Nanostructures For Drug Delivery. A Volume in Micro and Nano Technologies Ecaterina Andronescu and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu (Eds.)

Nanostructures for Drug Delivery.
A
volume in Micro and Nano
Technologies Ecaterina Andronescu
And Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
(Eds.)
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/nanostructures-for-drug-delivery-a-volume-in-micro-a
nd-nano-technologies-ecaterina-andronescu-and-alexandru-mihai-grumezescu-eds/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Nanostructures for Cancer Therapy. A volume in Micro

and Nano Technologies Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu And
Anton Ficai (Eds.)
https://textbookfull.com/product/nanostructures-for-cancer-
therapy-a-volume-in-micro-and-nano-technologies-alexandru-mihai-
grumezescu-and-anton-ficai-eds/
Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy. A volume in

Micro and Nano Technologies Anton Ficai And Alexandru
Mihai Grumezescu (Eds.)
https://textbookfull.com/product/nanostructures-for-
antimicrobial-therapy-a-volume-in-micro-and-nano-technologies-
anton-ficai-and-alexandru-mihai-grumezescu-eds/
Nanostructures for Novel Therapy. Synthesis,

Characterization and Applications. A volume in Micro
and Nano Technologies Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu And
Denisa Ficai (Eds.)
https://textbookfull.com/product/nanostructures-for-novel-
therapy-synthesis-characterization-and-applications-a-volume-in-
micro-and-nano-technologies-alexandru-mihai-grumezescu-and-
denisa-ficai-eds/
Nutrient Delivery 1st Edition Alexandru Mihai

Grumezescu
https://textbookfull.com/product/nutrient-delivery-1st-edition-
alexandru-mihai-grumezescu/
Lipid Based Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery and
Diagnosis A volume in Micro and Nano Technologies
Muhammad Raza Shah
https://textbookfull.com/product/lipid-based-nanocarriers-for-
drug-delivery-and-diagnosis-a-volume-in-micro-and-nano-
technologies-muhammad-raza-shah/
Theory and Modeling of Cylindrical Nanostructures for

High-Resolution Spectroscopy. A volume in Micro and
Nano Technologies Stefano Bottacchi And Francesca
Bottacchi (Auth.)
https://textbookfull.com/product/theory-and-modeling-of-
cylindrical-nanostructures-for-high-resolution-spectroscopy-a-
volume-in-micro-and-nano-technologies-stefano-bottacchi-and-
francesca-bottacchi-auth/
Metal Semiconductor Core-Shell Nanostructures for

Energy and Environmental Applications. A volume in
Micro and Nano Technologies Raju Kumar Gupta And
Mrinmoy Misra (Eds.)
https://textbookfull.com/product/metal-semiconductor-core-shell-
nanostructures-for-energy-and-environmental-applications-a-
volume-in-micro-and-nano-technologies-raju-kumar-gupta-and-
mrinmoy-misra-eds/
Spectroscopic Methods for Nanomaterials

Characterization. A volume in Micro and Nano
Technologies Sabu Thomas
https://textbookfull.com/product/spectroscopic-methods-for-
nanomaterials-characterization-a-volume-in-micro-and-nano-
technologies-sabu-thomas/
Therapeutic Probiotic and Unconventional Foods 1st

Edition Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
https://textbookfull.com/product/therapeutic-probiotic-and-
unconventional-foods-1st-edition-alexandru-mihai-grumezescu/
Nanostructures in Therapeutic Medicine Series
Nanostructures for
Drug Delivery
Edited by
Ecaterina Andronescu
University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with
organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be
noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding,
changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information,
methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their
own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury
and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of
any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-323-46143-6
For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at

https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Matthew Deans

Acquisition Editor: Simon Holt
Editorial Project Manager: Sabrina Webber
Production Project Manager: Julie-Ann Stansfield
Designer: Victoria Pearson Esser
Typeset by Thomson Digital

List of Contributors
Naveed Ahmed
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Houman Alimoradi
University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Daniel A. Allemandi
National University of Salta-CONICET, Salta, Argentina
Mohammad Amani-Tehran
Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Sepideh Amjad-Iranagh
Xueqin An
East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Ashleigh Anderson
University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland
Roohollah Bagherzadeh
Xavier Banquy
University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
José M. Bermúdez
National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
Sourav Bhandari
ISF Educational Society, Moga, India
Najma Bibi
Alexandra Bolocan
Emergency University Hospital; “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Bucharest, Romania
Burhan Bora
Ege University, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
Chong Cheng
University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
xxiii
xxiv List of Contributors
Alicia Cid
National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
Adrian G. Ciucă
Sarha Cupri
University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Nily Dan
Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
James Davis
University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland
Gokcen B. Demirel
Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
Marek K. Dobke
University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
Steven Dominguez
Surabhi Dubey
Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, India
Safaa S. El-Gamal
Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Amal H. El-Kamel
Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Noha S. El-Salamouni
Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
Serap Evran
Ragwa M. Farid
Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
Virginia Fuochi
Pio Maria Furneri
Dinar Gabdrakhmanov
A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian
Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russian Federation
List of Contributors xxv
Allan B. Gamble
Chityal Ganesh Kumar
CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
Tarun Garg
Farzaneh Ghasemkhah
Irina Gheorghe
Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Bucharest, Romania
Gregory I. Giles
Amit K. Goyal
Cristina I. Grecu
Khaled Griesh
University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Arabian Gulf University, Manama,
Kingdom of Bahrain
Rijun Gui
East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai; Qingdao University,
Qingdao, China
Ufuk Gunduz
Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Mehrdad Hamidi
Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Patrice Hildgen
Alina M. Holban
University Politehnica of Bucharest; Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB),
Bucharest, Romania
Fatemeh Jahanmard
xxvi List of Contributors
Magdalena Jarosz
Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
Yousef Javadzadeh
Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
Gunjan Jeswani
Shri Shankaracharya Group of Institutions, SSTC, Bhilai, India
Arvind K. Jha
Anjali Joshi
Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
Joanna Kapusta-Kołodziej
Ruslan Kashapov
Gul Majid Khan
Sepideh Khoee
University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Filiz Kuralay
Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
Gulbin Kurtay
Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Augustine Lalloz
Masoud Latifi
Pierre L. Latreille
Hui Li
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Gina A. Mackert
Siddharth S. Matikonda
List of Contributors xxvii
Nishi Mody
Somayeh Mohamadi
University of Environment, Karaj, Iran
Canan Ozyurt
Santiago D. Palma
Tatiana Pashirova
Swarnali D. Paul
Anna Pawlik
Giulio P. Petronio
IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, BioBIM—Multidisciplinary Interinstitutional BioBank, Rome, Italy
Rosario Pignatello
Sujitha Pombala
Yedla Poornachandra
Daniela A. Quinteros
Jean M. Rabanel
Goutam Rath
Soledad Ravetti
National University of Villa Maria, Córdoba, Argentina
Petre Rotărescu
Harish Sharma
xxviii List of Contributors
Rajeev Sharma
Ruchi Sharma
Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India
Tamilvanan Shunmugaperumal
Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India
Narinder Singh
Oleg Sinyashin
Magdalena Stevanović
Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
Grzegorz D. Sulka
Haotian Sun
Karolina Syrek
Raja Sekharan Thenrajan
Sankaralingam Bhuvaneswari College of Pharmacy, Sivakasi, India
Amrit Pal Toor
Ozge Ugurlu
Gozde Unsoy
Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Gaurav Verma
Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
United States
Suresh P. Vyas
Zhiqiang Xie
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
Mehmet Yılmaz
Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
List of Contributors xxix
Morteza Yaghoobian
Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
Shadi Yaqoubi
Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
Yun Yu
Weien Yuan
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Lucia Zakharova
Fatemeh Zamani
Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran; Hazrat-e Masoumeh University, Qom, Iran
Jiuhong Zhang
Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
Nan Zhang
Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Jian Zhong
Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Foreword of the Series
Material science and engineering at the nanoscale has brought revolutionary advances to the biomedi-
cal sciences, overturning many of the traditionally known approaches. Nanotechnology has driven
many of the most successful innovative technologies, and the impressive record of accomplishments in
the field make nanostructures promising candidates for medical therapy applications. The advantages
that nanomaterials have already provided to therapeutics, such as targeted and controlled delivery,
wide accessibility, high specificity, low side effects, improved efficiency, and impressive versatility
are currently considered key elements in designing personalized medicine approaches for prophylaxis,
diagnosis, and therapy.
Therapeutic nanostructures can be greatly diverse, and their unique properties have led to the devel-
opment of highly specialized biosensors, more efficient drug delivery vehicles, and controlled release
targeting systems to fight severe or incurable diseases, such as cancer, infections, and cardiovascular
disease.
In view of the astounding progress made in the field of therapeutic nanotechnology and its rapidly
progressing expansion, this book aims to collect in one place all the recent and most innovative aspects
of nanomaterials in both current and future therapy. The series is organized into five volumes, cover-
ing the main areas that are relevant for the design and implementation of nanostructures in medical
therapies.
The first volume, Nanostructures for Novel Therapy: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications,
describes methods to obtain and characterize nanosystems, emphasizing their biomedical applications.
Special attention is paid in this volume to modern synthesis methods to reduce side effects and limit the
toxicity of nanomaterials in biomedical applications. Numerous examples of nanostructures designed
for therapy, as well as the most efficient synthesis and characterization routes for these materials, are
clearly described and critically analyzed.
The second volume, entitled Nanostructures for Drug Delivery, covers one of the most widely
utilized and investigated applications of nanomaterials in the biomedical field, namely, drug delivery.
Designing nanostructures to specifically and safely carry therapeutic agents to their final destination is
an intriguing approach to future targeted therapies. This approach could provide a treatment for previ-
ously incurable diseases, as well as reducing the side effects of current drugs. Many highly active drugs
are severely limited by side effects related to their unspecific sites of action. This volume introduces the
readers to the amazing field of nanomedicine by discussing the versatility and variety of nanovehicles
for drug delivery and targeting. Moreover, readers will find numerous examples and will learn about the
currently used or investigational drug delivery agents for therapy, prophylaxis, and diagnosis.
Volume 3, Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy, highlights the impressive progress made by
nanotechnology in the design of novel antimicrobial approaches. Since microbial resistance to antibi-
otics is a real and increasingly worrying issue across all countries, the development of more efficient
antimicrobial agents to provide control of future infections is at a high priority. Antimicrobial nano-
systems have proved to be remarkably efficient against drug-resistant microorganisms, plus they are
able to fight biofilm-associated infections and can control the social behavior of microbial communi-
ties. Nanostructures can also reduce microbial virulence factors and reduce pathogenesis mechanisms,
offering a promising alternative for future therapy.
xxxi
xxxii Foreword of the Series
Volume 4, entitled Nanostructures for Cancer Therapy, covers the applications of nanomedicine in
cancer diagnosis and treatment. The use of nanoparticles for cancer therapy is not in itself a new ap-
proach, but numerous recent advances have been made in this area. The aim of this volume is to cover
the most interesting new approaches in the management of this deadly disease. Nanosized drugs are
currently believed to represent the most efficient approach in cancer chemotherapy, and this volume
provides coverage of the latest and most novel findings, while also discussing possible improvements
in more established types of nanosystems that can increase the efficiency of cancer therapy.
The final volume of this series, entitled Nanostructures for Oral Medicine, covers the progress
made in applications of nanotechnology in treating various diseases of the oral cavity as well as
progress in nanotechnology applications in dentistry. Readers can learn about the most efficient
modern materials used to treat or to prevent widely encountered oral diseases such as gingivitis,
periodontitis, caries, and dental plaque. Moreover, restorative dentistry also now makes wide use of
nanomaterials.
Overall, this book series provides a state-of-the-art compendium of knowledge, and a crystal ball
for seeing into the future of biomedical nanotechology and nanomedicine. It has appeal for researchers,
clinicians, engineers, pharmacologists, pharmacists, oncologists, infectious disease experts, and den-
tists. In addition, interested general readers will discover the impact, current progress, and future ap-
plications of nanotechnology in therapeutics and diagnosis. Taken together, nanoscale approaches will
improve the efficiency of personalized medicine for better management of diseases in the 21st century.
Michael R. Hamblin
Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
Preface
ABOUT THE SERIES (VOLUMES I–V)

In our permanently changing world, novel therapeutics are constantly required to manage health and
well-being of population. Although numerous diseases are currently considered incurable, massive
progress made in biomedicine but also in associated fields, such as chemistry, physics, engineering,
pharmacology and materials science, offers a new light to the therapeutics domain. In this context,
most physicists and researchers believe that a personalized and adequate treatment may significantly
improve the outcome of severe diseases and ensure a faster healing. Nanotechnology offers great per-
spectives for personalized medicine because nanostructured therapeutics proved their efficiency and
amazing impact in improving therapy, prophylaxis, and diagnosis. The emerging field of nanosized
materials has numerous applications in the biomedical field, especially in therapy. This series of five
volumes came out by the need of learning about recent progress of the science of nanostructured mate-
rials to improve current therapy and lead to the next level. The books offer an interesting and updated
perspective regarding applications of nanomaterials in therapy of most investigated and difficult-to-
treat diseases, such as cancer and severe infections. The presentation approach of each chapter con-
tained in those five volumes is clear and easy to understand by most readers and of a great interest for
biomedical specialists, researchers, and engineers. The series is organized in an attractive manner for
students and academics on the field, starting with a volume dealing with synthesis, characterization,
and main applications of nanostructures, emphasizing on their impact in therapy. Next volume reveals
the most recent progress made on a very investigated field, considered a key element in personalized
medicine and future therapy, namely nanostructured drug delivery systems. Their impact in antimicro-
bial therapy is also widely discussed, and suggestive examples are given and explained. Moreover, a
whole volume is dedicated to the management of the disease of the century—cancer—revealing the
huge value added by the utilization of nanosystems in the therapy of this deadly disease. Important
aspects related to improved diagnosis and prophylaxis are highlighted. In the last volume, the prog-
ress and novel applications of nanotechnology in oral medicine is dissected. The field of oral diseases
represents an interesting and a priority field because both physicists and researchers believe that they
can be prevented and treated more easily with targeting systems and nanofunctional prosthetics. All
chapters are clearly illustrated to highlight most important or difficult-to-understand aspects, and sug-
gestive examples are often enumerated in organized tables, which are explained and discussed. Overall,
the series contains very recent but accessible and very interesting information regarding the progress
of nanostructures in therapeutics and gives a novel perspective about future therapy of severe diseases.

xxxiii
xxxiv Preface
ABOUT VOLUME II
The second volume of the series Therapeutic Nanostructures is entitled Nanostructures for Drug
Delivery. This volume reveals the main types of nanosized drug delivery systems, dissecting their main
advantages and drawbacks in the therapy of severe and difficult-to-treat diseases. Nanosized carriers
are commented in all stages of their preparation and use, starting with suitable synthesis methods, ap-
propriate characterization, and functionalization, and ending with their application in drug delivery and
therapy. A special attention is given to green nanotechnology which enables the production of natural,
biocompatible and less toxic nanosystems which may be efficiently used in delivering pharmacological
agents. Numerous properties of such drug delivery systems are highly appreciated for future therapy,
namely longtime circulation in the bloodstream, target specificity, stimuli responsively, possibility of
intracellular delivery, contrast functionality, and increased stability. Different ways for the control of
the load capacity and release profile are also analyzed in many of the chapters.
Volume II contains 30 chapters, prepared by outstanding researchers affiliated in the USA, Canada,
Argentina, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Poland, Serbia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Paki-
stan, India, and China.
In Chapter 1, entitled Therapeutic Nanomaterials: From a Drug Delivery Perspective, C. Ganesh
Kumar et al. focus on the synthetic routes and applications of nanomaterials as potential drug delivery
agents. Different nanomaterial types including polymeric nanomaterials, dendrimers, nanoparticles,
carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and their applications have been discussed and a number of case stud-
ies have been presented in this chapter.
Nily Dan, in Chapter 2, entitled Core–Shell Drug Carriers: Liposomes, Polymerosomes, and Nio-
somes, reveals the three types of main formulations used as drug nanocarriers and summarizes studies
of their performance in biomedical applications such as cancer therapy (tumor targeting) or transport
through the blood–brain barrier.
Chapter 3, entitled The New Nanocarriers Based on Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Drug
Delivery Applications, prepared by Somayeh Mohamadi and Mehrdad Hamidi, gives an overview
about a new carbon-based carrier for drug delivery applications. The unique properties of graphene
nanosheets such as two-dimensional planar structure with sp2 hybridation, large surface area, chemi-
cal and mechanical stability, super conductivity, and good biocompatibility provide the opportunity to
design drug carriers with dual-targeting function.
In Chapter 4, entitled Nanostructured Nanoparticles for Improved Drug Delivery, Jean Michel
Rabanel et al. provide a comprehensive view of the different types of structures found in nanoparticles
intended for medical use reported so far in the literature, together with some insight regarding their
fabrication processes and their physicochemical properties and how this nanoparticles deliver active
compounds in a controlled fashion to the human body or developed imaging strategies.
Chapter 5, entitled Design of Functionalized Materials for Use in Micro and Nanoscale Drug De-
livery Devices and Smart Patches, prepared by Ashleigh Anderson and James Davis, provides a critical
overview of the latest developments in functional materials and nanoscale device architectures that can
facilitate controlled drug delivery.
Chapter 6, entitled Niosomes: A Novel Approach in Modern Drug Delivery Systems, prepared by
Sepideh Khoee and Morteza Yaghoobian, discusses about new drug delivery vehicles and gives a
brief description on the preparation, applications, advantages and disadvantages of particular delivery
system—niosomes.
Preface xxxv
Fatemeh Zamani et al., in Chapter 7, entitled Nanofibrous and Nanoparticle Materials as Drug-
Delivery Systems, emphasize on the emerging area of nanoparticles synthesis through electrospinning
technique to generate biomimetic nanofibers and nanoparticles as drug delivery devices that are respon-
sive to different stimuli, such as temperature, pH, light, and the electric/magnetic field for controlled
release of therapeutic substances.
Yun Yu et al., in Chapter 8, entitled Brush Polymer-Based Nanostructures for Drug Delivery, give
an overview on the advantages of brush polymer (BP)-based drug delivery systems. Also, future re-
search directions of BP-based drug delivery systems are highlighted.
Magdalena Jarosz et al., in Chapter 9, entitled Drug Delivery Systems Based on Titania Nanostruc-
tures, focus on different titanium (TiO2) nanostructures used as drug delivery systems, such as nanotu-
bular and nanoporous TiO2, TiO2 nanoparticles, and nanowhiskers.
Houman Alimoradi et al., in Chapter 10, entitled Redox Activated Polymeric Nanoparticles in
Tumor Therapy, focus on the biochemical basis for oxidative stress in tumors, its role in cell-signaling,
the pathophysiology of tumor vasculature, and the differences in the redox-metabolism between can-
cer cells and nonmalignant tissues. The recent developments toward designing redox responsive drug
delivery systems which have been classified as polysulfide, polyselenide, quinones, metal complexes,
arylboronic esters, aryl oxalate, and other miscellaneous examples are also discussed.
Chapter 11, entitled Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles for Controlled and Targeted Drug
Delivery, prepared by Magdalena Stevanović, reports the production and applications of polymeric
micro- and nanoparticles with a special emphasis on obtaining polyester particles, the incorporation
of different active substances within polymer matrix, the degradation and release process of active
substances from the polymeric particles, the physiochemical and biological properties of such obtained
systems, as well as their application as drug delivery systems.
Chapter 12, entitled Novel Gels: Implications for Drug Delivery, prepared by Swarnali D. Paul
et al., describes all the emerging prospects of novel gels along with their formulation aspects, manufac-
turing technologies, and current applications, focusing on therapeutic potential.
Chapter 13, entitled Nanosuspension Drug Delivery System: Preparation, Characterization, Post-
production Processing, Dosage Form, and Application, prepared by Jiuhong Zhang et al., gives an
overview about nanosuspension drug-delivery system (DDS) discussing preparation methods, charac-
terization methods, postproduction process including the solidification techniques and surface modifi-
cation process, common dosage forms, and clinical applications of nanosuspension DDS.
Chapter 14, entitled Polymer-Based Nanocarriers for Therapeutic Nucleic Acids Delivery, prepared
by Weien W. Yuan and Hui H. Li, describes the challenges, advantages, and recent progress of polymer-
based nanocarriers for therapeutic nucleic acids delivery. Considerations for manufacturing, safety
issues, and regulatory requirements for these novel nanocarriers are also discussed.
Chapter 15, entitled Multifunctional Therapeutic Hybrid Nanocarriers for Targeted and Triggered
Drug Delivery: Recent Trends and Future Prospects, prepared by Gulbin Kurtay et al., presents new
generation and promising hybrid nanocarriers based on noble metal, porous silica, polymer, and core/
shell therapeutics which exhibit active targeting, triggered release of cargo, and imaging capability for
in vivo studies.
Ragwa M. Farid et al., in Chapter 16, entitled Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Ocular Drug D elivery,
give an up-to-date overview about lipid-based nanocarriers that can enhance the corneal absorption
of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs and improve their ocular bioavailability. Nanostructured
lipid carriers (NLCs) and lipid drug conjugates (LDCs) have emerged as a new generation of solid lipid
xxxvi Preface
nanoparticles (SLNs) to overcome problems of low entrapment efficiency and drug expulsion during
storage.
Rajeev Sharma et al., in Chapter 17, entitled Nanoparticulate Carrier(s): An Emerging Paradigm
in New Generation Vaccine Development, summarize the cutting edge technologies of nanoparticulate-
carrier-based new generation and vaccine development, including design, trials, and clinical outcomes.
Chapter 18, entitled Pathogen-Specific Nucleic Acid Aptamers as Targeting Components of Antibi-
otic and Gene Delivery Systems, prepared by Canan Ozyurt et al., presents an overview of current cell-
specific aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles. Also, the authors address two issues: nanoparticle-based
antimicrobial gene delivery and modification of nanocarriers with aptamers.
Tamilvanan Shunmugaperumal et al., in Chapter 19, entitled Multifunctional Nanosized Emulsions
for Theragnosis of Life Threatening Diseases, envision the use of the multifunctional oil-in-water (o/w)
nanosized emulsions (NE) that carries imaging agents, anticancer or lipid lowering or antiatheroscle-
rotic drug molecules and homing devices together for simultaneous imaging/diagnosing and treatment
of cancer and atherosclerosis. A complete outline is given on the formulation of drug-loaded NE to-
gether with active and passive targeting moieties for accessing the unreachable organs present inside
the human body.
Chapter 20, entitled Therapeutic Nanostructures for Pulmonary Drug Delivery, prepared by Yousef
Javadzadeh and Shadi Yaqoubi, discusses about pulmonary drug delivery, inhalers, nanoparticles, and
the advantages and fate of inhaled nanoparticles.
Najma Bibi et al., in Chapter 21, entitled Nanostructures in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems,
dissect the benefits of transdermal drug delivery over other delivery systems, arguing about the barriers
in the skin to be faced by nanomaterials and their permeation pathways. Physicochemical characteris-
tics required for the good penetration of nanostructures are also discussed.
Chapter 22, entitled Advancement in Pulmonary Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Tuber-
culosis, prepared by Tarun Garg et al., presents an overview about the importance of pulmonary drug
delivery systems such as liposomes, niosomes, nanoparticles, microparticles, dendrimers, solid lipid
nanoparticles, micelles, nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, and microemulsions for an effective treat-
ment of tuberculosis. The advances in delivery devices from conventional metered dose inhalers to dry
powder inhalers are also discussed along with their applications.
Chapter 23, entitled Nanosized Devices as Antibiotics and Antifungals Delivery: Past, News and
Outlook, prepared by Pio M. Furneri et al., discusses about developments in the field of (nanosized) de-
livery systems encapsulating antibacterial and antifungal drugs. A specific attention has been given to
the pharmaceutical, microbiological, and clinical outcomes of systems for which authors have provided
in vitro microbiological data and, more hopefully, in vivo results.
Chapter 24, entitled Drug Delivery Mediated by Confined Nanosystems: Structure-Activity Rela-
tions and Factors Responsible for the Efficacy of Formulations, prepared by Lucia Zakharova et al.,
presents different ways for the control of the load capacity and release profile. The chapter also dis-
cusses about the ability of formulated drug to integrate with cell membrane and penetrate through the
blood-brain barrier.
Daniela Alejandra Quinteros et al., in Chapter 25, entitled Therapeutic Use of Monoclonal Anti-
bodies: General Aspects and Challenges for Drug Delivery, identified and described the major issues
associated with therapeutics approaches, formulating drawbacks, and delivering antibody drugs, par-
ticularly focused on the challenges and opportunities that these present for the future.
Preface xxxvii
Chapter 26, entitled Targeted Drug Delivery Via Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles, pre-
pared by Gozde Unsoy and Ufuk Gundu, presents an up-to-date review about polymer-coated magnetic
nanoparticles, characterized by high surface-to-volume ratios, which are excellent scaffolds for loading
targeting moieties, permeation enhancers, imaging tags, and drugs, simultaneously providing diagnos-
tic and therapeutic capabilities.
Narinder Singh et al., in Chapter 27, entitled Drug Delivery: Advancements and Challenges, elabo-
rate an updated idea regarding the effect of various drug delivery systems in contrast to their toxicity
with a focus on nanocarriers and nanosystems.
Chapter 28, entitled Stimuli-Responsive Liposome and Control Release Drug, prepared by Xueqin
An and Rijun Gui, presents an up-to-date review about the relative thermal, light, magnetism, and pH
stimuli responsive properties of liposomes. Also, the mechanism of controlled drug release is discussed.
Chapter 29, entitled Nanotechnology to Enhance Transdermal Delivery of Hydrophilic Humectants
for Improved Skin Care: A Model for Therapeutic Applications, prepared by Steven Dominguez et al.,
presents current status on research and development of some of the most promising agents, including
nanotropocollagen and hyaluronic acid, which can serve as models for nanotechnology employed for
transcutaneous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) delivery.
Chapter 30, entitled Nanostructures for Drug Delivery: Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Aspects,
prepared by Adrian G. Ciucă et al., offers an extensive and updated report of the recent progresses and
degree of toxicity that could be generated by a number of new medical therapies, with a great impact
on medicine, namely “therapeutic devices” based on nanoparticles.

12 CHAPTER 1 THERAPEUTIC NANOMATERIALS
4.3 DENDRIMERS
The cascade synthesis of low molecular weight acrylates using acrylonitrile having iterative growth
with branching was first conceptulized by the Vögtle group from the University of Bonn, Germany,
which formed the basis of dendrimer chemistry (Buhleier et al., 1978). However, this method faced
problems in the product purification and isolation resulting in low yields and the obtained molecules
were not large enough to exhibit the unique dendrimer properties. The word dendrimer is of Greek ori-
gin, the word dendron means tree or branch and meros means part. Further, in 1993, two independent
groups from Freiburg University (Wörner and Mühlhaupt, 1993) and from DSM (De Brabander-van
den Berg and Meijer, 1993) performed vast and enhanced modification of the Vögtle approach to pre-
pare poly(propylene imine) dendrimers. The DSM route was quite notable because it formed the viable
commercial route for synthesis of aliphatic amine dendrimers. Later in 1981, Denkewalter and cowork-
ers patented the synthesis of l-lysine-based dendrimers (Denkewalter et al., 1981). In 1985, Donald A.
Tomalia and his group working with Dow Chemical Co. followed a parallel and independent approach
for the divergent and macromolecular preparation of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, the
so-called “true dendrimers,” which became quite successful and even today it is the preferred commer-
cial synthetic route for the Starburst (trademark of Dow) family of dendrimers (Tomalia et al., 1985).
Later several groups made significant contributions toward the synthetic methodologies and the spe-
cific applications. Still continuous efforts are in progress to improve the efficiency and decrease the
cost of synthesis of these macromolecules. Added to the synthetic developments for the acceptance
of dendrimers as discrete entities, parallel efforts were in progress to characterize the molecules with
structural precision using various techniques, such as mass spectrometric (MS) techniques for protein
characterization. The precise protein molecular weights (up to 1 M Da) and polydispersity values were
determined using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) (Kallos et al., 1991; Tomalia
and Durst, 1993) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
(MALDI–TOF–MS) (Müller et al., 2007) techniques. Based on these techniques, it was demonstrated
that all dendrimer constructions obeyed mathematically defined mass-growth principles. Other tech-
niques such as critical gel filtration chromatography (Dubin et al., 1992; Smith et al., 1987; Tomalia
et al., 1990), light scattering/viscosity (Brothers et al., 1998), photophysical (Caminati et al., 1990;
Frechet and Tomalia, 2001; Turro et al., 1991), electron microscopy (Jackson et al., 1998; Tomalia
et al., 1985), gel capillary electrophoresis (Brothers et al., 1998), AFM (Frechet and Tomalia, 2001;
Li et al., 2000) have been used to verify the principles of “dendritic growth and amplification” and
unusual properties that result from the dendritic state.
Dendrimers are defined as globular, repeatedly branched, macromolecular structures having three
major components, such as focal core, peripheral layer comprising of different functional groups, and
interior layer composed of several building blocks. The multiple arms extend from a central core that is
approximately 2–10 nm in diameter (Svenson and Tomalia, 2005). The highly branched nature of den-
drimers also provides enormous surface area to size ratio. They are synthesized through an algorithmic
step-by-step pattern with every iterative sequence of reactions producing a higher generation molecule.
The size of the dendrimer is described as a function of generation (Gn), where n is 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 and
G is the number of repetition cycles. The molecular weight of the dendrimer nearly doubles with each
additional generation and a doubled (discrete) number of functional groups are added (Tomalia, 2005).
Two seminal synthetic routes are available for the synthesis of dendrimers, including (1) divergent
approach: the synthesis begins from the core and continues radially outward by successive stepwise
activation and condensation steps with addition of successive layers of building blocks; (2) convergent
4 Applications of Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery 13
approach: the synthesis begins at the periphery of the final molecule and proceeds inwards. A com-
parison of both these methods suggests that the convergent approach provides better control of the final
dendrimer structure as compared to the divergent approach. On the other hand, the divergent approach
is suitable for large-scale preparation of dendrimers. However, both these strategies follow step-wise
processes that are tedious and time consuming. These methods also have relative advantages and disad-
vantages and the synthetic route depends mainly on the type of monomer employed and the structure of
polymer (Kawaguchi et al., 1995; Labbe et al., 1996). A wide range of biocompatible polymers, includ-
ing polyamidoamine (PAMAM), poly(amidoamine-organosilicon) (PAMAMOS), PEI, polypropylene
imine (PPI), polyethylene glycol (PEG), have been used for the synthesis of dendrimers as a host for
both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs (Gillies and Frechet, 2005). The PAMAM dendrimers have
either amine or carboxylic moieties (Tomalia et al., 1990), while the PPI have multiple cationic amine
moieties (Baars et al., 2000) present on the periphery.
In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the use of dendrimers in medicinal and phar-
maceutical chemistry for diverse applications. The well-defined molecular architecture, controllable
size, predictable molecular weight, low polydispersity, inherent stability, biocompatibility, control-
lable “surface” functionalization to optimize biodistribution, and high penetration capacity of dendritic
structures through the cell membrane are some of the unique properties, which make them suitable
candidates as carriers for drug delivery (Bronstein and Shifrina, 2012; Gurdag et al., 2006). In addition,
the presence of positive and negative charged functional groups on the surfaces of dendrimers makes
it easy for attaching hydrophilic drug molecules through covalent conjugation or electrostatic interac-
tion (Cheng and Xu, 2005; Florence, 2005; Gillies and Frechet, 2005). These noncovalent insertions
or complexes offers diverse and promising advantages like better water solubility, stability of the drug,
programmed drug release from the matrices and enhanced pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic
(PK) behaviors (Gupta et al., 2006). Due to non- or low-immunogenicity, dendrimers are suggested
to be the best alternative as compared to the synthesized peptide carriers and natural protein carriers
(Yang et al., 2009). In addition, enhanced penetration and retention effect offers preferential cellular
uptake of the materials by cancerous tissues (Imae and Hamaguchi, 2012). The use of dendrimers as
potential drug delivery agents can be prepared in two different ways: (1) physical entrapment of drug
molecules inside the dendritic structure, and (2) covalent attachment of drug molecules or other func-
tionalities onto the surface to provide dendrimer-drug conjugates.
Physical entrapment: The internal cavity of the designed dendrimer is used for the entrapment of
drugs and their later controlled release. Earlier studies showed that DNA complexed with PAMAM
dendrimers were used for gene delivery applications (Haensler and Szoka, 1993), while the “dendritic
boxes” and unimolecular micelles were used for encapsulating guest molecules, such as hydrophobic
drugs and dye molecules (Hawker et al., 1993; Jansen et al., 1994, 1995; Naylor et al., 1989; Newkome
et al., 1991). The advantage of using dendritic unimolecular micelles as compared to the conventional
polymeric micelles is that the micellar structure is maintained at all concentrations as there are cova-
lent connections between the hydrophobic segments. However, the major drawback is the difficulty to
control the release of the molecules from the dendrimer core. Harsh conditions are required in some
cases to release the encapsulated drug (Jansen et al., 1995), while in others the drug is not well retained
and they get released rapidly (Kojima et al., 2000; Liu et al., 1999). Tailoring of these dendrimers can
result in relatively hydrophobic interior for encapsulation (Watkins et al., 1997). Both hydrophobic
and hydrophilic drugs can be loaded into the dendrimers. The interior side of dendritic macromolecule
contains nonpolar cavities, which ensure them the ability to encapsulate hydrophobic drug molecules
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pictorial
history of the war for the Union, volume 1 (of
2)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: Pictorial history of the war for the Union, volume 1 (of 2)
A complete and reliable history of the war from its
commencement to its close ... together with a complete
chronological analysis of the war
Author: Ann S. Stephens
Release date: December 6, 2023 [eBook #72340]
Language: English
Original publication: Cincinnati: James R. Hawley, 1862
Credits: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PICTORIAL

HISTORY OF THE WAR FOR THE UNION, VOLUME 1 (OF 2) ***
Transcriber’s Note:
New original cover art included with this eBook is
granted to the public domain.
PICTORIAL HISTORY
OF THE
WAR FOR THE UNION.
A COMPLETE AND RELIABLE
History of the War
FROM ITS
COMMENCEMENT TO ITS CLOSE:

GIVING A GRAPHIC PICTURE OF ITS ENCOUNTERS, THRILLING
INCIDENTS, FRIGHTFUL SCENES, HAIRBREADTH ESCAPES,
INDIVIDUAL DARING, DESPERATE CHARGES, PERSONAL
ANECDOTES, ETC., GLEANED FROM EYE-WITNESSES OF, AND
PARTICIPANTS IN, THE TERRIBLE SCENES DESCRIBED—A
TRUTHFUL LIVING REFLEX OF ALL MATTERS OF INTEREST
CONNECTED WITH THIS THE MOST GIGANTIC OF HUMAN
STRUGGLES.
TOGETHER WITH A COMPLETE

CHRONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WAR.
By MRS. ANN S. STEPHENS.

EMBELLISHED WITH OVER TWO HUNDRED
ILLUSTRATIONS.
TWO VOLUMES.
VOL I.
CINCINNATI:
JAMES R. HAWLEY, 164 VINE STREET,
PUBLISHER OF SUBSCRIPTION BOOKS.
1863.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1862,
By JOHN G. WELLS,
In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern
District of New York.
EDWARD O. JENKINS,
Printer & Stereotyper,
No. 20 North William St.
INTRODUCTION.
The most difficult tusk, perhaps, known to literature, is to write a

history of events as they transpire—to arrange facts before the hand
of time has given them just position and importance. In writing a
history of the Civil War which is now raging in the land—the most
gigantic and stupendous rebellion yet known to the world—the
magnitude of the task, and the difficulties that present themselves,
challenge a degree of moral courage almost equal to that physical
bravery which has been so conspicuous in the war. But if an honest
intention to be just—a thorough desire for truth, and a determination
to discard all personal prejudices, can produce a faithful history, this
work has a right to claim acceptance.
The political history of a nation, when it merges into armed strife,
is generally a record of prejudices and of passion: civil war is the
result. In this work the author deals not with causes, but with the
terrible events that spring out of them; avoiding so far as possible the
threatening clouds of political dissension that preceded and still
follow the tempest. Time, which will clear up obscurities and remove
passion, and the intellect of a great statesman, are necessary, before
the political and military history of this war can be fittingly united.
In this book there is a positive rejection of those partizan
dissensions which have burst asunder the sacred ties of the greatest
nation on earth, and deluged the soil trodden by millions of happy
men with the blood of as brave a soldiery as ever drew breath. This
history of the War for the Union is written for no faction—no party—
no combination of men, but for the people of every portion of the
Union. Political passions die—History lives; and in an enlightened
age like this, it must be written in simple truth, or the clear-sighted
generations that follow us will detect the sophistry and falsehood.
Impartial history demands honest facts. The opinions of an historian
are but the assumptions of one mind attempting to control
multitudes. The author’s duty is to give details, allowing the
intelligent reader to draw his own conclusions unembarrassed by
obtrusive opinions, which are in all cases liable to be influenced by
prejudices.
The History of the War for the Union is a record of stupendous
events which have given grandeur to the American arms and sorrow
to every good American heart. Taking up the thread of events where
the political history of the nation left them on the fourth of March,
eighteen hundred and sixty-one, the author has followed the
ensanguined track, giving to every battle-field its place, and every
heroic act its record. The sources of information in which the work
has found its existence, have been authentic reports from the War
Department, the official statements of commandants on the battle-
field, and the many thrilling and graphic descriptions furnished by
eye-witnesses.
In giving due credit to those persons who have aided her in the
rapid completion of her first volume, the author acknowledges her
great obligation to Wm. Oland Bourne, Esq., who has devoted much
time to the work, and whose ample collection of material for history
has been freely used in its preparation; and to J. J. Golder, Esq.,
whose research and clear judgment in sifting truth from error,
arranging facts, and superintending the work in its progress through
the press, has enabled her to place it before the public in less than
three months from its commencement. To Mr. Golder’s critical care
the reader is indebted for the compact and excellent Chronology
attached to this volume, in which all the historical events of the war
are placed in their order of succession.
In the mechanical and artistic execution of the work, the publisher
has evinced an enthusiasm which corresponds nobly with the great
subject of the history, and has been even lavish in pictorial
embellishments. These have been all drawn and engraved expressly
for this work, at great cost; and in the truthfulness and beauty of
their execution, add to the high reputation already attained by the
artists, Messrs. Waters and Son.
New York, October 1, 1862. ANN S. STEPHENS.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introduction 7
Inauguration of President Lincoln 17
The coming tempest—The national forbearance—Mustering of
rebel troops—Efforts for conciliation—The Border States—
South Carolina—Investment of Fort Sumter—The Star of the
West—Gen. Beauregard.
Fortifications in Charleston Harbor 25
The iron floating battery—Cummings Point battery—Castle
Pinckney.
Bombardment of Fort Sumter 28
Storming of Fort Sumter, viewed from the land—Naval
expedition for the relief of Fort Sumter.
The Nation’s Response 40
Startling effect of the news of the attack on Sumter—The
President’s Proclamation—Departure of troops for
Washington—Enthusiasm of the people—Their devotion to the
national Union—Large contributions to aid the Government.
Reinforcement of Fort Pickens 46
The harbor of Pensacola—Forts McRae and Barrancas—
Description of Fort Pickens—Its investment by rebel troops
under Gen. Bragg—The Federal fleet in the harbor—Successful
landing of troops and supplies.
Burning of Harper’s Ferry Arsenal 49
Through Baltimore 50
Arrival of the Massachusetts Sixth, Col. Jones, in Baltimore—
Blockade of the streets—Attack by the mob—Defence of the
military—Terrible results—The regimental band—The city
authorities—Intense excitement of the citizens—Pennsylvania
troops—Mayor Brown and Marshal Kane.
Military Occupation of Annapolis, Md. 61
The Eighth Massachusetts and the Seventh New York—Gen.
Butler—Gov. Hicks—the frigate Constitution—the Naval
Academy—March to the Junction.
Maryland 66
Efforts of secessionists to involve the State in rebellion—Patriotic
devotion of loyal citizens—Gov. Hicks—The State Legislature—
Gen. Butler in Maryland—Gen. Cadwallader—The habeas
corpus act—Chief-Justice Taney.
Destruction of Gosport Navy Yard 73
The State of the Nation before its Troops entered Virginia 76
Response of the Governors of Maryland, Delaware, North
Carolina, Kentucky, and Missouri, to the President’s
Proclamation—The position of Virginia—The Confederate
Congress, at Montgomery—Jefferson Davis—The Confederate
army—Letters of Marque—Postal communication—Tennessee
and Arkansas—Border States Convention—Position of
Missouri.
Occupation of Alexandria, Va. 83
Assassination of Col. Ellsworth—The Marshall House—J. W.
Jackson—Brownell Sketch of Ellsworth—Defection of Gen. Lee
—Lieut. Tompkins’ scout to Fairfax Court House.
Battle of Great Bethel 88
Death of Major Winthrop and Lieut. Greble.
The Ambuscade at Vienna, Va. 91
Review at Washington 93
Advance of the Grand Army 94
Position of the belligerent forces—Gen. McDowell—Gen.
Patterson—Gen. Johnston—Gen. Beauregard—Advance to
Fairfax and Centreville—Battle of Blackburn’s Ford.
The Battle of Bull Run 98
The Federal Commanders and the movements of their forces—
The engagement—Arrival of rebel reinforcements—The climax
and the retreat—The battle on the left wing—The battle-field
at night.
Western Virginia 129
Battle of Phillipi, Va. 131
Destruction of Railroad Property 133
Gen. McClellan in Western Virginia 133
Battle of Scareytown 134
Battle of Rich Mountain 135
Battle of Carrick’s Ford 137
Gen. Rosecrans and Col. Lander—Gen. Morris—Capt. Benham—
Defeat of the rebel forces and death of Gen. Garnett.
The West 141
Missouri 143
Capture of Camp Jackson 144
Decisive action of Capt. Lyon—Gen. Frost—The Missouri
Legislature—Gov. Jackson—Gen. Harney—Gen. Price—Gen.
Lyon appointed to command the Department.
Cairo 150
Battle of Booneville 151
Battle of Carthage 152
Battle of Monroe, Mo. 154
Guerrilla Bands in Missouri 155
Gen. Pope in Northern Missouri—State Convention at Jefferson
City—Gen. Fremont at St. Louis—Invasion of the State by
Gens. Pillow and Jeff. Thompson—Address of the State
Convention.
Battle of Dug Springs 156
Skirmish at Athens, Mo. 157
Battle of Wilson’s Creek 159
Gen. Lyon at Springfield—Gens. Price and McCulloch—Critical
position of the Federal army—The battle—The death of Gen
Lyon—Retreat of the Union army.
Kentucky 164
The neutrality of the State—Position of Gov. Magoffin—Gen.
Buckner—Gen. McClellan—The State Legislature—Decisive
Union measures.
The Occupation of Paducah 168
Rebel troops ordered to withdraw from Kentucky—Attempt to
form a revolutionary government in the State—Military
movements of the rebels in Kentucky—The loyal State
government.
Naval Operations 175
The Expedition to Cape Hatteras 177
Capture of Forts Hatteras and Clark 180
Western Virginia 182
Surprise at Cross Lanes 183
Battle of Carnifex Ferry 183
Battle of Cheat Mountain Pass 186
Engagement at Chapmansville 188
Reconnaissance at Green Brier, Western Virginia 190
Defence of Lexington, Mo. 193
The Federal forces for the defence of the town—Col. Mulligan
and the Chicago brigade—Cols. Marshall and Peabody—
Advance of Gen. Price’s army—The investment—The attack—
Bravery of the Federal garrison—Their endurance and
privations—The surrender.
Attack on Santa Rosa Island, Fla. 199
Battle of Ball’s Bluff, Va. 200
Position of the Federal forces on the Potomac—Gen. Stone—Col.
Baker—The proposed reconnoissance—Transportation of the
troops—The topography of the Virginia shore—The
engagement—Death of Col. Baker—Defeat of the Federal
troops—Disastrous retreat—Gens. McClellan and Banks at
Edwards Ferry—Sketch of Col. Baker.
Battle at Camp Wild Cat, Ky. 210
Battle of Romney, Va. 212
Battle of Frederickton, Mo. 213
Charge of Fremont’s Body-Guard at Springfield, Mo. 217
The Department of Missouri 220
General review of the Department—Gen. Lyon—Gen. Fremont—
His proclamation and its modification by the President—
Organization of the Federal forces—Their advance—
Negotiations with Gen. Price—Gen. Fremont removed—
Appointment of Gen. Hunter—Retreat of the Federal army—
The disloyal Legislature—Advance of the rebel forces—
Recruiting—Gen. Halleck.
The Stone Fleet 225
Battle of Camp Alleghany, Western Virginia 228
Battle of Munfordsville, Ky. 230
Capture of Rebel Recruits at Milford, Mo. 232
Battle of Dranesville, Va. 238
Expedition to Ship Island 241
Engagement at Mount Zion, Mo. 242
Arkansas and the Indians 243
Bombardment at Fort Pickens 245
Rout of Gen. Marshall at Paintsville, Ky. 247
Battle of Middle Creek, Ky. 248
Battle of Silver Creek, Mo. 251
Battle of Mill Spring, Ky. 255
Investment of Fort Pulaski, Ga. 262
New Mexico and Arizona 266
Battle of Valvende, N. M. 267
Battle of Apache Cañon 270
Fight at Blooming Gap, Va. 273
East Tennessee under Confederate rule 275
The loyalty and devotion of the people—Despotism of the rebel
leaders—Parson Brownlow—Sufferings of the Unionists—
General Zollicoffer—Andrew Johnson—Horace Maynard—
Bridge-burning.
Capture of Fort Henry, Tenn. 281
Gen. Grant’s army—Gen. C. F. Smith—Com. Foote and the naval
flotilla—Sailing of the expedition—Names of the vessels and
officers—The attack and surrender—The rebel camp—Advance
of the national gunboats up the Tennessee river.
The Burnside Expedition 290
Sailing of the expedition from Hampton Roads—Com.
Goldsborough—The naval forces—Gen. Burnside and the
troops—Severe storm—The fleet at Hatteras Inlet.
Capture of Roanoke Island 292
Evacuation of Bowling Green, Ky. 296
Capture of Fort Donelson 298
Advance of the Federal land and naval forces from Fort Henry
and Cairo—Description of Fort Donelson—The naval attack—
Retreat of the gunboats—The army—The land attack—The
severity of the engagement—Sufferings of the Federal soldiers
—Their courage and endurance—Protracted defence—The
surrender.
The Occupation of Nashville 317
Fort Clinch and Fernandina, Fla. 321
The Merrimac and the Monitor 322
Capture of Jacksonville, Fla. 330
Occupation of Columbus, Ky. 332
Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark. 334
Battle of Newbern, N. C. 342
Capture of New Madrid, Mo. 351
Island No. 10 356
Capture of Island No. 10 and the Rebel army 358
Battle of Winchester, Va. 362
Position of Gen. Shield’s command—The rebel force under Gen.
Jackson—Plans of the Confederate leaders—Strategy of Gen.
Shields—Attack by Gen. Jackson—The rebels reinforced—
Bravery of the Federal troops—Charge of Gen. Tyler’s brigade
—Defeat of the rebels.
Battle of Pittsburg Landing 367
Topography of the country—Corinth—Pittsburg—Savannah—
Position of the Federal troops—The rebel army and its
commanders—The battle of Sunday, March 8—Hurlbut’s
division—McClernand’s division—Desperate hand-to-hand
fighting—Perilous position of the national troops—Wallace’s
division.
Gen. Sherman’s Reconnoissance toward Corinth 403
Occupation of Huntsville, Ala. 404
Capture of Fort Pulaski, Ga. 408
Battle of South Mills, N. C. 414
Capture of Fort Macon 418
Siege of Yorktown, Va. 424
Retreat of the rebel army from Centreville and Manassas, toward
Richmond—Advance of Gen. McClellan’s army—Events of
March, 1862—The Federal army at Old Point—Advance
toward Yorktown—The Investment—Offensive and defensive
operations—Labors and sufferings of the Federal soldiers.
Battle of Lee’s Mills, Va. 427
Capture of New Orleans 429
Bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip—The Federal fleet
—The mortar boats—Coms. Farragut, Porter, and Bailey—
Stupendous naval engagement—The surrender of the forts—
The occupation of New Orleans—Capt. Bailey—Gen. Lovell—J.
T. Monroe—Pierre Soulé—Gen. Butler.
The Evacuation of Yorktown 448
The Battle of Williamsburg, Va. 450
Advance of Gen. Stoneman’s cavalry from Yorktown—Gen.
Hooker’s division—Gen. Kearney—Gen. Sumner—Gens. Smith
and Couch—Gen. Hooker’s attack and protracted contest with
superior numbers—Gen. Heintzelman—Gen. Hancock’s
brilliant charge—Arrival of Gen. McClellan—Retreat of the
rebels.
Battle of West Point, Va. 462
Chronology 465
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
President Lincoln and his Cabinet 2
Illustrated Title 3
Initial Letter, with Battle Illustrations 7
The Capitol, at Washington 17
Fort Sumter 21
Bombardment of Fort Sumter 29
Attack on the Massachusetts Sixth in Baltimore 53
Assassination of Col. Ellsworth 86
Map of Virginia and Maryland, west of Washington 96
„ „ „ EAST „ 97
Brilliant Charge on a rebel Battery at Bull Run 108
Closing Engagement at Bull Run 115
Battle of Rich Mountain 136
Map of the Mississippi River, Section 5 148
„„„„„6 149
Death of Gen. Lyon 162
„„„„„3 167
Map of Atlantic Coast from Fortress Monroe to Fort Macon 178
The Battle of Lexington, Mo. 191
The Death of Col. Baker, at Ball’s Bluff 206
Desperate Charge of Fremont’s Body-Guard, at Springfield, Mo. 219
Battle of Mill Spring 260
Bombardment of Fort Henry 279
Attack on Fort Donelson, by the Gunboats 299
Surrender of Fort Donelson 299
Map of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, &c. 305
Birds’-eye View of Hampton Roads, Va. 323
Cavalry Charge at the Battle of Pea Ridge 339
Battle of Newbern, N. C. 343
„„„„„8 353
Bombardment of Island No. 10 359

Nanostructures For Drug Delivery. A Volume in Micro and Nano Technologies Ecaterina Andronescu and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu (Eds.)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nanostructures For Drug Delivery. A Volume in Micro and Nano Technologies Ecaterina Andronescu and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu (Eds.)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nanostructures for Drug Delivery.

Nanostructures for Cancer Therapy. A volume in Micro

Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy. A volume in

Nanostructures for Novel Therapy. Synthesis,

Nutrient Delivery 1st Edition Alexandru Mihai

Theory and Modeling of Cylindrical Nanostructures for

Metal Semiconductor Core-Shell Nanostructures for

Spectroscopic Methods for Nanomaterials

Therapeutic Probiotic and Unconventional Foods 1st

Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at

Publisher: Matthew Deans

Typeset by Thomson Digital

ABOUT THE SERIES (VOLUMES I–V)

Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

Author: Ann S. Stephens

Release date: December 6, 2023 [eBook #72340]

Original publication: Cincinnati: James R. Hawley, 1862

Credits: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PICTORIAL

WAR FOR THE UNION.

A COMPLETE AND RELIABLE

History of the War

COMMENCEMENT TO ITS CLOSE:

TOGETHER WITH A COMPLETE

By MRS. ANN S. STEPHENS.

The most difficult tusk, perhaps, known to literature, is to write a

You might also like