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Vectors and The Geometry of Space
Vectors and The Geometry of Space
VECTORS AND
THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE
12.5
Equations of
Lines and Planes
In this section, we will learn how to:
Define three-dimensional lines and planes
using vectors.
EQUATIONS OF LINES
EQUATIONS OF LINES
EQUATIONS OF LINES
EQUATIONS OF LINES
uuur
If a is the vector with representation P P ,
0
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Equation 1
Thus,
r = r0 + t v
VECTOR EQUATION
VECTOR EQUATION
VECTOR EQUATION
VECTOR EQUATION
VECTOR EQUATION
Equations 2
x = x0 + at
y = y0 + bt
z = z0 + ct
Where, t
Equations 2
PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Example 1
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Here,
and
Example 1 a
r0 = <5, 1, 3> = 5 i + j + 3 k
v=i+4j2k
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Example 1 a
y = 1 + 4t
z = 3 2t
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Example 1 b
EQUATIONS OF LINES
EQUATIONS OF LINES
x=6+t
y = 5 + 4t
z = 1 2t
EQUATIONS OF LINES
x = 5 + 2t
y = 1 + 8t
z = 3 4t
DIRECTION NUMBERS
DIRECTION NUMBERS
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Equations 3
SYMMETRIC EQUATIONS
Equations 3
x x0 y y0 z z0
a
b
c
SYMMETRIC EQUATIONS
SYMMETRIC EQUATIONS
x x0
This means that L lies
in the vertical plane x = x0.
y y0 z z0
b
c
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Example 2
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Example 2 a
uuu
r
representation AB is parallel to the line
and
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Example 2 a
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Example 2 a
y = 4 5t
z = 3 + 4t
x2 y4 z 3
1
5
4
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Example 2 b
x2 y4 3
1
5
4
1
4
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Example 2 b
11 1
, , 0
4 4
EQUATIONS OF LINES
x1 x0
y1 y0
z1 z0
x x0
y y0
z z0
x1 x0 y1 y0 z1 z0
z = 3 + 4t
Equation 4
Example 3
y = 2 + 3t
z=4t
x = 2s
y=3+s
z = 3 + 4s
Example 3
Example 3
1 + t = 2s
2 + 3t = 3 + s
4 t = 3 + 4s
Example 3
11
t=
5
and
8
s=
5
Example 3
Example 3
PLANES
PLANES
PLANES
NORMAL VECTOR
PLANES
PLANES
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Equation 5
Thus, we have:
n . (r r0) = 0
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Equation 6
VECTOR EQUATION
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
SCALAR EQUATION
Equation 7
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 4
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 4
In Equation 7, putting
a = 2, b = 3, c = 4, x0 = 2, y0 = 4, z0 = 1,
we see that an equation of the plane is:
2(x 2) + 3(y 4) + 4(z + 1) = 0
or
2x + 3y + 4z = 12
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 4
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 4
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
LINEAR EQUATION
ax + by + cz + d = 0
Equation 8
LINEAR EQUATION
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 5
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 5
uuur
The vectors a and b corresponding to PQ
uuu
r
and PR are:
a = <2, 4, 4>
b = <4, 1, 2>
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 5
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 5
Thus,
n ab
i
2 4 4
4 1 2
12 i 20 j 14 k
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 5
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 6
y = 4t
z=5+t
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 6
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 6
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 6
Then,
x = 2 + 3(2) = 4
y = 4(2) = 8
z=52=3
So, the point of intersection is (4, 8, 3).
PARALLEL PLANES
PARALLEL PLANES
NONPARALLEL PLANES
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 7
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 7 a
n2 = <1, 2, 3>
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 7 a
n1 n 2
1(1) 1( 2) 1(3)
2
cos
n1 n 2
111 1 4 9
42
cos
2
o
72
42
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 7 b
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 7 b
i
v n1 n 2 1
j
1
k
1 5 i 2 j 3k
1 2 3
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 7 b
x 1 y
z
5
2 3
NOTE
NOTE
NOTE
NOTE
x 1 y
5
2
and
y
z
2 3
NOTE
NOTE
x x0 y y0 z z0
a
b
c
we can regard the line as the line
of intersection of the two planes
x x0 y y0
and
a
b
y y0 z z 0
b
c
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 8
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 8
uuuu
r
Let b be the vector corresponding to P0 P1 .
Then,
b = <x1 x0, y1 y0, z1 z0>
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 8
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 8
Thus,
D comp n b
n b
a ( x1 x0 ) b( y1 y0 ) c ( z1 z0 )
a 2 b2 c 2
(ax1 by1 cz1 ) (ax0 by0 cz0 )
a b c
2
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 8
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
E. g. 8Formula 9
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 9
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 9
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 9
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 9
5( 12 ) 1(0) 1(0) 1
52 12 (1) 2
6
3 3
3
2
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 10
y = 2 + 3t
z=4t
L2: x = 2s
y=3+s
z = 3 + 4s
are skew.
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 10
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 10
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 10
n v1 v 2
i j k
1 3 1
2 1 4
13 i 6 j 5 k
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 10
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 10
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 10
EQUATIONS OF PLANES
Example 10
13 (6) (5)
8
0.53
230
2