WING SPAR IN CARBON/EPOXY

Subject:

Mechanics of Composite

Submitted to:

DR. S. KAMRAN AFAQ

Submitted by:

IMRAN SAJID SHAHID

ROLL NO:

12SP-MS-ME-002

Deaprtment of Mechanical Engineering

HITECH University Taxila

Problem Statement:

Consider an airplane with the internal structure (excluding facings) shown schematically in the following figure. It consists of a spar and several ribs. The spar is a lmaniate of carbon/epoxy fabric with Vf=45% fiber volume fraction, the composition of which varies with longitudinal coordinate x-axis in the flange and in the web. A preliminary calculation of the flap in isostatic equilibrium reveals the maximum stress resultant in the zones of the spar indicated in the figure. One proposes for each of these zones of the composition indicated in the figure below. 1. Evaluate the elastic properties of the laminate in these two zones. 2. Verify the two corresponding laminates at rupture strength. Thickness of layer of fabric is 0.24mm and Properties of carbon/epoxy fabric are;
EL [MPa] ET [MPa] GLT [MPa] LT +Xt [MPa] -Xt [MPa] +Yt [MPa] -Yt [MPa] S [MPa] [kg/m3] 54000 54000 4000 0.045 420 360 420 360 55 1450

Solution:

1 ZONE-1:
SIZING OF LAMINATE: Sizing of Laminate could be done by considering the hypothesis that: Nx assumed to be supported by the 0 plies (or along x-dir), requires a thickness ex for these plies, in our case ex = Nx / Xc = 1.208 mm Using the Same hypothesis for other loading conditions, we have ey = Ny / Xt = 0.0 mm exy = Nxy / S = 0.545 mm Thickness of laminate will be, ex + ey + exy = 1.75 mm Proportions of Laminate can be calculated from the following figure, and we have:

0/90deg plies: 45deg plies:

67% 33%

From the above calculations we can calculate number of layers; NL = ( h / 0.24) = 9

Laminate Code will be for Zone-1 is: [90/45/90/90/45/90/90/45/90]

same as given in problem statement!!

ELASTIC MODULII CALCUALTION: First Calcualte [Qbar]avg Calcualte [Sbar]avg from following relation: [Sbar]avg = [Qbar]-1avg Look in [Sbar]avg Matrix for following properties: Ex = 1/ [Sbar(1,1)] Ey = 1/ [Sbar(2,2)] Gxy = 1/[Sbar(3,3)] nxy = [Sbar(1,2)] / [Sbar(1,1)]

MATLAB Results are:

GLOBAL STRAINS AND PLY STRESSES: Global Strain can be calculated as: {0} xy = [Sbar]avg }xy Since, 0x= Nx / (N.L.* 0.24mm) {0}xy Matrix becomes: [-202 ; 0.0 ; 0.0 ] Calculate {s}xy in each ply 00 and 450 plies: {}xy = [Qbar] {0} xy Transformed {s}xy in orthotropic axes of ply, by using: {}LT = [T] {0}xy Where, [T] = Transformation Matrix

MATLAB Results are:

RUPTURE STRENGTH: Using Hill-Tasi Failure criterion for both layers

Factor of Safety for both plies can be calculated by :

Ply with lowest Safety Factor will FAIL first.

MATLAB Results are:

2 ZONE-2:
ELASTIC MODULII CALCUALTION:

GLOBAL STRAINS AND PLY STRESSES:

RUPTURE STRENGTH:

MATLAB PROGRAMM FOR ELASTIC MODULII & RUPTURE STRENGTH: First part will do calculations for flanges: !>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

clc clear all % Term Project Carbon/Epoxy Flap Spar design % --------------------INPUT DECK------------------------------Nx = -435; Nxy = -30 deg0_ply=67; deg90_ply=0; degpplus45_ply=33; degminus45_ply=0; % Applied Force in x-dir % Applied Force in xy-dir % Layers percentage in 0degree % Layers percentage in 90degree % Layers percentage in 45degree % Layers percentage in -45degree

% Material Properties and Strengths E_L = 54000; E_T=54000; G_LT=4000; v_LT=0.045; V_f=45/100; X_t = 420; Y_t = 420; X_c = 360; Y_c = 360; S_tc = 55; e = 0.24; NL_F = 9; NL_W = 5; % Thickness of single bidirectional Carbon/Epoxy ply % Number of Layers in Flange % Number of Layers in Web

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S = C_M( E_L,E_T,G_LT,v_LT ); Q = inv(S); % Compliance Matrix

% Rigidity Matrix

Q_avg=(Qbar(Q,0)*deg0_ply/100)+(Qbar(Q,90)*deg90_ply/100)+ ... (Qbar(Q,45)*degpplus45_ply/100)+(Qbar(Q,-45)*degminus45_ply/100); S_avg = inv(Q_avg); Ex=1/S_avg(1,1); Ey=1/S_avg(2,2); Gxy=1/S_avg(3,3); % Global Modulii Properties

vxy=-1*(S_avg(1,2)/S_avg(1,1)); vyx=-1*(S_avg(1,2)/S_avg(2,2)); disp('[Qbar]avg Matrix =') disp(Q_avg) disp('[Sbar]avg Matrix =') disp(S_avg) disp('Longitudinal Young Modulus of Laminate =') disp(Ex) disp('Transverse Young Modulus of Laminate =') disp(Ey) disp('Shear Modulus of Laminate =') disp(Gxy) disp('Major Poissons ratio =') disp(vxy) disp('Minor Poissons ratio =') disp(vyx) % h_F = e * NL_F; sigma_oxy_F = [Nx/h_F; 0; 0]; epsilon_oxy_F = S_avg * sigma_oxy_F; % height of a laminate % Global Stresses in xy % Global Strains in xy

sigma_xy_090_F = Qbar(Q,0) * epsilon_oxy_F; % Ply stresses in 0/90 deg layers in xy dir sigma_LT_090_F = TransformationMatrix(0) * sigma_xy_090_F; % Ply stresses in 0/90 deg layers in LT(material) dir sigma_xy_45_F = Qbar(Q,45) * epsilon_oxy_F; % Ply stresses in 45 deg layers in xy dir sigma_LT_45_F = TransformationMatrix(45) * sigma_xy_45_F; % Ply stresses in 45 deg layers in LT(material) dir % Hill-Tasi Failure Criterion for 0/90 plies HT_090_F = (sigma_LT_090_F(1,1)/X_c)^2+(sigma_LT_090_F(2,1)/Y_t)^2- ... (sigma_LT_090_F(1,1)*sigma_LT_090_F(2,1)/X_c^2)+ ... (sigma_LT_090_F(3,1)/S_tc)^2; FOS_090_F = (( 1/(HT_090_F)) - 1) *100;

10

!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Second part will do calculations for Web:

!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
clc clear all % Term Project Carbon/Epoxy Flap Spar design % --------------------INPUT DECK------------------------------Nx = -435; Nxy = -30 deg0_ply=40; deg90_ply=0; degpplus45_ply=60; degminus45_ply=0; % Applied Force in x-dir % Applied Force in xy-dir % Layers percentage in 0degree % Layers percentage in 90degree % Layers percentage in 45degree % Layers percentage in -45degree

% Material Properties and Strengths E_L = 54000; E_T=54000; G_LT=4000; v_LT=0.045; V_f=45/100; X_t = 420; Y_t = 420; X_c = 360; Y_c = 360; S_tc = 55; e = 0.24; NL_F = 9; NL_W = 5; % Thickness of single bidirectional Carbon/Epoxy ply % Number of Layers in Flange % Number of Layers in Web

%-------------------------------------------------------------S = C_M( E_L,E_T,G_LT,v_LT ); Q = inv(S); % Compliance Matrix

% Rigidity Matrix 11

Q_avg=(Qbar(Q,0)*deg0_ply/100)+(Qbar(Q,90)*deg90_ply/100)+ ... (Qbar(Q,45)*degpplus45_ply/100)+(Qbar(Q,-45)*degminus45_ply/100); S_avg = inv(Q_avg); Ex=1/S_avg(1,1); Ey=1/S_avg(2,2); Gxy=1/S_avg(3,3); vxy=-1*(S_avg(1,2)/S_avg(1,1)); vyx=-1*(S_avg(1,2)/S_avg(2,2)); disp('[Qbar]avg Matrix =') disp(Q_avg) disp('[Sbar]avg Matrix =') disp(S_avg) disp('Longitudinal Young Modulus of Laminate =') disp(Ex) disp('Transverse Young Modulus of Laminate =') disp(Ey) disp('Shear Modulus of Laminate =') disp(Gxy) disp('Major Poissons ratio =') disp(vxy) disp('Minor Poissons ratio =') disp(vyx) % h_W = e * NL_W; sigma_oxy_W = [0; 0; Nxy/h_W]; epsilon_oxy_W = S_avg * sigma_oxy_W; % height of a laminate % Global Stresses in xy % Global Strains in xy 12 % Global Modulii Properties

sigma_xy_090_W = Qbar(Q,0) * epsilon_oxy_W; % Ply stresses in 0/90 deg layers in xy dir sigma_LT_090_W = TransformationMatrix(0) * sigma_xy_090_W; % Ply stresses in 0/90 deg layers in LT(material) dir sigma_xy_45_W = Qbar(Q,45) * epsilon_oxy_W; % Ply stresses in 45 deg layers in xy dir sigma_LT_45_W = TransformationMatrix(45) * sigma_xy_45_W; % Ply stresses in 45 deg layers in LT(material) dir % Hill-Tasi Failure Criterion for 0/90 plies HT_090_W = (sigma_LT_090_W(1,1)/X_c)^2+(sigma_LT_090_W(2,1)/Y_t)^2- ... (sigma_LT_090_W(1,1)*sigma_LT_090_W(2,1)/X_c^2)+ ... (sigma_LT_090_W(3,1)/S_tc)^2;

FOS_090_W = (( 1/(HT_090_W)) - 1)*100;

!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

13