GREENFIELD PROJECT

Swarup Mukherjee
DEFINITIONS & CONCEPTS

Basic Concepts of Green Field Projects:

o Built from scratch

o No preexisting infrastructure .
o Normally considered for physical projects on greenfield land. - Sometimes starts
with even selection and purchase of land.
o Involves complete establishment of new supply chain and manpower.
o Examples are : factories , power plants, Airports, built in remote area
o Concept extended for software projects as well .
Basic Concept of BrownField Projects
o Typically expansions in existing factory.
o Existing basic infrastructure
PROJECT DEFINATION
A project is temporary in that it has a defined beginning and end in time,
and therefore defined scope and resources.
And a project is unique in that it is not a routine operation, but a specific
set of operations designed to accomplish a singular goal. So a project
team often includes people who dont usually work together sometimes
from different organizations and across multiple geographies.
The development of software for an improved business process, the
construction of a building or bridge, the relief effort after a natural disaster,
the expansion of sales into a new geographic market all are projects.
And all must be expertly managed to deliver the on-time, on-budget
results, learning and integration that organizations need.
POINTS FOR DISCUSSION
A greenfield IT project is generally felt as easier than an brownfield IT project.
However the contrary is true for the physical project.

Elaborate with own examples (one each) with reasons?

What is the major challenge for greenfield IT project apart from execution?
GREENFIELD PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Human
Resources
Health/ Safety Clearances
from
Environment Stakeholders

Planning /
Contracts
Scope
Greenfield Project
Management

Communication Time

Cost &
Quality
Finance
GREENFIELD PROJECT MANAGEMENT (IT)

Human
Resources
Clearances
IPR from
Stakeholders

Planning /
Contracts
Scope
Greenfield Project
Management

Communication Time

Cost &
Quality
Finance
POINTS FOR DISCUSSION
Discuss the importance of IPR in IT projects?
What are the major differentiator between a physical greenfield project and an IT project?
CLEARANCE MANAGEMENT OF GREENFIELD
PROJECTS
CLEARANCES REQUIREMENTS FOR
GREENFIELD PROJECTS
Environmental clearance
Forest Clearance including wildlife
Aviation clearance
Clearance from town planning/local body
Clearance from locational DISCOM for power connection
PWD clearance
Railways Clearance
Highway clearance
Irrigation department clearance
Clearance for right of way
Linkages for coal and other minerals
Prospecting and mining licensing
POINTS FOR DISCUSSION
What are the clearances needed for IT projects?
Is there anything wrong in making an IT project by accumulating the usage data of your
phone in the form of cookies and sell to others to get revenue and also give rewards?
CLEARANCES REQUIREMENTS FOR
GREENFIELD PROJECTS
Which Comes First?
What is the inter-depdencies ?
 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important management tool for ensuring
optimal use of natural resources for sustainable development. Ver well known since
1950s in Europe and USA.
However First impact assessment started with of river valley projects in 1978-79 in India.
The scope has subsequently been enhanced to cover other developmental sectors such
as industries, thermal power projects, mining schemes etc.
The main areas covered are
Air pollution
Water pollution
Forest conservation
Wild life Conservation
Bio diversity protection

The Environment (Protection) Act was enacted in 1986 with the objective of providing for the
protection and improvement of the environment. It empowers the Central Government to prevent
environmental pollution in all its forms. The Act was last amended in 1991.
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The objective of EIA is to foresee the potential environmental problems that would arise
out of a proposed development and address them in the project's planning and design
stage. The EIA process should then allow for the communication of this information to:
the project proponent;
the regulatory agencies; and,
all stakeholders and interest groups.
EIA integrates the environmental concerns in the developmental activities right at the time
of initiating for preparing the feasibility report. In doing so it can enable the integration of
environmental concerns and mitigation measures in project development. EIA can often
prevent future liabilities or expensive alterations in project design.
ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE PROCESS
Screening: First stage of EIA, which determines whether the proposed project, requires an EIA and if
it does, then the level of assessment required.

Scoping: This stage identifies the key issues and impacts that should be further investigated. This
stage also defines the boundary and time limit of the study.

Impact analysis: This stage of EIA identifies and predicts the likely environmental and social impact
of the proposed project and evaluates the significance.
Mitigation: This step in EIA recommends the actions to reduce and avoid the potential adverse
environmental consequences of development activities.
Reporting: This stage presents the result of EIA in a form of a report to the decision-making body and
other interested parties.
Review of EIA: It examines the adequacy and effectiveness of the EIA report and provides the
information necessary for decision-making.

Decision-making: It decides whether the project is rejected, approved or needs further change.

Post monitoring: This stage comes into play once the project is commissioned. It checks to ensure
that the impacts of the project do not exceed the legal standards and implementation of the mitigation
measures are in the manner as described in the EIA report.
 EIA METHODS AND EMP
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) should be prepared on the basis of the existing background
pollution levels vis-a-vis contributions of pollutants from the proposed plant.The EIA should address some
of the basic factors listed below:
Meteorology and air quality :
Ambient levels of pollutants such as Sulphur Dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon-
monoxide,suspended particulate matters,should be determined at the center and at 3 other locations
on a radius of 10 km with 120 degrees angle between stations. Additional contribution of pollutants at
the locations are required to be predicted after taking into account the emission rates of the
pollutants from the stacks of the proposed plant, under different meteorological conditions prevailing
in the area.
Hydrology and water quality
Site and its surroundings
Occupational safety and health
Details of the treatment and disposal of effluents(liquid,air and solid) and the methods of alternative
uses
Transportation of raw material and details of material handling
Control equipment and measures proposed to be adopted
Preparation of Environmental Management Plan is required for formulation, implementation and
monitoring of environmental protection measures during and after commissioning of projects.

The EIA study for baseline cannot be conducted for rainy season.
 EIA METHODS AND EMP CONTD.
The EMP should consist of mitigation methods of the pollution that is created due to the greenfield
project. So as to keep the environment under control and sutable for local inhabitants and
biodiversity.
Preference for no discharge.
Treatment of all liquid waste suitable before discharge to make it for discharge into local
waterbody.
The liquid discharge should never be acidic. Slight basic PH is acceptable.
BOD & COD also need to be controlled.
Water temperature also need to be within limit.
All discharge in Air need to be disbursed by approved analytical tool in such a way that the
environment is not affected adversely and none of the parameters exceed the limits present
by the Ministry.
Provision of Bag filter or ESPs
Provision tall chimneys which allow better distribution of toxic gases like SOx, NOx,and
particulate matter.
Scrubber (dry or wet type)
The specific formula for Chimney height dependent on SO2 levels in the

The EIA study for baseline cannot be conducted for rainy season.
 EIA METHODS AND EMP CONTD.
Hazardous waste disposal system
hazardous waste means any waste which by reason of characteristics such asphysical,
chemical, biological, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive,causes danger or is
likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or in contact with other
wastes or substances .
Authorised TSDF facilities (Treatment, Storage and disposal facility)
Various methods like
Containment
Incineration
Liquification/ mixing /drip treatment
Finally landfill for finally treated material (landfills are normally done in two layered
pond , to ensure that there is no seepage to the ground water)
All factories are needed to dispose their hazardous waste to authorised representatives
only.
All waste materials containing heavy metal and oil are considered as hazardous waste.
Examples are Batteries, anything containing mercury and lead , used oils.

Major solid waste problem : Nuclear plants radioactive waste.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSENT AUTHORITIES
BASED ON TYPES OF INDUSTRY
Classification of industries for consent management
RED : Industries identified by Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India as
heavily polluting and covered under Central Action Plan, viz. Thermal power plants,
Cement Plants, Fertilizer plants, Oil Refinery etc. Depending on the scale of operation
some of the Red industies (classified in Section B can be cleared by State Govt.
ORANGE : Less polluting industries than Red industries covered under State
Action plan. Examples are : Hotels, Resturents, Food Processing Industry; stone
crushers
GREEN : Non polluting small scale industries which does not need ellaborate EIA
but a simple process of clearance from state Govt. or UT as notified in Green
Category. Example (Optical Frame making industry, toy making, printing press
However if any industry which are not covered in any of the three categories decision are
taken about EIA process by a standing committee under state govt.
Re-Categorisation of Industries a landmark decision, new category of white
industries will not require environmental clearance: Javadekar
For total details check : http://envfor.nic.in/legis/ucp/ucpsch8.html
 NEW DEFINITION BASED ON POLLUTION INDEX
o Industrial Sectors having Pollution Index score of 60 and above - Red category
o Industrial Sectors having Pollution Index score of 41 to 59 Orange category
o Industrial Sectors having Pollution Index score of 21 to 40 Green category
o Industrial Sectors having Pollution Index score incl.&upto 20 - White category

Due importance has been given to relative pollution potential of the industrial sectors based on
scientific criteria. Further, wherever possible, splitting of the industrial sectors is also considered
based on the use of raw materials, manufacturing process adopted and in-turn pollutants expected
to be generated.
Newly-introduced White category contains 36 industrial sectors which are practically non-
polluting.
( Examples Biscuit trays etc. from rolled PVC sheet (using automatic vacuum forming machines), Cotton and
woolen hosiers making (Dry process only without any dying/washing operation), Electric lamp (bulb) and CFL
manufacturing by assembling only, Scientific and mathematical instrument manufacturing, Solar power generation
through photovoltaic cell, wind power and mini hydel power (less than 25 MW).
There shall be no necessity of obtaining the Consent to Operate for White category of
industries. An intimation to concerned SPCB / PCC shall suffice.
No Red category of industries shall normally be permitted in the ecologically fragile area /
protected area.
POLLUTION INDEX
Pollution Index which is a function of the emissions (air pollutants), effluents (water
pollutants), hazardous wastes generated and consumption of resources.

The Pollution Index PI of any industrial sector is a number from 0 to 100 and the
increasing value of PI denotes the increasing degree of pollution load from the industrial
sector.

To refer MOEF press release Dt. 5 th March.2016

Air Quality Index: An air quality index is defined as an overall scheme that transforms the
weighed values of individual air pollution related parameters (for example, pollutant
concentrations) into a single number or set of numbers (Ott, 1978). The result is a set of rules
(i.e. set of equations) that translate parameter values into a more simple form by means of
numerical manipulation

If actual concentrations are reported in g/m3 or ppm (parts per million) along with standards,
then it cannot be considered as an index. At the very last step, an index in any system is to
group specific concentration ranges into air quality descriptor categories.
 NEW DEFINITION BASED ON POLLUTION INDEX
The newly introduced White category of industries pertains to those industrial sectors which are
practically non-polluting, such as Biscuit trays etc. from rolled PVC sheet (using automatic
vacuum forming machines), Cotton and woolen hosiers making (Dry process only without any
dying/washing operation), Electric lamp (bulb) and CFL manufacturing by assembling only,
Scientific and mathematical instrument manufacturing, Solar power generation through
photovoltaic cell, wind power and mini hydel power (less than 25 MW).
The purpose of the categorization is to ensure that the industry is established in a manner which
is consistent with the environmental objectives. The new criteria will prompt industrial sectors
willing to adopt cleaner technologies, ultimately resulting in generation of fewer pollutants.
Another feature of the new categorization system lies in facilitating self-assessment by industries
as the subjectivity of earlier assessment has been eliminated. This Re-categorization is a part
of the efforts, policies and objective of present government to create a clean & transparent
working environment in the country and promote the Ease of Doing Business.
Other similar efforts include installation of Continuous Online Emissions/ Effluent Monitoring
Systems in the polluting industries, Revisiting the CEPI (Comprehensive Environment Pollution
Index) concept for assessment of polluted industrial clusters, revision of existing industrial
emission/effluent discharge standards, initiation of special drive on pollution control activities in
Ganga River basin and many more in the coming days.
 CONSENT PROCESS FOR GREENFIELD
PROJECTS
Basically three steps:
EIA studies and EMP proposal to concerned authorities.
Public Hearing ( as per requirement)
Consent to establish by concerned authorities
Consent to Operate before commercial production.
Yearly renewal of Consent to Operate based primarily on the fulfillment of EMP
conditions or modified directives by state Pollution control board.
 PUBLIC HEARING
To enable pubic in general to know and comment .
All category A and B1 projects or activities need to undertake public consultation.
EIA notification 2006 governs the process. Generally controlled by the local collectorate.
The public hearing is to be conducted either at Project site ( if developed area) or in a
prominent place in local township.
It is the duty of state PCB or MOEF ( as applicable) to address the issues raised in public
hearing in the EMP and consider the same before granting Consent to Establish

Resent cases like protest at Nuclear power plant sites , Dam sites, is a classic example
where public opinion had made major changes in the project configuration.
FOREST CLEARANCE
To ensure that forest and wildlife is protected.
Under Forest Conservation act 1980 and ammendment in 1988 and finally Green
tribunal Act 2010.
Applicable where any designated Forest land is proposed to be used for non forest
purposes.
It primarily involves survey and determination as per preset rules of compensation that
need to be made to the forest department for them to compensate for the disturbances
in the ecosystem and livelihood of associated human populace including tribals etc.
The compensation determination is to be done by DFO & CF.
The Wildlife clearance also comes under the Forest clearance.
MOEF clears the environmental clearance after taking comprehensive view of forest,
wildlife and other issues pertaining to various Acts like water pollution control, Air
pollution control Act etc.
In case of dispute regarding forest clearances, Green Tribunal has the final authority to
decide. Courts cannot have jurisdiction over Green tribunal.

The entire process comes under ministry of environment and forest. www.envfor.nic.in
CLEARANCE FROM LOCAL BODY
In case project is situated near a town, Town planning department need to clear the
overall constructions. In case of Metro cities it need to be taken from CPWD
Issues that are normally focused by Town planning /CPWD are

Future requirement of land for proper approach to important public facilities, Any
impact on the panned development of the town, General geographical configuration
that causes normal flow of rainwater /storm water, Clearances that heeded to be
maintained from public utilities like oil storages, roads , Hospital, Power distribution
substations etc.
The detailed list of clearances for each metro city is available in CPWD website
(cpwd.gov.in) Publication (Various local approvals and clearances required for large
scale projects in metro cities)
OTHER CLEARANCE FROM INDEPENDENT BODIES
ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA OR NATIONAL MONUMENT AUTHORITY
CLEARANCE : To ensure that there is no possible Archeological damage or national
monument damege due to the proposed project. They have independent authority to halt
projects.
APPROVAL FROM RAILWAY AUTHORITY/PORT TRUST/ DEFENSE : In case the
project is in the vicinity of these.
NOC FROM COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY. : when the land is near the
coast. Construction is not allowed up to 500 meters from the high tide line.
HIGHWAY AUTHORITY CLEARANCE : Whenever project site is located near highway.
(within 500 meters): Whenever there is any highway crossing of utilities are required.
APPROVAL OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY AND BUILDING PLAN
a. Town and country planning
b. Municipal and local authorities
c. Chief Inspector of Factories
OPERATION SPECIFIC CLEARANCES
USE AND STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES :
Like Oil, Gas, calls for clearances from the office of Chief Controller of Explosives,
Nagpur
FOR INSTALLATION OF BOILERS : IBR authorities.(Chief Inspector of Boiler)
FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION : State Electricity board. Primaily for electrical safety of
the installation.
TRANSMISSION LINE CONSTRUCTION : Requirement of right of way under Telegraph Act.
Authority with district collectorate.
APPROVAL FROM CHIEF FIRE OFFICER : For projects located in municipal area, fire
safety needs
APPROVAL FROM CHIEF INSPECTOR OF FACTORIES : For Industrial Building .(Under
Factories Act 1948.
APPROVAL FROM WATER SUPPLY AUTHORITIES: Irrigation Dept. or local municipal
authority.
APPROVAL FROM LIFT INSPECTOR: Whenever lifts are involved
CLEARANCES FOR MINING RELATED OPERATION
PROSPECTING LISCENCE & MINING LEASE :
Governed by Mining Act 1952 and Mines and mineral (development and regulation)Act 1957.
Prospecting or exploration licenses this license grants a company right to search for
exploitable mineral resources which are for commercial use within a defined area and for a
time which has been prescribed by law.
Production license this type of license grants a company to extract minerals from a specific
area for a prescribed period. Production license covers smaller area in comparison to
prospecting license, but at the same time is granted for a longer duration.
Others the third type of licensing basically deals with small scale mining.
As per The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, new
category of mining license has been created
Prospecting license-cum-mining lease according to which a two stage process has been
established, which includes prospecting operations followed by mining operations.
CLEARANCES FOR MINING RELATED OPERATION
Law relating to grant of licensing
To obtain licensing, one has to provide an application accompanied with the prescribed fee to
the State Government concerned. It is the discretion of the concerned State Government
either to grant or refuse to grant license or lease on the basis of grounds mentioned in the
Act. Licensing is also provided through the process of auction also.
In a case where two or more person has provided application for a prospecting license, the
applicant whose application has been received earlier shall have the right for grant of licence.
In this matter the court also look into the applicants.
Special knowledge of or experience in mining operation,
The financial resources it possess,
Nature and quality of staff being employed,
The Central Government also has power in respect of granting and limiting the grant of
license as the State government.

Ministry of Mines website : mines.nic.in

RAILWAY OR OTHER TRANSPORTATION LINKAGES
RAILWAY LINKAGES : Approved by Railway board for long term connectivity for
transportation of Minerals like Coal, Iron Ore, Limestone, Bauxite etc.
Standing linkage Committee ( Long term ) and Standing Linkage Committee (short
term) has been formed for Core sectors like Power, Cement.
They basically look into the overall load on the railway network and continuously
debottleneck to ensure smooth flow of goods.
Dedicated Road or conveyor corridor is another option.
Concept of Right of Way and compensation thereof :

Ministry of Mines website : mines.nic.in

LAND
Basic Ownership of Land
It is essential that the project is built on Owned or leased land to get financial
support from banks/financial institution.
Land to be suitably granted a permission for Non agricultural use.
Granting Authority : Collectorate / Tahasil office
Process of NA conversion include application for NA
Advertisement in Newspapers in locality
Clearance from local Authority/Village Panchayet.
Though other clearances are not essential for Environmental clarance , Land usage
clearance is a prerequisite for greenfield projects.

The land must be above 20 year flood level so that insurance of the field can be given
AVIATION CLEARANCE
Height clearance, to proposed structure (building, communication mast, transmission
line, Chimney etc.) in and around the airport is required.
Because aircraft height while landing or taking off in the direction of the runway need
to be provided.
The areas outside the aerodrum is a basic environment required for all aviation need
and hence need clearance.
AAI is the approval authority whenever the project site is located near Civil airport.
In case the project is near defense airport, concerned defense authority is the
approval authority.
The relevant defence authorities are : Airforce / HAL/ Army / Navy
Govt. of India notification SO 84 (E) available at
http://www.aai.aero/public_notices/SO-84(E).pdf
QUESTIONS FOR SUBMISSION

Wthat is REIA report? Can large projects clearance be given based on REIA report?
Whether there is any Hazardous waste in IT projects?
Whether the used equipment or spares of Nuclear power plant is considered as
Hazardous waste?
Noise pollution comes under purview of which Act? How noise pollution can be contolled?
Discuss the clearance authorities of red industries?
Discuss how the clearance process got redefined based on pollution index from industry
type based consideration.
How public can participate in the clearance process?
What are the basic function of Green Tribunal?
Are there any industries which does not require environment clearance? Discuss.
What are the roles of state Govt. for ensuring that Industry is maintaining proper
environmental standard once a greenfield project is established.
OVERALL PROJECT ENVIRONMENT

PESTEL ANALYSIS
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 PROJECT, PROGRAM AND PORTFOLIO
MANAGEMENT
PROJECT MANAGEMENT : An unique endeavor executed in a specific time and cost to
achieve a specific objective.

PROGRAM MANAGEMENT : A larger entity, a combination of a number of projects to

achieve a overall transformation . (Example formation of EU, Even companies take up
programs like expansion in different geographies simultaneously to achieve the overall
growth prospective)

PPORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT : A number of unconnected projects with similar objectives

being managed simultaneously . Example all contracting companies handle a portfolio of
projects. These are connected by similarity in execution but not by objective.
PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT :
A program is a combination of many projects having some commonality amongst them
to create a larger picture which one project cannot create alone. For example, a
program involving the creation of the european union could be divided into tens of
projects each contributing towards this grandiose overall objective.

Program management is the management of a coherent group or a collection of

projects that are related to a common objective to deliver additional benefits. The
additional benefit can result from:
- the elimination of risk arising from interfaces between the projects
- the successful completion of individual projects through the coherent prioritization of
resources
- A reduction in management effort

Programmes have a more strategic perspective compared to projects. It is the ideal

method to make sure that strategic decisions will be successfully implemented and will
satisfy a broad range of stakeholders
KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROGRAMMES
AND PROJECTS
Programme management is focused on delivering the overall business benefits whereas
project management is more concerned with the use of tools and techniques to reduce
uncertainty and achieve the project's goals
In a programme the aim is to efficiently manage resources across the whole organization
while in a project the aim is to efficiently manage resources across the project
A project has a fixed duration while a programme's duration is not fixed
The project's objectives are defined before the project begins while in a programme the
objectives are not fixed but must be negotiated
A programme is focused on achieving business goals while a project is focused on tasks
to achieve the project's goals
A project is aimed at a single deliverable while a programme is aimed at a number of
interrelated deliverables
PROJECT LIFE CYCLE
The project life cycle is a set of sequential project phases followed in implementing the
project across time from it's beginning to finish
The number and the names of a project's phases are not fixed but depend on the type,
size, complexity, sector and organizations involved in the project
PROJECT LIFE CYCLE
COST AND RESOURCES OVER DIFFERENT
PROJECT PHASES
RISK AND UNCERTAINTY OVER DIFFERENT
PHASES
PROJECT S CURVE
An s-curve is a project management tool that tracks progress over time and allows for a
quick visual to determine project status. As the project continues and the s-curve grows,
the graph will turn into an historical representation and allow for quick comparison to
actual data.
 PROJECT CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
Configuration management involves the processes that are required to ensure that the
project actually delivers everything that it has been undertaken to deliver, namely the
physical products and assets, quality, documentation etc. It keeps track off and controls both
the functional and the physical characteristics of the project's product or service.
Configuration management is the responsibility of the Project Manager and is closely linked
to change control as it is largely concerned with managing the status of both pending as well
as approved changes to the project deliverables.
Configuration management encompasses a set of working conditions that are systematic
and consistent to help cope with uncertainty and the design changes that evolves through
the project.
The number of persons devoted to managing the configuration in a project would depend on
the complexity of the project. Different software is also available to manage configuration.

Configuration management is one of the four core methodologies of project management

along with:

1. Critical path analysis and bar charts which are used manage the time-scale of the project.
2. Earned Value analysis which is used to manage the cost of the project.
3. Resource histograms and resource smoothing which is used to manage the people of the
project and the organization.
PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT
PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk Categorization
Externally Driven

M & A Integration

Externally Driven
PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT
 PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT
Hierarchy of Risks

Uncertainty

Strategic decisions

Decisions transferring
strategy into action

Decisions required for

implementation
COSO EPM FRAMEWORK
Enterprise Risk Management
L C E
IC N A
ING N
E G T IO RT L IA
T
R A
E RA E P O MP
ST OP R CO

Internal Environmental

BUSINESS UNIT
ENTITY- LEVEL

SUBSIDIAR
Y
DIVISION
Objective Setting

Event Identification

Risk Assessment

Control Activities

Information & Communication

Monitoring