Metals

Properties
Classification
Elements
Compounds
Mixtures

Classification of atoms
Metals
Non-metals
Metalloids


Location in periodic table
Metal Structure
Lattice structure
Metallic bond
Solid in shape
Hard
High tensile strength

Properties
Lustre- metals are shiny
Malleable: beaten into shape without shattering
Ductile: stretched out to form wire
High melting points
Conductors of electricity and heat

Classification
ferrous and non-ferrous
Pure and alloys
Alloys
Combination of two or more elements (between metals or between a metal
and a non metal
Chemically bonded
Properties different from the parent elements



Alloy material Ferrous
Cast iron iron, carbon and silicon, traces of
sulphur, manganese and phosphorus
Ferrous

Steel iron with about 1% carbon
(sometimes manganese as well)


Ferrous

Stainless steel iron, carbon, and chromium,
modern stainless steel may also
contain nickel, niobium,
molybdenum, and titanium.
Ferrous

Brass copper & zinc Non- Ferrous

Bronze copper & tin Non- Ferrous

Heat treatment
controlled heating and cooling of metals to alter mechanical and physical
properties without changing the product shape.
use of heating or chilling, usually to extreme temperatures to harden or
soften a metal
Why do we do it
increasing the strength of material, improved machining, improved
formability, and to restore ductility after a cold working operation.
HEATING
Many alloys change structure when they are heated to specific temperatures.
The structure of an alloy at room temperature can be either a mechanical
mixture, a solid solution, or a combination solid solution and mechanical
mixture.
mechanical mixture
The elements and compounds are clearly visible and are held together by a
matrix of base metal.

It is like concrete - sand and gravel are visible and held in place by the
cement.

solid solution
Two or more metals are absorbed, one into the other, and form a solution.
When an alloy is in the form of a solid solution, the elements and
compounds forming the metal are absorbed into each other like salt is
dissolved in a glass of water.
The separate elements cannot be identified even under a microscope.
Combination of both
mechanical mixture at room temperature change into solid solution or a
partial solution when heated.
Changing the chemical composition in this way brings about certain
predictable changes in grain size and structure.


SOAKING
To keep the changes in structure created by heating, alloy must remain at that
specific temperature until the entire part has been evenly heated.
More mass longer soaking
COOLING
the structure may remain in its original structure created by heating
This depends on type of metal and the rate of cooling.
Each create specific changes like increased hardness, toughness, ductility, and
tensile strength
methods
Annealing
Normalizing
Hardening
Tempering

HARDENING
heating the metal to the required temperature and then cooling it rapidly by
plunging the hot metal into a quenching medium, such as oil, water, or brine.
This increases the hardness, strength of metal and but also brittleness
TEMPERING