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Nanomagnetic and Spintronic Devices For Energy-Efficient Memory and Computing 1st Edition Jayasimha Atulasimha
Nanomagnetic and Spintronic Devices For Energy-Efficient Memory and Computing 1st Edition Jayasimha Atulasimha
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NANOMAGNETIC AND
SPINTRONIC DEVICES
FOR ENERGY-EFFICIENT
MEMORY AND
COMPUTING
In memory of my late great-uncle, N. Seshagiri, who inspired
my career in science and technology
Jayasimha Atulasimha
Edited by
Jayasimha Atulasimha and Supriyo Bandyopadhyay
Virginia Commonwealth University, US
This edition first published 2016 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Registered office
John Wiley & Sons Ltd., The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for
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The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
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The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In view of ongoing research,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nanomagnetic and spintronic devices for energy-efficient memory and computing / edited by Jayasimha Atulasimha
and Supriyo Bandyopadhyay.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-86926-0 (cloth)
1. Magnetic memory (Computers) 2. Spintronics. 3. Nanoelectronics. I. Atulasimha, Jayasimha, editor.
II. Bandyopadhyay, S., editor.
TK7895.M3N27 2016
621.39′ 73–dc23
2015033564
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover image: The cover shows magnetic force micrographs of an array of 100-nm sized nanomagnets exhibiting
single-domain behavior. Image courtesy of the Atulasimha group and Bandyopadhyay group.
Set in 10/12pt Times by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India
1 2016
Contents
About the Editors and Acknowledgments xi
List of Contributors xiii
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Index 329
Supriyo Bandyopadhyay
Supriyo Bandyopadhyay is Commonwealth Professor in the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering in Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA,
where he directs the Quantum Device Laboratory. His research interests are in broad areas
of nanotechnology and focus on spintronics, nanomagnetism, energy-efficient and noncharge-
based computing paradigms, optical properties of nanostructures, and self-assembly based
nanosynthesis. He is the author/coauthor of over 300 peer reviewed research publications and
has given over 100 invited or keynote talks in conferences, workshops and colloquia across four
continents. He currently serves as the Chair of the Technical Committee on Spintronics within
the Nanotechnology Council of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
and in the past served as the Chair of the Technical Committee on Compound Semiconductor
Devices within the Electron Device Society of IEEE. He has served as an IEEE Distinguished
Lecturer and also as a Vice President of the IEEE Nanotechnology Council. He is the winner
of the Distinguished Scholarship Award at Virginia Commonwealth University, which is the
highest award given by the university for scholarship to one faculty member each year, and
xii About the Editors and Acknowledgments
also won the faculty research award, the faculty interdisciplinary research award and the
faculty service award from the College of Engineering at University of Nebraska where he
was employed prior to coming to Virginia Commonwealth University. He currently serves on
the editorial boards of six international journals and served on the editorial boards of seven
other journals in the past. Dr Bandyopadhyay is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, American Physical Society, Institute of Physics, the Electrochemical
Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation under grants ECCS-1124714
and CCF-1216614. Jayasimha Atulasimha would also like to acknowledge the NSF CAREER
grant CCF-1253370.
List of Contributors
Nikhil Bhandari
Spintronics and Vacuum Nanoelectronics Laboratory
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, OH, USA
Debanjan Bhowmik
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
University of California Berkeley
Berkeley, CA, USA
Ayan K. Biswas
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, VA, USA
Marc Cahay
Spintronics and Vacuum Nanoelectronics Laboratory
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, OH, USA;
Physics Department
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, OH, USA
James Charles
School of Electrical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN, USA
Noel D’Souza
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, VA, USA
Y. Dusch
LIA LICS/LEMAC, IEMN UMR CNRS 8520, Univ. Lille, Centrale Lille
Lille, France
xiv List of Contributors
Maitreya Dutta
Spintronics and Vacuum Nanoelectronics Laboratory
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, OH, USA
Avik W. Ghosh
Charles L Brown School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA, USA
S. Giordano
LIA LICS/LEMAC, IEMN UMR CNRS 8520, Univ. Lille, Centrale Lille
Lille, France
S.T. Herbert
Department of Physics
Xavier University
Cincinnati, OH, USA
Mahdi Jamali
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Santosh Khasanvis
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Amherst, MA, USA
Alexander Khitun
University of California
Riverside, CA, USA
A. Klimov
International Associated Laboratory LIA LEMAC
Lille, France;
Moscow Institute of Radio Engineering and Automation MIREA
Moscow, Russia;
V.A. Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics
Moscow, Russia
Alexander Kozhanov
Georgia State University
Atlanta, GA, USA
OukJae Lee
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
University of California Berkeley
Berkeley, CA, USA
6 Nanomagnetic and Spintronic Devices for Energy-Efficient Memory and Computing
References
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[2] Bychkov, Y.A. and Rashba, E.I. (1984) Oscillatory effects and the magnetic susceptibility of carriers in inversion
layers. Journal of Physics C, 17, 6039–6045.
[3] Bandyopadhyay, S. and Cahay, M. (2008) Introduction to Spintronics, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
[4] Agnihotri, P. and Bandyopadhyay, S. (2010) Analysis of the two-dimensional Datta-Das spin field effect
transistor. Physica E, 42, 1736–1740.
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suppression of spin relaxation in InSb nanowires at room temperature. Small, 10 (21), 4379–4385.
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[12] Nikonov, D.E. and Young, I.A. (2013) Overview of Beyond-CMOS Devices and a Uniform Methodology for
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[14] Sackellares, J.C., Shiau, D., Kammerdiner, A.R., and Pardalos, P.M. (2010) Seizure monitoring and alert system
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ainoasti muuttavat toiseen paikkaan ja toiseen olomuotoon; he
siirtyvät samassa uuteen elämään kaikkine lahjoineen ja tunteineen;
yhä edelleen ovat he samoja eläviä, ajattelevia, toimivia olennoita,
kuin he olivat täällä maan päällä. ‒ ‒Lepoa he saavat — ja lepoa he
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vaan päinvastoin vapauttaa meidät juuri siitä, mikä painaa meitä —
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Water of Life — Sermons.
Essaya.
VII.
RUKOUS SYVYYDESTÄ.
»Silloin kun minä Sinua avukseni huudan, niin Sinä kuulet minua,
ja
annat minun sielulleni suuren väkevyyden.» Ps. 138:3.
Westminster Sermons.
Westminster Sermons.
Westminster Sermons.
Westminster Sermons.
Westminster Sermons.
VIII.
RUKOUKSIA JA TUNNUSTUKSIA.
Totisesta ihanuudesta.
Puhtaudesta ja hyvyydestä.
Oi Jumala, Sinä olet hyvä, vaan minä olen paha; juuri siitä syystä
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ihailen Sinun hyvyyttäsi, ja minä halajan saada sen omakseni, vaan
minä en sitä taida, ellet Sinä auta minua. Puhdista minua, tee minut
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Sielun rauhasta.
Synnintunnustus.
Isä, minä olen syntiä tehnyt Sinua vastaan enkä ansaitse enää
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enempi Sinä tahdotkaan auttaa minua. Sinun nimesi on rakkaus, ja
Sinun ihanuutesi on Sinun Poikasi Jesuksen Kristuksen kaltaisuus,
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Heikkouden tunnustus.
Oi Jumala, minun Isäni, minä olen Sinun; pelasta minut, sillä minä
olen etsinyt Sinun käskyjäsi. Minä olen Sinun — en ainoasti Sinun
luomasi, oi Jumala — niin ovat myöskin linnut, hyönteiset ja
kukkaset, ja ne tekevät velvollisuutensa paljoa paremmin kuin minä
teen, Jumala sen mulle suokoon anteeksi.