Sandhi 1

Rules of external sandhi for anusvra:

1. Word-final m before a word-initial

consonant:
devam + payati `s/he sees the god'
deva payati
devam + dadara `s/he saw the god'
deva dadara
prvam + sattvam `the former existence'
prva sattvam
 Rules of external sandhi for anusvra:
2. Optionally, becomes a homorganic nasal
before a following consonant:
before a velar consonant
before a palatal consonant
before a retroflex consonant
n before a dental consonant
m before a labial consonant
deva + dadara `s/he saw the
god'
devan dadara
This assimilation takes place neither before
the fricatives (, , s, h) nor before r, and
happens only rarely before the other
semivowels:
before y
before v
l before l
ava + vin `without a horse'
ava vin (written Av!~
ivna )
 Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:

1.A word-final visarga remains unchanged

before a word-initial labial or velar
voiceless stop:
yaa + prpa `s/he obtained fame'
yaa prpa
purua + khanati `the man digs'
purua khanati
 Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:
2. s before t, th, sometimes s:
Word-finally, before , h, sometime :
before c, ch, sometimes :

ava + tihati `the horse stands'

avas tihati
tai + akai `with those hoes'
tai akai
tata + ca `and then'
tata ca
 Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:
3. Word-final before any voiced sound:
dev + gacchanti `the gods go'
dev gacchanti
dev + sate `the gods sit'
dev sate
 Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:
4.Word-final a o before any voiced
consonant:
deva + gacchati `the god goes'
devo gacchati
deva + rocate `the god shines'
devo rocate
Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:
5. Word-final a a before any vowel
other than short a:
deva + ste `the god sits'
deva ste
deva + iha `the god here'
deva iha
 Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:
6. When word-final a is followed by a, a
o and the following a is elided (where elision
is indicated by the used of the avagraha):
deva + asti `he is a god'
devo 'sti (written devae =iSt )
Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:
7. Before a consonant, the words sa `that' and
ea `this' behave exceptionally. Optionally,
they lose their final before any consonant
(voiced or voiceless):
sa + gacchati `that one goes'
sa gacchati
ea + purua `this
man'
ea purua
 A rule of internal sandhi
converting n to

n when it is preceded in the

same word by r, , or , and is
immediately followed by a vowel,
semivowel, or nasal, provided that a
palatal, retroflex, or dental consonant
doesn't intervene between the
r// and the n.
 A rule of internal sandhi
converting n to
n- + -nm `of men (gen. pl.)'
nm
brahman- + -ya- `pious'
brahmaya-
rjn- + -a `kings (nom. pl.)'
rjna