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SPRINGER BRIEFS IN CRIMINOLOGY
POLICING

Georgios Leventakis · M. R. Haberfeld

Editors

Community-
Oriented
Policing and
Technological
Innovations
SpringerBriefs in Criminology
Policing

Series Editors
M.R. Haberfeld
City University of New York
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
New York, NY, USA
SpringerBriefs in Criminology present concise summaries of cutting edge research
across the fields of Criminology and Criminal Justice. It publishes small but
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The scope of the series spans the whole field of Criminology and Criminal Justice,
with an aim to be on the leading edge and continue to advance research. The series
will be international and cross-disciplinary, including a broad array of topics,
including juvenile delinquency, policing, crime prevention, terrorism research,
crime and place, quantitative methods, experimental research in criminology,
research design and analysis, forensic science, crime prevention, victimology,
criminal justice systems, psychology of law, and explanations for criminal behavior.
SpringerBriefs in Criminology will be of interest to a broad range of researchers and
practitioners working in Criminology and Criminal Justice Research and in related
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Political Science.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11179

Georgios Leventakis • M. R. Haberfeld
Editors

Community-Oriented
Policing and Technological
Innovations
Editors
Georgios Leventakis M. R. Haberfeld
Senior Advisor – European Projects City University of New York
Center for Security Studies – KEMEA John Jay College of Criminal Justice
Hellenic Ministry of Interior – Public Order New York, NY, USA
Sector
Athens, Greece

ISSN 2192-8533 ISSN 2192-8541 (electronic)

SpringerBriefs in Criminology
ISSN 2194-6213 ISSN 2194-6221 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs in Policing
ISBN 978-3-319-89293-1 ISBN 978-3-319-89294-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89294-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018940541

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication,
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Acknowledgment

The work presented in this Brief received funding from the European Commission,
under the:
• FP7-Security Topic SEC-2013-1.6-4 – Information Exploitation/Integration
Project entitled VALCRI (Visual Analytics for Sense-Making in Criminal
Intelligence Analysis) under grant agreement number FP7-IP-608142.
• “Ethical/Societal Dimension Topic H2020-fct-14-2014: TOPIC Enhancing coop-
eration between law enforcement agencies and citizens – Community policing”
entitled TRILLION (Trusted, Citizen – LEA collaboration over sOcial Net-
works) under grant agreement number 653256.
• “H2020-FCT-2014 Ethical/Societal Dimension Topic 2: Enhancing cooperation
between law enforcement agencies and citizens – Community policing” call
entitled INSPEC2 T (Inspiring CitizeNS Participation for Enhanced Community
PoliCing AcTions) under grant agreement number 653749.
• “Societal Challenge: Safeguarding Secure Societies” Topic H2020-FCT-2014-
2015/ H2020-FCT-2014: TOPIC “Ethical/Societal Dimension Topic 2: Enhanc-
ing cooperation between law enforcement agencies and citizens – Community
policing” entitled CITYCOP (Citizen Interaction Technologies yield community
policing) under grant agreement number 653811.
• “Societal Challenge: Safeguarding Secure Societies” Topic H2020-FCT-2014-
2015/ H2020-FCT-2014: TOPIC “Ethical/Societal Dimension Topic 2: Enhanc-
ing cooperation between law enforcement agencies and citizens – Community
policing” entitled UNITY under grant agreement number 653729.
• “Societal Challenge: Safeguarding Secure Societies” Topic H2020-FCT-2014-
2015/ H2020-FCT-2014: TOPIC “Ethical/Societal Dimension Topic 2: Enhanc-
ing cooperation between law enforcement agencies and citizens – Community
policing” entitled ICT4COP (Community-Based Policing and Post-Conflict
Police Reform) under grant agreement number 653909.
• H2020 Secure Societies Topic FCT-10-2014: TOPIC Urban security topic 1:
Innovative solutions to counter security challenges connected with large urban

v
vi Acknowledgment

environment entitled City.Risks (Avoiding and Mitigating Safety Risks in Urban

Environments) under grant agreement number 653747.
• Call for proposals 2015 for prevention and preparedness projects in the field of
civil protection and marine pollution Topic: Prevention entitled PREDICATE
(Preventing Disasters by Capitalizing on unmanned aerial systems techno) under
grant agreement number ECHO/SUB/2015/713851/PREV29.
• Call H2020-DRS-2014, Topic DRS-19-2014, “Communication technologies and
interoperability, topic 2: Next generation emergency services,” entitled NEXES
(NEXt generation Emergency Services), under grant agreement number 653337.
We also thank the following people for their great contributions to the success
of this publication starting with the KEMEA member, Mr. Panayiotis Papanikolaou,
whose technological and organization skills have no match; Katherine Chabalko
from Springer whose vision for progressive information sharing has no bounds; and
last but not least, Mr. Joseph Quatela, our production manager, whose dedication
and assistance are unparalleled.

Georgios Leventakis
M. R. Haberfeld
Contents

1 Serious Games: An Attractive Approach to Improve Awareness . . . . . 1

Silvio Sorace, Elisabeth Quercia, Ernesto La Mattina,
Charalampos Z. Patrikakis, Liz Bacon, Georgios Loukas,
and Lachlan Mackinnon
2 Can Technology Build Trust? Community-Oriented Policing
and ICT in Afghanistan .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Ajmal Nimruzi, Jaishankar Ganapathy, and Ingrid L. P. Nyborg
3 Community Outreach Using Incident Records and Visual Analytics 19
Chittayong Surakitbanharn, José F. de Queiroz Neto, Guizhen Wang,
and David S. Ebert
4 Robust End-User-Driven Social Media Monitoring for Law
Enforcement and Emergency Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Birgit Kirsch, Sven Giesselbach, David Knodt, and Stefan Rüping
5 Architecting Next Generation Community Policing Solutions . . . . . . . . 37
Gohar Sargsyan, Raymond Binnendijk, and Eltjo Poort
6 Developing and Assessing Next Generation Community
Policing Social Networks with THOR Methodology .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
George Leventakis and George Kokkinis
7 Next Generation of CP: The Unity IT Toolkit . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Clara Ayora and Natasha Newton
8 A Descriptive, Practical, Hybrid Argumentation Model
to Assist with the Formulation of Defensible Assessments
in Uncertain Sense-Making Environments . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Celeste Groenewald, Simon Attfield, Peter Passmore,
B. L. William Wong, and Neesha Kodagoda

vii
viii Contents

9 Situating Fear of Crime: The Prospects for Criminological

Research to Use Smartphone Applications to Gather
Experience Sampling Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Alexander Engström and Karl Kronkvist
10 Analytic Provenance as Constructs of Behavioural Markers for
Externalizing Thinking Processes in Criminal Intelligence Analysis . 95
Junayed Islam, B. L. William Wong, and Kai Xu
11 Analysis of Suspended Terrorism-Related Content on Social Media . 107
George Kalpakis, Theodora Tsikrika, Ilias Gialampoukidis,
Symeon Papadopoulos, Stefanos Vrochidis, and Ioannis Kompatsiaris
12 UAVs and Their Use in Servicing the Community . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
George Eftychidis, Ilias Gkotsis, Panayiotis Kolios,
and Costas Peleties
Erratum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1
About the Editors

Georgios Leventakis is a qualified Security Expert. He holds a PhD in the area

of risk assessment modeling in critical infrastructure (CI) protection, an MBA, and
an MSc in risk management. He has 22 years of professional experience in the
public sector, of which 16 years are in security management. He has participated
in several national, European, and international projects and initiatives regarding
physical security of critical infrastructures, border management (land and sea border
surveillance), and civil protection/homeland security technology and operations. He
has also participated in tender procedures for complex security systems, including
command and control and decision support systems.
His research interests include social media platforms in community policing,
risk assessment modeling in CI protection, smart borders applications and tools,
and integrated border management solutions. Since 2006, he was the scientific
coordinator of the Center for Security Studies – the Scientific, Advisory and
Research Center of the Hellenic Ministry of Interior (KEMEA) – and participated
in various European programs funded by the European Commission. He has
participated as senior researcher in more than 45 EU research projects, has authored
several academic papers published in relevant journals, and has presented them at
academic conferences.
Dr. Leventakis has worked and collaborated with many public safety and
security agencies in Greece and abroad: from the planning phase of the Security
Program for the ATHENS 2004 Olympic Games till more recently on the design
and development of National Table Top and Operational Readiness Exercises. He
has been involved in the development of threat assessment and vulnerability
assessment studies, operational security plans and emergency response plans,
and procedures for the protection of vital infrastructures and governmental
buildings in Greece and EU. He has clearance to handle classified documents up
to “Top Secret” level.

M. R. Haberfeld is a Professor of Police Science in the Department of Law,

Police Science and Criminal Justice Administration at John Jay College of Criminal
Justice, New York City. She holds a PhD in Criminal Justice from City University

ix
x About the Editors

of New York, two Master degrees (one from CUNY and one from the Hebrew
University) and two Bachelor of Arts Degrees from the Hebrew University in
Jerusalem. She was born in Poland and immigrated to Israel as a teenager. She
served in the Israeli Defense Forces in a counterterrorist unit and left the army at
the rank of a sergeant. Prior to coming to United States, she served in the Israel
National Police and left the force at the rank of lieutenant. She also worked as a
special consultant for the US Drug Enforcement Administration in the New York
Field Office.
She has conducted research in the areas of public and private law enforcement,
police integrity, counter-terrorism, and white-collar crime in the United States,
Eastern and Western Europe, and Israel. In addition to her research, she has also
provided leadership and counterterrorist training to a number of police agencies and
military units across the United States and a number of countries around the world.
Since 2001, she has been involved in developing, coordinating, and teaching in a
special educational program at John Jay College designed, exclusively, for the sworn
members of the New York City Police Department. She has recently developed an
online Certificate for Law Enforcement Leadership offered by the John Jay College.
Her publications include numerous authored, coauthored, and coedited books,
chapters, and briefs. Among them, three books are on terrorism-related issues: A
New Understanding of Terrorism (coedited, 2010), Modern Piracy and Maritime
Terrorism (coedited, 2012), and Terrorism Within Comparative International Con-
text (coauthored, 2009). Her other books include Russian Organized Corruption
Networks and Their International Trajectories (coauthored, 2011), Critical Issues
in Police Training (2013; 2018), Police Organization and Training: Innovations
in Research and Practice (coedited, 2011), Police Leadership: Organizational and
Managerial Decision Making Process (2012), Policing Muslim Communities (coau-
thored, 2012), Match-Fixing in International Sports (coedited, 2013), Introduction
to Policing: The Pillar of Democracy (coauthored, 2014, 2017), and Measuring
Police Integrity across the World (coedited, 2015). She is also an editor of Springer
Briefs in Policing.
Contributors

Simon Attfield Middlesex University, London, UK

Clara Ayora Treelogic. S.L., Madrid, Spain
Liz Bacon Computing and Information Systems, University of Greenwich, Lon-
don, UK
Raymond Binnendijk CGI Group Inc., Rotterdam, The Netherlands
José F. de Queiroz Neto CRAb – Computer Graphics, Virtual Reality and Anima-
tion, Computer Science Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
David S. Ebert VACCINE – Visual Analytics for Command, Control and Inter-
operability Environments, Potter Engineering Center, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN, USA
George Eftychidis Centre for Security Studies, Athens, Greece
Alexander Engström Department of Criminology, Malmö University, Malmö,
Sweden
Jaishankar Ganapathy Norwegian Police University College, Oslo, Norway
Ilias Gialampoukidis Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and
Technology Hellas Thermi-Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece
Sven Giesselbach Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information
Systems, Sankt Augustin, Germany
Ilias Gkotsis Centre for Security Studies, Athens, Greece
Celeste Groenewald Middlesex University, London, UK
Junayed Islam Interaction Design Centre, Middlesex University, London, UK
George Kalpakis Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and
Technology Hellas Thermi-Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece

xi
xii Contributors

Birgit Kirsch Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Sys-
tems, Sankt Augustin, Germany
David Knodt Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Sys-
tems, Sankt Augustin, Germany
Neesha Kodagoda Middlesex University, London, UK
George Kokkinis KEMEA – Center for Security Studies, Athens, Greece
Panayiotis Kolios KIOS Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
Ioannis Kompatsiaris Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research
and Technology Hellas Thermi-Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece
Karl Kronkvist Department of Criminology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
Ernesto La Mattina Engineering Ingegneria Informatica, Rome, Italy
George Leventakis KEMEA – Center for Security Studies, Athens, Greece
Georgios Loukas Computing and Information Systems, University of Greenwich,
London, UK
Lachlan Mackinnon Computing and Information Systems, University of Green-
wich, London, UK
Natasha Newton Rinicom Ltd, Lancaster, UK
Ajmal Nimruzi ICT4COP Project led, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås,
Norway
Ingrid L. P. Nyborg Department of International Environment and Development
Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
Symeon Papadopoulos Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research
and Technology Hellas Thermi-Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece
Peter Passmore Middlesex University, London, UK
Charalampos Z. Patrikakis Electronics Engineering Department, University of
West Attica, Egaleo, Greece
Costas Peleties Cyprus Civil Defence, Nicosia, Cyprus
Eltjo Poort CGI Group Inc., Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Elisabeth Quercia Engineering Ingegneria Informatica, Rome, Italy
Stefan Rüping Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Sys-
tems, Sankt Augustin, Germany
Gohar Sargsyan CGI Group Inc., Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Silvio Sorace Engineering Ingegneria Informatica, Rome, Italy
Contributors xiii

Chittayong Surakitbanharn VACCINE – Visual Analytics for Command, Con-

trol and Interoperability Environments, Potter Engineering Center, Purdue Univer-
sity, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Theodora Tsikrika Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and
Technology Hellas Thermi-Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece
Stefanos Vrochidis Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and
Technology Hellas Thermi-Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece
Guizhen Wang VACCINE – Visual Analytics for Command, Control and Inter-
operability Environments, Potter Engineering Center, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN, USA
B. L. William Wong Interaction Design Centre, Middlesex University, London,
UK
Kai Xu Department of Computer Science, Middlesex University, London, UK
Chapter 1
Serious Games: An Attractive Approach
to Improve Awareness

Silvio Sorace, Elisabeth Quercia, Ernesto La Mattina,

Charalampos Z. Patrikakis, Liz Bacon, Georgios Loukas,
and Lachlan Mackinnon

Introduction

Community policing started in the United States in the second half of the century
when the rise of social disorder and crime rates was so high that LEAs had to
rethink about the efficiency of their relationship with citizens and about the crime-
fighting model in place (Crime Stoppers International 2017). The need for a new
police model involved also in Europe. Recognizing that police can rarely solve
public safety problems on their own, community policing encourages interactive
partnerships with relevant stakeholders. Its philosophy influences the way that
departments are organized and managed (personnel and technologies), encouraging
the application of modern management practices for efficiency and effectiveness.
These changes can be enabled by Serious games as a form of learning. Serious
games generally aim to teach or train by realistically simulating some aspect of
a real-world situation and allowing learners to explore in a manner that is highly
interactive. In community policing, they can be used to assist training of LEAs
and citizens in the uptake of technologies, such as mobile and web applications,
and raise citizen awareness about the opportunities offered in community policing
mechanisms and fostering citizen engagement.

S. Sorace () · E. Quercia · E. La Mattina

Engineering Ingegneria Informatica, Rome, Italy
e-mail: silvio.sorace@eng.it; elisabeth.quercia@eng.it; ernesto.lamattina@eng.it
C. Z. Patrikakis
Electronics Engineering Department, University of West Attica, Egaleo, Greece
e-mail: bpatr@puas.gr
L. Bacon · G. Loukas · L. Mackinnon
Computing and Information Systems, University of Greenwich, London, UK
e-mail: e.bacon@gre.ac.uk; g.loukas@gre.ac.uk; l.mackinnon@gre.ac.uk

© The Author(s) 2018 1

G. Leventakis, M. R. Haberfeld (eds.), Community-Oriented Policing
and Technological Innovations, SpringerBriefs in Criminology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89294-8_1
2 S. Sorace et al.

Community policing comprises three key components: Community Partnerships

(collaborative partnerships between law enforcement agencies and citizens to
address solutions to concrete, and sometimes urgent, urban security problems and
increase trust in police); Organizational Transformation (the alignment of organi-
zational management, structures, personnel, and information systems to support
community partnerships); Problem Solving (the proactive and systematic exami-
nation and evaluation of the identified problems for addressing effective responses)
(COPS – U.S. Department of Justice 2014). Serious games can therefore serve all
three by supporting training of police academies, local police, municipalities and
citizens. This paper presents their use in the context of the scenarios defined for the
TRILLION (Patrikakis et al. 2017) (TRusted, CItizen – LEA coILaboratIon over
sOcial Networks) project in five European cities (Lisbon, York, Ancona, Lecce and
Eindhoven), which differ in terms of demographics, geography, culture and primary
security threats. The training for citizens and for LEAs is outlined, highlighting
their differences and the approach taken to provide practical games supporting the
introduction of a community policing platform to citizens and officers.

The Future of Law Enforcement

Community policing has evolved into the preeminent reform goal in modern
policing, which differs from traditional policing via a shift towards more citizen
involvement, geographic focus, more opportunities for interaction with citizens, and
an emphasis on prevention (Cordner 2014; TRILLION: TRusted, CItizen – LEA
coILaboratIon over social Networks 2017). Naturally, this approach puts pressure at
organizational level, for moving from a top-down approach of police management
to a bottom-up approach, where citizens have a more active role. Another challenge
relates to trust within and between the law enforcement agencies and the citizens.
Motivation for engaging citizens in this community driven policing framework is
also crucial. Community policing has been used successfully in crime reduction
(Gill et al. 2014), extremism prevention (Schanzer et al. 2016), and even in counter
terrorism (Dunn et al. 2016). In all cases, it was based on direct face-to-face or
over-the-phone interaction between the community and LEAs. There is a growing
realization that technology has the potential to accelerate the evolution towards more
effective community policing (Lewis and Lewis 2012).
TRILLION takes the concept of technology-assisted community policing fur-
ther and is currently developing a community policing platform, which aims to
contribute to a safer society, encouraging interactive partnerships between law
enforcement officers and the people they serve, implemented over an open, flexible,
secure and resilient socio-technical set of tools. Using the TRILLION applications,
citizens will be able to report crimes, suspicious behavior and incidents, identify
hazards and assist law enforcement agents through active participation for achieving
better urban security management. At the same time, LEAs will be able to detect
incidents in a more efficient, content and context aware manner, and locate onsite
1 Serious Games: An Attractive Approach to Improve Awareness 3

Fig. 1.1 Use of technology

and societal approval (RAND
quadrants)

citizens. Community policing technology can improve effectiveness and efficiency

but, if used incorrectly, could be perceived as intrusive, losing public support. For a
starting point on how LEAs and Citizens collaborate towards a safer society, and to
focus on a plausible future, the approach proposed by the RAND Corporation1 has
been adopted. RAND used several techniques to develop their scenarios, presented
in a matrix where each axis represents extremes at one side, enabling each quadrant
to represent a clear and distinct scenario domain.
To establish a reliable scenario framework and having in mind the importance
of trust between citizens and LEAs, the adoption of the methodology proposed by
RAND (Siberglitt et al. 2015) represents a key factor. RAND’s chart is based on the
observation that the most important factors driving the future of law enforcement fall
into two categories: Technology and Society. The effectiveness of the technology
used by LEAs to accomplice their missions depends on the level of technology
(vertical axis) and the extent to which LEA practices are accepted by society
(horizontal axis). As presented in Fig. 1.1, the quadrants delimited by technology
and society, create four different situations/futures, where moving to the upper
right corner is the target for the serious games. In the Hi-Tec/Hi-Soc (upper right)
quadrant, LEAs use advanced technology for dealing with different situations, enjoy
societal support by the public. In the Low-Tec/Hi-Soc (lower right) quadrant, LEAs
use obsolete technologies, but society continues to support them. In the Hi-Tec/Low-
Soc (upper left) quadrant, LEAs have the advantage in use of technology, but have
lost society’s trust, which opposes every action they take. In the Low-Tec/Low-Soc
(lower left) quadrant, LEAs use old technologies, and have to face a society which
opposes every LEA measure and action.

1 Silberglitt
R, Brian G. Chow, John S. Hollywood, Dulani Woods, Mikhail Zaydman and Brian
A. Jackson. Visions of Law Enforcement Technology in the Period 2024-2034: Report of the Law
Enforcement Futuring Workshop. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation,: 2015.
16 A. Nimruzi et al.

policing, such efforts open avenues of cooperation and trust-building between civil
society and government organizations. In a conservative society like Afghanistan
where women may not be allowed to move outside their houses, access to ICT tools
like radio, mobile phones and internet could be considered a positive sign.

Police Engagement with Civil Society ICT Efforts

Afghan civil society has been successfully able to mobilize public engagement and
support on a variety of issues. For example, Integrity Watch Afghanistan launched
a website in 2015 where common people could visit and register their complaints
regarding government conduct. The website acted as a whistle-blower. Complaints
could be registered through email, SMS, Call, Website and Facebook page.
Collaboration between the police and civil society is challenging, and direct
links between the police and civil society may be too risky when trust remains an
issue. In such cases, combining information collected by civil society along with
face-to-face interactions between civil society and the police can be an appropriate
model to build awareness, trust and legitimacy. More challenging is the relationship
at the national level, where security actors have a strong position in determining
government policy. Recently, through the efforts from the international community,
there have nevertheless been some major achievements in developing good and
stable relationships between civil society and ANSF (army, police, and intelligence).
In 2016 for example, MoIA and Afghanistan Human Rights Commission (AHRC)
signed a MoU that facilitates AHRC to conduct observation into the conduct of the
Security and Defence Organizations.

Conclusions

Addressing issues of security and insecurity within post-conflict contexts is not easy.
A well-functioning police service as providers of security, safety and justice to all
citizens is an important institution for successful state building. An important step
towards community engagement between authorities and police has been the use
of ICTs. Central to these efforts has been the various initiatives taken by MoIA.
We also pointed out different challenges involved in using ICTs in post-conflict
contexts. However, for technologies to be effective there needs to be a certain
level of trust between the police and the communities. The role of civil society
in this process is central since they have knowledge and experience of people’s
insecurities and distrust. The collaboration between civil society and police in using
ICTs is challenging, but our research shows that it can be feasible and contribute to
community engagement, better communication and mutual trust building.
Another random document with
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causas auia de auer que las que
hasta aora emos uisto, Siluano
dixo: Por cierto, Sireno, Seluagia
tiene tanta razon en lo que dize
que nadie con ella se lo puede
contradizir. Y si alguno con causa
se puede quexar de su ingratitud,
yo soy: que la quise todo lo que
se puede querer, y tuuo tan mal
conosçimiento, como fue el
tratamiento que vistes que
siempre me hazia. Seluagia
respondio, poniendo en él unos
amorosos ojos, y dixo: Pues no
erades uos mi pastor para ser mal
tratado, que ninguna pastora ay
en el mundo, que no gane mucho
en que uos la querays. A este
tiempo Diana sintio que çerca
della hablauan, porque los
pastores se auian descuydado
algo de hablar, de manera que
ella no les oyesse: y
leuantandose en pie miró entre
los myrthos y conosçio los
pastores y pastora que entre ellos
estaba asentada. Los quales
uiendo que auian sido uistos, se
unieron a ella, y la resçibieron con
mucha cortesia, y ella a ellos, con
muy gran comedimiento,
preguntandoles adonde auian
estado. A lo qual, ellos
respondieron con otras palabras,
y otros mouimientos de rostro, de
lo que respondian a lo que ella
solia preguntalles: cosa tan nueua
para Diana, que puesto caso que
los amores de ninguno dellos le
diessen pena, en fin le pesó de
uerlos tan otros de lo que solian; y
más quando entendio en los ojos
de Syluano el contentamiento que
los de Seluagia le dauan, y
porque era ya hora de recogerse,
y el ganado tomaua su
acostumbrado camino hazia el
aldea, ellos se fueron tras él: y la
hermosa Diana dixo contra
Sireno: muchos dias ha (pastor)
que por este valle no te he visto:
más ha (dixo Sireno) que a mí me
yua la vida que no me viesse
quien tan mala me la ha dado,
mas en fin no da poco contento
hablar en la fortuna passada el
que ya se halla en seguro puerto.
En seguro te paresçe, dixo Diana,
el estado en que agora biues? No
deue ser muy peligroso (dixo
Sireno), pues yo oso hablar
delante de ti desta manera. Diana
respondio: nunca yo me acuerdo
verte por mí tan perdido, que tu
lengua no tuuiesse la libertad que
aora tiene. Sireno le respondio:
tan discreta eres en imaginar
esso, como en todas las otras
cosas. Por qué causa? (dixo
Diana) Porque no ay otro
remedio, dixo Sireno, para que tú
no sientas lo que perdiste en mí,
sino pensar que no te quería yo
tanto que mi lengua dexasse de
tener la libertad que dizes. Mas
con todo esso plega a Dios
(hermosa Diana) que siempre te
dé tanto contento quanto en algun
tiempo me quesiste, que puesto
caso que ya nuestros amores
sean passados, las reliquias que
en el alma me han quedado
bastan para dessearte yo todo el
contentamiento posible. Cada
palabra dessas para Diana era
arrojalle vna lança, que Dios sabe
si quisiera ella más yr oyendo
quexas, que creyendo libertades,
y aunque ella respondia a todas
las cosas, que los pastores le
dezian, con çierto descuydo, y se
aprouechaua de toda su
discreçion para no dalles á
entender que le pesaua de uer los
tan libres, todavia se entendia
muy bien el descontento que sus
palabras le dauan. Y hablando en
estas y otras cosas, llegaron al
aldea, a tiempo que de todo punto
el sol auia escondido sus rayos, y
despidiendose unos de otros, se
fueron a sus posadas.
Pues boluiendo a Arsileo, el qual
con grandissimo contentamiento,
y desseo de uer a[1262] su
pastora, caminaua hazia el
bosque donde el templo de la
diosa Diana estaua, llegó junto a
vn arroyo, que çerca del
sumptuoso templo por entre unos
uerdes alisos corria, a la sonbra
de los quales se asento,
esperando que uiniesse por alli
alguna persona, con quien
hiziesse saber a Belisa de su
uenida, porque le paresçia
peligroso dalle algun sobresalto,
teniendolo ella por muerto. Por
otra parte el ardiente desseo que
tenía de uerla no le daba lugar a
ningun reposo. Estando el pastor
consultando consigo mismo el
consejo que tomaria, uio uenir
hazia si una Nimpha de admirable
hermosura, con un arco en la
mano, y una aljaua al cuello:
mirando a una y a otra parte, si
auia alguna caça en qué emplear
una aguda saeta, que en el arco
traya puesta. Y quando uio al
pastor se fue derecha a él, y él se
leuantó, y le hizo el acatamiento
que a tan hermosa Nimpha deuia
hazerse. Y de la misma manera
fue della reçibido, porque ésta era
la hermosa Polidora, una de las
tres que Felismena, y los pastores
libraron del poder de los
saluages, y muy affiçionada a la
pastora Belisa. Pues boluiendose
ambos assentar sobre la uerde
yerua, Polidora le preguntó de
qué tierra era, y la causa de su
uenida. A lo qual Arsileo
respondio: Hermosa Nimpha, la
tierra donde yo nasçi me ha
tratado de manera, que paresçe
que me hago agrauio en llamarla
mía, aunque por otra parte le
deuo más de lo que yo sabria
encaresçer. Y para que yo te diga
la causa que tuuo la fortuna de
traerme a este lugar, sería
menester que primero me
dixesses, si eres de la compañia
de la sábia Feliçia, en cuya casa
me dizen que está la hermosa
pastora Belisa (causa de mi
destierro) y de toda la tristeza que
la ausençia me ha hecho suffrir.
Polidora respondio: de la
compañia de la sábia Feliçia soy y
la mayor amiga dessa pastora
que has nombrado que ella en la
uida puede tener, y para que
tambien me tengas en la misma
posession, si aprouechasse algo,
aconsejarte hya, que siendo
posible oluidalla, que lo hiziesses.
Porque tan imposible es remedio
de tu mal, como del que ella
padesçe, pues la dura tierra come
ya aquel de quien con tanta razon
lo esperaua. Arsileo le respondio:
Será por uentura esse que dizes
que la tierra come, su seruidor
Arsileo? Si por çierto, dixo
Polidora, esse mismo es el que
ella quiso más que a sí, el que
con más razon podemos llamar
desdichado, despues de ti, pues
tienes puesto el pensamiento en
lugar donde el remedio es
imposible. Que puesto caso que
jamas fuy enamorada, yo tengo
por aueriguado, que no es tan
grande mal la muerte, como el
que deue padesçer la persona
que ama a quien tiene la uoluntad
empleada en otra parte. Arsileo le
respondio: Bien creo, hermosa
Nimpha, que segun la constançia
y bondad de Belisa, no será parte
la muerte para que ella ponga el
pensamiento en otra cosa, y que
no aurá nadie en el mundo que de
su pensamiento le quitasse. Y en
ser esto ansi, consiste toda mi
bienauenturança. ¿Cómo, pastor
(le dixo Polidora) queriendola tú
de la manera que dizes, está tu
feliçidad en que ella tenga en otra
parte tan firme el pensamiento?
Essa es nueua manera de amor,
que yo hasta agora no he oydo.
Arsileo le respondio: para que no
te marauilles, hermosa Nimpha,
de mis palabras, ni de la suerte
del amor que a mi señora Belisa
tengo, está un poco atenta, y
contarte he lo que tú jamas
pensaste oyr, aunque el prinçipio
dello te deue auer contado essa
tu amiga y señora de mi coraçon.
Y luego le conto desdel prinçipio
de sus amores, hasta el engaño
de Alfeo con los encantamientos
que hizo, y todo lo demas que
destos amores hasta entonçes
auia sucçedido, de la manera que
atras lo he contado, lo qual
contaua el pastor, aora con
lagrimas cansadas de traer a la
memoria sus desuenturas
pasadas, aora con sospiros que
del alma le salian, imaginando lo
que en aquellos passos su señora
Belisa podia sentir. Y con las
palabras y mouimientos del
rostro, daua tan grande spirito a lo
que dezia, que a la Nimpha
Polidora puso en grande
admiraçion, mas quando entendio
que aquel era uerdaderamente
Arsileo, el contento que desto
reçibio, no se atreuia dallo a
entender con palabras, ni aun le
paresçia que podria hazer más
que sentillo. Ved qué se podia
esperar de la desconsolada
Belisa, quando lo supiesse! Pues
poniendo los ojos en Arsileo, no
sin lagrimas de grandissimo
contentamiento le dixo: Quisiera
yo (Arsileo) tener tu discreçion y
claridad de ingenio para darte a
entender lo que siento del allegre
sucçesso que a mi Belisa le ha
soliçitado la fortuna, porque de
otra manera sería escusado
pensar yo que tan baxo ingenio
como el mio, podria dallo a
entender. Siempre yo tuue creydo
que en algun tiempo la tristeza de
mi Belisa se auia de boluer en
grandissima alegria, porque su
hermosura y discreçion,
juntamente con la grandissima fe
que siempre te ha tenido, no
meresçia menos. Mas por otra
parte tuue temor que la fortuna no
tuuiesse cuenta con dalle lo que
yo tanto le desseaua. Porque su
condiçion es, las más de las
uezes, traer los sucçessos muy al
reues del desseo de los que
quieren bien. Dichoso te puedes
llamar, Arsileo, pues mereçiste
ser querido en la vida, de manera
que en la muerte no pudiesses
ser oluidado. Y porque no se
sufre dilatar mucho tan gran
contentamiento a vn coraçon que
tan neçessitado dél está, dame
liçençia para que yo vaya a dar
tan buenas nueuas a tu pastora,
como son las de tu vida y su
desengaño. Y no te vayas deste
lugar, hasta que yo buelua con la
persona que tú más deseas ver, y
con más razon te lo meresçe.
Arsileo le respondio: hermosa
Nimpha, de tan gran discreçion y
hermosura como la tuya, no se
puede esperar sino todo el
contento del mundo. Y pues tanto
desseas darmele, haz en ello tu
voluntad, que por ella me pienso
regir, ansi en esto, como en lo de
más que sucçediere. Y
despidiendose vno de otro,
Polidora se partio a dar la nueua
a Belisa, y Arsileo la quedó
esperando a la sombra de
aquellos alisos; el qual por
entretener el tiempo en algo,
como suelen hazer las personas
que esperan alguna cosa que
gran contento les dé, sacó su
rabel, y començo a cantar desta
manera.

Ya dan buelta el amor y la

fortuna,
y vna esperança muerta, o
desmayada
la esfuerça cada vno,[1263] y la
assegura.

Ya dexan infortunios la
posada
de vn coraçon en fuego
consumido,
y una alegria viene no
pensada.

Ya quita el alma al luto, y el

sentido
la posada apareja a la alegria,
poniendo en el pesar eterno
oluido.

Qualquiera mal de aquellos

que solia
passar quando reynaua mi
tormento,
y en fuego del ausençia me
ençendia.

A todos da fortuna tal

descuento,
que no fue tanto mal del mal
passado,
quanto es el bien, del bien que
agora siento.

Bolued, mi coraçon
sobresaltado
de mil desassosiegos, mil
enojos:
sabed gozar si quiera un buen
estado.

Dexad vuestro llorar,

cansados ojos,
que presto gozareys de uer
aquella,
por quien gozó el amor de mis
despojos.

Sentidos que buscays mi

clara estrella,
embiando acá y allá los
pensamientos,
a uer lo que sentis delante
della?

A fuera soledad y los

tormentos,
sentidos a su causa, y dexen
desto
mis fatigados miembros muy
essentos.

O tiempo no te pares, passa

presto,
fortuna, no le estorues su
uenida:
ay Dios? que aun me quedó
por passar esto?

Ven mi pastora dulçe, que la

uida
que tú pensaste que era ya
acabada,
está para seruirte aperçebida.

No uienes, mi pastora
desseada?
ay Dios, si la ha topado, o se
ha perdido
en esta selua de arboles
poblada?

O si esta Nimpha que de

aqui se ha ydo
quiça que se oluidó de yr a
buscalla:
más no, tal voluntad no suffre
oluido.

Tú sola eres pastora adonde

halla
mi alma su descanso y su
alegria,
por qué no vienes presto a
asseguralla?

¿No vees como se ua

passando el dia,
y si se passa acaso sin yo
verte,
yo boluere al tormento que
solia,
y tú de veras llorarás mi
suerte?
Quando Polidora se partió de
Arsileo, no muy lexos de alli topó
a la pastora Belisa, que en
compañia de las dos Nimphas,
Cinthia y Polidora, se andaua
recreando por el espesso bosque;
y como ellas la viessen venir con
grande priesa, no dexaron de
alborotarse paresçiendoles que
yua huyendo de alguna cosa de
que ellas tambien les cumpliesse
de[1264] huyr. Ya que uuo llegado
vn poco más cerca, la alegria que
en su hermoso rostro uieron las
asseguró, y llegando a ellas, se
fue derecha a la pastora Belisa, y
abraçandola, con grandissimo
gozo y contentamiento le dixo:
Este abraço (hermosa pastora) si
uos supiessedes de qué parte
uiene, con mayor contento le
reçibiriades del que aora teneys.
Belisa le respondio: de ninguna
parte (hermosa Nimpha) él puede
uenir, que yo en tanto le tenga,
como es de la vuestra, que la
parte de que yo lo pudiera tener
en más, ya no es en el mundo, ni
aun yo deuria querer biuir,
faltandome todo el contento que
la uida me podia dar. Essa uida
espero yo en Dios, dixo Polidora,
que uos de aqui adelante terneys
con más alegria de la que podeys
pensar. Y sentemonos a la
sombra deste uerde aliso, que
grandes cosas traygo que
deçiros. Belisa y las Nimphas se
assentaron, tomando en medio a
Polidora, la qual dixo a Belisa:
Dime, hermosa pastora, tienes tú
por çierta la muerte de Arsenio y
Arsileo? Belisa le respondio, sin
poder tener las lagrimas: Tengola
por tan çierta, como quien con
sus mismos ojos la uio, uno
atrauessado con una saeta, y al
otro matarse con su misma
espada. Y qué dirias (dixo
Polidora) a quien te dixesse, que
estos dos que tú uiste muertos,
son biuos, y sanos, como tú lo
eres? Respondiera yo a quien
esso me dixesse (dixo Belisa) que
ternía desseo de renouar mis
lagrimas, trayendomelos a la
memoria, o que gustaua de
burlarse de mis trabajos. Bien
segura estoy (dixo Polidora) que
tú esso pienses de mí pues sabes
que me han dolido más que a
ninguna persona que tú lo ayas
contado. Mas dime, quién es un
pastor de tu tierra, que se llama
Alfeo? Belisa respondio: El mayor
hechizero y encantador que ay en
nuestra Europa: y aun algun
tiempo, se preçiaua él de
seruirme. Es hombre (hermosa
Nimpha) que todo su trato y
conuersaçion es con los
demonios a los quales él haze
tomar la forma que quiere. De tal
manera que muchas uezes
pensays que con vna persona a
quien conosçeys, estays
hablando, y vos hablays con el
demonio a que él haze tomar
aquella figura. Pues has de saber,
hermosa pastora, dixo Polidora,
que esse mismo Alfeo con sus
hechizerias, ha dado causa al
engaño en que hasta agora has
biuido, y a las infinitas lagrimas
que por esta causa has llorado
porque sabiendo él que Arsileo te
auia de hablar aquella noche que
entre uosotros estaua conçertado,
hizo que dos spiritus tomassen
las figuras de Arsileo y de su
padre, y queriendote Arsileo
hablar, passasse delante de ti lo
que uiste. Porque paresçiendote
que eran muertos,
desesperasses, o a lo menos,
hiziesses lo que heziste. Quando
Belisa oyo lo que la hermosa
Polidora le auia dicho, quedó tan
fuera de sí, que por vn rato no
supo respondelle; pero boluiendo
en si, le dixo, Grandes cosas,
hermosa Nimpha, me has
contado, si mi tristeza no me
estoruasse creellas. Por lo que
dizes que me quieres, te suplico
que me digas de quién has
sabido, que los dos que yo vi
delante de mis ojos muertos, no
eran Arsenio y Arsileo? De quién?
(dixo Polidora) del mismo Arsileo.
Cómo Arsileo? Respondió Belisa.
Que es posible que el mi Arsileo
está biuo? y en parte que te lo
pudiesse contar? Yo te diré quán
posible es, dixo Polidora, que si
uienes comigo, antes que
lleguemos a aquellas tres hayas,
que delante de los ojos tienes, te
lo mostraré. Ay Dios, dixo Belisa,
qué es esto que oyo? Que es
verdad, que está alli todo mi bien?
Pues qué hazes (hermosa
Nimpha) que no me lleuas a
uerle? No cumples con el amor
que dizes siempre me as tenido.
Esto dezia la hermosa pastora,
con vna mal segura alegria, con
vna dudosa esperança de lo que
tanto deseaua, mas leuantandose
Polidora, y tomandola por la
mano, juntamente con las
Nimphas Cinthia, y Dorida, que de
plazer no cabian en ver el buen
suçesso de Belisa, se fueron
hazia el arrroyo, donde Arsileo
estaua. Y antes que allá
llegassen, vn templado ayre, que
de la parte de donde estaua
Arsileo venia, les hirio con la
dulçe boz del enamorado pastor
en los oydos, el qual aun a este
tiempo no auia dexado la musica:
mas antes començó de nueuo a
cantar esta mote antiguo, con la
glosa que el mismo alli a su
proposito hizo.
VENTURA, UEN Y DURA

Glosa.
Qué tiempos, que
mouimientos,
qué caminos tan estraños,
qué engaños, qué
desengaños,
qué grandes contentamientos
nasçieron de tantos daños:
todo lo sufre vna fe
y un buen amor lo assegura,
y pues que mi desuentura,
ya de enfadada se fue,
ven, ventura, uen y dura.
Sueles, ventura, mouerte
con ligero mouimiento,
y si en darme este contento
no ymaginas tener fuerte,
más me uale mi tormento;
que si te vas al partir,
falta el seso y la cordura:
mas si para estar segura
te determinas venir,
ven, ventura, uen y dura.
Si es en uano mi uenida,
si acaso biuo engañado,
que todo teme vn cuytado,
no fuera perder la uida
consejo más açertado?
o temor, eres estraño,
siempre el mal se te figura,
mas ya que en tal hermosura
no puede caber engaño,
ven, ventura, uen y dura[1265].
Qvando Belisa oyó la musica de
su Arsileo, tan gran alegría llegó a
su coraçon, que sería imposible
sabello dezir, y acabando de todo
punto de dexar la tristeza que el
alma le tenía occupada, de
adonde procedia su hermoso
rostro no mostrar aquella
hermosura de que la naturaleza
tanta parte le auia dado, ni aquel
ayre y graçia, causa prinçipal de
los sospiros del su Arsileo, dixo
con vna tan nueua graçia y
hermosura que las Nimphas dexó
admiradas: Esta sin duda es la
boz del mi Arsileo, si es verdad,
que no me engaño en llamarle
mío. Quando el pastor vio delante
de sus ojos la causa de todos sus
males passados, fue tan grande
el contentamiento que reçibió,
que los sentidos, no siendo parte
para conprehendelle en aquel
punto, se le turbaron de manera
que por entonçes no pudo hablar.
Las Nimphas sintiendo lo que en
Arsileo auio causado la vista de
su pastora, se llegaron a él a
tiempo que suspendiendo el
pastor por vn poco lo que el
contentamiento presente le
causaua, con muchas lagrimas
dezia: O pastora Belisa, con qué
palabras podré yo encaresçer la
satisfacçion que la fortuna me ha
hecho de tantos y tan desusados
trabajos, como a causa tuya, he
passado? O quién me dara un
coraçon nueuo, y no tan hecho a
pesares como el mío, para reçebir
vn gozo tan estremado, como el
que tu uista me causa? O fortuna,
ni yo tengo más que te pedir, ni tú
tienes más que darme. Sola una
cosa te pido. Ya que tienes por
costumbre, no dar a nadie ningun
contento estremado, sin dalle
algun disgusto en cuenta dél, que
con pequeña tristeza, y de cosa
que duela poco, me sea templada
la gran fuerça de la alegria, que
en este dia me diste: O hermosas
Nimphas, ¿en cuyo poder auia de
estar tan gran thesoro, sino en el
vuestro, adonde pudiera él estar
mejor empleado? Alegrense
vuestros coraçones con el gran
contentamiento, que el mio
resçibe: que si algun tiempo
quesistes bien, no os paresçerá
demasiado. O hermosa pastora,
por qué no me hablas? ha te
pesado por ventura de ver al tu
Arsileo? ha turbado tu lengua, el
pesar de auello uisto, o el
contentamiento de velle?
Respondeme, porque no sufre lo
que te quiero yo estar dudoso de
cosa tuya? La pastora entonçes le
respondio: muy poco sería el
contento de verte (o Arsileo) si yo
con palabras pudiesse dezillo.
Contentate con saber el extremo
en que tu fingida muerte me puso,
y por él verás la gran alegria en
que tu vida me pone. Y viniendole
a la pastora, al postrero punto
destas palabras, las lagrimas a
los ojos, calló lo mas que dezir
quisiera: a las quales las Nimphas
enternesçidas de las blandas
palabras que los dos amantes se
dezian, les ayudaron. Y porque la
noche se les açercaua, se fueron
todos juntos hazia la casa de
Feliçia, contandose vno a otro lo
que hasta alli auian passado.
Belisa preguntó a Arsileo por su
padre Arsenio: y el respondio que
en sabiendo que ella era
desaparesçida, se auia recogido
en una heredad suya, que está en
el camino, a do biue con toda la
quietud posible, por auer puesto
todas las cosas del mundo en
oluido, de que Belisa en extremo
se holgó, y assi llegaron en casa
de la sábia Feliçia donde fueron
muy bien reçebidos. Y Belisa le
besó muchas vezes las manos,
diziendo que ella auia sido causa
de su buen suçesso, y lo mismo
hizo Arsileo, a quien Feliçia
mostro gran voluntad de hazer
siempre por él lo que en ella
fuesse.

Fin del quinto libro.

 NOTAS:
[1260] Le en la edición de Milán.
[1261] Falta el que en la edición de Milán.
[1262] Falta el á en la edición de Milán.
[1263] Cada cual, en la edición de Milán.
[1264] Falta el de en la edición de Milán.
[1265] En la edición de Milán, siempre tura en vez de dura.