ra ro a d .

Th u s w e se e t h at t h e a n , u nm s t a a e s pl i
r t o f t h at ag e t o w a rd i k bl pi i
l
s a v e ry w a s h o st ty t o t he r nc es ili
and t o erat o n o n y b y p i ipl l i l
n e c e ss t y i .

N eb ras a i i k
”
B u t n o w it is t o b e t ra n s fo rmed n t o a s ac red r g h t .

b r ng s it f o rt h , ace s it o n t h e h gh ro a d t o e t en s o n a nd er et u t y,
i pl i x i p p i
a n d w t h a p a t o n it s i ac sa y s t o it ,
“
G o , a nd G o d s ee d yo ub k ”
p
—
.

H en c e f o rt h it is t o b e t h e ch e f ew e o f t h e n at o n t h e v ery fi g u re i j l i
h ea d o f t h e sh o f s t at e L tt e b y ip t t e , b u t s t ea d y a s m a n s .
’
i l li l il
m a rch t o t h e g ra v e , w e h a v e een g v n g u p t h e o ld f o r t h e n ew f a t h b i i i .

l i
N ea r y e g h t y ye ars a g o w e eg a n b y d e c a r ng t h a t a ll m en a re b l i
c reat e d e u a ; b u t n o w f ro m t h a t q l eg n n ng w e h av e ru n d o wn t o b i i
l i
t h e o t h e r d ec a ra t o n , t h a t f o r s o m e m en t o e n s a ve o t h ers is a l
“
s a cre d r g h t i
o f s e f g o v e rn m en t
”
Th e s e l
r nc - es c a nn o t s t an d . p i ipl
t o g et h e r Th ey a re a s o pp o s it e a s G o d a n d M a m m o n ; a n d w h o ever
.

h o d s lt o th e o ne m u s t d e s
p s e t h e o t h e r W h e n P e t t t , i n i
c o nn e c t o n . i i
 36 4 A pp en dix
‘

s ee n p o vert y i mb ec ili t y a n d na ch y w h i ch now p rvade a l l

in t h e , , a r e
P t ug u e s e a n d S p a n i sh A m i
or Th f l ab sy t m i s o f G e r ca . e re e - or s e er
m n ex t a t i o n
a n d it w s
r c st bli h d in, aur un t y b y m i g ra nt s
a e a s e o co r e
f ro m S w d en H ll n d G rm n y G e , t B it ai n and I l n d
o a , We e a , re a r , re a .

j u t l y a scrib t o it s i n fl u n s t h e st r ngt h w a l t h g at n ss in
s e e ce e , e , re e ,

t l l ig en c
e a nd f d m
e, w h i ch t h e w h l e A m ri a n p eo pl
ree o , n w o e c e o
en j o y O ne . f t h e ch i f l m nt s f t h e v a l ue o f h uma n li fe is
o e e e e o
f ed m in t h p u s u i t f h ppi n s s
re o e Th e s l av e syst em i s n t o n l y
r o a e . o
i nt l a bl u n j u st a n d i nh u ma n t w d t h e l b o er who m o n ly
o er e, , ,
o ar a r , ,

b u s h i s a l ab r it l d s d w n w i t h h i n s a n d co nv rt s i nt o
ec a e e o e r, oa o c a e
m ch n d i s b u t i s s
er a l y l es s s v e u p n t h e f em an t w h m
e, ca rc e e er o re , o o ,

o nly b au s e h e is a l ab
ec r f m n c ss i t y it den i es f ili t i s f o r o re ro e e , ac e
e m pl ym n t o n d w h m it exp l s f
e , a m t h e c mm u n i t y b a u s it c an
o e ro o ec e
no t n s l av e a n d
e o nve t i n t m h n di se a l s
c I t i s n ec ssa ril y im
r o e rc a o . e
p v i dent an d ru i n u s b c u
ro s g n al t uth o mm u n i t i
, p ro
e a se , a a e er r , co es s

p e a n d fl o u r i sh
r r dr p a n d d c li n in j u st t h e d g e t h at t h ey
, o oo e e, e re

p act i e o r n g l e t t p a ct i e t h p i m y d u t i s o f j u st i e and
r c e c o r c e r ar e c
hum n ity a Th e f e l a b . sy t m nf ms t re t h e d ivin
-
l aw o f
or s e co or o e
e q u li t y wh i h is w i t t n in t h e h t n d co n s c i enc s o f m en a nd
a , c r e ea r s a e ,

th fo
e re is a lw ys an d
re yw h b n fi nt
a ev e r ere e e ce .

Th sl v e s y t em i s a n e f c n t a n t d n g r d i st ru st s u spi c i o n
s o e o o s a e , , ,

a n d w at c h f u l n s s It d b a s t h s w h s e . t il a l n e a n p ro du c e
e se o e o e o o c
w e lt h a nd r
a u c s f d f n es o to th l w t dg
r e f w h i ch
or e e se, e o es e ree o

h u m n n at u a i s c p a bl t g u d a g i n s t m u t i n y a n d i n su rrect i o n
re a e, o ar a ,

a n d t h u s w a s t s en g i s w h i h teh w i s e m i g h t b
ere e m pl yed in
e c o er o

n a t i n l d ev l p m n t a n d a gg
o a e o n d iz m nt e ra e e .

T he f l a b sy t m du at s a ll a li k e an d b y o p en i ng a ll t h e
ree- or s e e c e ,

fi l ds o f i n du t i a l em pl ym nt n d a ll t h d p t m nt s f a u t h ri t y
e s r o e a e e ar e o o ,

t o t h e un h k d a n d qu l r i v l y f l l l s s f m n at o n e
c ec e e a a r o a c a se o e , c

s ecu s u n i ve sa l
re n t nt m nt n d b i ng
r i nt t h e h igh t p s s ibl e a o
co e e , a r s o es o

t ivit y a l l t h e p h y i a l m o l n d s i l n g i s o f t h w h l st t e
s c , ra , a oc a e er e e o e a .

I n st t s w h a e t h s l a v s y t m p v il s t h m a st s d i r ct l y o r
ere e e s e re a , e er , e

i nd i r t l y s u ec ll th ,
p li t i c l p w r an d co n st i t ut a ru li ng
ec re a e o a o e , e

a i t
r s o cr a y In t t s w h c . t he f l b r syst m p eva il s un ive sa l
s a e e re ree - a o e r , r

s u ff ag r n e il y b t i n s n d t h st t e i n ev i t ably b ec m es so o ner
ec e s s a r o a ,
a e a o ,

o r l a t r a r p u bli c o r d m c a cy
e , e e o r .

H it h t th tw
er o s y t m s h v e exi st ed in d i ff eren t
e o s t a t es
s e b ut a ,

s i de b y s i de w it h i n t h A m e i an U n i n Th i s h a s h a pp n d be r c o . e e e

c au s t h e U n i n is a
e nf d t i n f st a t es
o B u t in a n o t h r a s p t
co e e ra o o . e ec

t h U n i t d S t a t s c n t i t u t e o n l y o n e n at i o n
e e e In o a se s f p o pu l a . c re o

t i n w h i h i filli n g t h e s t a t e s o u t t o t h i v y b o d rs t g t h er
o ,
c s e r er r e , o e

w it h a n w nd xt n d d n t w rk f ra il ad s a n d o t h a v nu e
e a e e e e o o ro er e s,

a n d a n i nt rn l mm c w h i ch d il y b c m s m re i nt i m at
e a co er e is a e o e o e,

r pi d l y b ri n g i n g t h
a s t a t es i n t o a h i g h r a n d m e p e f ect so c i a l u n it y e o re r

or n co li d at i n T hu s t h
so a nt g n i st i c sy t m s a r
o . n t i nu a ll y
,
es e a o s e e co

c m i ng i n t
o l r nt t a n d c lli s i o n resu lt s
o c o se co ac , o .

S h ll I t ll y u w h t t h i s
a e lli s i n m e n s ? Th ey w h o t h i nk t h t
o a co o a a

it i s a c i d n t a l u n n c ey th w,
k f int t d f n a t i ca l
ece s sa r , e or o e re s e or a

ag it t s a orand t h fo r
,
p h m l m i st ak e t h c s e a l t g et h er
e re e e e e ra , e a o .

I t is n i pa i b l c n
rr efl i t b t w
res s n pp s i n g an de n d u i n g f rc s
o c e ee o o e r o e ,

a n d it m n s t h at t h ea U n it d S t t m u t a n d w ill s n e r l t r e a es s , oo er o a e ,

bec me i t h r nt i rel y a s l av h l d i ng na t i o n o r nt i rel y a f r e l a bor

o e e e e- o e e -
 App en dix 36 5

na t o n i i
E t h er t h e c o tt o n o r r c e
. e d s o f S o u t h Ca ro na a n d t h e i fi l li
s ug a r pl
a n t a t o n s o f Lo u s a n a w i u t mat e y b e t i i
e d b y f ree a o r, ill l i l ill l b
l
a n d Ch a r e s t o n a n d N e w O r e a n s , e co m e ma rt s o f eg t m a t e m e r l b l ii
c h a n di s e a o n e, or l
e s e t h e ry e fi e l d s l
a n d w h ea t fi e l d s o f M a s sa - -

c h u s et t s a n d N ew Yo r k
m u s t a g a n b e s u rren d ered b y t h e r f a rm ers i i
l
t o s a v e c u t u re a n d t o t h el ro d u c t o n o f s a v e s , a n d o st o n a n d p i l B
N ew Yo r k b
ec o m e o n c e m o re m a r e t s f o r t ra d e in t h e o d es a nd k b i
l
so u s o f m en It is t h e f a u re t o a . re h e n d t h s
g rea t t ru t h t h at il pp i
ind uc e s so m a n y u n s u c c e s s f u a tt em t s a t n a c o m ro m se s et w e en l p fi l p i b
l
t h e s a ve a n d f ree s t a t e s , a n d it is t h e e s t en c e o f t h s g rea t f a c t xi i
t h at ren de rs a l l s u ch p
re t end ed c o m ro m se s , w h en m a d e, va n a n d p i i
p
e h em e ra l .

l
A t a st , t h e R e u ca n a rt y h a s a p bli
ea red p
I t a v o w s , n o w , as pp .

t he R e u c an p bli p
a rt y o f 1 800 d id , in o n e w o rd , it s f a t h a n d it s i
w o rk s , E u a a n d e a c t
‘
q l x u s t c e t o a l l m en
’
Eve n w h en it j rst i . fi
e nt e red t h e fi l l
e d , o n y h a f o rg a n ed , it s t ru c k a l
o w wh ch o n y iz bl i l
j il
u s t f a e d t o s e c u re c o m et e a n d t r u m h a n t v c t o ry pl
I n t h s, i p i . i
p i
it s s ec o n d ca m a g n , it h a s a rea dy w o n a dva nt ag e s w h ch render l i
i p b
t h a t t r u m h n o w o t h ea s y a n d c ert a n i .

Th e s ec ret o f it s a ss u red s u c c e s s e s w t h n t h a t ve ry c h a ra c t er li i i
l i i
et o w h c h , in t h e m o u t h o f s c o ff e r s , c o n s t t u t e s it s g re a t a n d a st ng i l i
i b ili
m ec t y a n d re ro a ch It p
e s i n t h e f a c t t h a t it i s a a rt y o f o n e li p
—
.

i dea ; b u t t h a t i s a n o e o n e a n d e a t h a t s a nd e bl a nd s a l l i fill xp
g e n e ro u s s o u s h
; t e d e a o f e l
u a t y
— t h e e u a i t y o f a l l m e n e f o q li
re q li b
ib l
h u ma n t r u n a s a n d h u m a n a w s , a s t h ey a l l are e u a e f o re t h e l q l b
i i
D v ne t r un a a nd D v ne aw s ib l i i l .

I k
n o w , a n d yo u n o w , t h a t a r ev o u t o n h a s k eg u n I no w , l i b . k
and a ll the wor d no w s, l k
t h a t rev o u t o n s n ev e r g o a c k w ard l i b .

T went y S en at o rs a n d a h u n d red R e re s en t a t ve s ro c a m o d y in p i p l i b l l
C o n g re s s t o d a y s e n t m e n t s a n d o n o n s a n d
-
i r nc e s o f f reedo m pi i p i ipl
i l
wh c h h a rd y so m a n y m en , ev en in t h s f ree s t a t e , d a red t o u t t er in i
i
t h e r o w n h o m es t w en t y y ea rs ag o Wh e t h e G o v ern m en t o f t h e . il
i
U n t e d S t a t e s u n d e r t h e c o n d u c t o f t h e D e m o c ra t c a rt y, h a s e en i p b
i
a l l t h a t t m e s u rre n d e r ng o n e i
a n a n d ca s t e a f t er a n o t h er t o pl i l
l
s av ery , t h e eo p pl
e o f t h e U n t e d S t a t es h a v e een n o e s s s t ea d y i b l il
p
a nd i l i
e rs ev e r n g y g a t h e r ng t o g et h e r t h e f o rce s w t h w h c h t o r ec o v er i i
b k
ac ag a n a ll t h e i fi l
e d s a n d a l l t h e ca s t e s w h c h h a v e e en o st , l i b l
a n d t o co n f o u n d a n d o v e rt h ro w , b y o n e d e c s v e ow, the et ra ye rs i i bl b
i
o f t h e Co n s t t u t o n a n d f re e d o m f o rev e r i .

illi
W a m H S ew a rd , T h e I rr ep r es s i b l e Co nfli c t : A S p eech D c l v
.
'

i
e r e d a t R o c h es t er, O ct 2 5, 18 5 8 (n o t t e ag e, N ew Yo r ,
. il p k
1 7 p a s si m
-
.

T h is r ev e i w of the s t ru gg l e
S en at o r B en j am i n F by .

W a d e an ,
Oh io an t i s l av ery s en at o r w h o f re qu en t l y as s a il ed

s l av ery s h o w s ,
h o w t h e s en t i m en t in t h e S o u t h h ad d ri f t ed
t o w ard s e c ess i o n
Th i p i ipl
e re s no r nc e l
h e d t o d ay b y t h s g r e a t R e u ca n i p bli p tyar

t h at h as no t had th e s an c t o n o f y o u r G o v e rn m e n t i n ev e ry d e
i pa t r
36 6 A pp en dix
m en t f o r m o r e t h a n seven t y
y ea r s . Yo u h a v e ch a n g ed yo u r o p i ni o ns
We st a nd
w h e re w e u s ed t o T h a t i s t h e o n y d ff eren ce st a nd . l i .

S ir, w e s t a n d w h ere W a sh ng t o n s t o o d , w h e re eff er s o n st o o d , w h e re i J

i
M a d so n s t o o d , w h e re M o n ro e s t o o d W e s t a n d w h e re A da m s a n d .

Ja ck s o n a n d e v en Po k s t o o d l
T h a t rev ered s t a t e s m an , H en ry C a y, .
'
l
of bl e s s ed m em o ry
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re a t h a ss e rt ed t h e d o ct r n e t h a t i b i
w e h o d t o day l A s t o c o m ro m s e s , I h a d s u
-
. o s ed t h a t w e p i pp
w e re a l l a g reed t h a t t h e d a y o f c o m ro m s e s w a s a t a n en d T he p i .

l
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e en v o a t e d b i l
i
w t h o u t a w h erea s S n c e I h a v e h a d a s e a t i n t h s o dy , o n e o f
. i i b
c o n s d e ra i
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u t y, t h a t h a d s t o o d f o r mo re t h a n t h rt y y e ars , i
p
w a s s w e t a w a y f ro m y o u r s t a t u t e o oks W e n o m n a t ed o u r b . i
i i
c a n d d a t e s f o r Pre s d e n t a n d V c e Pre s d en t , a n d yo u did t h e s a m e i -
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f o r y o u rs e v e s l
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a n e st a n d m o s t a a e p pl i p lp bl
i ss u e t h at ev e r w a s re s en t e d t o t h e A m e r c a n eo p
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t h ey u nd erst o o d t h e e st b
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we co me to t h e ca t o , I t e pi l
yo u th a t o u r Pres dent a n d o u r V ce ll i i
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t h e r redec e s so rs h a v e do n e S ir , it w o u d b e h u m a t n g a n d d i s . l ili i
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h o n o ra e t o u s i f w e w ere t o s t en t o a c o m ro m s e (o n y ) b y li p i l
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w h ch h e w h o h a s t h e ve rd c t o f t h e e o e in h i s o ck et s h o u d m ak e i p pl p l
h is w ay t o t h e Pre s d ent a c h a r i
W h e n i t c o m e s t o t h a t yo u h a v e i l i .

n o g o v ernm ent I f a S t a t e s ec ed es , a t h o ug h w e w no t m a e l ill k

p
w ar u o n h er, w e c a nn o t re co g n e h er r g h t t o b e o u t o f t h e U n o n, iz i i
a nd s h e i s n o t o u t u n t s h e g a n s t h e c o n s ent o f t h e U n o n il t se f ; i i i l
i
a n d t h e c h e f m a g s t ra t e o f t h e n a t o n , b e h e w h o i h e may , w i ill
i
fi nd u n de r t h e Co n s t t u t o n o f t h e U n t e d S t a t e s t h at it i s h i s s w o rn i i
x
d u t y t o e e c ut e t h e l a w in ev e ry a rt a n d a rc e o f t h s G o v e rn p p l i
m en t ; t h a t h e c a n n o t b e r e ea s ed f ro m t h at o g at o n T h ere l bli i .

f o re , it w ill i
b e n c um en t o n t h e c h e f m ag s t ra t e t o b
ro c e e d t o i i p
ll
c o e c t t h e r ev en u e o f s h s en t er n g t h e r o rt s re c s e y in t h e ip i i p p i l
s a m e w a y a n d t o t h e s a m e e t en t t h a t h e d o e s n o w in eve ry o t h er x
S t at e o f t h e U n o n i
Wh a t m u s t s h e d o ? I f sh e is co nt ent ed
.

to li
ve in t h s e u v o ca i q i
s t a t e, a l l w o u d b e w e l
e rh a s , b u t sh e l ll p p
co u d no t l v e t h e re No li
eo e in t h e w o r d c o u d . ve i n t h a t p pl l l li
c o nd t o n ii
Wh a t w ill
t h ey d o ? Th ey m u s t t a k e t h e n t at ve a n d
. i ii i
l p
d e c a re w a r u o n t h e U n t ed S t at e s ; a n d t h e m o m en t t h at t h ey evy i l
w a r, f o rc e m u st b e m et b y f o rc e ; a n d t h ey m u st , t h eref o re , h ew o u t
i i p
t h e r n d e en d e n c e b y v o e n c e a n d w a r T h ere i s n o o t h er wa y i l .

u n de r t h e Co n st t u t o n , t h a t I i i
n o w o f w h e re y a c h e f m a g st ra t e k b i i
o f a ny o p li i
t c s c o u d b e re e a s ed f ro m t h s d u t y : l I f t h s S t a t e, l i i
i
t h o ug h s ec ed ng , s h o u d d ec a re w a r a g a n s t t h e U n t ed S t a t e s , I l l i i
do n o t su pp
o s e t h e re i s a aw ye r in t h s o d y b u t w h a t w o u d s ay l i b l
l
t h a t t h e a c t o f evy n g w a r i s t rea s o n ag a n st t h e U n t ed S t at e s i i i .

T h a t i s w h ere it re s u t s W e m g h t u st a s w e oo l
t h e m at t e r
. i j ll l k
i
r g h t in t h e f a c e .

I s a y , s ir, I s t an d b y t h e U n o n o f t h ese S t a t es Wa sh ng to n a nd i . i
p i
h i s c o m a t r o t s f o u g h t f o r t h a t g o o d , o l d fl ag It s h a n ever b e . ll
l
h a u ed d o w n , b u t s h a b e t h e g o ry o f t h e G o vern m en t t o w h c h Ill l i
b e o ng , a s o ng a s m y fe s h a c o n t n u e
l l li
I t w a s m y ro t ec t o r in ll i . p
 36 8 A pp en dix

m it t rea so n, o r ex c i t e s l a ve s t o reb el , o r ma k e a ny g enera l in s u r

I n ever e n co u rag ed a ny ma n t o do so , b u t a lw ay s d is
.

rec t i o n .

c o u rag ed a ny i dea o f t h at ki n d .

Let m e s ay, a l s o , a w o rd in reg a rd t o t h e st at e men t s m ade b y

s o m e o f t h o s e c o nn ec t e d w i t h m e I h ea r it h as b een s t at ed b y s o m e .

o f t h em t h a t I h a v e i n du ced t h e m t o j o i n m e B ut t he c o n t ra ry is .

t ru e I do n o t s ay t h i s t o i n j u re th em b u t a s reg ret t i ng t h e i r w ea k
.
,

Th e re i s n o t o n e o f t h em b u t j o i n ed m e o f h i s o w n a cco rd a n d
”

ne s s .
,

t h e g re a t er p a rt a t t h e i r o w n exp en s e A nu m b er o f t h em I n ever .

s a w , a n d n ev e r h a d a w o rd o r c o n v er sa t i o n w i t h , t ill t h e d ay t h e
y
c am e t o m e, a n d t h a t w a s f o r t h e p u rp o se I h ave s t a t ed .

N o w I h av e d o n e .

Ja m es R e dp a t h , Th e Pu b lic Lif e o f Cap t Jo h n B ro wn (B o st o n, .

pp . 34 0 34 2 -
.

Th e A ct t o E s t ablish a B ureau f o r t h e R eli ef of F reed

m en an d R ef u g ees was :

B e i t en ac t ed Th at t h ere is h ere y e st a sh e d in t h e War b bli

D e a rt m en t , t o c o nt n u e d u r ng t h e re se nt w ar o f re be o n , and
p i i p lli
f o r o n e y ea r t h erea f t er, a b ure a u o f ref ug ees , f ree dm en , a n d a a n do n ed b
l a n d s , t o w h ch sh a i ll
b e c o m m t t e d , a s h e re n a f t er ro v ded , t h e i i p i
p i i
s u erv s o n a n d m a n a em en t o f a ll a a n d o n e d
g a n d s , a n d t h e c o nt ro b l l
o f a l l su bj g l i
ec t s re a t ng t o ref u ee s a n d f re e dm en f ro m re e s t at es , o r b l
i i
f ro m a ny d st r c t o f c o u n t ry w t h n t h e t e rr t o ry em ra ced in t h e i i i b
p i
o e rat o n s o f t h e a rm y, u n d er s u ch ru e s a n d reg u a t o n s a s m a y b e l l i
p re s c r e d b y t h e h ea d o f t h e b u re a u a n d a
ib ro v e d b y t h e Pre s d ent pp i .

T h e s a d b u rea u s h a
i ll
b e u n der t h e ma n ag e m ent a n d co n t ro o f a l
i i
c o mm s s o n e r t o be a pp i
o n t e d b y t h e Pres d en t , b y a n d w t h t h e i i
i
a d v ce a n d c o n sen t o f t h e S en a t e, A n d t h e c o mm s s o ner a nd i i
a ll p
er s o n s a o n t e d u n der t h s a c t , s h a , b e f o re ent e r ng u o n
pp i i ll i p
i i
t h e r du t es , t a e o at h o f o ffi c e k
re sc r ed in (t h e a ct o f Ju y p ib l
2,
S ec 2 . A n d b e i t f u rt h er ena c t ed, Th at t h e S ecret a ry o f Wa r
.

i i
m a y d rec t s u ch s su e s o f ro v s o n s , c o t h n g , a n d f u e , a s h e m ay p i i l i l
l
d eem n eed f u f o r t h e mm ed a t e a n d t e m o ra ry s h e t er a n d su i i y p l ppl
i i
o f d e s t t u t e a n d s uff e r ng re f u g e e s a n d f ree d m en an d t h e r w ves i i
il
a n d c h d ren , u n d er s u ch ru es a n d reg u a t o n s a s h e m ay d rect l l i i .

S ec 3 . A nd b e i t fu rt h er en a c t ed , Th a t t h e Pres den t m ay, b y an d

. i
i i
w t h t h e a d v c e a n d c o n s en t o f t h e S e n a t e , a o nt a n a s s s t a n t c o m pp i i
i i
m s s o n er f o r e a ch o f t h e s t a t e s d e c a red t o b e in n su rrec t o n , no t l i i
x i b
e c e e d n g t e n in n u m e r, w h o sh a , u n d er t h e d rec t o n o f t h e co m ll i i
i i
m ss o n e r, a id in t h e e e cu t o n o f t h e x
ro v s o n s o f t h s a ct i p i i i .

A nd a n y m ili
t a ry o ffi c er m a y b e d et a ed a n d a s s g ned t o d u t y u n der il i
i
t h s a ct w t h o u t i i
n c rea s e o f p a y o r a o w a n c e s Th e c o mm ss o n ll . i i
sh a , ll b e f o re t h e c o m m e n c e m en t o f e a c h reg u a r s es s o n o f Co ng re ss , l i
m ak e f u ll
re o rt o f h i s p
ro cee d ng s w t h e h p i
t s o f t h e st at e o f h is i x ibi
a cc o u n t s t o t h e Pres dent , w h o sh a i
c o mm u n c a t e t h e same t o ll i
C go n r e s s a n d s h a ,
a so m a k e s e c a rll l
e o r t s w h e n e v e r r e q u re d t p i l p
o d o i
so b y t h e P re s d e n t o r e t h e r h i
o u se o f co n g re s s ; ain d t h e a ss s t a nt i
 A pp en dix 36 9

i i
co mm ss o n ers s h al l m ak e q uart e l y r p o rt s o f t h e i r p ro ce d i ng t o
re e s
t h e c o m m ss o n er, i i a nd a sol s u ch o t h er s p i a l ep o rt s a f ro m t i me
ec r s
i
t o t m e m ay b e re u red
q i .

S ec 4 . A n d b e i t fu rt h er ena c t ed , Th at t h e c o mm s s o n er, und er

. i i
i i
t h e d rec t o n o f t h e Pre s d en t s h a h a v e a u t h o r t y t o set a art , i , ll i p
l l
f o r t h e u s e o f o y a ref ug e e s a n d f reedm en , s u ch t ra c t s o f a n d w t h n l i i
i
t h e n s u rrect o n a ry st a t e s a s s h a ih a ve een a a n do ned , o r t o w h ch ll b b i
i
t h e U n t ed S t a t e s s h a ll
h ave e en a a n do n ed , o r t o w h ch t h e U n t ed b b i i
S t a t es s h a ll q i
h a ve a c u red t t e b y c o n s c a t o n o r sa e o r o t h erw s e , il fi i l ,
i
a nd t o ev ery m a e c t l i iz
en , w h et h er re f ug e e o r f re edm a n , a s a f o re sa d , i
t h ere sh a ll i
b e a s s gn e d n o t m o re t h a n f o rt y a cre s o f s u ch a nd , a nd l
p
t h e erso n t o w h o m it w a s so a ss g n ed sh a b e ro t ec t e d in t h e u se i ll p
j
a n d en o ym ent o f t h e a n d f o r t h e t erm o f t h re e y e a rs a t a n a nn u al l
x i
r en t n o t e c ee d ng s ix p e r c e n t u m u o n t h e v a u e o f s u ch a n d , a s it p l l
w as a pp i
ra s ed b y t h e s t at e a u th o r t e s in t h e y e a r e g h t e en h u n dred ii i
x
a n d s i t y, f o r t h e p p
u r o s e o f t a a t o n , a n d in c a s e n o s u c h a ra sa x i pp i l
c a n b e f o u n d , t h en t h e ren t a sh a be a sed u o n t h e e st m at ed l ll b p i
l
va ue o f t h e l
a n d in s a d y ea r, t o b e a sc ert a n e d i n s u ch m a nn e r a s i i
i i
t h e co mm ss o n er may b y reg u a t o n re scr e A t t h e en d o f s a d l i p ib . i
i
t erm , o r a t a n y t m e du r ng s a d t erm , t h e o c c u a nt s o f a n y a rce s i i p p l
i
so a ss g ne d m a y u rc h a se t h e p
a n d a n d rec e v e s u c h t t e t h eret o l i il
i
a s t h e U n t e d S t a t e s c a n c o n vey , u o n a y n g t h e re f o r t h e va u e o f p p i l
l
t h e an d , a s a sc e rt a n e d a nd ed f o r t h e i
u r o s e o f d et erm n ng fix p p i i
t h e a n nu a ren t a f o resa d l i .

S ec . 5 An d b e i t fu rt h er en a c t ed , Th a t a l l a ct s a n d
. p art s o f a ct s

in c o n s i s t en t w t h t h e i
ro v s o n s o f t h s a ct , a re h ere py i i i b r p ea l ed e .

A pp ro v ed , M a rc h 3, 1 8 6 5 .

Text in U S S t a t u t es a t La rg e, . I I I , 5 07 5 09
. Fo r t h e pro X -
.

c eed ing s s e e t h e H o us e a nd S en a t e J o u r n a l s , 38 th Co n re s s , 1 s t a nd
g
2 d S e ss , a n d t h e C o n g G lo b e
. O n t h e w o r o f t h e u re a u s ee S en a t e
. . k b
E xec D o c 2 8 , 38 t h Co ng , 2 d S e s s ; H o u s e E x ec D o es 1 1 , 7 0, a nd
. . . . . .

120, 39t h Co ng , 1st S es s ; H o us e E xec D o c 7 , 39 t h Co n g , 2 d S e s s ;

. . . . . .

H o us e R ep o r t 30, 4ot h Co ng , 2 d S e s s ; H o us e E xec D o c 32 9 , i b d ; . . . . i .

Ho us e E xec D o c 14 2 , 4 1s t Co ng , 2 d S e s s ; H o us e M s c D o c 8 7 4 2 d
. . . . i . .

Co ng , 3d S es s ; H o us e E xec D o c 100, 4 3d Co ng , 1 s t S e s s ; H o us e
. . . . . .

Exec D o c 14 4 , 4 4 t h Co ng , l s t S e s s
. . O n t h e c o n d t o n o f Free d m en . . i i
see S ena t e E x ec D o c 53, a n d S en a t e R ep o r t 2 5 , 38 t h Co ng , 1 s t S es s ;
. . . .

H o us e E xec D o c 1 18 , 39t h Co ng , l s t S e s s
. S o u t h e rn S t a t e eg s
. . . l i
l i
at o n re s ec t ng p i
f reedm en i s s u mm a r ed in M c Ph erso n , R ec o n iz
s t ru c t i o n , 2 9-4 4 S ee a so Co x, Th ree D eca d es , ch a
. 25 l p . .

I t m ay b e i n t eres t i n g t o n o t e A b rah am Li n co l s p ro n ’

p h e t ic p ro t es t ag ai n s t l y n ch l aw u t t e re d in 1 8 30 H e s a i d .

I n t h e g rea t ha j o u rn a l
e n ng u n d e r t h e s u n , w e , t h eof th i ng s pp i
Am er c a n i eo p pl
e , fi n d o u r a c c o u n t ru nn n g u n d er d a t e o f t h e n n e i i
t een t h c e nt u ry o f th e C h r st a n e ra W e fi n d o u rs e ve s in t h e e a ce i i . l p
f ul p i
o s s e s s o n o f t h e f a re s t o rt o n o f t h e e a rt h a s reg a rd s e t en t i p i x
o f t e rr t o ry , i
f e rt t y o f s o , and sa u r t y o f c m a t e ili We fi nd il l b i li .
37 0 App en dix
l
o u r se ve s u n der th e g o vern m en t o f a s y st em o f o t ca n st t u t o n s p li i l i i i
i
c o n du c ng m o re e s s en t a
y t o t h e en ds o f c v i ll
a n d re g o u s ert y i il li i lib .

i
t h a n a n y o f w h ch t h e h i st o ry o f f o rm er t m e s t e s u s
’

W e , wh en i ll .

i
m o u nt ng t h e s t a g e o f e st en ce, f o u n d o u rs e ves t h e eg a xi n h e r t o rs l l l i i
o f t h e s e f u n d a m en t a ess n g s l bl i
W e t o ed n o t in t h e a c qu re m ent o r . il i
e st a blish m en t o f t h e m ; t h ey a re a eg a c y e u ea t h e d u s b
y a o n ce l b q
b p i i
h a rdy, ra v e, a n d a t r o t c, b u t n o w a men t ed a n d d e a rt e d , ra c e o f l p
a n c est o rs .

A t w h at p i
o nt t h en i s t h e a ro a ch o f d a ng er t o b e e e c t ed ? I pp xp
a n sw er, if it ev er re a c h u s it m u s t s r ng u p a m o ng s t u s ; it c a nn o t p i
c o m e f ro m a ro a d b
If d e st ru c t o n b e o u r l o t w e m u s t o u rse ve s b e
. i l
it s a u th o r li
W e m u s t v e t h r o u g h a l l t m e o r d ie b y s u c d e
. i i i .

p
I h o e I a m o v er w a ry ; b u t if I a m n o t , t h ere i s ev e n n o w s o m e
i
t h ng o f ill
o m en a m o ng st u s I m e a n t h e n c re a s n g d s reg a rd f o r i i i
—
.

l aw w h c h i p
erv a d es t h e c o u n t ry t h e g ro w n g d s o s t o n t o s u b st i i ip ii
il
t ut e t h e w d a n d f u r o u s a s s o n s in i
eu o f th e s o e r p
u d g m e nt o f i li b j
c o u rt s , a n d t h e w o rs e t h a n s a v a g e m o s f o r t h e e ec u t v e m n st ers b x i i i
of j u s t ce i i ip ii
Th s d s o s t o n i s a w f u y f ea r f u in a n y c o m m u n t y ; an d
. ll l i
xi
t h a t it n o w e s t s in o u rs , t h o u g h g ra t ng t o o u r f ee ng s t o a dm t , i li i
l i l i
it w o u d b e a v o a t o n o f t ru t h a n d a n n su t t o o u r nt e g en c e t o i l i lli
de ny .

iki i i l
"

T u rn t h en t o t h a t h o rro r s t r n g s c en e a t S t Lo u s A s ng e-
. .

i i
v c t m o n y w a s sa c r l
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p p
e rh a s t h e m o s t h g h y t ra g c o f a n yt h n g o f it s i l i
e n g t h t h a t h as i l
ev e r b
e e n w t n e s s e d in rea i fe A m u at t o m an b y t h e na m e o f l li . l
iz
M c In t o s h w a s s e e d in t h e st reet , d ra gg ed t o t h e s u u r s o f t h e b b
i i
c t y , c h a n e d t o a t ree , a n d a c t u a y u rn e d t o d e a t h ; a n d al l w t h n ll b i i
i l
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B ibb , H en ry, a co o n e r, 166 l iz B u c h a n a n , a m e s , a w ea J re s k p i
Bi rn ey , Jam es G , a n a o t o n . b li i d ent , 2 1 7 -2 1 8
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u r e g h , Ch a r e s C , a n a o l . b li
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B u r e g h , H a rry , a m u s c a n , 2 9 8 ii
37 6 I n de x

Co a s t , G o d , t h e D u t c h t ra d e rs
l Co n g re s s of th e C o n f e d e ra t i o n,
o n , t h e, 2 1 s il e n ce o f , o n s l a v e ry , 7 3
Co dm a n, J o h n , s a v e s o f , p u t l i l
C o n g r e s s o n a rec o n s t ru c t o n , 2 4 6 i
t o d ea t h b
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i
t o n , 37 i
Co n s erva t s m o f t h e N eg ro , 331
fi i
Co f n , Lev , t h e ro m o t er o f t h e p i i
Co n st t u t o n o f t h e A m e r c a n A n i
U n derg ro un d R a ro a d , 14 3 il t is l a v e ry S o c e t y , t h e , 350 35 1 i -

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u s n es s m a n , 136 ; a n a dv o b
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Co n t ro o f w h t e m en in rec o n i
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Co o n a t o n , A f r c a n , 1 53 1 68 ; -
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m et u s t o , 154 ; t h e d iffi cu l i
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t e s o f , 1 60 ; ro t e s t o f f ree Ne o f , t o w a rd s a v e ry , 7 3 7 4 l -

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1 63 ; t h e f a u re o f , 16 3 1 64 ; -
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Co o , Jo h n F , a mi n s t e r a n d . i
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Co o k W ill M a ri o n a mus i c i an
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T e a s , ro o s e d , 164 ; in r t B i 298
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Co r n , J C , h o n o ra e rec o rd o f , bl
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2 53
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-
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Co rn sh , S a m u e E , a n e d t o r, l i
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.

v iva l o f , b y T u rn er a n d M o r
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Co rru t o n e
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-

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Co tt e r, J o se h S ea m a n , a w r t er, p i
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A f r c a , 16 6 1 6 7 -

303
l bi
Co um a , t h e N eg ro e s a t , d is
ib
t r u t e d , 14 1 Co t t o n , t h e n c re a se in t h e p ro i
l b
Co um u s , s eg reg at o n t en den c e s i i i
d u c t o n o f , 7 0, 8 3
in , 333 Co t t o n g in , t h e , n v en t o n o f , 7 9 ; i i
l t h e e ff ec t o f , 80
Co m e t , T h e, f ree do m o f s a v e s o f ,
2 08 Cra ft , W illi
a m , t h e e s c a e o f , 14 1 p
p
Co m en s a t ed em an c at o n p ro ip i ll
C ra f t , E en , a f u g t v e , 14 1 ii
p o s ed , 2 2 1
ll
Cra n d a , Pru d en c e , t h e m r s o n i p i
pl i
Co m a n t , a u st , 338 j m en t o f , 9 7 9 8 , 1 7 5 -

p i
Co m ro m s e o f 18 50, th e , 2 1 3 2 14 -
ll
Cra n da , R eu en , m r so n m en t b i p i
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Co m ro m s e s o n s av ery b y t h e l
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Co n v en t o n o f 1 7 8 7 , 7 4 l
Cra n ey I s a n d , f u g t v e s in , 2 2 6 ii
fli l
Co n c t o f c a ss e s in c t e s , 332 ii i
C re d t sy s t em f o r t h e f re edm en ,
333 2 62
fli
Co n ct o f ra ce s in c t es , 333 i i i
Cre g h t o n , a N eg ro s av eh o der, l l
334 12 8
fi
Co n s ca t o n o f i p p
ro ert y, a n a ct l
Cre o e Ca se, t h e , 2 10 2 12 -

f o r , 2 2 8 2 30 - i
Cr m e , t h e d ec re a s e i n , 2 84
Co n g o , t h e, 2 i i
C r s s o f 18 50 , t h e , 2 1 3
Co n g o e s , t h e, 2 5 i
Cr s i s , T h e, 2 7 7 2 7 8 -

i
Co n g r e s s , t h e a c t o n o f , o n t h e Cr it i i c sm o f N eg ro e s in t h e a rm y ,

i l
m em o r a f ro m t h e Qu a e rs a n d k 32 2
f ro m t h e Pen n s y v a n a A o l i b li i
C r t t e n d en , G o v ohn , a r do n o f . J p
i i
t o n S o c et y , 7 5 7 7 ; r e o rt o f , -
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. ib
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a do t e d , 7 5 7 7 ; a ck o f
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 I n de x 37 7

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I s a ac , e sc a e o f , w t h
,
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ll
Cro m w e , J W , a n h st o r a n , . . i i i i
D s t r c t o f Co u mb a , em a n c a l i ip
30 1 i
t o n in , u rg ed , 2 13 ; s a v e t ra d e l
Cro t h ers , S amu e , a n a n t s a very l il in, a o s h ed, 2 14 b li
l
ea d er in t h e W est e rn R e s e rve , D ix, G en e ra , a tt t u de o f , t o w a rd
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184 N eg ro f u g t ve s, 2 24 ii
ll
Cru m m e , A e a n der, a ch u rch lx D o n at o , M a rt n , a Neg ro s a ve i l
m a n , 14 8 - 149 l
h o d e r, 1 2 9
l
Cu ff e , Pa u , t h e n t ere st o f , in i D o ug a s , S t e h en A , o u a r s o v
l p . p p l
co o n l iz i
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l
Cu t u re o f N eg ro es , 1 - 14 D o ug a s s , Fre de r c , a n o o n en t
l ik pp
Cu rry, J L M , eff o rt s o f, f o r
. . . o f co o n l iz i
a t o n , 1 60 1 6 7 , 1 68 ; -

N egro e du c a t o n , 2 8 7
b
D a n ey , A u st n , a so d er o f d is
i i
t n c t o n d u r ng t h e A m er c a n
l i
R ev o u t o n , 6 5 6 6 ; t h e e n s o n
o f , 66 ; s t a n d n g o f , 6 6
D ah o m ey , t h e S t a t e o f , 10
il
Da n e , t h e f ug t ve , a rre st ed, 14 1
D red S co t t d ec s o n , 142
i
D a v d s o n , S J , a n n v e n t o r, 2 9 4 .
i
D a v s , H u g h , a w h t e m a n ch arg ed
i l i
w t h y ng w t h a N eg ro w o m an ,
47
D a v s , J o s e h , a t t t u de o f , t o
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w ard h is s a v e s , 1 06 l D u B o i s , W E B , a n e d u c at o r
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18 1 ; a n O ffi c eh o der , 2 54 l
i l i D o u g a ss , H F , a Negro o f c er,
l . . fi
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p i D o ug a s s , W am , a ch urch ma n ,
l illi
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D o ug a s s, W am , an nvent o r,
l illi i
i i 2 94
i i D o w d , J ero m e , n t eres t o f , in t h e i
. i s t u d y o f t h e N eg ro , 342
i i
D o w n n g , Th o m a s , a s u cce s s f u l
i N eg ro , 136
D o y e , Jam es, an invent o r, 2 9 5
l
i 296
. . .

D ec a ra t o n o f I n de en den ce, t h e,
l i p a nd l
e a d er, 2 6 7 o o s t o n o f, pp i i
a n d t h e N e g ro , 56 5 7 -
to B k
o o er T W a sh ng t o n , 2 7 6. i
li
D ec n e o f t h e S e a o a rd S av e b l 2 7 7 ; a c o n t ro v er s a w r t e r , 301 i l i
S t a te s , 102 D u b u cl et , t h e e c e en t reco rd o f , x ll
D e G ra s se , Jo h n V , a N eg ro sur . 2 55
g e o n ,
2 34 D u n , Jo hn , nt e g ent s ave o f ,
li i lli l
D el a n ey M art i n , R , a co o n a . l iz 44
t io n i st , 1 66, 1 67 , 16 8 ; a n o ffi b
D u n a r, Pa u La u ren c e , a l o et , p
c e r, 2 34 301 ; w o rk s o f , 301 303 -

D eLarg e , R C , a m e m e r o f Co n . . b p
D u re y , Lo u s , a n a n t s a v ery i il
g r e ss , 2 49 2 5 0 -
m an , 8 9
ll
D e M e o , Ca e t a n o , e e d t o n o f , xp i i D u t c h W e s t I n d a C o m a n y, 2 1 i p
s en t a g a n st Pa m a res , 32 i l D ra k e , S ir Fra n c s , t h e u n de r i pl
i
D e s M o n e s , t h e t ra n n g c a m i i p ing o f , 2 1
f o r N eg ro o f c ers a t , 3 1 7 -318 fi Dra yt o n , D , t h e m r so n m en t o f ,
. i p i
iz
D e N a , Fra y M a rco s , E s t evan e 18 8
i
c t o w t h, 2 7 i D red S co t t c a se, t h e 2 1 6 , 2 17
D e sa l in e s , c h d o f t h e reb e o n il lli D re s ser, A m o s, t h e u n sh m ent p i
in H a t , 7 2 ii o f , 18 6

D et t , N a t h a n e , a m u s c a n , 2 98 il i i
i ill
D agu o , t h e ac Co r s a r , 2 8 Bl k i E a r y, o f G eo rg a , t h e e ff o rt o f ,
l i
D ck n so n , J H , a n n v en t o r, 2 9 4
i i . . i in f a v o r o f t h e s a v e t r a d e , 8 1 l
i ki
D c n so n , S L , a n n v en t o r, 2 9 4 . . i 82
D a rd , J H , e ff o rt s o f , f o r N a
ill b
E o es , 2 4, 2 5
ii
. .

g r o e d u c a t o n , 2 8 7 -
2 88 i Ec o n o mic co nd t o n o f t h e f reed
 37 8 I n de x

m en , 2 6 1-2 63 ; emedi es f o r, i pi
Et h o a , t h e r s e , o f , 6 , 7 , 8 i
"

r
p p ro o se d , 2 63 p i
E u ro e , A f r c a n s av e s in , 18 , 19 l
Eco no m c roi p bl
e m o f t h e N eg ro Ev a n s , H en ry , a re a c h e r, 1 1 7 p
i
a f t er t h e m g ra t o n , 334 i x p i
E c e t o n a s a v e s , 38 39 l l -

i l
E c o n o m c s a very a f t e r t h e r ea o E xplo re r s , N eg ro e s w th , 2 7 2 8 i -

i
t o n , 85, 9 9 12 3 -
x
E o du s o f 1 8 7 9 , t h e , 2 63 2 6 6 -

i
E d u c a t o n o f Neg ro e s in t h e E g h i
t e en t h Cen t u ry, 4 0 4 2 , 4 3, 4 4 ; -
Fa i b nk
r C a v n , t h e m r so n
a , l i i p i
p ro h ibi i
t o n o f , in t h e S o u t h , m en t o f , 18 8
l
9 6 ; o f s a v e s , 108 1 09 ; t r a o f , -
i l Fa u s e t , J e s s e R , a w r t er, 303
i . i
l i
i n so v n g t h e N eg ro ro em , p bl Fea t h e r s t o n a u g h , c o mm en t o f , o n
2 66 i
t h e n t ern a s a v e t ra de , 9 9 1 00l l -

E d u ca t o n a i l
a d va n t a g e s of Ne Fe e , J o h n G a n a o t o n st , t h e b li i i
g r o r i
e c o n s t ru ct o n o f c eh o de r s , fi l f o u n der o f e re a C o B
eg e , 1 8 2 ll
2 5 1 -2 5 2 i
Fe rd n a n d , K ng , a n d t h e s a v e i l
Eff o rt s f o r ec o n o m c et t e rm e n t i b t rad e , 19
m a d e b y N eg ro e s t h em s e v es , l Fe s s en den , W P , reco n st ru c t o n . . i
337 338 -
i
de a s o f , 2 4 2
p
Eg y t a n d t h e N o rt h , 6 , 7 , 8 , 1 1 i
F g h t er, t h e N eg ro a s , a , 32 5
E llico t t , G eo rg e , t h e f r en d o f i i i
F n d n g a w a y o f e sc a e , 2 60 2 8 0 p -

B j i B i
,

en a m n a n n ek e r , 69 7 0 -
F f t ee nt h A m en dm en t , 2 38
lli b
E o t t , R o ert B , a m e m er o f . b i l b
F n ey , R o ert , a ro m o t e r of p
Co ng re ss , 2 5 1 ; e du c a t o n o f , i l iz i
co o n at o n, 157
2 51 i i
F rs t R eg m e n t I n f a n t ry Co r s p
lli
E s, W illi
a m , a N eg ro s u rg e o n , d A f r iqu e , 2 32
’

2 34 i
F rs t R e g m en t ofi Lo u s a n a i i
ll li
E s w o rt h , O v e r , a t t t u d e o f , t o i H ea vy A rt e ry , 2 32 ill
w a rd s a v ery, 7 3l i i
F rst R eg m en t o f Lo u s a n a N a i i
ip i
E m a n c a t o n b y en st m en t d u r li t v e G u a rd s , 2 32
i
l i
in g t h e R ev o u t o n a ry W a r , 6 2 l i p
F o r da , e o n a g e in , 2 7 0
63 ; b y s t a t u t e , 66 67 ; t h e c h ec -
k ll
Fo en , E a liz
Lee , a n a o t o n b li i
o f, 7 1 ; p l
ro c a m a t o n o f , b
y F re i p o et , 1 7 4

m o n t d u r ng t h e C v i W a r, i il Fo rc e s, bill
t h e en a c t m en t o f ,
2 2 8 t h e s a m e b y H u n t e r, 2 2 9 ; 2 56 2 5 8 -

i l
b y L n c o n , 2 30 2 31 , 2 37 2 38 - -
Fo rc e , t h e u s e o f , t o ch ec the k
ip i
E m a n c a t o n Pro c a m a t o n , t h e , l i x
e o d u s o f N eg ro e s , 2 6 5

i
t h e s s u a n c e o f , 2 30 2 31 ; t h e -
Fo rt en , J a m e s , a n n v en t o r, 1 09 ; i
i i
c o n st t u t o n a a s ect l
o f, 2 37 p a su c c e s s f u lb i
u s n e s s m a n , 136 ;
'

2 38 o pp i i
o s t o n o f , t o co o n at o n, l iz i
l
E m en I n s t t u t e , 139 i 162
E n c o m iu m , T h e, f re e do m o f s a v e s l Fo rt re ss M o n ro e, f u g t ve s av e s ii l
o f , 2 08 at , 2 2 6

i
E n f ra n c h s e m ent o f N eg ro e s , t h e Fo ss , A n d rew T , a n a o t o n s t , . b li i i
q i
u est o n o f , 2 56 1 7 6 17 7 -

l l
E n g a n d , s a v ery in , 38 Fo st er, A b y K e y , a n a n t is l a v
b ll
li
E n g h t en m en t o f s a ve s , 108 1 09 l - e ry l
e c t u re r, 1 7 5 1 7 6 -

E n t erp r is e, T h e, t h e f ree d o m o f Fo s t er, S t e h e n , a n a bo t o n s t ,

p li i i
l
t h e s a ve s o f , 2 08 17 6
i
E nv ro n m en t , t h e eff ec t o f , 4 5 - ill i
Fo t h erg , n t e re s t o f , in c o o n l i
q li
E ua t y e f o reb t h e l aw a dvo z a t i o n , 15 4 1 5 5 -

c a t e d b y S u m n e r , 35 6 35 8 -
Fo u rt een th A m e n d m en t , 2 38 , 2 4 4
E s t eva n ec ito , e xpl
o rat o n s o f , 2 7 i i
Fra n c s , H en ry , a t e ach er a n d
28 m n s ti i
e r , 6 8 -
69
38 0

Go rdo n Willi am i nt ere st o f

, , ,
in in t h e f re edo m o f t h e N eg ro ,
f reedo m 54 ,
61
Go rsu ch t he killi ng o f 14 1
, , ,
l
Ha m et , t h e f ug t ve , a rre st ed , ii
G o yb et G e n era l p ra i s e o f , fo r 14 1
pi i
, ,

N egr o so l di ers, 32 1-322 Ha mm o n , Ju t er, a w r t er o f

G radu a l em a n c ip i a t o n b ec o m ng i v e rs e , 301

p o p u l ar,
8 7 88
-
H a m p t o n f ug i t i ve s l a ve s in , 2 2 6
, ,

G rant , U S , at t t u de o f , t o w a rd
. . i H a m p t o n I n st i t u t e , t h e p ro gres s
ii
f ug t ve s a ve s , 2 2 4 22 5 ; t h e l - o f, 2 8 8 2 89 -

u se o f N eg ro e s in t h e a rm y b y , H a n c o ck , Jo h n , o pp s it io on o f, to
p
2 30 ; re o rt o f , o n t h e S o ut h , the en li st m en t o f N eg ro t ro o ps ,

24 2 -2 4 3 59
G ree s a n d t h e Negro , 5 , 6
k H a ra l so n , Jere , a m em b e r of Co n
G reen , A ug u st u s R , a n a dvo cat e .
g ress , 2 49
l i
o f co o n z a t o n , 1 6 6 i p
H a r er, Ch a n ce o r, o s t o n o f, ll p ii
G reen , S am u e , m r so nm ent o f , l i p i on t h e t ea ch ng o f N eg ro e s , i
18 7 96 97 -

G reen e, A n n a , a w h t e w o m an es i p
H ar er, Fra n ces E W , a w r t e r . . i
ca pi i
ng w t h a N eg ro m an , 4 6 o f v e rs e , 30 1

G reen e , Co o n e , def en ded b y N e

l l p
H a r e r, W am A , a illi
a n t e r, . p i
g ro s o d e rs , 65 l i 2 99
G reen e, G en era , nt ere st o f , in l i ip
H a rd s h s o f N eg ro es in t h e
li
t h e en st m en t a n d f reedo m o f N o rt h , 130
t h e N eg ro e s , 6 1 ; N eg ro s o l l
H a r a n , R o ert , a su cces s fu N e b l
i
d ers u n der, d u r ng t h e R ev i g r o i n O h o , 1 3 9 i
o l ut io n a ry W a r, 6 5 i
H a rr s , D r , o n o n o f , a s t o t h e
. pi i
G reen er, R T , a reco n st ru ct o n . . i l
v a o r o f N e g ro s o d e rs in t h e l i
i
O ff c eh o d er, l
2 52 ; t h e e du c a i
A m er ca n R evo u t o n , 6 5 l i
i
t o n o f , 2 52 H a rt , A B , u o t ed , 1 7 1
. . q
G ree r, A an J , a n o ffi c er a rra yed
ll . H a rt f o rd , Co n n ect cu t , c o o n a i l iz
i
ag a n s t N eg r o e s , 320 ; ett er o f , l i
t o n in , 162
t o S en a t o r M c K ell a r , 32 1 H a u sa , t h e st at e o f , 9 , 10
G r mk e, A H , a ro t ag o n st in
i . . p i i
H a u g h t n e s s o f t h e a r s t o c ra t c i i
t h e s t rugg e f o r s o c a l
u st c e , i l j i l
c a ss , 2 5 5 2 5 6 -

278 Haw n s , S ir J o h n , e
ki o ts o f, xpl i
G r m e s st e rs , a o t o n st s , 17 7
i k i b li i i 20
Gu at e m a a , a N eg ro f reedman in ,
l H a ye s , R B , t h e w t h draw a o f
. . i l
2 8 ; m a ro o n s in , 2 9 -30 t h e Fed era t ro o s b y, 2 58 2 59 l p -

Gu n ea , th e G u f o f , 5
i l H a yn e s , G eo rg e E , h ead o f t h e .

G u n ea Co a st , s a ve t ra de o n , 2 1
i l B u rea u o f N eg ro E co n o mi c s i n
p
t h e D e a rt m en t o f La o r, 316 b
H a i t i , N eg ro i n su rr ct i n in 7 2 e o ,
H a yn es, Lem u e , a at r o t a n d l p i
73; co l n izat i o n in
o 1 6 7 16 8 , ,
l i
s o d e r o f t h e A m er ca n R evo i
Hale J hn R
o an a n t i s l a v ry e l u t io n , 5 8 , 6 3
l l
, ,

19 3
s en at o r, H a yw a rd , Co o n e , a c o m m an der
l
H a e, Jo s e h , s a ve p l o f, a bl e to o f N eg ro t ro o s , 3 1 8 p
re a d a n d w r t e , 4 2 i H en so n , J o s a h , c o m m en t o f , o n
i
H a ll B il
as c o mm en t o f, on the i
t h e n t ern a s a v e t ra de , 100 l l
p
, ,

i nt e n l s l av t d 100
r a e ra e, 101 ; a ro m o t e r o f t h e U n de r

H ll ck G n
a e l a t t i t ud f t o
,
e e ra ,
e o , g r o u n d R a il
ro a d , 14 3 ; t h e p ro

f ug i t i v s 2 2 4 t o t yp e o f Un c l e T o m s Ca bi n ,
’
w rd N g a e ro e ,

Ham il t o n A l ex a n der i nt
,
st o f ,
e re ,
15 1- 152
 I n de x 38 1

Hen ry Pa t r c , an advo c at e o f
, ik i l
I n d u st r a revo u t o n a n d t h e re l i
f reedo m , 5 7 i
ac t o n , 7 9 -8 0

H er m o s a , Th e , f reed o m o f th e Indu s tr a i l
S c h o o s , N eg ro , t h e l
l
s a ve s o f , 2 08 p ro g re ss o f , 2 8 8 -2 89

i p
H g h er u rs u t s , s av es in , 44 4 5 i l - i i
I n f e r o r t y o f ra ces , u e st o n o f , q i
i i
H g g n so n , T W , a eade r o f N e l 339 34 1 -

i i l i
. .

g ro t ro o s , 2 35 p I n s t t u t o n s o f earn ng f o un ded ,
ill
H , o f Ch illi
c o t h e , a s u cc e s s f u l 2 66
N eg ro , 138 I n s u ra n ce co m an e s c o nt ro ed p i ll
ill
H , L P , a wr t er, 303 i b y N eg ro e s , 2 9 2
l fi
. .

ill b
H s o ro , N egro n surrect o n a t , i i I n s u t t o N eg ro a rmy o f cers ,

92 322 32 3 -

il
H y er, A F , an nven t o r, 2 9 4 i i
I n s u rrect o n o f t h e N eg ro es d u r
ip i l
.

H s a n o a , s a ve t ra d ers , 2 0
.

l i n g t h e ea r y e r o d s in t h e l p i
H o ff ma n , Freder c L , nt ere st ik i l i
c o o n es , 36 37 ; in t h e W es t -

o f , in t h e s t u dy o f t h e N eg ro ,
.

i
I n d e s , 7 2 7 3 ; in t h e U n t ed -
i
342 S t at es , 9 2 9 4 -

H o e, S a e , a n a bo t o n st , 1 7 7
lli lli li i i ll
Int e ec t u a l
deve o m en t , 4 1-4 2 , l p
43-4 4
Ho y , J T , a c o o n a t o n s t ,
ll l iz i i
.

1 66 , 167 , 168 ; in H a t , 168

.

i i b
I nt e r reed ng , 133 i
Ho m e s o f N eg ro e s , m ro vem en t s i p i
I n t e res t , d ff er ng , o f t h e s ec t o n s , i i
1 1 8 1 19 -

in , 2 8 7
Int e rn a l i p
m ro vem ent s , t h e u e s q
H o o te r, H E , a n n vent o r, 2 9 6
. . i i
t o n o f , 123
Ho pki n s, S a m u e , n t erest o f , in l i l l
I nt ern a s a ve t ra de , 9 9 102 -

f reedo m , 54 i l
I nt ern a t o n a en t a ng em en t s , 208 l
H o v ey, Ch a r e s F , an a b o t o n l . li i 2 12
me rch a n t , 1 7 4 l
I n t ers t a t e s a ve t rad e , 104 ; t h e
Ho w a rd , 0 O , h ea d o f t h e Free d
. .
l i
reg u a t o n o f , 103
m en s
’
B
u rea u , 2 4 5 2 4 6 ; f o u n -
i i i
I nt m d a t o n o f N eg ro es in t h e
d er o f Ho w a rd U n vers t y , 2 4 6 , i i S o ut h , 2 4 4
2 88 i
I n ven t o n s o f N eg ro e s , 109 , 1 10,
Ho w a rd U n vers t y, t h e e st ab i i 1 1 1, 2 9 3 ; t h e d f c u t e s o f , ifi l i
l ish m en t o f , 2 4 6 29 8
ll
Ho w e s , W D , a f r en d o f D un . . i i
I n ve s t g a t o n o f s o c a i ro b e m s i l p l
b ar, 301 a n ec es s t y, 34 1 i
lx
H un te r, A e a n d er, t h e u rch a se p i
I n v e st g a t o r s , a s e d , 339 340 bi -

l
o f a s a ve b y , 1 2 7 i ll
I r s h N e , m a rr a g e o f , t o a N e i
Hu n t er, M a o r Ge n e ra , t h e em a n
j l g ro s a v e, 4 7 l
c ip a t o ry o rd er o f, 2 29 ; N e i
I r sh i n t h e N o rt h , c o m e t t o n p ii
g ro es a rm e d b y, 2 32 o f , w t h N eg ro i a o re rs , 9 7 9 8 , l b -

p i
Hu m h r e s , S o o m o n , a w e a t h y l l 130
N eg ro , 12 9 I rr ep res s i b l e C o n fli c t , Th e, o f
H unt o n , W am A , illi
rst N eg ro . fi illi
W a m H S e w a rd , 36 3 36 5 .
-

I nt ern a t o n a Yo ung i M en s ’
l b ll
I s a e a , Qu e en , a tt t u d e o f , t o i
i i
Ch r s t an A s so c at o n S ec re i i w a rd s a v e ry, 19 l
t a ry , 2 8 6
H yma n , J o h n A , a m emb er o f . J a ck s o n , B j en a m in F .
, an inven
Co ng ress , 2 4 9 t o r, 2 9 4
Ja c s o n , Fran c s , a n a o
k i b li t i n i st o ,

i
I m p en d n g Cris i s , Th e , 2 16 2 17 -
17 4
i p li
I n d an a o s , segreg a t o n t e n den i Ja ck s o n , M ay Ho w ard, a sc u lp
i
c e s in , 333 t o r, 2 9 9
 .

38 2 I n de x

J a co b s G o vern o r R, . T .
, pa rd o n o f K en ch , Th o m a s, i nt ere st o f , in
i b
Fa r a n k s , b y , 8 8 t h e en li s t m en t o f N eg ro es 63 ,

J a m a c a , Fra n c s W a m s , t h e
i i illi K en t u ck y f a il u re o f , t o p ro h ibi t
,

s c h o a r, l
in , 2 9 ; a g e n t s f ro m , i
t h e t ea c h n g o f N eg ro e s , 9 6
q
in u e s t o f N eg ro m m g ra n t s , i i i
K e y, Fra n c s S c o t t , a ro m o t e r p
164 165 -
o f co o n l iz i
a t o n , 15 7

Ja m es , D a v d , a n i
eg t m a t e m u ill i i K o ch , B
e rn a rd , t h e a g e nt o f t h e

l
at t o b
o und o ut , 48 co o n l iz i i
at o n st s of th e C v i il
Ja m eso n , J
F , n t ere st o f , in t h e
. . i p i
Wa r er o d , 2 2 7 -2 2 8 ; g o verno r
s t u d y o f t h e N eg ro , 342 of th e A Va ch e c o o n y, 2 2 7
’
l
Ja y , W illi
a m , t h e e n em y o f c o o l 228
n iz a t io n , 9 6 9 7 t h o ught o f , o n -
K rea m e r, H en ry, a n n v ent o r, i
i
m sc eg en a t o n , 18 7 ; o n o n o f , i pi i 29 4
a s t o t h e C o n s t t u t o n , 19 4 i i l x l
Ku K u K a n , t h e o era t o n s o f , p i
Jeff e rs o n , T h o m a s , a n o o n en t pp 2 5 6 2 58 , 2 69 ; recru descen c e o f ,
-

l
o f s a ve ry , 5 7 58 ; m e ssa g e t o -
325-32 6
Co n g ress c o n c e rn n g , 8 1 ; h i s i
f ea r o f th e e v , 9 0 ; n t e re st il i Lab o r f act o r in t h e N eg ro s it
a
o f , in c o o n l iz i
a t o n , 1 5 5 ; c o rre i
n a t o n , 306 307 -

s p o n den c e o f , w t h a nn e e r, i B k l
Lo ya t y o f N eg ro es , 313, 314 ,
70 31 6 31 7 -

J en ki n s D a v d , a su c c e s s f u N e
, i l La f a yet t e , M a r u s d e , o n o n o f q i pi i
g ro i n O h o , 138 i a s t o t h e v a o r o f N eg ro s o l l
J enn e , t h e st a t e o f , 10 i
d e rs , 6 5
Je rry , t h e f u g t v e a rre st ed in ii La f o n , Th o m y, a w ea t h y N eg ro , l
S y ra c u s e , 1 4 1 12 7
J o h n so n , A n d rew , a c ce t a n c e o f p Lag o , W illi
a m , t h e n d ct m ent o f , i i
i l
L n co n s rec o n s t ru c t o n
’
an i pl in K ent u c y, 2 03 k
b y, 2 4 1 2 4 2 -
La m ert , W b am , a co o nilli
at o n l iz i
J o h n s o n , G eo rg a D o u g a s , a i l i s t , 1 66
p o et , 303 L A m i s t a d , t h e f reedo m o f t h e
’

Jo h n s o n , J a m e s We d o n , a w r t er, l i l
s a v e s o f , 2 09
303 La n e , Lu n s f o rd , a n a n t s a very il
J o h n s o n , O v e r, a n a o t o n s t ,
li b li i i l
e c t u re r , 1 7 6 , 1 7 9

17 7 l i l
La n e Th eo o g c a S em n a ry , a n t i i
J o h n s o n , W a m H , a n inv en illi . l
s a v ery , 1 8 4
t o r, 2 9 6 La ng st o n , J M , a m em er o f . . b
J o h n so n a h e ro o f t h e Wo r d
. l C o n g re ss , 24 9 ; t h e ed u c a t o n i
Wa r ,
32 5 o f, 2 5 1
Jo h n so n ,
G e n e ra , t h e a tt t u de o f , l i i
La t m er Ca s e , t h e, 2 06 2 07 -

t o w a rd f u g t ve s a ve s , 2 2 4 i i l La st w o rd s o f Jo h n B ro w n , 36 7
Jo n e s , C C , n t e re s t o f , in t h e
. . i 368
i i
n s t ru c t o n o f N eg ro e s , 9 7 i
La t n s , t h e en g h t en m en t of li
Ju d s o n , A n d re w T , t h e d e c s o n . i i l
s a v e s a m o ng , 2 6
o f , in t h e A m s t a d Cas e, 2 09 i La t ro e , J H B , a f a c t o r in
b . . .

co o n l iz i
a t o n , 1 59
K a n s a s N e b r a s k a q u e s t i o n 2 14
-
,
La u ren s , H e n ry , t h e ro o s a o f p p l ,

K a n s a s Co l o re d Vo l u n t e e rs 2 32 ,
li i
f o r e n st ng a n d f re e ng N e i
K e i t h G e o rg e i n t e re s t o f in t h e
, , , g ro es , 5 8 , 62
i n st ru c t i o n o f N eg ro e s 39 ; in ,
La w , J o s a h , n t e re s t o f , in t h e
i i
c o l o n iz a t io n
h
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n s t ru c t o n o f N eg ro e s , 9 7
K e m bl e , Fra n ce s , an il
a n t s a v e ry La w re n c e , S a m u e , re s c u e o f , b y l
i
w r t er, 18 5 N eg ro es , 5 8
384 I n de x

M a ryl a nd f a il u re , o f, to p r h ibi t
o M i dd l e S t at e s s l avery in 35 36 ;
, ,
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t h e t e ach n g o f N eg ro e s , 9 6 M a n u m i ss i o n in 54 ,

l i
M a ry a n d , m s c eg en a t o n in , 4 6 i M iflin A n n i n t ere s t o f in co l o
, , ,

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ill
Ma ryv e Co eg e , a n t s av ery, ll il M i g ra t i o n t h e N eg ro e s t o t h e
of
182 N o rt h , 2 65 2 6 6, 306 -3 10 ; c a u se s
-

M a so n , G eo rg e , a n a dvo ca t e o f o f , 309 310 -

f ree do m , 58 M ili t a ry d i st ri cts in t h e So ut h ,

M a s s a ch u s et t s , N eg ro e s o f , ea v e l 247
f o r Ca n a d a , 14 1 ; t h e u r s n g p i i il
M d a tt a c k n s l av y
o er 87
of l
s a v e s in , 36 ; ro t e st o f, p M ill er, K ell y a n du e
,

ca t o r, 2 6 7 ,
i
a g a n s t t h e e n s t m en t o f N e li 301
,

g r o e s i n t h e A m e r ca n R ev o l u i M ill er M at t h ew o pi n i on o f, as
i
t o n , 58
,

t o N eg ro t ro o s , 2 36 p
,

M a ss a c re s o f N egro e s , 2 61 ill
M e r, Th o m a s E , a m em b er o f
il
M a t da , t h e u es t o n a s t o t h e q i
.

Co ng re ss, 2 51
f reedo m o f , 2 06
M illi g a n Cas e t h e 2 36
M a tt h ew s , W D , a N eg ro o ffic er, M ill s E lij a h J a p ro m o t er
, ,

of
. .

, .
,
2 34
M a t z el ig er, Ja n E , a n o t e d N e
co o n l izat i o n, 157
M ill s S a m u e l J l iz t i
.

g r o n v e i
n t o r , 2 9 3 ; r e s u t s f ro m l ,

ist , 15 7
a co o n a on

pa t e nt o f , 2 9 3 2 9 4 -

M a y, T h o m as , a n nt e g en t s ave i lli l M i n er M yrt ill a t h e w o rk o f

, , ,
144
o f, 4 2
M i n o r Pa t ri c k A a N eg ro
, .
, o ffi

M a y, S a m u e , Jr , a n a b o t o n st ,
l li i i c e r, 234
M i s c eg en a t i o n i
.

17 4 t h e w h t es an d
of

l
M ay, S am u e J , a n a o t o n s t , . b li i i bl k
a c s , 4 5 5 0, 1 33 ; d a n g e r o f ,
-

1 7 4 , 17 5 50 ; c a s e s o f , 1 1 1 - 1 1 2
M e a s u rem en t s , sych o o g c a , 34 0 p l i l i i ippi p
M s s ss , eo n a g e in , 2 7 0

34 1 i i p
M ss o u r Co m ro m s e , 1 2 0 12 1 ; i -

i
M ec h an c s , N eg ro , 1 15 c o mm en t o n , b y J Q Ad a m s , . .

M ec k l in , J o h n M , n t e re st o f , in . i 34 3 344 ; rem a rk s o f J o h n S er
-

t h e s t u dy o f t h e N eg ro , 34 2 e a n t o n , 344 34 6
g
-

i
M ed t erra n e a n w o r d , N eg ro es in , l .
bil l b
Mo e, A a a m a , t h e N eg ro e s o f ,
6, 7 , 8 p
ro t e ct e d b y t h e Lo u s a n a Pu r ii
ll
M e e, t h e ki
n g do m o f , 9 1 0 - c h a se T re at y , 7 8 7 9 -

p i i i
M em h s , f u g t v e s a v e s in , 2 2 6 l M o h a mm ed A sk a , 1 1 i
i l
M en a s erv i c e o f N eg ro e s in t h e Mo h a m m e da n s in A f r ca , 8 , 9 , 10, i
N o rt h , 2 7 4 1 1, 12 , 15, 1 6, 17
M en de , e z xpl i
o t s o f, 2 1 l i
M o so n , R ch a rd, t h e e s ca e o f p
M erc er Co u n t y, Oh o , t h e N egro e s i l
t h e s a ve o f , w t h a w h t e i i
in , 139 w o m an , 4 6
l
M e rc er, Ch a r e s Fen to n , n t ere st i Mo n t g o m ery , B en a m n T , a n in j i .

o f , in c o o n l iz i
a t o n , 15 7 v en t o r , 1 1 1

M err c , Jo h n , a b u s n e s s m a n ,
ik i M o n t g o m e ry, I s a ah T , exp er i i .

2 92 en ce s o f , a s a s a ve, 106 ; a l
i pp i i
M et h o d st s , o o s t o n o f , t o s av l b i
u s n es s m a n , 2 9 2

e ry , 56 i
M o n ro e , Pre s den t , n t ere s t o f , in i
M et o y er, M a r e, a n eg ro s a v e i l l i
c o o n z a t o n , 159 i
l
h o d e r, 1 2 9 M o o re , W am ,illint e g en t s a v e i lli l
xi
M e c o , t h e o rg a n a t o n o f t e r iz i o f, 42

i
r it o r y a c qu re d f ro m , 2 1 3 ; N e M o rg a n , J o h n , a n a nt s a very il
g r o c o l i
o n s t s in , 2 69 s t u den t at La n e S e m n a ry, i
 I n de x 38 5

18 4 ; o ne of th e f o un d e rs o f N eg r o e s asd u r ng t h ere f u g e e s i
b li n
O er Co eg e, 1 8 4 ll C v i ilW a r, 2 2 3 2 30 ; o ya t o -
l l
M o rg a n S en a t o r , n t ere st o f , in
,
i i
t h e U n t e d S t a t e s , 313 3 1 4 -

co o n l iz i
a t o n , 2 6 8 2 69 -
ll i
N e , I r s h , ma rr a g e o f , t o a i
i
Mo rr s , T h o m a s , a n a n t s a v ery il l
s av e, 4 7

c o ng re s s m a n , 19 3 ll
Ne , W am illi
C , a N eg ro h is .

Mo t o n , R R , t h e h e a d o f T u s e
. . k i
t o r a n , 1 4 5 146 -

g ee, 2 9 1 b
N ew ern e , N eg ro n su rre c t o n a t , i i
Mo t t , Lu c ret a , a n a o t o n s t , i b li i i 92 93 -

17 7 l
N ew En g a n d , s a v e ry in , 35 l
M o tt , J a m e s , a n a o t o n st , 1 7 7 b li i i l
N ew E n g a n d a n d s ec e s s o n , 2 1 9 i
B
M o u n d a yo u , t h e h o m e o f a f o r l
N ew O r ea n s , H a t a n re f ug ee s in , ii
m er s a v e , 1 06 l 7 2 73 -

l
Mu a t t o e s , 133 N ew Yo r k
C t y, t h e N eg ro r o t i i
k
M u l b e r, Lu e , a s u cc e s s f u N eg ro l in , 37 , 9 8 ; m s c eg en a t o n in , i i
in Oh o , 138 i l iz i
4 9 ; c o o n a t o n in , 161 , 1 62 ,
Mu rra y, Geo rg e W , a m em er o f . b 1 63 ; a n t s a v e ry il
s o c et y i
in ,
C o n g r e s s , 2 5 1 ; a n n v e n t o r, 2 9 4 i i b li i
1 7 1 1 7 2 ; a n t a o t o n m o ve
- -

M u st ee s , 133 ii
m en t in , 19 1 ; t h e f u g t v e u es q
i
t o n in , 2 03
Nago c s , 2 4 N ew Yo r F ft een t h , 318 k i
N a sh , Ch a rl e s E .
, a m em b e r of
i i
N g e r, t h e , 2 8 ; M a rt n R
D e
, .

Co n gre s s , 2 4 9 l an y in t h v ll y f 1 67 l 68
e e a e o -

i l
N at o n a A s s o c a t o n f o r t h e A d i i N il e, th 2 6 7 e,
,

va n c e m en t o f Co o red Peo e, l pl N il s H z ki h
e p m t e e f
, ,

a a ro o er o
t h e w o r o f th e, 2 7 7 2 7 8 k -
,

l n iz t i n 15 7
co o a o
,

i l
N a t o n a A s s o c a t o n o f Fun era i i l N il es, N t h n i l i nt t f in
a a
,

e e res o
i
D rec t o rs , 2 9 2
f reedo m , 5 4
, ,

i l
N a t o n a N eg ro B a n ers A s so ’
k in et y s ec o n d D iv rs ro n , o f N eg ro
-

c iat io n , 2 9 2
i l
N a t o n a N e g ro R e t a M e r c h a n t s ’
il l i
s o d er s , 31 8

A s so c at o n , 2 9 2 i i
”
l ii
N o r f o k , H a t a n re f u g e e s a t , 7 2
N eg ro , t h e , e n s a v ed , 1 5 34 ; t h e l -
i
N o rt h , r ea c t o n a g a n s t t h e N e i
i 7 6 7 7 t h f re e N eg ro e s
i
r gh t s o f m a n a n d t h e , 5 1 52 ; - g r o n ,
e -

i n , 1 2 9 137 ; f u g t v e s in , 2 2 6
-
ii
s t a t u s o f , re d u c e d , 8 6 , 8 7 ; i n
t he C v i il
W a r, 2 2 1 2 38 ; in t h e -
2 2 7 ; t h e m g r a t o n o f N e gr o e s i i
t o , 2 7 1 2 7 2 , 306 3 1 0 ; t h e a d
l
Wo r d Wa r, 305 32 8 ; t h e , a n d -
-

v a n t a g e s o f N eg ro e s in , 307 ,
-

so c a i l j
u st c e , 32 8 342 i -

308 ; t ro u e s o f N eg ro e s in , bl
N eg ro c o n t ra a n d s , t h e reco rd o f , b 310 31 1 ; t h e recen t s t u a t o n
-
i i
2 30
in , 331
N eg ro Ch u rc h e s , 1 17
N eg ro p
r e a c h ers , 1 1 7
N o rt h Ca ro n a , m sc eg en a t o n li i i
N eg ro so d ers , en s t e d in Vir l i li in , 4 8 49 ; N e ro v o t e rs in , 6 7 ;
-

g i n a 6i1 ; i n R h o d e I s a n d 6 2 l p e o n a g e in , 2 0

6 3 ; in N ew Yo rk , 63 ; in New
,

N u ma n t ia , t h e N e r
g , o 3 1 -
33
p i
H am sh re , 63 ; in M a ry a n d , l
pi i
6 3 ; o n o n s a s t o s e rv c e o f , i O b li n
er Co eg e , t h e e st a sh ll bli
6 3 65 - men t o f , 18 4
N eg ro u n t s
~

ro o s e d i fo r t he p p fi
Of c er s N eg ro , t h e d e m a n d f o r ,
i i i i i
,

i
A m er c a n R ev o u t o n a ry f o rc e s , l i 3 1 6 31 7 d s c r m n a t o n a g a n s t ,
-

5 8 59 ; -
p
r o t e st ag a n s t , 5 8 59 ; i - 3 1 7 32 5 ; t ra n n g o f , a t D es
- i i
i i
d ec s o n a g a n st , 5 9 ; f ea r o f , i i
M o n e s , 31 7 318 ; ra s e d by -
p i
6 0 6 1 ; a rm ed b y
-
r t sh , 6 0 6 2 B ii - Fren c h , 32 1 32 2 -
38 6

O g d en , R o ert C , a ph il an t h ro b . il lp i
Ph a d e h a , m sceg en at o n in , i i
pi st , 2 8 9 4 9 ; m anum s s o n ro m o t e d in , i i p
O H a ra , J a m e s E , a m e m er o f
’
. b 54 ; r o t in , 9 8 ; i ro g re s s o f p
C o n g r e s s , 2 4 9 ; t h e e du c a t o n i f ree N eg ro e s in , 136 ; s eg reg a
o f, 2 5 1 i
t o n t en d e n c e s in , 333 i
i
Oh o , t h e q
u e st o n o f f u g t v e s i i i Ph i l an t h ro p i s t , Th e, 18 4
in , 2 03 ; a n t N eg ro aw s o f, i -
l Ph illip
s , W e n d e , a n a n t s a v ery ll il
2 06 o r a t o r , 1 7 2 , 1 7 4 ; a tt t u d e o f , i
O pp i t i
os on to l
s a v e ry , 2 16 2 17 -
t o w a rd t h e Co n s t t u t o n , 2 16 i i
O pp i r es s o n a cau se o f m g ra t i i on, i i
Ph y s c a n s , N eg ro , 2 8 5
310 i
P c k en s , W illi
a m , a n o ra t o r, 2 6 7 ,

i
O rd n a n c e o f 1 7 8 7 , t h e e m a n c ip a 301
l
t o ry c a u s e o f , 66, 7 3, 1 2 0 Pi ck e i ng J L an i nvent r 2 9 6
r , . .
, o ,

O rdin g se ll , A n t h o n y , t h e s a e l of Pi n h b k P B S a ec n t u
c ac , . . .
, r o s r c
l
a s a ve b y , 12 7 t i n ffi h l d r 2 52 ; t h
o O du ce o e , e e

Ot is J , a m e s , an a dvo c at e o f f re e c at i n f 2 52 ;
o d f 2 54 o , r ec o r o ,

do m , 5 7 Pi r y 2 1
ac ,

O u t c a st , t h e f ree N eg ro an , 1 32 Pi t t b u rg r i t in 9 8 ; s g g
s , o , e re a
1 33 t i n t n d n i s in 333
o e e c e ,

Pl n t t i n
a y st m
a s a o su l t s e a re

Pa in e, L . W .
, t he im p i s r o n m en t f m t h i n du t i l
ro v l ut i n e s r a re o o ,

o f, 188 7 9 8 0, 105 , 106 , 107

-

l
Pa m a res , t h e N eg ro Nu m an t a , i l
P at t , W illi
a m , a s u c c e ss f u l f ree
3 1 33 ; t h e d e st ru ct o n o f , 33
-
i N eg ro , 1 35
l
Pa m y r a , r o t a t , 9 8 i Po li t i c s and sl avery in t h e So uth ,
Pa rk er , J o h n T , a n n ven t o r, 2 9 6 . i 83
Paw aw s , 24p li i i
Po t c an s , N egro , l eav ng t h e i
x
Pa t o n , Jo h n D , t h e a t t a c o f, . k So u t h , 2 7 2
o n s a v e ry , 9 0 l Po k , l Bi p i
sh o , n t e rest o f , in t h e
Pa yn e , D a n e A , a ch u rch m a n , i l . i i
n s t ru ct o n o f N eg ro es , 9 7
14 8 p l i
Po u a r s o v ere g n t y, 2 14
Pe h a m , R o b ert A , a n nv en to r,
l . i Po rt s m o u t h , O h o , r o t a t , 9 8 , i i
2 94 14 0 ; f u g t v e s av es in , 2 2 6 ii l
Pen n , W illi a m , t he o wn er o f l
Po rt R o ya , S o u t h Ca ro n a , f ug li i
l
s aves , 35 i
t v e s av e s i n , 2 2 6 l
Penn i ng t on, J W . . C .
, a ch u r ch Po rt u g a , s a v e s in , 1 l l
m an ,
14 9 1 5 0 - Po o re, S a em , e l
o t s o f , 58 xpl i
l
Pe n n s y va n a , m s c eg en a t o n in , i i i Po t o m a c , t h e ravery o f N eg ro e s b
4 9 5 0 ; a n t a o t o n r o t s in ,
-
i b li i
-
i l
a o ng , 2 36

19 1 19 2 -
Po w e , W lla m , a N eg ro illi
su r
Pen n s y va n al i S o c et y f o r t h e i g e o n , 2 34
b li i
A o t o n o f S a v e ry , m e m o r a l i l j i
Pre u d c e a f a ct o r in t h e S o u t h ,
o f, t o Co n gr e s s , 7 5 ; a c t o n i 2 5 4 ; in t h e a rm y, 32 3
t a k en t h e r e o n , 7 5 7 7 -
p i
Pre a ra t o n o f s av e s f o r em an l
Pe o n a g e , 2 7 0 2 7 1 -
c ip a t io n , 6 7 6 8 -

b
Pern a m u c o a n d Pa m a re s , 3 1 33 l -
b
Pre s yt er a n s , o o s t on i o f , to pp i i
Perry, H em a n , a u s n ess m an , b i l
s a v e ry , 5 6
292 Pres ey, J a s u c c e ss f u N eg ro in
l l
Per s o n a e rt y aw s, l lib
1 1 2 1 13, l -
Oh o , 1 39 i
2 05 2 06 -
Pr ce , J C , a n o ra t o r a n d e du
i . .

Ph e s , J W , t h e a rm n g o f N e
lp . . i c a t o r, 2 66

g ro es , u n d e rt a k e n b y, 2 32 i
Pr g g Ca se , t he , 2 06
38 8 I n de x

uelt y R u ff ner, efi o rt o f , fo r N eg ro edu

'

R e sto red S o ut h , 2 68 ; t he cr
o f, 2 68 ca t o r, 2 8 8
i
R e s g na t io n of N eg ro es t o f at e , l
R ugg e s , D a v d, a ea d er in t h e i l
2 67 i i
c r s s , 14 9

i i
R e st r c t o n s o n m a n u m ss o n s, i i R u sh o f N egro es t o c t es , t h e , ii
1 2 8 ; o n f ree N eg ro e s , 1 30- 1 31 27 2, 273
R et u rn o f N eg ro e s t o t h e S o u t h , R u ssw u rm , J o h n B , t h e rst N e . fi
130 ll
g ro c o eg e g ra du at e in th e
R et u rn o f f u g t ve s, t h e co n st it u ii i
U n t e d S t a t e s , 14 4 - 14 5 ; a co o l
t io n a l qu e st o n o f , 2 00 2 02 i - n iz at io n ist , 15 9 , 1 60

l i
R ev e s , H ra m R , a m em er o f . b R ut h erfo rd , S W , a N eg ro u s . . b i
n e s s ma n , 2 9 2
i
t h e U n t ed S t a t es S ena t e , 2 4 9 ;
i R u t edg e , Go v ern o r, a N eg ro s ave
l l
t h e e du c at o n o f , 2 5 1
R h et t , o f S o u t h Ca ro n a , in t h e li i i
o f , d s t ng u sh ed b y h i s v a o r , i l
l 65
def en s e o f s a ve ry , 19 8
i p i
R ca rd , Cy r a n , a w e a t h y N e l
g ro , 12 9
S al em , Pet er, t h e killi ng of Ma
i
R ch a rd so n , R ch ard , t h e sa l e o f i j
or P t ca rn i
b y, 5 8 i
l
a s ave b y, 12 7
i
S a nd fo rd , R a h , a t t a c o f, o n lp k
i ch ards B m b j i i l
s a very, 53
R e n a n , a u s ness
S a n do va , A h o n so , l ro t e st lp p
o f,
,

m an , 1 36 39
i
R ch ey, Ch a r es V , a n invent o r, l .

k
S a ndy La e, t h e s et t e m en t o f , l
294 b kro en u p , 14 1
i ll
R dde , W R , nt ere st o f , in t h e
. . i S ant o D o m ng o , N eg ro ins u rre c i
s t u dy o f t h e N eg ro , 34 2 i
t o n in , 7 2 ; so ug h t a s a pl
ac e
i p ii
R g ht o f et t o n d en e , d 1 9 5 -
19 8 i l iz i
f o r c o o n a t o n , 165
i
R g h t s o f m an a n d t h e N eg ro , S ava nn a h , G eo rg a , t h e u ri s i ng i p
5 5 56 -
l
o f s a ve s a t , 36
R illi x
eu , No rb ert , a n invent o r, l
S ch o o s , N eg ro , t h e ro gre s s o f , p
109 - 110 2 88 2 89 -

i
R o t s o f N eg ro es w t h I r sh a n d i i z
S ch u r , Carl , re o rt o f , o n t h e p
Germa n s in t h e N o rt h , 9 8 , 140 S o u t h , 242 2 4 3 -

14 1 i
S co t c h -I r sh , n u enc e o f , 89 i fl
i
R s e , t h e , o f t h e o or w h t es , 330 p i S co tt ; Emm et t J , S ec a A s s s p i l i
R o ert s , a h ero o f t h e W o r d
b l
.

t an t t o t h e S ec ret a ry o f Wa r,
Wa r, 32 5 3 1 6 , 31 8
R o b n so n , E A , an nvent o r, 2 9 8
i . . i S co t t , G eo rg e, t h e s e f -a s s ert o n l i
R o c e f e er, J o h n D , a
k ll h an . p il o f t h e s ave s o f , 36 l
t h ro p i st , 2 9 8 S c o t t , Hen ry, a s u c cess f u N eg ro , l
R o c e f e er, Jo h n D , Jr , n t e r
k ll . . i 135- 136
e st o f , in t h e st u dy o f t h e N e S co t t , W am E , a illi
a nt e r, 2 9 9 . p i
g r o , 3 4 2 S e a m en A ct s o f S o u t h Ca ro n a , li
R o g ers , H H , a ph i ant h ro ist ,
. . l p 2 02
2 89 i
S ea rch ng t he ma s, 205 il
R o g ers, N R , an a bo t io n st ,
. li i i
S eces s o n u n dert a en , 2 1 7 , 2 18 , k
17 7 2 19 2 20 -

q
R o u es , Ch arl es, a Neg ro s ave l S ec ret I n fo rm at o n c o n c ern n g i i
l
h o d er, 12 9 Bl k ac A m er ca n T ro o s , 32 3 i p
R o senw a d , J u u s , a p hil ant h ro
l li 32 4
pi i l l iz
'

st , 2 8 9 ; n t ere st o f , in t h e S en eg a , t ra ders o n , 2 1 ; c o o n a
s t u d y o f t h e N eg ro , 34 2 i
t o n o n t h e , 1 59
l i
R o ya A f r c a n Co m a n y , 2 1 p i
S eg reg a t o n , t h e re s u t s o f , 338 l
 I n dex 3 89

S erg ea n t Jo h n, rema r s o f , o n
, k ea r l y o b j ect i o ns
t o , 5 1-52 ; a s
i
t h e M sso ur Co m ro m s e , 34 4 i p i a ff ec t e d b
y t h e Lo u s a n a Pu r i i
346 c h a se T re a t 7 8 7 9 ; t h e eff ec t
y,
-

i
S e rva nt s n d en t u red, 17 , 18 o f , o n t h e S o ut h , 1 1 7 - 1 18
; w th i
i
S erv c e o f N eg ro t ro o s , 2 34 -2 36 p p
re s e c t t o t h e t a r ff 12 1 -
122 ; i
S et t em en t s o f N eg ro es b ro en
l k ,

a t t a c k ed a s a n e v
, 17 0 ; w t h il i
u p , 1 40 14 1 -
re s e c t p
t o t h e Co n st t u t o n , i i
ll
S evi a , s a ve s in , 19 l 1 9 5 ; in p li i
o t c s , 2 17 ; t he d e
S ew a rd , W H , a t t t u de o f , t o . . i f en se o f , b y J C Ca h o u n , 34 6 l
i i
. .

w a rd t h e f ug t v e , 2 02 ; a n an 34 8 ; th e c o m m en t o f J Q
l
. .

t is l a very ea de r in Co ng re ss , A da ms o n , 35 3 354 ; rem a r s o f -

k
2 16 ; c o u n s e in t h e J o h n Va n l J R . G dd ng s o n , 355 356 ,
. i i -

Z a n dt c a s e , 2 06 ; H ig h er La w 358 - 359 ; co mm ent o f A Lin .

t h a n t h e Co n s t i t u t i o n o f , 359 l
c o n o n , 36 1-362 ; remar s o f k
36 1 ; I rrep ress i b l e Co nfl c t o f , i B F Wa de o n, 365-367
. .

363 365 -
l
S avers , 22
Sh a d ra c h , t h e f ug t ve , a rrest ed , ii l b
S a ve s , ro ug h t t o t he West In
14 1
S h a r , G ra n v e, at t o rn ey in t h e
i
d es , 2 3 ; s o u rc e o f, 2 4 -2 5 ;
p ill ip
h ard sh s o f , 2 5 2 6 ; t h e en -

S o m e rs et c a se, 38 ; n t eres t o f , i l ig h t e n m ent o f , a m o ng t h e La t

l iz i
in c o o n a t o n , 1 5 5 i n s , 2 6 ; a e t o re a d a n d bl
S h a w , Jo h n , re f u sa o f , t o g ra nt l i
w r t e , 4 2 43 ; w e d re ss ed , 43 ;
-
ll -

a wr t i f o r t h e f reedo m o f a l
s av e s in g o o d c rc um s t a n c e s , i
ii
f ug t ve, 206 l
4 4 ; s a v e s in h g h e r ur s u t s i p i
S h aw , R G , a c o m ma nder o f N e
,
. .

44 4 5 ; -
re a t o n w th l i oor i p
g o t ro o s , 2 35
r p i
w h t es , 4 5-4 6 ; s o d S o u t h , 103 l
ll b
S h e a a rg e r, rec o n s t ru c t o n an , i pl 104 , 105 ; c o n t ro o f , 1 06 ; t h e l
o f , 2 42
c a re o f , 1 07 ; th e u n sh m en t p i
b
S h er ro , t h e g u re s o f , 8 , 9 fi o f , 108 ; in t o w n s , 1 14 - 1 1 5 ; re
i l
S n g et o n , en a m n , a B j ea de r o f i l l a t io n s o f , w t h f ree Neg ro es , i
Neg ro m g ra n t s 2 64 i ,
133 134 -

i
S m m s , Th o m a s , t h e f ug t v e a r i i S m a s , R o b ert , a memb er o f Co n
ll
res t ed , 1 42
i p
S m so n , W am H , a illi
a n t er , p i g re s s , 2 5 1
14 8
.

S m a rt , r n ay , a nB i n v en t o r, 2 9 6 i
S kill l b
e d a o r, 2 8 1-2 82
Sm ili
e , o f Pe nn s y va n a , t h e e f l i
l
S a de , W illi
am , an a n t s a v ery i l i
f o rt o f , a g a n st t h e s a v e t ra d e , l
81
c o n g res s m a n 19 3
l
S a n d e r, a o d , 32 3 32 5 b l
,

-
i i
S m t h , G e rr t , t h e a n t s a very e f il
f o rt s o f , 18 5 1 86 -

S l a v eb reed ing , 102

l S m t h , J a m e s , a n n ven t o r, 2 9 6
i i
S av e t ra d e , 1 6 , 1 7 ; t h e h o rro rs
S m th , J a m es M c Cu n e , a N eg ro
i
o f , 2 2 , 2 4 ; in t h e S o u t h , 7 2 ;

e ff o rt s t o s t o t h e , 80 8 2 p p i i
h y s c a n in N ew Yo rk , 1 4 5 ;
e t t e r o f G S m t h t o , 18 6
-

l i
S a v e t ra d n g c o r o ra t o n s , 2 1 p i l . i
l
S a v e ry , a n c en t , 1 5 ; M o h a mm e i i
S m t h , R L , a u s n es s m a n , 2 9 2
. . b i
i i S m t h , S t e h en , a u m b e r m e r
i p l
d a n , 15 , 16, 17 ; Ch r st a n , 1 8 ;
c h a n t , 136
p
Eu ro ea n , 18 , 19 ; t h e n t ro i
i
d u c t o n o f , i n A m e r c a , 2 1 ; in i i l l i
S o c a re a t o n s o f N eg ro e s a n d
il
i t s m d f o rm , 34 50 ; s a very -
l i
wh t e s , 1 1 1, 1 16
in t h e N o rth , 35 ; in N ew Eng i
S o c et y f o r t h e Pro ag at o n o f p i
l an d 35 ; in t h e M dd e S t a t e s
,
i l ,
p l
t h e G o s e in Fo re g n Pa rt s , i
l
35 36 ; s a v e ry in Eng a n d , 38 ;
-
l 39
i
in t h e e g h t e ent h c e n t u ry, 4 0 ; So d l i e rs , N eg ro , in th e Wo rl d
390 I n de x

Wa r , 314 -32 5 ; res t r ct o n o f ,i i in i

t h e m ut ny o f t h e Creo e s aves , l l
t he , s e rv c e , i 314 315 ; -
a ss ign 2 10 ; rec o nst ru c t o n dea s o f , i i
m en t to o f,
a or d v s o n s, l b i i i i
2 4 2 ; n t e rest o f , in t h e f reed
315 3 16 ; t h e a u s e o f , 315 316 ;
-
b -
m en , 2 4 5 ; o n e u a t y e fo re q li b
t h e rec o rd o f , 32 5 t h e l aw , 356 358 -

S o m ers et d ec s o n , 38 i i l
S ut t e, Ch a r e s F , c a m ant o f l . l i
S o ng h a y , t h e em re, o f 11-12 pi A nt h o ny u rn s, 1 42 B
i
S o n A l i, 1 1
i
S o u t h , t h e s t u at o n in , a ft er t h e i l
T a m a dg e, J a m es , e ff o rt o f, to
re a c t o n , i
84 85 ; a ff ec t ed by -
p rev en t l
s av ery in M i s s o u ri ,

l
s a v e ry , 1 1 7 1 19 ; t h e a st st an d -
l 1 18
o f , 2 1 7 2 1 8 ; u n d er m a rt al l a w ,
-
i T a nn er, H O , a ren o w n ed a nt
. . p i
2 4 7 ; th e e o d u s o f N eg ro e s x e r, 2 9 9 300 ; a nt ng s o f , 2 9 9
-
p i i
l
f ro m , a c a a m t y , 3 12 31 3 ra d i -
300 ; r p iz
e s o f , 2 9 9 300 -

i l
ca re ac t o n i
in , a f t e r t h e Ta pp
a n , A r t h u r , a n a o t o n st , b li i i
Wo r d Wa r, 339l 18 5 ; a rew a rd o ff ered f o r, 2 03
li
S o u th Ca ro n a , t h e reo en ng o f p i Ta pp
a n , Lew s , an a o t o n st , i b li i i
l
t h e s a v e t ra d e b y , 8 0 8 1 ; s e -

c es s o n i
o f, 2 17 ; eo n ag e in , p T a r ff i a nd l
s a v e ry , 1 2 1 12 2 ; -
op
270 p sit i o on t o t he i
t a r ff , 12 2
S o u t h ern m at ro n, t h e a ea of pp l Ta b r r o o, N eg ro i n su rrec t o n i at ,
a , 35 1-35 2 92
S o u t h ern S t a t e s , t h e a do t o n o f p i x i
Ta at o n du r ng t h e C v i
Wa r, i il
i
d ff erent pl
a n s b y , 2 4 7 2 48 -
2 37
p i i
S a n , A f r c a n s a v e s in , 18 , 19 l T en n e s s ee , f a u re o f , to il
ro h t p ibi
pi
S ng a rn , J E , a f r en d o f t h e . . i i
t h e t ea ch n g o f N eg ro e s , 9 6
opp res s e d, 2 7 8 T en n e s s ee, t h e rec o n st ru ct o n o f , i
li i
S t at e , m t a t o n s o n a , 1 1 9 1 2 0 i -
241
i i
S t a t st c s o n f ree N eg ro e s , 12 4 T en p er c en t g o vernm ent s , 2 40
12 6 o n the ro g re s s o f , 138 p T erre , Fra n ll J , an k
nvent o r, . i
1 4 0, 2 8 1 2 83 ; o n t h e N egro
-
2 94
Ch urch , 2 8 4 2 85 -
i
T erro r s m in t h e S o u th , 2 69
St e bbi n s , Ch a r e s B , a n a b o l . li x l
T e a s , s a v ery a n d , 200 ; s o u gh t
t io n i st , 1 7 7 as a ac e pl
f o r c o o n at o n , l iz i
il z
S t e s , E ra , nt erest o f , in f re e i 16 5 ; t h e c a m s o f , 2 13 l i
do m , 54 i
Th rt een t h A m en d m en t , 2 38 , 2 4 1
ill lli
S t , Wi a m , a n ag en t o f t h e Th o m s o n , A p V , a su cc e ss fu . . l
U n derg ro u n d R a ro a d , 143 il N egro in Oh o , 139 i
t o n e, D a n e , a n o i lo n en t of pp Th o m s o n , G eo rg e ,
p ec t u re o f, l
l
s a v e ry , 2 1 5 st o pp
e d b y mo b , 19 1

S t o n e , Lu cy , a n a o t o n st , 1 7 6 b li i i p
Th o m so n , t h e m r s o n m en t o f , i p i
S t o rey, M o o rfi eld , a f r en d o f t h e i 18 8
o pp re s s e d , 2 7 8 ill
T m an, B j
en a m n , a e a de r o f i l
S t o w e , H a rr et i
eech er, t he wr t B i the p
o o r w h t e s , 330 i
i ng s o f , 1 5 2 il i
T g h m a n , R c h a rd , t h e e s c a e o f p
S t ring en t m ea s u res in t h e S o ut h , l
t h e s ave o f , w t h a w h t e i i
94 95 -
w o m an , 4 6
S t u dy o f t h e Negro , t h e, under i b
T m u ct u , t h e c t y o f , 10 i
t ak en , 34 1 34 2 -
l i
T o era t o n a n d t h e N eg ro , 5 5
S u da n , t h e e m res o f , 7 pi To pp , H e n ry, a s u c ce ss f u N eg ro , l
lk
S u ff o , f u g t v e s av e s in , 2 2 6ii l 135
i
S u g a r n d u st ry a n d s a v e ry , 8 4 l T o rrey, C T , m r so n ment o f ,
. . i p i
S u m n er C h a r e s o p n o n o f , o n
, l , i i 188
39 2 I n de x

W a rd , S . R .
, a m i n i st er a n d o ra v erse , 14 8 ; a n a dvo ca t e o f co o l
to r of p
o w e r, 1 4 9 , 15 1 n iz a t io n , 1 6 6, 1 6 7
i
W a s h ng t o n , o o e r T , t h e p o l B k . W h t t e r, J o h n G , t h e a n t i s l a v
i i .

i cy o f , 2 7 4 ; t h e A t a n t a a d l i i
e ry w r t n g s o f , 18 5

d re s s o f , 2 7 4 2 7 5 ; d ea s o f , a o -
i W h yd a h s , 2 4
c ep t e d , 2 7 5 o o s t on to , 276 ; pp i i ilb
W e r f o rc e , t h e a n t s a ve ry e f il
l
t h e res u t s o f t h e w o r o f , 2 7 9 ; k f o rt s o f , 1 65
a w r t er, 301 i il x
W co , S a m u e T , a N eg ro g ro l .

W a sh i ng t o n Bu sh ro d , a p ro m o t i i
c er i n C n c n n a t , 139 i
illi i l
,

er o f l i
c o o n za t o n , i 15 8 W a m s , Fra n c s , t h e s ch o a r,
W a sh i ng t o n Geo rg e o rd er o f, t o 2 9 30 -

W a m s, G W , a n h st o r a n ,
,

illi i i
,

st o p t he en li st m ent of N eg ro . .

p
t ro o s , 59 ; revo c a t o n o f t h e i 30 1
o rd e r, 6 1 ; t h e e n s t m en t o f li W a m s , Jo h n , nt e g en t s a v e
illi i lli l
N eg ro e s b y, 6 1 ; n t e re s t o f , in i o f, 4 2

ema n c at o n , 5 8 ip i illi
W a ms , Pet er, a c h u rc h m a n ,
14 8
Wa sh i n g t o n f u g t v e s a v e s in , ii l
2 2 6 ; ra c e r o t i n , 32 6 32 7 ; a
,

i - illi
W a m s , R o g er, ro t e s t o f, p
l i
yn c h n g , 32 7 32 8
-
i
a g a n s t s a v e ry , 52 l
W a t ru m , F P , a m s s o n a ry, 39 i i illi
W a m s , R G , t h e n d ct m en t . . i i
l b
. .

o f , i n A a a m a , 2 03
lx
W a y m a n , A e a n d e r W , a c h u rc h
illi b
W a m s u rg , V rg n a , a n in i i i
.

m a n , 14 8
W e b , W a m , a n a dvo c a t e o f
b illi i
s ur rec t o n o f s a v e s in , 36 l
l iz iat o n b u t no t o f A fr can i illi
W a m s o n , Pa s s m o re , e ff o rt s o f ,
t o o t a n t h e f ree do m o f J a n e
b i
co on

p i
d e o rt a t o n , 1 66
J o h n so n , 2 05
b li
W e s t e r, D e a , t h e m r s o n i p i W s , Jo s e h , o rg a n er o f B ap
illi p iz
m en t o f , 1 8 8
W e b s t e r, D a n e , t h e e v a s v e p o il i t i s t c h u rc h e s in M s s s s , 77 i i ippi
s it io n o f , 1 9 8 1 9 9 ; o n on o f, pi i il
W mo t Pro v so , t h e , 2 12 i
o n t h e C reo e s a v e s , 2 1 0 l
-

l il
W s o n , H en ry, reco n st ru c t o n i
b
W e st er , S a m u e , nt ere st o f , in l i i
dea s o f , 2 42

f ree do m , 54
il i
W so n , H ra m , a w o rk er a m o n g
i
Ca n a d a n N eg ro es , 1 52
l
W e d , T F , a n an t s av ery st u
. . il i l
W n s o w , S yd n e y W , t h e p u r
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.

d en t a t La n e S em n a ry, 18 4 ; c h a s er o f M a t z e l ig e r s
’
a t en t , p
an a o b li i i
t o n st , 17 7 293
l l
W e s ey , Ch a r es H , in t ere st o f , .

i
W se, H en ry A , t h e d ef en s e o f .

in t h e s t u dy o f t h e N eg ro , 34 2 l
s a v e ry b y , 1 9 6 19 7 -

W e s ey , J o h n , o o s t o n o f , t o
l pp i i Wo o d s , G ra n v e T , an n v ent o r, ill i
l
.

s a v e ry, 56 296 297 -

W est i
I n d es , s a ves carr ed t o , l i W o o d s , Lya t e s , a n nv ent o r, 2 9 7 i
2 3 ; t h e l o t o f s a ve s in , 2 5, 2 6 l W oo d s o n , C G , f o u n der o f t h e
l lli i
. .

W h ea t ey , Ph y s , a w r t e r o f i i
A s s o c a t o n f o r t h e St u dy o f
v e rs e, 6 8 , 30 1 i
N eg ro L f e a n d H s t o ry, 34 1 i
Wh ee er, Jo h n H , t h e e sca e o f
l . p Wo o m an , J o h n , a Fr en d ea d
l i pl
l
t h e s a ve o f , 2 05 in g t h e c a u s e o f t h e N eg ro , 56
Wh ipp er W illi am , th e , a g en t o f W o rk , F W , a m u s c a n , 2 9 8
. . i i
the U n d erg ro u n d R a il ro a d , 14 3 2 99
i
W h t e, G e o rg e H .
, a m em b er of W o r , J W , a m u s c an , 2 9 8
k . . i i
Co ng re ss , 2 49 l
W o r d W a r, t h e N eg ro s o d ers l i
W h t e , J T , h o n o ra e re co rd
i . . bl in , 305 32 8 -

o f , 2 53 i liz
W r g h t , E u r, a n a b o t o n st , li i i
Wh t e d , J am es M , a w r t e r o f
ifil . i i
1 7 1 ; a n n st ru c t o r , 18 4
 I n dex 39 3

Wrig h t , H enry C , . an a b o li t i o n l l
Yo ung , Co o n e Ch a r e s , t h e p rol
i st , 1 7 7 sc r ip t io n o f , 3 17 318 -

i
Wr g h t , Th eo do re S , l et t er o f
’
i i
Yo u ng M en s Ch r s t a n A s so c a i
i
.

G err t S m t h t o , 18 6
i i t o n , t h e w o rk o f , a m o ng N e

Wyt h e G eo rg e g ro e s , 2 8 6 2 8 7
-

an a dvo c a t e of
,

f reedo m , 58
,
Yo u ng Wo m en s Ch r st a n A s s o
’
i i
c ia t i o n , t h e wo r o f, k
a m o ng
N eg ro es , 2 8 7
Yo rk t o wn , f ug t i i ve l
s a ves in ,
226 Z a mb ez i , th e, 2
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