Advances in food diagnostics Nollet

Visit to download the full and correct content document:

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-food-diagnostics-nollet-2/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Advances in food diagnostics Nollet

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-food-diagnostics-
nollet-2/

Proteomics for Food Authentication 1st Edition Leo M.L.

Nollet (Editor)

https://textbookfull.com/product/proteomics-for-food-
authentication-1st-edition-leo-m-l-nollet-editor/

Advances in food authenticity testing 1st Edition

Gerard Downey

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-food-authenticity-
testing-1st-edition-gerard-downey/

Advances in Probiotics for Sustainable Food and

Medicine Gunjan Goel

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-probiotics-for-
sustainable-food-and-medicine-gunjan-goel/
Advances in Diagnostics of Processes and Systems:
Selected Papers from the 14th International Conference
on Diagnostics of Processes and Systems (DPS),
September 21–23, 2020, Zielona Góra (Poland) Józef
Korbicz
https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-diagnostics-of-
processes-and-systems-selected-papers-from-the-14th-
international-conference-on-diagnostics-of-processes-and-systems-
dps-september-21-23-2020-zielona-gora-pol/

Advances in Food Rheology and its Applications 1st

Edition Jasim Ahmed

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-food-rheology-and-
its-applications-1st-edition-jasim-ahmed/

Advances in food security and sustainability. Volume 1

First Edition Barling

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-food-security-and-
sustainability-volume-1-first-edition-barling/

Advances in Food Rheology and its Applications 1st

Edition Jasim Ahmed

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-food-rheology-and-
its-applications-1st-edition-jasim-ahmed-2/

Advances in Food Traceability Techniques and

Technologies Improving Quality Throughout the Food
Chain 1st Edition Montserrat Espiñeira

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-food-traceability-
techniques-and-technologies-improving-quality-throughout-the-
food-chain-1st-edition-montserrat-espineira/
Advances in Food Diagnostics
Advances in Food Diagnostics

Edited by
Fidel Toldrá, Ph.D
Department of Food Science, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de
Alimentos (CSIC), Valencia, Spain

Leo M.L. Nollet, Ph.D

Formerly at University College Ghent, Department of Applied Engineering
Sciences, Gent, Belgium

Second Edition
This edition first published 2017 © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
First edition published 2007 by Blackwell publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available
at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Fidel Toldrá and Leo M.L. Nollet to be identified as the authors of the editorial work in this
material has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Office
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Offices
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products
visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that
appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

The publisher and the authors make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without
limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. This work is sold with the understanding
that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained
herein may not be suitable for every situation. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications,
changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental
reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in
the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other
things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. The
fact that an organization or website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further
information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or
website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed
in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this works was written and when it is read. No
warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor
the author shall be liable for any damages arising here from.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for

9781119105886

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Images: (Background) © KTSDESIGN/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Gettyimages; (Woman Scientist)
© Monty Rakusen/Cultura/Corbis; (Fruits/Vegetables) © monticello/Shutterstock; (Group of Scientist) ©
Comaniciu Dan/Shutterstock; (Lab Experiment) © nicolas_/Gettyimages; (Meat) rocharibeiro/Shutterstock

Set in 10/12pt, WarnockPro by SPi Global, Chennai, India

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 This book is dedicated to my mother,
Francina Vilardell, who passed
away during the final preparation of this
book. She was very enthusiastic and great
supporter of my research activity.
I will always remember her.

Fidel Toldrá
 vii

Contents

List of Contributors xvii

Preface xxiii

1 Assuring Safety and Quality along the Food Chain 1

Gerhard Schiefer
1.1 Quality and safety: issues 1
1.2 Tracking and tracing through chains and networks 2
1.3 Food safety – the baseline 3
1.4 Food quality – delivery concepts 4
1.5 Quality programs – steps towards sector quality agreements 5
1.5.1 Overview 5
1.5.2 A closed system concept – the case of IKB 6
1.5.3 An open sector system concept – the case of Q&S 6
1.5.4 Trade initiatives 7
1.6 The information challenge 7
1.6.1 Information clusters 7
1.6.2 Organisational alternatives 9
1.6.3 Data ownership and data markets 10
1.6.4 Added value of emerging information infrastructures 10
1.7 Conclusion 10
References 11

2 Methodologies for Improved Quality Control Assessment of Food

Products 13
Manuel A. Coimbra, Sílvia M. Rocha, Cátia Martins and António S. Barros
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Use of FT-IR spectroscopy as a tool for the analysis of polysaccharide food
additives 14
2.2.1 Identification of polysaccharide food additives by FT-IR spectroscopy 16
2.2.2 Influence of hydration on FT-IR spectra of food additive
polysaccharides 20
2.3 Use of outer product (OP) and orthogonal signal correction (OSC) PLS1
regressions in FT-IR spectroscopy for quantification purposes of complex
food sample matrices 23
viii Contents

2.3.1 Outer product (OP)-PLS1 regression applied to the prediction of the degree
of methylesterification of pectic polysaccharides in extracts of olive and pear
pulps 23
2.3.2 Orthogonal signal correction (OSC)-PLS1 regression applied to white
and red wine polymeric material extracts 29
2.4 Screening and distinction of coffee brews based on headspace – solid phase
microextraction combined with gas chromatography in tandem
with principal component analysis (HS-SPME/GC-PCA) 33
2.5 Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) combined
with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToFMS) as a powerful tool for food
products analysis 38
2.5.1 GC × GC-ToFMS principles and advantages 38
2.5.2 Beer volatile profiling by HS-SPME/GC × GC-ToFMS 41
2.6 Study of cork (from Quercus suber L.) – wine model interactions based
on voltammetric multivariate analysis 44
2.6.1 Evaluation of the voltammetric analysis in what concerns the cyclic
and square wave technique 46
2.6.2 Cyclic voltammetric analysis for cork classification 49
2.7 Concluding remarks 52
References 52

3 Developments in Electronic Noses for Quality and Safety Control 63

John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan, Arockia Jayalatha Kulandaisamy, Madeshwari
Ezhilan, Parthasarathy Srinivasan and Ganesh Kumar Mani
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Overview of classical techniques for food quality testing 65
3.2.1 Chromatographic techniques 70
3.2.2 Spectroscopic techniques 70
3.2.3 Imaging techniques 74
3.2.4 Biological techniques 75
3.3 Electronic Nose 75
3.3.1 Various definitions of eNose reported in literature 75
3.3.2 Aroma as biomarker 76
3.4 Instrumentation of eNose (Loutfi et al., 2015) 77
3.4.1 Sampling system 77
3.4.1.1 Analytical distillation methods 77
3.4.1.2 Headspace analysis methods (HS) 78
3.4.1.3 Direct extraction methods 78
3.4.2 Detection system (Loutfi et al., 2015) 78
3.4.2.1 Types of chemical sensors for gaseous environment 78
3.4.3 Data processing system 79
3.5 Recent developments in electronic nose applications for food quality 79
3.5.1 Meat 79
3.5.2 Milk 80
3.5.3 Fish and seafood 81
3.5.4 Fruits and vegetables 82
3.5.5 Adulterants 83
 Contents ix

3.5.6 Beverages 84
3.5.6.1 Non-alcoholic beverages 84
3.5.6.2 Alcoholic beverages 84
3.6 Conclusion 85
References 85

4 Proteomics and Peptidomics as Tools for Detection of Food Contamination by

Bacteria 97
Dina Rešetar, Tamara Martinović, Sandra Kraljević Pavelić, Uroš Andjelković
and Djuro Josić
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Bacteria as food-borne pathogens 98
4.3 Gram-positive bacteria 101
4.4 Gram-negative bacteria 106
4.5 Bacterial toxins 110
4.5.1 Endotoxins 110
4.5.2 Exotoxins 111
4.6 Detection of bacterial contamination in food 114
4.6.1 Omics methods for detection of bacteria 116
4.6.1.1 Proteomic and peptidomic methods 116
4.6.1.2 Affinity-based methods 117
4.6.1.3 Mass spectrometry-based methods 120
4.7 Analysis of bacterial toxins 121
4.8 Conclusions 126
4.9 Acknowledgements 127
References 127

5 Metabolomics in Assessment of Nutritional Status 139

Kati Hanhineva
5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 Usability of metabolomics in nutrition sciences 139
5.3 The metabolite complement in human studies 140
5.4 Metabolomics within the analysis of relationship between diet
and health 141
5.5 Individual differences in metabolic and nutritional phenotype 142
5.6 Assessment of nutritional status, example studies 143
5.6.1 Malnutrition 143
5.6.2 Deficiencies in particular nutrients 145
References 148

6 Rapid Microbiological Methods in Food Diagnostics 153

Catherine M. Logue and Chantal W. Nde
6.1 Introduction 153
6.1.1 Why the need for rapid methods – their benefits and potential
limitations 153
6.2 Quantitative vs qualitative 154
6.3 Culture dependent vs independent 154
x Contents

6.4 Automation and multi-pathogen detection 155

6.5 Separation and concentration 156
6.5.1 Filtration 156
6.5.2 Stomacher 156
6.5.3 Pulsifier 157
6.6 Rapid methods that are currently in the market 157
6.6.1 Microscopic-based 157
6.6.1.1 DEFT – direct epifluorescent filter technique 157
6.6.1.2 FISH – fluorescent in situ hybridisation 158
6.6.1.3 Live dead assay 158
6.6.1.4 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 159
6.6.1.5 MALDI-TOF MS 159
6.6.1.6 Flow cytometry 160
6.6.1.7 Solid phase cytometry 161
6.6.2 Metabolism-based detection 161
6.6.2.1 Head space analysis 162
6.6.3 Luminescence-based 162
6.6.3.1 Bioluminescence/ATP detection 162
6.6.4 Immunological/ serological based 163
6.6.4.1 Antibody-based latex agglutination assay 163
6.6.4.2 Immunoprecipitation 163
6.6.4.3 Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) 163
6.6.5 Nucleic acid-based (molecular) 164
6.6.5.1 DNA microarrays 164
6.6.5.2 DNA colony hybridisation 165
6.6.5.3 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 166
6.6.5.4 Nested PCR 167
6.6.5.5 Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) 167
6.6.5.6 Real-time PCR 167
6.6.5.7 Quantitative PCR (qPCR) 168
6.6.5.8 Digital PCR 168
6.6.5.9 Droplet digital PCR 169
6.6.5.10 16S Riboprinting 169
6.6.6 Next-generation technologies 169
6.6.7 Immunosensors or biosensors 170
6.6.7.1 Electronic nose sensors 170
6.6.7.2 Mass-sensitive biosensors 170
6.6.7.3 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) 171
6.6.7.4 Raman and Fourier transform spectroscopy 171
6.6.7.5 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 171
6.6.7.6 Fibre optic biosensor 172
6.6.7.7 Aptamer-based biosensors 172
6.6.7.8 Nanotechnology for pathogen detection 172
6.7 Conclusion 173
References 173
 Contents xi

7 Molecular Technologies for the Detection and Characterisation

of Food-Borne Pathogens 187
Geraldine Duffy
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Hybridisation-based methods 188
7.2.1 DNA hybridisation methods 188
7.2.2 RNA hybridisation methods 189
7.2.2.1 Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) 189
7.2.3 DNA microarrays 189
7.3 Nucleic acid amplification methods 190
7.3.1 Polymerase chain reaction 190
7.3.1.1 Real-time PCR 190
7.3.1.2 Quantitative PCR 192
7.3.1.2.1 Digital PCR 192
7.3.1.3 Multiplex PCR 192
7.3.2 RNA-based amplification assays 193
7.3.2.1 Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction 193
7.3.2.2 Viability dyes in RT-PCR 193
7.3.3 Isothermal amplification 194
7.3.3.1 Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) 194
7.3.3.2 Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) 194
7.4 Molecular characterisation methods 195
7.4.1 Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) 195
7.4.2 Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) 195
7.4.3 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 196
7.4.4 Multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) 196
7.4.5 Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) 196
7.4.6 Whole genome sequencing (WGS) 197
7.5 Conclusion 198
References 198

8 DNA-based Detection of GM Ingredients 205

Patrick Guertler, Alexandra Hahn, Ulrich Busch and Karl-Heinz Engel
8.1 Introduction 205
8.2 Analysis of GMO 205
8.2.1 Sampling and DNA extraction 206
8.2.2 Choice of target sequences 207
8.2.3 Conventional end-point PCR 208
8.2.4 Real-time PCR 208
8.2.5 Digital PCR 210
8.2.6 Multiplex approaches 212
8.3 Quantification of GMOs 215
8.4 Validation 217
8.5 Challenges in GMO detection 218
8.5.1 Influences of food composition and processing 218
xii Contents

8.5.2 Copy numbers 219

8.5.3 Certified reference material 219
8.5.4 Sequence information 220
8.5.5 Stacked events 220
8.5.6 GM animals 221
8.6 Outlook 221
References 222

9 Enzyme-based Sensors 231

Anastasios Economou, Stephanos K. Karapetis, Georgia-Paraskevi Nikoleli,
Dimitrios P. Nikolelis, Spyridoula Bratakou and Theodoros H. Varzakas
9.1 Introduction to enzymatic biosensors 231
9.2 Types of transducers 235
9.3 Enzymatic biosensors and the food industry 238
9.4 Biosensors for the analysis of main food components 239
9.4.1 Sugars 239
9.4.2 Acids 241
9.4.3 Amino acids 242
9.4.4 Alcohols 243
9.5 Biosensors for contaminants 244
9.5.1 Pesticides 244
9.5.2 Heavy metals 245
9.6 Food freshness indicators, antinutrients and additives 246
9.7 Future perspectives 247
References 248

10 Immunology-based Biosensors 251

Theodoros H. Varzakas, Georgia-Paraskevi Nikoleli and Dimitrios P. Nikolelis
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 Antibodies and biosensors 251
10.2.1 Immunochemiluminescence biosensors 252
10.2.2 Site-directed antibody immobilisation techniques for immunosensors 253
10.2.3 Label-free arrayed imaging reflectometry (AIR) detection platform 255
10.3 Immunoassays for detection of microorganisms 255
10.4 Immunosensors and cancer biomarkers-immunoarrays 259
10.4.1 Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (mPADs) 260
References 261

11 Graphene and Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors for Food Analysis 269

Stephanos K. Karapetis, Spyridoula M. Bratakou, Georgia-Paraskevi Nikoleli, Christina
G. Siontorou, Dimitrios P. Nikolelis and Nikolaos Tzamtzis
11.1 Introduction 269
11.2 Biosensing devices based on graphene and CNTs and their applications
in food analysis 270
11.3 Future trends and prospects 274
References 275
 Contents xiii

12 Nanoparticles-Based Sensors 279

Luís G. Dias, António M. Peres and Alfredo Teixeira
12.1 Introduction 279
12.2 Nanoparticles for sensor technology 280
12.2.1 Electrochemical techniques 281
12.2.2 Spectroscopic techniques 283
12.2.3 Nanoparticles characterisation 285
12.3 Nanoparticles-based sensors: applications 286
12.3.1 Nanoparticles based-sensors for pesticides detection in foods 287
12.3.2 Nanoparticles-based sensors for antibiotics, growth enhancers and other
veterinary drugs detection in foods 287
12.3.3 Nanoparticles based-sensors for mycotoxins detection in foods 289
12.3.4 Nanoparticles based-sensors for microorganisms’ detection in foods 290
12.3.5 Nanoparticles-based sensors for detecting food valuable constituents 291
12.3.6 Nanoparticles based-sensors for detecting food contaminants
and adulterations 292
12.3.7 Nanoparticles-based sensors for detecting food dyes/additives 294
12.3.8 Nanoparticles based-sensors for detecting metal ions in foods 297
12.4 Conclusions and future trends 298
References 299

13 New Technologies for Nanoparticles Detection in Foods 305

G. Castillo, Z. Garaiova and T. Hianik
13.1 Introduction 305
13.2 Nanoparticle properties and applications in food industry 306
13.2.1 Preparation of nanoparticles 306
13.2.1.1 Top-down strategy 306
13.2.1.2 Bottom-up strategy 307
13.2.2 Properties of nanoparticles 308
13.2.2.1 Organic nanoparticles 309
13.2.2.2 Inorganic nanoparticles 310
13.2.2.3 Combined nanoparticles 312
13.2.3 Applications of nanoparticles in food industry 312
13.2.3.1 Food functionalisation 313
13.2.3.2 Food packaging and quality preservation 315
13.3 Toxicity of food-related nanoparticles 317
13.3.1 Biological fate of ingested nanoparticles 317
13.3.2 Toxicity studies of engineered nanoparticles 318
13.4 Methods of nanoparticle detection in food 321
13.4.1 Direct visualisations of nanomaterials 322
13.4.2 Measurement of nanoparticles by light-scattering methods 323
13.4.3 Electrochemical methods in nanoparticle analysis 327
13.4.4 Food monitoring and safety controls 329
13.5 Conclusion 330
13.6 Acknowledgments 330
References 330
xiv Contents

14 Rapid Liquid Chromatographic Techniques for Detection of Key (Bio)chemical

Markers 343
M‐Concepción Aristoy, Milagro Reig and Fidel Toldrá
14.1 Introduction 343
14.2 The fundamentals of liquid chromatography 344
14.2.1 Adsorption HPLC 345
14.2.2 Ion exchange HPLC 345
14.2.3 Size exclusion HPLC 345
14.2.4 Partition HPLC 345
14.3 Advances in modern HPLC 346
14.4 Analysis of biochemical markers: applications for nutritional quality 347
14.4.1 Amino acids 347
14.4.2 Carbohydrate and carboxylic acids 348
14.4.3 Vitamins 350
14.4.4 Minerals and trace elements 352
14.4.5 Antioxidants 352
14.5 Analysis of biochemical markers: applications for food quality 354
14.5.1 Biochemical compounds 354
14.5.1.1 Amino acids 354
14.5.1.2 Nucleotides and nucleosides 354
14.5.2 Additives 355
14.5.3 Markers for process control 356
14.6 Analysis of biochemical markers: applications for the detection of food
adulterations 356
14.7 Analysis of biochemical markers: applications for food safety 357
14.7.1 Biochemical compounds 357
14.7.2 Veterinary drug residues in foods of animal origin 359
14.7.3 Antibiotic residues in foods of animal origin 360
14.7.4 Other residues 361
References 362

15 Olfactometry Detection of Aroma Compounds 379

Mónica Flores and Sara Corral
15.1 Introduction 379
15.2 Extraction of volatile compounds from foods for GC-olfactometry analysis
(GC-O) 380
15.3 Olfactometry techniques 382
15.3.1 Methodologies 382
15.3.1.1 Dilution analysis method 383
15.3.1.2 Detection frequency method 383
15.3.1.3 Direct intensity method 388
15.3.2 Use of GC-O methodologies 388
15.4 Applications of GC-O in food industry 389
15.4.1 Identification of key aroma compounds in different foods 389
15.4.2 Identification of off-flavours for quality control 392
15.4.3 Application of GC-O to production processes 393
15.4.4 Application of GC-O to reformulation of food aromas 395
 Contents xv

15.5 Conclusions 395

15.6 Acknowledgements 396
References 396

16 Data Handling 401

Riccardo Leardi
16.1 Introduction 401
16.2 Data collection 402
16.3 Data display 403
16.4 Process monitoring and quality control 417
16.5 Three-way PCA 417
16.6 Classification 420
16.7 Modelling 423
16.8 Calibration 424
16.9 Variable selection 426
16.10 Conclusion: future trends and the advantages and disadvantages
of chemometrics 428
References 429
Suggested Books 430

17 Automated Sampling Procedures 431

Semih Otles and Canan Kartal
17.1 Introduction 431
17.2 Extraction techniques for sample preparation 432
17.2.1 Extraction from liquid samples 432
17.2.1.1 Liquid-liquid extraction 433
17.2.1.2 Solvent microextraction (SME) 433
17.2.1.2.1 Single-drop microextraction (SDME) 434
17.2.1.2.2 Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) 438
17.2.1.2.3 Hollow-fibre microextraction (HF-LPME) 439
17.2.1.3 Solid-phase extraction (SPE) 440
17.2.1.3.1 Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) 442
17.2.1.3.2 In-tube solid-phase microextraction 443
17.2.1.3.3 Stir-bar-sorptive extraction 445
17.2.2 Extraction from solid samples 446
17.2.2.1 Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) 446
17.2.2.2 Pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) 448
17.2.2.3 Super-heated water extraction (SHWE) 449
17.2.2.4 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) 449
17.2.2.5 Microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction 451
References 453

18 The Market for Diagnostic Devices in the Food Industry 465

Mark Buecking, Hans Hoogland and Huub Lelieveld
18.1 Introduction 465
18.2 Food diagnostics 461
18.3 Product composition 466
xvi Contents

18.3.1 Physical hazards 468

18.3.2 Biological hazards 468
18.3.3 Chemical hazards 468
18.3.3.1 Metals 468
18.3.3.2 Pesticides 469
18.3.3.3 Organic contaminants 469
18.3.3.4 Allergens 469
18.3.4 Metabolites 470
18.3.5 Desired product constituents 470
18.3.6 Source of constituents 470
18.4 Product structure 471
18.4.1 Viscosity 471
18.4.2 Air/gas 471
18.4.3 Crystal size 472
18.5 Influence of processing on product composition 472
18.5.1 Reactions between naturally present substances in food 472
18.5.2 Contamination with cleaning and disinfection agents 473
18.6 Processing parameters 473
18.6.1 General 474
18.6.2 Flow rate and velocity distribution/temperature and temperature
distribution 474
18.6.3 Droplet, bubble, crystal size and distribution 475
18.6.4 Additional parameters for high-pressure processing 475
18.6.5 Pulsed electric field (PEF) processing 475
18.7 Packaging parameters 476
18.7.1 Sterility testing 477
18.8 Conclusion 477
References 478

Index 479
 xvii

List of Contributors

Uroš Andjelković Ulrich Busch

Department of Biotechnology Bavarian Health and Food Safety
University of Rijeka Authority (LGL)
Croatia Molecular Biology Unit
Oberschleißheim
M-Concepción Aristoy Germany
Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de
Alimentos (CSIC) G. Castillo
Valencia Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and
Spain Informatics
Comenius University in Bratislava
António S. Barros Bratislava
Departamento de Química & QOPNA Slovakia
Universidade de Aveiro
Portugal Manuel A. Coimbra
Departamento de Química & QOPNA
Spyridoula M. Bratakou Universidade de Aveiro
Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Portugal
Chemistry
School of Chemical Engineering Sara Corral
National Technical University of Athens Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de
Athens Alimentos (CSIC)
Greece Valencia
Spain
Mark Buecking
Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Luís G. Dias
Biology and Applied Ecology IME Escola Superior Agrária
Auf dem Aberg 1 Instituto Politécnico de Bragança
Schmallenberg-Grafschaft Campus Santa Apolónia
Germany Bragança
Portugal
xviii List of Contributors

and Z. Garaiova
Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and
CQ-VR Informatics
Centro de Química – Vila Real Comenius University in Bratislava
University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Bratislava
Douro Slovakia
Vila Real
Portugal Patrick Guertler
Bavarian Health and Food Safety
Geraldine Duffy Authority (LGL)
Teagasc Food Research Centre Molecular Biology Unit
Teagasc Oberschleißheim
Ashtown Germany
Dublin
Ireland Alexandra Hahn
GALAB Laboratories GmbH
Anastasios Economou Hamburg
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry Germany
Department of Chemistry
University of Athens Kati Hanhineva
Athens Univ Eastern Finland
Greece Institute of Public Health & Clinical
Nutrition
Karl-Heinz Engel Kuopio
Technische Universität München Finland
Center of Food and Life Sciences
Freising-Weihenstephan T. Hianik
Germany Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and
Informatics
Madeshwari Ezhilan Comenius University in Bratislava
Nano Sensors Lab @ Centre for Nano Bratislava
Technology & Advanced Biomaterials Slovakia
(CeNTAB)
School of Electrical & Electronics Hans Hoogland
Engineering (SEEE) LEMKEN Nederland B.V., Zeewolde
SASTRA University The Netherlands
Tamil Nadu
India Djuro Josić
Department of Biotechnology
Mónica Flores University of Rijeka
Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Croatia
Alimentos (CSIC)
and
Valencia
Spain Warren Alpert Medical School
Brown University
Providence
Rhode Island
USA
 List of Contributors xix

Stephanos K. Karapetis Ganesh Kumar Mani

Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Nano Sensors Lab @ Centre for Nano
Chemistry Technology & Advanced Biomaterials
School of Chemical Engineering (CeNTAB)
National Technical University of Athens School of Electrical & Electronics
Athens Engineering (SEEE)
Greece SASTRA University
Tamil Nadu
Canan Kartal India
Ege University
Faculty of Engineering and
Department of Food Engineering
Bornova Micro/Nano Technology Center
Izmir Tokai University
Turkey Japan

Arockia Jayalatha Kulandaisamy Tamara Martinović

Nano Sensors Lab @ Centre for Nano Department of Biotechnology
Technology & Advanced Biomaterials University of Rijeka
(CeNTAB) Croatia
School of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering (SEEE) Cátia Martins
SASTRA University Departamento de Química & QOPNA
Tamil Nadu Universidade de Aveiro
India Portugal

Riccardo Leardi Chantal W. Nde

Department of Pharmacy Food Safety and Microbiology
University of Genova Kraft Heinz Company
Genova Northfield
Italy USA

Huub Lelieveld Georgia-Paraskevi Nikoleli

Ensahlaan, HT Bilthoven Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical
The Netherlands Chemistry
School of Chemical Engineering
Catherine M. Logue National Technical University of Athens
Department of Veterinary Microbiology Athens
and Preventive Medicine Greece
Iowa State University
Ames Dimitrios P. Nikolelis
USA Laboratory of Environmental
Chemistry
Department of Chemistry
University of Athens
Athens
Greece
8 Advances in Food Diagnostics

Enterprise Information Pyramid

1 2
EIS
Enterprise
focus DSS
Marketing
MIS
TIS-Values

TIS-Quantities

Quality
Tracking/Tracing
Chain/Sector focus
Remark: EIS: Executive Information Systems; DSS: Decision Support
Systems; MIS: Management Information Systems; TIS: Transaction
Information Systems (values, quantities)

Figure 1.4 Information layers with enterprise (1, 2) and chain/sector focus.

incorporate information for tracking and tracing, as well as for quality assurance and
improvement activities (Figure 1.4).
These new layers differ from traditional enterprise information layers due to their
focus, which is not the individual enterprise but the vertical chain of production and
trade. They are linked to the flow of goods and connect, in principle, the different stages
of production and trade with each other and with the consumer. Their realisation
depends on agreements between trading partners on responsibilities, content, organi-
sation and technologies.
The layers were initiated by requirements for tracking and tracing capabilities from
legislation (EU, 2002) and markets, and by increasing expectations of consumers regard-
ing the quality of products and production processes. A number of European projects
have dealt with tracking and tracing opportunities (e.g. project TRACE; www.­tracefood
.org), as well as with transparency requirements for meeting the emerging challenges
towards sustainability, including food safety and quality (e.g. Project Transparent Food;
www.transparentfood.eu; Schiefer and Reiche, 2013).
A sector encompassing general agreement is restricted to the lowest level of legal
requirements. Any communication agreements beyond this level are subject to specific
business interests, and might limit themselves to clusters of enterprises with common
trading interests. In a network environment, individual enterprises might be members
of different clusters, resulting in a future patchwork of interrelated and overlapping
communication clusters (Figure 1.5).
The content of quality communication layers depends on the quality requirements of
enterprises and consumers. However, the diversity of interests in a sector could gener-
ate an almost unlimited number of possible requirement sets – or, in other words, of
needs for communication clusters. This is not a feasible approach.
In this situation, the quality requirements of quality programs could serve as a basic
reference for the separation of communication clusters. First initiatives towards this
end are under way. These developments will separate the sector’s food production into
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 the approval of the governor of the islands, authorize the
cities and towns to form among themselves associations or
communities for determined ends, such as the construction of
public works, the creation and foundation of beneficent,
charitable, or educational institutions, for the better
encouragement of public interests or the use of communal
property.

{389}

"ARTICLE 54.
It shall be the duty of commanding officers of military
districts, immediately after the publication of this order, to
recommend to the office of the military governor in which towns
within their commands municipal governments shall be
established, and upon approval of recommendations, either
personally or through subordinate commanders designated by
them, to issue and cause to be posted proclamations calling
elections therein. Such proclamations shall fix the time and
place of election and shall designate three residents of the
town who shall be charged with the duty of administering
electors' oaths; of preparing, publishing, and correcting,
within specified dates, a list of electors having the
qualifications hereinbefore set forth, and of presiding at and
making a due return of the election thus appointed. The
proclamation shall specify the offices to be filled, and in
order to determine the number of councilors the commanders
charged with calling the election shall determine, from the
best available evidence, the class to which the town belongs,
as hereinbefore defined; the classification thus made shall
govern until the taking of an official census. The first
alcaldes appointed under the provisions of this order shall
take and subscribe the oath of office before the commanding
officer of the military district or some person in the several
towns designated by said commanding officer for the said
purpose; whereupon the alcalde so sworn shall administer the
said oath of office to all the other officers of the municipio
 there elected and afterwards appointed. The election returns
shall be canvassed by the authority issuing the election
proclamation, and the officers elected shall assume their
duties on a date to be specified by him in orders.

"ARTICLE. 55.
Until the appointment of governors of provinces their duties
under this order will be performed by the commanding officers
of the military districts. They may, by designation, confer on
subordinate commanding officers of subdistricts or of other
prescribed territorial limits of their commands the
supervisory duties herein enumerated, and a subordinate
commander so designated shall perform all and every of the
duties herein prescribed for the superior commanding officer.

"ARTICLE. 56.
For the time being the provisions of this order requiring that
alcaldes be elected, in all cases shall be so far modified as
to permit the commanding officers of military districts, in
their discretion, either to appoint such officers or to have
them elected as hereinbefore prescribed. The term of office of
alcaldes appointed under this authority shall be the same as
if they had been elected; at the expiration of such term the
office shall be filled by election or appointment.

"ARTICLE 57.
The governments of towns organized under General Orders No.
43, Headquarters Department of the Pacific and Eighth Army
Corps, series 1899, will continue in the exercise of their
functions as therein defined and set forth until such time as
municipal governments therefor have been organized and are in
operation under this order."

United States, 56th Congress, 1st Session,

House Document Number 659.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (April).

Appointment of the Second Commission to the Philippines and
the President's instructions to it.
Steps to be taken towards the establishment of civil
government, and the principles to be observed.

On the 7th of April, 1900, the President of the United States

addressed the following communication to the Secretary of War,
appointing a Second Commission to the Philippines, "to
continue and perfect the work of organizing and establishing
civil government" in the Islands, and defining the principles
on which that work should proceed: "In the message transmitted
to the Congress on the 5th of December, 1899, I said, speaking of
the Philippine Islands: 'As long as the insurrection continues
the military arm must necessarily be supreme. But there is no
reason why steps should not be taken from time to time to
inaugurate governments essentially popular in their form as
fast as territory is held and controlled by our troops. To
this end I am considering the advisability of the return of
the commission, or such of the members thereof as can be
secured, to aid the existing authorities and facilitate this
work throughout the islands.'

"To give effect to the intention thus expressed I have

appointed the Honorable William H. Taft of Ohio, Professor
Dean C. Worcester of Michigan, the Honorable Luke I. Wright of
Tennessee, the Honorable Henry C. Ide of Vermont, and
Professor Bernard Moses of California, Commissioners to the
Philippine Islands to continue and perfect the work of
organizing and establishing civil government already commenced
by the military authorities, subject in all respects to any
laws which Congress may hereafter enact. The Commissioners
named will meet and act as a board, and the Honorable William
H. Taft is designated as President of the board. It is
probable that the transfer of authority from military
commanders to civil officers will be gradual and will occupy a
considerable period. Its successful accomplishment and the
maintenance of peace and order in the meantime will require
the most perfect co-operation between the civil and military
authorities in the island, and both should be directed during
the transition period by the same executive department. The
commission will therefore report to the Secretary of War, and
all their action will be subject to your approval and control.

"You will instruct the commission to proceed to the City of

Manila, where they will make their principal office, and to
communicate with the Military Governor of the Philippine
Islands, whom you will at the same time direct to render to
them every assistance within his power in the performance of
their duties. Without hampering them by too specific
instructions, they should in general be enjoined, after making
themselves familiar with the conditions and needs of the
country, to devote their attention in the first instance to
the establishment of municipal governments, in which the
natives of the islands, both in the cities and in the rural
communities, shall be afforded the opportunity to manage their
own local affairs to the fullest extent of which they are
capable, and subject to the least degree of supervision and
control which a careful study of their capacities and
observation of the workings of native control show to be
consistent with the maintenance of law, order, and loyalty.
The next subject in order of importance should be the
organization of government in the larger administrative
divisions corresponding to counties, departments, or
provinces, in which the common interests of many or several
municipalities falling within the same tribal lines, or the
same natural geographical limits, may best be subserved by a
common administration. Whenever the commission is of the
opinion that the condition of affairs in the islands is such
that the central administration may safely be transferred from
military to civil control, they will report that conclusion to
you, with their recommendations as to the form of central
government to be established for the purpose of taking over
the control.
{390}

"Beginning with the 1st day of September, 1900, the authority

to exercise, subject to my approval, through the Secretary of
War, that part of the power of government in the Philippine
Islands which is of a legislative nature is to be transferred
from the Military Governor of the Islands to this commission,
to be thereafter exercised by them in the place and stead of
the Military Governor, under such rules and regulations as you
shall prescribe, until the establishment of the civil central
government for the islands contemplated in the last foregoing
paragraph, or until Congress shall otherwise provide. Exercise
of this legislative authority will include the making of rules
and orders, having the effect of law, for the raising of
revenue by taxes, customs duties, and imposts; the
appropriation and expenditure of public funds of the islands;
the establishment of an educational system throughout the
islands; the establishment of a system to secure an efficient
civil service; the organization and establishment of courts;
the organization and establishment of municipal and
departmental governments, and all other matters of a civil
nature for which the Military Governor is now competent to
provide by rules or orders of a legislative character. The
commission will also have power during the same period to
appoint to office such officers under the judicial,
educational, and civil service systems and in the municipal
and departmental governments as shall be provided for. Until
the complete transfer of control the Military Governor will
remain the chief executive head of the Government of the
islands, and will exercise the executive authority now
possessed by him and not herein expressly assigned to the
commission, subject, however, to the rules and orders enacted
by the commission in the exercise of the legislative powers
conferred upon them. In the meantime the municipal and
departmental governments will continue to report to the
Military Governor, and be subject to his administrative
supervision and control, under your direction, but that
supervision and control will be confined within the narrowest
limits consistent with the requirement that the powers of
government in the municipalities and departments shall be
honestly and effectively exercised and that law and order and
individual freedom shall be maintained. All legislative rules
and orders, establishments of Government, and appointments to
office by the commission will take effect immediately, or at
such times as it shall designate, subject to your approval and
action upon the coming in of the commission's reports, which
are to be made from time to time as its action is taken.
Wherever civil Governments are constituted under the direction
of the commission, such military posts, garrisons, and forces
will be continued for the suppression of insurrection and
brigandage, and the maintenance of law and order, as the
military commander shall deem requisite, and the military
forces shall be at all times subject, under his orders to the
call of the civil authorities for the maintenance of law and
order and the enforcement of their authority.

"In the establishment of Municipal Governments the commission

will take as the basis of its work the Governments established
by the Military Governor under his order of Aug. 8, 1899, and
under the report of the board constituted by the Military
Governor by his order of January 29, 1900, to formulate and
report a plan of Municipal Government, of which his Honor
Cayetano Arellano, President of the Audencia, was Chairman,
and it will give to the conclusions of that board the weight
and consideration which the high character and distinguished
abilities of its members justify. In the constitution of
Departmental or Provincial Governments it will give especial
attention to the existing Government of the Island of Negros,
constituted, with the approval of the people of that island,
under the order of the Military Governor of July 22, 1899, and
after verifying, so far as may be practicable, the reports of
the successful working of that Government, they will be guided
by the experience thus acquired, so far as it may be
applicable to the conditions existing in other portions of the
Philippines. It will avail itself, to the fullest degree
practicable, of the conclusions reached by the previous
commissions to the Philippines. In the distribution of powers
among the Governments organized by the commission, the
presumption is always to be in favor of the smaller
sub-division, so that all the powers which can properly be
exercised by the Municipal Government shall be vested in that
Government, and all the powers of a more general character
which can be exercised by the Departmental Government shall be
vested in that Government, and so that in the governmental
system, which is the result of the process, the Central
Government of the islands, following the example of the
distribution of the powers between the States and the National
Government of the United States, shall have no direct
administration except of matters of purely general concern,
and shall have only such supervision and control over local
Governments as may be necessary to secure and enforce faithful
and efficient administration by local officers.

"The many different degrees of civilization and varieties of

custom and capacity among the people of the different islands
preclude very definite instruction as to the part which the
people shall take in the selection of their own officers; but
these general rules are to be observed: That in all cases the
municipal officers, who administer the local affairs of the
people, are to be selected by the people, and that wherever
officers of more extended jurisdiction are to be selected in
any way, natives of the islands are to be preferred, and if
they can be found competent and willing to perform the duties,
they are to receive the offices in preference to any others.
It will be necessary to fill some offices for the present with
Americans which after a time may well be filled by natives of
the islands. As soon as practicable a system for ascertaining
the merit and fitness of candidates for civil office should be
put in force. An indispensable qualification for all offices and
positions of trust and authority in the islands must be
absolute and unconditional loyalty to the United States, and
 absolute and unhampered authority and power to remove and
punish any officer deviating from that standard must at all
times be retained in the hands of the central authority of the
islands.
{391}
In all the forms of government and administrative provisions
which they are authorized to prescribe, the commission should
bear in mind that the government which they are establishing
is designed not for our satisfaction, or for the expression of
our theoretical views, but for the happiness, peace, and
prosperity of the people of the Philippine Islands, and the
measures adopted should be made to conform to their customs,
their habits, and even their prejudices, to the fullest extent
consistent with the accomplishment of the indispensable
requisites of just and effective government.

"At the same time the commission should bear in mind, and the
people of the islands should be made plainly to understand,
that there are certain great principles of government which
have been made the basis of our governmental system which we
deem essential to the rule of law and the maintenance of
individual freedom, and of which they have, unfortunately,
been denied the experience possessed by us; that there are
also certain practical rules of government which we have found
to be essential to the preservation of these great principles
of liberty and law, and that these principles and these rules
of government must be established and maintained in their
islands for the sake of their liberty and happiness, however
much they may conflict with the customs or laws of procedure
with which they are familiar. It is evident that the most
enlightened thought of the Philippine Islands fully
appreciates the importance of these principles and rules, and
they will inevitably within a short time command universal
assent. Upon every division and branch of the government of
the Philippines, therefore, must be imposed these inviolable
rules: That no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or
property without due process of law; that private property
shall not be taken for public use without just compensation;
that in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the
right to a speedy and public trial, to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the
witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for
obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance
of counsel for his defense; that excessive bail shall not be
required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishment inflicted; that no person shall be put twice in
jeopardy for the same offense, or be compelled in any criminal
case to be a witness against himself; that the right to be
secure against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be
violated; that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall
exist except as a punishment for crime; that no bill of
attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed; that no law
shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech or of the
press, or the rights of the people to peaceably assemble and
petition the Government for a redress of grievances; that no
law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof, and that the free
exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship
without discrimination or preference shall forever be allowed.

"It will be the duty of the commission to make a thorough

investigation into the titles to the large tracts of land held
or claimed by individuals or by religious orders; into the
justice of the claims and complaints made against such
landholders by the people of the island or any part of the
people, and to seek by wise and peaceable measures a just
settlement of the controversies and redress of wrongs which
have caused strife and bloodshed in the past. In the
performance of this duty the commission is enjoined to see
that no injustice is done; to have regard for substantial
rights and equity, disregarding technicalities so far as
substantial right permits, and to observe the following rules:
That the provision of the treaty of Paris pledging the United
States to the protection of all rights of property in the
islands, and, as well, the principle of our own Government,
which prohibits the taking of private property without due
process of law, shall not be violated; that the welfare of the
people of the islands, which should be a paramount
consideration, shall be attained consistently with this rule
of property right; that if it becomes necessary for the public
interest of the people of the islands to dispose of claims to
property which the commission finds to be not lawfully
acquired and held, disposition shall be made thereof by due
legal procedure, in which there shall be full opportunity for
fair and impartial hearing and judgment; that if the same
public interests require the extinguishment of property rights
lawfully acquired and held, due compensation shall be made out
of the public Treasury therefor; that no form of religion and
no minister of religion shall be forced upon any community or
upon any citizen of the islands; that, upon the other hand, no
minister of religion shall be interfered with or molested in
following his calling, and that the separation between State
and Church shall be real, entire, and absolute.

"It will be the duty of the commission to promote and extend,

and, as it finds occasion, to improve, the system of education
already inaugurated by the military authorities. In doing this
it should regard as of first importance the extension of a system
of primary education which shall be free to all, and which
shall tend to fit the people for the duties of citizenship and
for the ordinary avocations of a civilized community. This
instruction should be given in the first instance in every
part of the islands in the language of the people. In view of
the great number of languages spoken by the different tribes,
it is especially important to the prosperity of the islands
that a common medium of communication may be established, and
it is obviously desirable that this medium should be the
English language. Especial attention should be at once given
to affording full opportunity to all the people of the islands
to acquire the use of the English language. It may be well
that the main changes which should be made in the system of
 taxation and in the body of the laws under which the people
are governed, except such changes as have already been made by
the military Government, should be relegated to the civil
Government which is to be established under the auspices of
the commission. It will, however, be the duty of the
commission to inquire diligently as to whether there are any
further changes which ought not to be delayed, and, if so, it
is authorized to make such changes, subject to your approval.
In doing so it is to bear in mind that taxes which tend to
penalize or to repress industry and enterprise are to be
avoided; that provisions for taxation should be simple, so
that they may be understood by the people; that they should
affect the fewest practicable subjects of taxation which will
serve for the general distribution of the burden.

{392}

"The main body of the laws which regulate the rights and
obligations of the people should be maintained with as little
interference as possible. Changes made should be mainly in
procedure, and in the criminal laws to secure speedy and
impartial trials, and at the same time effective
administration and respect for individual rights. In dealing
with the uncivilized tribes of the islands the commission
should adopt the same course followed by Congress in
permitting the tribes of our North American Indians to
maintain their tribal organization and government, and under
which many of those tribes are now living in peace and
contentment, surrounded by a civilization to which they are
unable or unwilling to conform. Such tribal governments
should, however, be subjected to wise and firm regulation;
and, without undue or petty interference, constant and active
effort should be exercised to prevent barbarous practices and
introduce civilized customs. Upon all officers and employés of
the United States, both civil and military, should be
impressed a sense of the duty to observe not merely the
material but the personal and social rights of the people of
 the islands, and to treat them with the same courtesy and
respect for their personal dignity which the people of the
United States are accustomed to require from each other. The
articles of capitulation of the City of Manila on the 13th of
August, 1898, concluded with these words: 'This city, its
inhabitants, its churches and religious worship, its
educational establishments, and its private property of all
descriptions, are placed under the special safeguard of the
faith and honor of the American Army.' I believe that this
pledge has been faithfully kept. As high and sacred an
obligation rests upon the Government of the United States to
give protection for property and life, civil and religious
freedom, and wise, firm, and unselfish guidance in the paths
of peace and prosperity to all the people of the Philippine
Islands. I charge this commission to labor for the full
performance of this obligation, which concerns the honor and
conscience of their country, in the firm hope that through
their labors all the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands may
come to look back with gratitude to the day when God gave
victory to American arms at Manila and set their land under
the sovereignty and the protection of the people of the United
States.
WILLIAM McKINLEY."

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (April).

Speech of Senator Hoar against the subjugation and
retention of the Islands by the United States.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1900 (APRIL).

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (May).

Filipinos killed, captured and surrendered from the breaking
out of hostilities with them to May, 1900.
Losses of American army.

In response to a resolution of the United States Senate, May

 17, 1900, the following report, by cable, from Manila, was
made by General MacArthur:

"Filipinos killed, 10,780;

wounded, 2,104;
captured and surrendered, 10,425;
number prisoners in our possession, about 2,000.

No systematic record Filipino casualties these headquarters.

Foregoing, compiled from large number reports made immediately
after engagements, is as close an approximation as now
possible, owing to wide distribution of troops. More accurate
report would take weeks to prepare. Number reported killed
probably in excess of accurate figures; number reported
wounded probably much less, as Filipinos managed to remove
most wounded from field, and comparatively few fell into our
hands. Officers high rank and dangerous suspicious men have
been retained as prisoners; most other men discharged on field
as soon as disarmed. Propose to release all but very few
prisoners at early date."

56th Congress, 1st Session,

Senate Doc. 435.

For returns of casualties in the American army during the same

period,

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1900 (JUNE).

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (May-November).

The question in American politics.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 {July).

Appeal of citizens of Manila to the
Congress of the United States.

An appeal "to the Congress of the United States," dated at

Manila, July 15, 1900, and signed by 2,006 of the inhabitants
of the city, who were said by Senator Hoar and Senator Teller
to be "the leading people of that section of country—lawyers
and bankers and professional men generally" was presented to
the Senate on the 10th of January, 1901. It opens as follows:

"The undersigned, Filipinos and peaceful inhabitants of this

city, in their own name and in the name of the misnamed
'irreconcilables,' respectfully present themselves and submit
to the worthy consideration of the Congress of the United
States of America the following appeal: "The people of the
Philippine Islands, in view of their calamitous condition,
demand in the name of her sons, in the name of all races, in
the name of humanity, that an end be put to the misfortunes
which afflict them which, while they distress and agonize her,
compel her to struggle for the rights that are hers, and for
the maintenance whereof she must, if necessary, continue to
pour out her blood as she has so constantly and generously
done on battlefields, in the woods, on the mountains, in the
city, everywhere! The blood which has been shed and that is
still being shed, and which will continue to be shed until she
has secured her rights, is not shed because of the intrigues
of a few who, according to misinformed persons, desire to
exploit the people and enrich themselves at the cost of their
brother's blood. It has, gentlemen, sprung from the hearts of
the people, who alone are the real strength of nations, the
sovereign king of races, the producers of the arts, of
science, of commerce, of wealth, of agriculture, of
civilization, of progress, and of all the productions of human
labor and intelligence, in all of which the people of the
Philippine Islands had made great progress. The Filipinos were
not sunk in lethargy, as some untruthfully assert. They
suffered, but the hour to break their chains came to them in
 August, 1896, and they proclaimed to the world their
emancipation."

{393}

The paper proceeds to review the circumstances of the revolt

against Spanish rule which broke out in 1896, and the later
circumstances of the conflict between Filipinos and Americans
at such length that it cannot be given in full. Its aim and
its spirit may be sufficiently shown by quotation of the
following passages from the closing parts of the appeal:

"Even supposing that America should force us to submit, and

after many years of war the country should submit, as the
lesser evil, to the proclamation of an ample autonomy, that
autonomy would not produce a sincere bond of friendship
between the two people, because, having sacrificed herself for
her independence, the country could not look with affection upon
those who would be the only obstacle to her happiness. She
would always retain her aspirations, so that autonomy would be
a short 'interregnum' which the country would necessarily take
advantage of to regain new strength to be used in the
attainment of her high political ideals, happen what may, and
perhaps in some hour of peril strike a fatal blow at a hated
oppressor. … In giving this warning we do not forget the good
Americans whom we sincerely respect; we are mindful of the
rupture of our good relations with the United States; we are
mindful of the blood which will again run on the soil of our
country. We see in that autonomy a new and sorrowful page in
the history of the Philippines, and therefore we can not but
look upon it with horror. Our people have had enough of
suffering. … They steadfastly believe that their independence
is their only salvation. Should they obtain it, they would be
forever grateful to whomsoever shall have helped them in their
undertaking; they would consider him as their redeemer, and
his name will be engraved with bright letters in the national
history, that all the generations to come may read it with
sublime veneration. America, consistent with her tradition, is
the only one which could play that great rôle in the present
and future of the Philippines. If she recognizes their
independence, they could offer her a part of the revenues of
the Philippine state, according to the treaty which shall be
stipulated; the protection in the country of the merchandise
of the United States, and a moral and material guarantee for
American capital all over the archipelago; finally, whatever
may bring greater prosperity to America and progress to the
country will, we doubt not, be taken into account in the
treaty which shall be celebrated.

"That the independence of the country will be attended with

anarchy is asserted only by those who, offending the truth and
forgetting their dignity, represent the Filipinos under
horrible colors, comparing them to beasts. Their assertions
are backed by isolated acts of pillage and robbery. What
revolution of the world was free from such deeds? At this
epoch passions are unrestrained; vengeance finds opportunity
to satisfy itself; private ambitions are often favored by the
occasion. Could such criminal deeds be avoided? Pythagoras
said: 'If you like to see monsters, travel through a country
during a revolution.' …

"In order to end our appeal we will say, with the learned
lawyer, Senor Mabini: 'To govern is to study the wants and
interpret the aspirations of the people, in order to remedy
the former and satisfy the latter.' If the natives who know
the wants, customs, and aspirations of the people are not fit
to govern them, would the Americans, who have had but little
to do with the Filipinos, be more capable to govern the
latter? We have, therefore, already proven—

1. That the revolution was the exclusive work of the public;

2. That in preparing it they were moved by a great ideal, the

ideal of independence;
3. That they are ready to sacrifice their whole existence in
order to realize their just aspirations;

4. That in spite of the serious difficulties through which

they are passing, they still expect from America that she will
consider them with impartiality and justice, and will
recognize what by right belongs to them, and thus give them an
opportunity to show their boundless gratitude;

5. That the annexation of the Philippines to America is not

feasible;

6. That the American sovereignty is not favored by the

Philippine people;

7. That an ample autonomy can not be imposed without violating

the Filipino will;

8. That the Filipinos are firm for self-government.

"From this it results that the only admissible solution for

the present difficulties is the recognition by America of the
independence of the Filipinos. In saying this we do not
consider either the nullity or the legality of the Paris
treaty on our country, but the well-known doctrine of the
immortal Washington, and of the sons of the United States of
America, worthy champions of oppressed people. Therefore we,
in the name of justice and with all the energies of our souls,
demand—

1. That the independence of the Filipinos be recognized;

2. That all the necessary information regarding the events

which are taking place, concerning the peaceful towns and
places which are supporting the arms of the revolution, be
obtained from Filipinos who, by their antecedents and by their
 actual conduct, deserve the respect and confidence of the
Filipino people."

Congressional Record,
January 10, 1901, page 850.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (September).

Adoption of civil service rules.

See (in this volume)

CIVIL SERVICE REFORM: A. D. 1900.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (September-November).

Civil government of the Islands by the President's Commission.
Legislative measures.
Report of the Commission.

"In April of this year the second Philippine commission, of

which Honorable William H. Taft, of Ohio, Professor Dean C.
Worcester, of Michigan, Honorable Luke I. Wright, of
Tennessee, Honorable Henry C. Ide, of Vermont, and Professor
Bernard Moses, of California, were members, sailed for Manila
with the powers of civil government prescribed in the
instructions of April 7, 1900 [see above]. After devoting
several months to familiarizing themselves with the conditions
in the islands, this commission on the 1st of September, 1900,
entered upon the discharge of the extensive legislative powers
and the specific powers of appointment conferred upon them in
the instructions, and they have since that time continued to
exercise all that part of the military power of the President
in the Philippines which is legislative in its character,
leaving the military governor still the chief executive of the
islands, the action of both being duly reported to this
Department for the President's consideration and approval. …
On consultation with the commission, and with the President's
approval, a note of amnesty was issued by the military
governor, dated June 21, 1900, and supplemented by a public
 statement by the military governor, under date of July 2,
1900, based, in the main, upon the instructions to the
commission.
{394}
… In pursuance of them something over 5,000 persons, of all
grades of the civil and military service of the insurrection,
presented themselves and took the following oath: 'I hereby
renounce all allegiance to any and all so-called revolutionary
governments in the Philippine Islands and recognize and accept
the supreme authority of the United States of America therein;
and I do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and
allegiance to that government; that I will at all times
conduct myself as a faithful and law-abiding citizen of said
islands, and will not, either directly or indirectly, hold
correspondence with or give intelligence to an enemy of the
United States, neither will I aid, abet, harbor, or protect
such enemy. That I impose upon myself this voluntary
obligation without any mental reservation or purpose of
evasion, so help me God.' This number included many of the
most prominent officials of the former Tagalog government. …

"The commission in its legislative action is following the

ordinary course of legislative procedure. Its sessions are
open, and its discussion and the proposed measures upon which
it is deliberating are public, while it takes testimony and
receives suggestions from citizens as if it were a legislative
committee. Its first legislative act was the appropriation, on
the 12th of September, of $2,000,000 (Mexican), to be used in
construction and repair of highways and bridges in the
Philippine Islands. The second act, on the same day, was an
appropriation of $5,000 (Mexican) for a survey of a railroad
to the mountains of Benguet, in the island of Luzon. The
proposed railroad, about 45 miles in length, extending from
the Manila and Dagupan road, near the Gulf of Lingayen, to the
interior, will open, at a distance of about 170 miles from
Manila, a high tableland exceedingly healthy, well wooded with
pine and oak, comparatively dry and cool, and where the
mercury is said to range at night in the hottest season of the
year between 50° and 60° F. The value of such a place for the
recuperation of troops and foreign residents will be very
great. The third act of the commission was an appropriation
for the payment of a superintendent of public instruction.
They have secured for that position the services of Frederick
W. Atkinson, recently principal of the high school of
Springfield, Massachusetts, who was selected by the commission
for that purpose before their arrival in Manila.

"Before the 1st of September a board of officers had been

engaged upon the revision of the tariff for the islands in the
light of such criticisms and suggestions as had been made
regarding the old tariff. The commission has considered the
report of this board, and after full public hearings of
business interests in the island has formulated a tariff law
which has been transmitted to the Department. … A
civil-service board has been constituted by the commission
[see, in this volume, CIVIL SERVICE REFORM: A. D. 1900). They
have secured from the United States Civil Service Commission
the experienced and capable services of Mr. Frank M. Kiggins,
and a civil-service law has been enacted by the commission
providing for the application of the merit system to
appointments in the island."

United States, Secretary of War, Annual Report,

November 30, 1900, pages 25-27.

A report by the Commission, dated November 30, was received at

Washington late in January, 1901. Of the legislative work on
which it entered September 1st, and which, at the time of
reporting, it had prosecuted during three months, the
Commission speaks as follows:

"It adopted the policy of passing no laws, except in cases of

emergency, without publishing them in the daily press after
they had passed a second reading, and giving to the public an