Chapter1: Introduction 1. Developyour personaldefinition for the practiceof surveying.

Surveying the integrationof art and science is which studiesthe localization points of P..".to me eaTtn-ssunace DYmeasunng ana gamenng LOlonnanon ODuunea.tnanKS .t. "', ., ." "" ,'.,' t.t t. to accorOIng
the study of math, geometry and other sciences for the benefit of human kind and for the conservation of the enviromnent

2. Explain the differencebetweengeodeticandplanesurveys.

Geodeticsurvey is the swvey which takesin considerationthe curved surfaceof the earth by performing computationson an ellipsoid. Plane survey considersa flat surfaceas the reference basefor field work. AU anglesare planesanglesand the direction of the plumb is considered parallel throughoutthe smvey region.

3.

Describesomesurveyingapplicationsin archeology. mining and agriculture. (a) Archeology: in archeology, surveying has many applications such as map and profile of existing and potential sites without extensiveexcavation;examination of historic buildings, structures and their sunoWlding properties and site recording. (b) Mining: exploration of nUnes,drill hole surveys,geological maps confection,pit and production survey, extraction of natural resources and computation of volwnes, areasand distances. (c) Agriculture: calculation of field sizesto organizecrops, soil and water sampling, pest management, study of drainagesystems,irrigation layoutsand measurement of agricultural land eligible for subsidies.

4.

List lOusesfor surveyingother than propertyandconstructionsurveying. (a) control surveying (b) topographicsurveying (c) solar surveying (d) mine surveying (e) cadastralsurveying (t) condominiumsurveying (g) hydrographicsurveying (h) route surveying (i) as-built surveying (j) seasurveying

5. Whatsurveyingmeasurements a contractorneedto lay a 36-in..diameterpipe? does

The contractordoesnot needmeasurements because only thesUlveyorlays pipes.

2 6. Discussthe usesfor topographicsurveys.

Topographic surveys detennine locations of hatural and artificial featuresand elevations usedin mapmaking. They are usedto assjstwi$ the ~esi~ of a development proposaland it may compliment a development application. Thesesurveysshow the physicalconstraints that the proponentmust considerin a development application,Of a detaileddesignof a site for developmentpurposes. Topographicsurveysas we can seehave many usesand they play an important roll in the processof developingstructures.

7. What arehydrographicsurveys,and why are they important?

Hydrographic surveys are surveys that define shorelines and depths of lakes?streams, oceans,reservoirs,and other bodies of water. They are very important because they are used to plan and monitor harbor and river dredging operations, to ascertainreservoir capacities flood control and water supply systems, position offshoredrilling facilities for to and to locatepipelinesto hart safepassageways avoid reefs,bars and other underwater and hazards. They are important in the study and management aquaticlife andthey are used of to locatelikely fish-holding structures.

8.

Name and briefly describe three different surveyinginstruments usedby early Roman engineers. (a) Groma:the groma was simple in design,crossedanTIS resting on a bracket and attachedto a vertical staff. The four anTIS eachhad a cord with a hangingplumb bob. It was designed to surveystraight lines and right angles,and for sighting. (b) Libella: it was an A frame made of wood with a plwnb bob suspended from the top of 4 ~ it and it was used to level objects such as ~ buildings and earthenstructures. (c) Chorobates: horizontal straightedge a about 20 ft long with supportinglegs and a grooveon top for water to serveas a level.

9. Briefly explain the procedureused by Eratosthenesin determiningthe earth's

circumference.
Eratosthenes was among the first to computethe dimensionsof the earth. He concluded that the Egyptian cities of Alexandria and Syenewere located approximatelyon the same medirian. He reasoned that if he could measure arc length betweenthe two cities and the the,~g1ejt $ubtencJed the eiU1h's at center.he could computethe earth's circumference.To .:{-d.o:this. he determined the angleby measuring length of the shadowcastand Alexandria the

from a verticw staff at known length. The arc length was found from multiplying the number of caravan days between Syene and Alexandria by the averagedaily distance traveled. He said it was 25,000mi andthis was a value very closeto the real one. 10. Describethe stepsa land surveyorwould needto do when perfonning a boundarysurvey. The stepsa land surveyorwould needto do whenperforminga boundarysurveyare: (a) Do a preliminary field survey using a theodolite and electronic distance measurement (b) Take accuratemeasurements property corner markersthat are found on or near to the propertybeing surveyed. (c) Use GPSif it is a large property,
(d) Analyze the preliminary ,. '. ..,. field information with the standard boundary principles

being applied. (e) Detenninethe boundarylocation. .- . . (f) Setmonumentsor markerswheneverthey areneeded. (g) Preparea record-of-survey map to documentthe work.