FOUNDATIONS OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
teachers in the Philippines and authorizing the appropriation of funds
Special Education – is a type of educating individuals via
accommodation, modification and individualization depending on their
individual differences and needs
LSEN – learner with special educational needs
PWD – persons with disability
Gifted – people who have an IQ of more than 120
Accommodation – giving minimal assistance to the LSEN, but using
the same task as everyone else
Modification – changing some parts of the task to help the LSEN
Individualization – completely changing the task according to the
ability of the LSEN
Impairment – any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological
or anatomical structure or function
Disability – any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in
the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being
Handicap – the result when an individual with an impairment cannot
fulfill a normal life role
REPUBLIC ACTS ON SPED
RA 3562 – an act promoting the education of people with blindness
thus, pioneering the Philippine National School for the Blind
RA 7277 – an act providing for the rehabilitation, self-development
and self- reliance of disabled persons and their integration into the
mainstream of society and for other purposes
RA 9442 – an act amending RA 7277 by adding more privileges to
PWD such as discounts
RA 5250 – an act promoting a ten-year training program for SPED
thereof
RA 10754 – an act expanding the benefit and privileges of PWD
TYPES OF DISABILITIES
Intellectual Disability – characterized by someone having an IQ
below 70 (the median IQ is 100), as well as significant difficulty with
daily living such as self-care, safety, communication and socialization
 Fragile X Syndrome – is the most common known cause of an
inherited intellectual disability worldwide. It is a genetic
condition caused by a mutation (a change in the DNA
structure) in the X chromosome
 Down Syndrome – is not a disease or illness, it is a genetic
disorder which occurs when someone is born with a full, or
partial, extra copy of chromosome 21 in the DNA
 Developmental Delay – when a child develops at a slower rate
compared to other children of the same age
 Prader-Willi Syndrome – is a rare genetic disorder which
affects around 1 in 10,000 – 20,000 people. This disability is
quite complex and its caused by an abnormality in the genes of
chromosome 15
 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – refers to a number of
conditions that are caused when an unborn fetus is exposed to
alcohol.
Physical Disabilities
 Cerebral palsy – is a physical disability resulting from injury
to the developing brain during pregnancy, birth or shortly after
birth
 Stroke – is a physical disability resulting from bleeding in the
brain or interruption of the central nervous system’s blood
supply
  Spina Bifida – is a type of physical disability which occurs
during pregnancy where there is incomplete closure of the
Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
bony encasement of the spinal cord, leaving the spinal nerves
exposed
 Arthritis – is a physical disability that causes inflammation
and pain in joints, bones, and muscles
 Spinal cord injury – results from a lack of sufficient blood
and oxygen supply to the spinal cords
 Epilepsy – is a neurological condition where an individual
tends to have recurrent unprovoked seizures
 muscular dystrophy – occurs when the muscles responsible
for controlling movement become weak
Learning Disability
 Dyslexia – a disorder that impacts reading, writing, and
comprehension
 Dysgraphia – have trouble converting their thoughts into
writing or drawing
 Dyscalculia – disabilities related to mathematical calculations
 Dyspraxia - is a common disorder that affects movement and
Sensory Disabilities
coordination
 Auditory Processing disorder – difficulty processing sounds
 Language Processing disorder – arises when an individual
has specific challenges in processing spoken language,
impacting both receptive and expressive language
 Nonverbal Learning Disabilities – refers to difficulties in
decoding nonverbal behaviors or social cues
 Visual Perceptual/ visual motor deficit – exhibits poor hand-
eye coordination, often lose their places when reading, and
have difficulty with pencils, crayons, glue, scissors and other
fine motor activities
Eating Disorders
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – is a mental
disorder that affects the brain’s regulation of behavior. The symptoms
of ADHD include difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity and
impulsiveness
 Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) – is a common,
chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has
uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or
behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat
over and over
 Agoraphobia – is the fear of being alone in public place,
generally in situations in which it would be difficult or
embarrassing to escape in the event of a panic attack
 Adjustment disorder – difficulty in coping with change
 Acute stress reaction – is a short-term response to a traumatic
event
 Bipolar disorder – is a mental health condition marked by
intense mood changes
 Conduct disorder – children with a conduct disorder are
selfish, do not relate well to others and lack of appropriate
sense of guilt
 Blindness and low vision – is defined by permanent vision
loss, which cannot be corrected using glasses and affects daily
functioning
 Hearing loss and deafness – is the loss of the hearing sensory
 Deaf-blindness – is a type of sensory disability that is
characterized by loss of both hearing and seeing
 Sensory processing disorder – is a disability where an
individual has difficulties receiving and responding to
information coming in via senses
 Anorexia Nervosa – people with anorexia generally view
themselves as overweight, even if they’re dangerously
underweight
  Bulimia Nervosa – people with bulimia frequently eat 145 – 160 Very gifted or highly advanced
unusually large amounts of food in a specific period of time 130 – 144 Gifted or very advanced
 Binge eating disorder – people who typically eat unusually 120 – 129 superior
large amounts of food in relatively shot periods of time and 110 – 119 High average
feel a lack of control during binges 90 – 109 Average
 Pica – involves eating things that are not considered food 80 – 89 Low average
 Rumination disorder – describes a condition in which a 70 – 79 Borderline impaired or delayed
person regurgitates food they have previously chewed and 55 – 69 Mildly impaired or delayed
swallowed, re-chews it and then either re-swallows it or spits it 40 – 54 Moderately impaired or delayed
out
 Avoidant/restrictive food intake – individuals with this
disorder experiences disturbed eating either due to a lack of
interest in eating or distaste for certain smells, tastes, colors,
textures or temperature.
 Purging disorder – individuals with purging disorder often
use purging behaviors, such as vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, or
excessive exercising to control their weight or shape. However,
they do not binge
 Night eating syndrome – individuals with this syndrome
frequently eat excessively, often after awakening from sleep
Aptitudes
 Intellectual Quotient (IQ) – our ability to comprehend, solve
problems, think and express our thoughts
 Emotional Quotient (EQ) – our ability to deal with our
emotions and with other’s as well
 Adversity Quotient (AQ) – out ability to face problems and
pass through them without losing ourselves
 Social Quotient (SQ) – our ability to build, handle and
maintain relationships
Formula in computing for the IQ
(mental age / chronological age) x 100
Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition Classification
IQ range (deviation IQ) IQ classification