BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 4
A Tour of the Cell
Modules 4.6 4.14
From PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ORGANELLES OF THE ENDOMEMBRANE

SYSTEM
4.6 The nucleus is the cells genetic control center
The largest organelle is usually the nucleus
The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by
the nuclear envelope
The nucleus is the cellular control center
It contains the DNA that directs the cells
activities

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

NUCLEUS
Chromatin
Nucleolus

Two membranes
of nuclear
envelope

Pore

ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
Figure 4.6
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Ribosomes

4.7 Overview: Many cell organelles are related

through the endomembrane system
The endomembrane system is a collection of
membranous organelles
These organelles manufacture and distribute cell
products
The endomembrane system divides the cell into
compartments
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is part of the
endomembrane system

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4.8 Rough endoplasmic reticulum makes

membrane and proteins
The rough ER manufactures membranes
Ribosomes on its surface produce proteins
Transport vesicle
buds off

Ribosome

Sugar
chain

Figure 4.8

Secretory
(glyco-) protein
inside transport
vesicle

Glycoprotein
2

Polypeptide

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ROUGH ER

4.9 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a variety of

functions
Smooth ER synthesizes lipids
In some cells, it regulates carbohydrate
metabolism and breaks down toxins and drugs

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SMOOTH ER
ROUGH
ER
Nuclear
envelope

Ribosomes
SMOOTH ER

Figure 4.9
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ROUGH ER

4.10 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships

cell products
The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of
membranous sacs
These receive and modify ER products, then
send them on to other organelles or to the cell
membrane

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 The Golgi apparatus

Golgi apparatus
Golgi
apparatus
Receiving side of
Golgi apparatus
Transport
vesicle
from ER
New
vesicle
forming
Shipping
side of Golgi
apparatus

Transport vesicle
from the Golgi

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.10

4.11 Lysosomes digest the cells food and wastes

Lysosomes are
sacs of digestive
enzymes budded
off the Golgi

LYSOSOME

Nucleus

Figure 4.11A
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Lysosomal enzymes
digest food
destroy bacteria
recycle damaged organelles
function in embryonic development in animals

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Rough ER

Transport vesicle
(containing inactive
hydrolytic enzymes)
Plasma
membrane

Golgi
apparatus

Engulfment
of particle

Lysosome
engulfing
damaged
organelle

Food
LYSOSOMES

Food
vacuole
Figure 4.11B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Digestion

4.12 Connection: Abnormal lysosomes can cause

fatal diseases
Lysosomal storage diseases are hereditary
They interfere with other cellular functions
Examples: Pompes disease, Tay-Sachs disease

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4.13 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance

of the cell
Plant cells
contain a large
central vacuole
The vacuole has
lysosomal and
storage
functions

Central
vacuole

Nucleus
Figure 4.13A
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Protists may have contractile vacuoles

These pump out excess water

Nucleus

Contractile
vacuoles
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.13B

4.14 A review of the endomembrane system

The various organelles of the endomembrane
system are interconnected structurally and
functionally
Rough
ER

Transport
vesicle
from Golgi

Transport
vesicle
from ER

Plasma
membrane

Vacuole

Nucleus
Smooth
ER

Nuclear
envelope

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Golgi
apparatus

Lysosome
Figure 4.14