Integral Calculus –

 Integration is the process of finding integrals.

 The process of integration reverses the process of differentiation.
 In differentiation if f ( x )  3 x 2 then f ' ( x )   2  3 x 2 1  6 x . Thus the integral of 6x is
Page | 1
3x 2 , that is integration is the process of moving from f ' ( x) to f ( x ) .
 The symbol  is used to replace the words ‘the integral of’. Hence from above
2
 6 xdx  3x .
 Integrals containing an arbitrary constant c in their results are called indefinite integrals,
this is because their exact value cannot be determine without further information. For
instance,  3xdx is an indefinite integral
 Definite integrals are those in which limits are applied. i.e.
b b

 f '  x  dx   f  x    f  b   f  a  , where b is the upper limit and a the lower limit.

a a

Some Standard Integrals

n ax n 1
i.  ax dx  c
n 1
1
ii.  cos axdx  a sin ax  c
1
iii.  sin axdx   a cos ax  c
ax 1 ax
iv.  e dx  a e  c
1
v.  x dx  ln x  c
2 1
vi.  sec axdx  a tan ax  c
2 1
vii.  cosec axdx   a cot ax  c
1
viii.  cosec ax cot axdx   a cos ecax  c
1
ix.  sec ax tan axdx  a s ecax  c

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Integration Rules:
Rule 1: Power Rule

ax n 1
 This rule states that  ax n dx   c , n  1 .
n 1 Page | 2

Example 1
Integrate the following using the power rule:
2
a)  4x dx
3
b) x 2
dx

c)  xdx
d)  7dx
Solution 1(a)
2
 4 x dx [we see that  4 x 2 is in the form ax n , where a  4 and n  2]
4 x 2 1 ax n 1
 c [following  ax n dx   c, n  1]
2 1 n 1
4
  x3  c
3
Solution 1(b)
3 3
x 2
dx [first rewrite 2
in the form ax n ]
x
  3 x 2 dx [now, we see that 3x 2 is in the form ax n , where a  3 and n  2]
3 x 21 ax n 1
 c [following  ax n dx   c, n  1]
2  1 n 1
3 1
 x c
1
3
 3 x 1  c or  c
x

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 1(c)

 xdx [first rewrite x in the form ax n ]

1 1
  x 2 dx [now, we see that x is in the form ax n , where a  1 and n  ]
2 Page | 3
1 1
x2 n ax n 1
1 c [following  ax dx   c, n  1]
2 1 n 1
3
x2
 3
c
2

2 32 2 3
 x  c or x c
3 3
Solution 1(d)

 7dx [first rewrite 7 in the form ax n and remember that x 0  1]

0
  7 x dx [now, we see that 7 is in the form ax n , where a  7 and n  0]
7 x 01 ax n 1
n
 c [following  ax dx   c, n  1]
0 1 n 1
 7x  c

Exercise 1
Integrate the following using the power rule:
9
a)  3x dx
5
b)  dx
4
x3
5
c)  x dx
d)  cdx

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Rule 2: Multiplication by Constant

This rule states that  cf ( x )dx  c  f ( x)dx .

Example 2
Page | 4
Integrate the following using multiplication by constant rule:
3
a)  5t dt
3
b) 2  x dx
c) 7  dx
d)  4 cos 3xdx
Solution 2(a)
3
 5t dt [remember that  cf ( x )dx  c  f ( x )]
ax n 1
 5 t 3dt [determine  t 3 dt using  ax n dx   c, n  1]
n 1
 t 31 
 5 c
 3  1
5t 4
 c
4
Solution 2(b)

ax n 1
2 x 3 dx [determine  x 3 dx using  ax n dx   c, n  1]
n 1
 x 31 
 2  c
 3  1 
2 x 2
 c
2
 x 2  c
Solution 2(c)

7  dx
ax n 1
 7  x 0 dx [determine  x 0 dx using  ax n dx   c, n  1]
n 1
 x 0 1 
 7 c
 0  1
 7x  c

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 2(d)

 remember that cf ( x )dx  c f ( x ) dx 

 4 cos 3xdx    
 1 
 4  cos 3 xdx  refering to the standard integrals  cos axdx  a sin ax  c 
Page | 5
1 
 4  sin 3 x   c
3 
4
 sin 3 x  c
3
Exercise 2
Integrate the following using multiplication by constant rule:
4
a)  7t dt
3
b) 8 x dx
1
c) 9  2 dt
t3
d) 5 e3 x dx
e) 5 sin 2xdx

Rule 3: Sum Rule

This rule states that   f  g dx   fdx   gdx

Example 3
Integrate the following using sum rule:

 3 2 
a)   4  7 x  6 x dx

 4 x3  3x 
b)   2 x dx
  7 sec 4 x  5 x 3  8 x 3 dx
2
c)
 3 5x 
d)   5 x  5sin 3x  e dx


By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 3(a)

 3   remember that
  f  g dx   fdx   gdx 
2
  4  7 x  6 x dx
 
3
  4 x 0 dx   xdx   6 x 2 dx Page | 6
7
0 1
4x 3  x11  6 x 21
    c
0 1 7 11  2 1
3  x 2  6 x3
 4x     c
7 2  3
3x 2
 4x   2 x3  c
14
Solution 3(b)

 4 x3  3x 
  2 x dx  resolve the fraction into its partials
 4 x3 3x 
 remember that
    dx
 2x 2x 
   f  g dx   fdx   gdx 
3 0
  2 x 2 dx  x dx
2
2 x 21 3  x 0 1 
   
2 1 2  0 1 
2 x3 3x
  c
3 2
Solution 3(c)

  7 sec 4 x  5 x 3  8 x 3 dx
2
 remember that
   f  g dx   fdx   gdx 
 1 
  7 sec 2 4 xdx   5 x 3 dx   8 x 3 dx  remember that  sec 2
axdx  tan ax  c 
a 
31
1  5x 8 x 31
 7  tan 4 x    c
4  3  1 3  1
7 5 x 4 8 x 2
 tan 4 x   c
4 4 2
7 5x4
 tan 4 x   4 x 2  c
4 4

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 3(d)

 3 5x   remember that
  5 x  5sin 3x  e dx
    f  g dx   fdx   gdx 
3 1   1 1 1 ax 
    dx   5sin 3 xdx   e5 x dx  remember that  dx  ln x,  sin axdx   a cos ax,  e
ax
dx  Page
e |7
5 x  x a 
3  1  1
 ln x  5   cos 3 x   e5 x  c
5  3  5
3 1 1
 ln x  5 cos 3 x  e5 x  c
5 3 5

Exercise 3
Integrate the following using sum rule:

 2x2  1 
a)   x dx
  3cos ec 2 x  5 dx
2
b)

  3e  2 x  5dx
2 3
c)
2
  3x  2 x  dx
4
d)

Rule 4: Difference Rule

This rule states that   f  g dx   fdx   gdx

Example 4
Integrate the following using difference rule:

 3 3 2 
a)   8 x  x  7 dx
4 
b)   4 cos 2 x  sin 3x dx

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 4(a)

 3 2   remember that
  f  g dx   fdx   gdx 
3
  8 x 4
x  7 dx

 
3
  8 x 3 dx   x 2 dx   7 x 0 dx Page | 8
4
31
8x 3x 2 1 7 x 0 1
   c
3  1 4  2  1 0  1
8 x 4 3x3
   7x  c
4 4  3
3x3
 2x4   7x  c
12
Solution 4(b)

 remember that
  4 cos 2 x  sin 3x dx    f  g dx   fdx   gdx 
 1 1 
  4 cos 2 xdx   sin 3 xdx  remember that  sin axdx   a cos ax,  cos axdx  a sin ax 
1   1 
 4  sin 2 x     cos 3x   c
2   3 
1
 2sin 2 x  cos 3x  c
3

Exercise 4
Integrate the following using difference rule:

 4 x 5 
a)   x  3  9 x dx
b)   2 sin 5 x  cos 2 x  1dx

  2 cos ec 4 x  2 x 3 dx
2
c)

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Rule 5: Integration by Parts

 Integration by parts formula states that  udv  uv   vdu .

2x
 This method is used to integrate products of functions such as  xe dx ,  x ln xdx ,
Page | 9
 x sin xdx .
 Given a product of two terms  u  dv  to integrate i.e.  udv , the ‘ u part’ is that term that
becomes a constant after successive differentiation and the ‘ dv part’ is that term can be
integrated from standard integrals
 In the case where ln x is involved, the same is chosen as the ‘ u part’.
Example 5
Determine:
2
a)  x ln xdx
2
b)  x cos xdx
3x
c)  2 xe dx
d)  4 x sin xdx
e)  ln xdx
Solution 5 (a)
2
 x ln xdx  write the formula 
 udv  uv   vdu since ln x is involved, it is chosen as the 'u part' and x 2 dx as 'dv part'
du 1 dx
u  ln x, and  implyning that du 
dx x x
2 1 3
x x
dv  x 2 dx, and v   dv   x 2 dx  
2 1 3
 udv  uv   vdu
2  x3  x 3 dx  x 3 dx 1 2 
 x ln xdx   ln x     .  remember that  3 . x  3  x dx 
 3 3 x 
2 x3 1 1 2 1 x 21 x3 
 x ln xdx  ln x   x 2 dx   x dx  .  
3 3 3 3  2  1 9 
x3 x3
  x 2 ln xdx  ln x   c
3 9

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 5(b)
2
 x cos xdx  write the formula 
 udv  uv   vdu  x 2 is chosen as the 'u part' and cos xdx as 'dv part'
du Page | 10
u  x 2 , and  2 x implyning that du  2 xdx
dx
dv  cos xdx, and v   dv   cos xdx  sin x

 udv  uv   vdu
 x cos xdx   x   sin x     sin x  .  2 xdx 
2 2
integrate 2 x sin xdx by parts 
  
 udv  uv   vdu u  2 x, du  2dx, dv  sin x, v   cos x 
 2 x sin xdx   2 x   cos x      cos x  2dx
 2 x sin xdx  2 x cos x  2 cos xdx
 2 x sin xdx  2 x cos x  2sin x  k
 x cos xdx   x   sin x    2 x cos x  2sin x  k 
2 2

2 2
 x cos xdx  x sin x  2 x cos x  2 sin x  k  let  k  c 
2 2
  x cos xdx  x sin x  2 x cos x  2sin x  c

Solution 5 (c)
3x
 2 xe ln xdx  write the formula 
 udv  uv   vdu  let 2 x be chosen as the 'u part' and e3 x dx as 'dv part'
du
u  2 x, and  2 implyning that du  2dx
dx
1
dv  e3 x dx, and v   dv   e3 x dx  e3 x
3
 udv  uv   vdu
3x  e3 x  e3 x  e3 x 1 3x 1 e3 x e3 x 
 2 xe dx   2 x    dx
 remember that 3 dx  e dx  . 
3
 
 3  3  3 3 9 
2 xe3 x e3 x
  2 xe3 x dx   c
3 9

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 5(d)

 4 x sin xdx  write the formula 

 let 4 x be chosen as the 'u part' and sin xdx as 'dv part' Page | 11
 udv  uv   vdu
du
u  4 x, and  4 implyning that du  4dx
dx
dv  sin xdx, and v   dv   sin xdx   cos x

 udv  uv   vdu
 remember that
 4 x sin xdx   4 x   cos x      cos x 4dx     cos x  4dx  4 cos xdx  4sin x 
 4 x sin xdx  4 x cos x   4sin x   c
  4 x sin xdx  4 x cos x  4sin x  c

Solution 5 (e)

 ln xdx  write the formula 

 udv  uv   vdu  let ln x be chosen as the 'u part' and dx as 'dv part'
du 1 dx
u  ln x, and  implyning that du 
dx x x
dv  dx, and v   dv   dx  x

 udv  uv   vdu
dx  dx 
 ln xdx   ln x  x     x  x  remember that  x. x   dx  x 

  ln xdx  x ln x  x  c

Exercise 5
Determine:

a)  x sin xdx
2x
b)  xe dx
c)  x cos xdx
2
d)  x sin xdx

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Rule 6: Substitution Method
 This method is also known as the u – substitution method.
 This method is used when an integral contains some function and its derivative.
 To integrate set u equal to the function and rewrite the integral in terms of the new variable
u. Page | 12

Example 6
Determine
2
a)  8x 40  2 x dx
1
6 x 1
b)  3e dx
0
2
c)  3sec 3x tan 3xdx
3
 4 x  x  5 dx
2
d)
2x
e)  dx
4 x2  1
3 x4
f) x e dx

Solution 6(a)

 8x 40  2 x 2 dx set u  40  2 x 2 
du du
let u  40  2 x 2 , then  4 x implying that du  4 xdx and dx  , so integral becomes
dx 4 x
 du 
1
  8x u 2   
 4 x 
  divide 8x by  4 x 
1
  u 2 du  now integrate with respect to u 
1 1
u 2
 1 c
2 1
3
u 2
 3
c
2

2 3
  u2  c  but remember that u  40  2 x 2 and so 
3
2 3

   40  2 x 2  2  c
3

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 6(b)
1
 3e
0
6 x 1
dx set u  6 x  1
du du
let u  6 x  1, then  6 implying that du  6dx and dx  , so integral becomes
dx 6 Page | 13
1 du
  3e u
 divide 3 by 6
0 6
11
  eu du
0 2
 now integrate the definite integral with respect to u 
1
1 
  eu   remember that u  6 x  1
 2 0
1
1 
  e 6 x 1   refer to definite integrals
2 0
 1  1 
  e 61 1    e 6 0 1  
 2  2 
1 1
 e5  e 1
2 2
1
  e5  e 1 
2
Solution 6(c)
2
 3sec 3 x tan 3 xdx 3sec 2 3x is derivative of tan 3 x so set u  tan 3 x 
du du
let u  tan 3 x, then  3sec 2 3 x implying that du  3sec 2 3 xdx and dx  , so integral becomes
dx sec 2 3 x
 du 
  3sec 2 3 x  u   2   divide 3sec 2 3 x by 3sec 2 3 x 
 3sec 3 x 
  udu  now integrate with respect to u 
u11
 c
11
u2
 c  but remember that u  tan 3x and so 
2
1 2
  tan 3 x   c
2
1
= tan 2 3x  c
2

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 6(d)
3
 4x  x  5  dx
2
set u  x 2  5
du du
let u  x 2  5, then  2 x implying that du  2 xdx and dx  , so integral becomes
dx 2x Page | 14
 du 
  4 x u   
3
divide 4x by 2x 
 2x 
  2u 3 du  now integrate with respect to u 
2u 31
 c
3 1
2u 4
 c
4
1
 u4  c  but remember that u  x 2  5 and so 
4
1 2 4
  x  5  c
4

Solution 6(e)
2x
 dx set u  4 x 2  1
2
4x 1
du du
let u  4 x 2  1, then  8 x implying that du  8 xdx and dx  , so integral becomes
dx 8x
2 x du
 .  divide 2x by 8x
u 8x
1 1
  u 2 du  now integrate with respect to u 
4
 1 1
1 u 2 
  1 c
4   2  1 
1
1 u2
 . 1 c
4 2
1
 u c  but remember that u  4 x 2  1 and so 
2
1
 4x2 1  c
2

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 6(f)
3 x4
x e dx set u  x 4 
du du
let u  x 4 , then  4 x 3 implying that du  4 x 3 dx and dx  3 , so integral becomes
dx 4x Page | 15
du
3 u 3 3
x e  divide x by 4x 
4 x3
1
  eu du  now integrate with respect to u 
4
1
 eu  c  but remember that u  x 4 and so 
4
1 x4
 e c
4

Exercise 6
Determine

a)  x 3x  2dx
3
2
b)  5 x 2 x  7dx
1
2
c)  sin x cos xdx
x
d)  2  3x 2
dx
4 x5
e)  2x e dx
3 3x
f)  dx
0
2 x2  1

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Definite Integrals
 Refer to the notes above for the definition of definite integrals
Example 7
Evaluate the following: Page | 16
2
a)  6x 2 dx
1

2
b)  sin xdx
0
4
  4x  x dx
2
c)
2
2
2x
d)  4e dx
1

Solution 7(a)
2
 6 x 2 dx  first integrate 6 x 2 with respect to x 
1
2
 6 x 2 1 
 
 2  1  1
2
 6 x3 
 
 3  1
b
2  b 
  2 x 2   refer to the definition of limits, i.e  f '  x  dx   f  x    f  b   f  a  
1 a a

2 2
  2  2     2  1   find the upper limit value of the integral function as well as the lower limit value
   
82
6

Solution 7(b)


0
2
sin xdx first integrate sin x with respect to x 
b

 b 
   cos x 02  refer to the definition of limits, i.e a f '  x  dx  
 f  x   a  f b   f  a 


   cos 2     cos 0   find the upper limit value of the integral function as well as the lower limit value 
 0   1
1

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 7(c)
4
  4 x  x dx  first integrate  4 x  x 2  with respect to x 
2
2  
4
 4 x11 x 2 1   b b

    refer to the definition of limits, i.e  f '  x  dx   f  x    f  b   f  a  
 1  1 2  1  2 a a
 Page | 17
4
 4 x2 x3 
    find the upper limit value of the integral function as well as the lower limit value 
 2 3  2
4
 x3 
 2 x2  
 3  2
3 3
 2  4   2  2  
 2  4      2  2   
 3   3 
 64   8 
 32    8  
 3   3
16

3

Solution 7(d)
2  1 ax 
4e 2 x dx  first integrate  4e  with respect to x, and remember that  e dx  a e 
2x ax
1

2
b
 1   b 
 4  e2 x   refer to the definition of limits, i.e  f '  x  dx   f  x    f  b   f  a  
 2  1 a a

2
  2e 2 x 
1
find the upper limit value of the integral function as well as the lower limit value 
  2e 2 2     2e 21 
 2e 4  2e 2
 94.4

Exercise 7
Evaluate the following:
3  2 4 2
a)    x  7 x  4 x dx
2
 3 

2
b)  sin 2xdx
0
2
c)  3cos xdx
0

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

 5
2 2
d)   4x  x  dx
3
2
e)  2 xe 2 x dx
1
2
f)  2 x 2 sin xdx
0
Page | 18

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.