Concepts:

Information Processing Model

Behavioural Model
Social Model
Personal Model
What is Teaching Model?
A model of teaching is a plan or
pattern that can be used to
shape curriculums (long-term
courses of studies), to design
instructional materials, and to
guide instruction in the
classroom and other settings
based on Joyce and Weil
(1980).
 Aim of TM: To produce effective teaching.

Figure 1.1: Glasers Teaching Model

 Formulate a
Function of complete &
Teaching perfect teaching
scheme.
Model

Enable teachers to
analyse & evaluate its
strengths &
Provide guidance to
planners & teachers weaknesses so as to
As basic plan & implement
to enable them to
plan & carry out the guidance for appropriate follow-up
teaching process teachers for actions
effectively. reflection during
feedback session.
 MODELS OF TEACHING

SOCIAL PERSONAL

BEHAVIOUR INFORMATION
PROCESS
Information
Processing
Model
 Types of Information Processing Model

Information- Inquiry Teaching

The Expository
Processing Model of Gagnes Information Model
Teaching Model
Memory Processing Model

Scientific Inquiry
Model

Social Inquiry
Model

Juris-Prudential
Inquiry Model

Suchmans Inquiry
Model
 What do OUR MEMORY HAVE?
Sensory Memory Hold a large amount of information
Compartment in a duration just enough for a
small portion to be selected for
longer storage.

Short-term Memory Capacity is limited.

Storage duration is brief (unless
assisted with rehearsal)
Long-term Memory A very large storage capacity
(unlimited).
Stored longer.
Information-Processing Model of Memory

Figure 1.2: Atkinson & Shiffrins Model of Memory

Storage (1971)
 Information-Processing Model of Memory
Incoming
information
Sensory memory Short-term Long-term
(sensory input)
pass through:

Sensory Retains information Can hold unrehearsed

for only a fraction of a information for about
second but enough to 20 30 seconds.
select the portion of
information that Information encoded
may last for weeks,
Short-term memory arrests ones
attention. (The months or even years.
information that Information can be
caught ones attention stored longer if it is
is selected for longer engaged under
Long-term memory storage) rehearsal. (Repetition
of memorizing).
 Gagnes Information Processing Model

Figure 1.3: Gagnes Theory of Learning Process

Gagnes 8 stages of Learning Process
PHASE ACTION RELATED

Motivation Phase Expectancy

Apprehension Phase Observation Perception Selection

Acquisition Phase Encoding Prestoring

Retention Phase Memory Retention

Recall Phase Recall searching

Generalisation Phase Transfer

Performance Phase Response

Feedback Phase Reinforcement

Important Aspects in Gagnes 8 Phases
Learning readiness
Motivation
Perception
Conceptualization
Memorizing
Forgetting
Learning transfer
 How it works?
Process begins from extrinsic @ intrinsic motivation to
perceive stimuli from environment.
New information recorded in short-term memory.
Information will be processed by relating stored
information in long-term memory.
New information is reinforced, retained & applied when
required.
 Expository Teaching Model
Referred as explicit explanation in details of certain
facts.
A way of presentation of information @ learning
contents to pupils directly.
Presenting learning materials by explanation,
narration or demonstration.
Suitably use to teach certain concept and skill during
the beginning of the lesson.
 ..continue..
Principle and concept are explained
verbally, as all the facts are written on
the board, showed on the screen.
Time saving: Enables teacher to finish all
related concepts in a shorter period &
pupils merely listen quietly.
More to a lecturing method. (Less
effective for primary schools).
 Inquiry Teaching Model
Scientific Inquiry Model:
Used to study principles, phenomena &
characteristics of scientific knowledge.
Research process based on 5 stages:
Identify the problem.
Ascertain relevant information.
Determine hypothesis.
Testing hypothesis.
Evaluate, interpret, infer & conclude.
 Social Inquiry Model:
Used to study topics related to social & humanity aspects.
Based on activities such as observation, interview, @
questionnaire.
Emphasizes on social interaction process.
6 steps:
Formulation of problem by teacher.
Formulation of hypothesis by pupils.
Define hypothesis.
Discuss & confirm validity of the hypothesis.
Collect & analyse evidences for the hypothesis.
Interpret & derive inference @ conclusion.
 Juris-prudential Inquiry Model:
Used to look for reality & accuracy in current issues
(learning science is more useful than learning arts).
Concerns with science & philosophy of human law.
Based on activities, discussions and debates.
Two types:
Guided inquiry: Teacher guides pupils to carry out the whole
discussion process.
Open Inquiry: No guidelines given. Students have to do the
discussion themselves.
 Suchmans Inquiry Model:
Based on assumption that strategies used by scientists can be
used as a teaching model especially in the study of science.
Procedures:
Teacher determines & indicates the problem.
Teacher explains the inquiry process to solve the previous problem.
Students are guided to form hypothesis, follows by the collection of
relevant data.
Students use collected data to test hypothesis, aim to formulate
theorem, law, principle or theory.
Discussion & making inferences.
Teacher & students discuss together and analyse.
 The Importance of Information
Processing Model
Students are prepared with better equipments and
information for learning.
Students are enforced with good mental exercises through
different methods and approaches.
Students are informed of the objectives and learning
outcomes that should be achieved.
Help students to remember the information for a longer
period of time.
Behavioural
Model
 Behavioural Model

Direct Programmed
Instruction Mastery
Instruction
Model Learning
Model
 Direct Instruction Model
Demonstration:
A teaching technique involves the use of a teachers skill to
demonstrate @ perform a certain activity in the class.
Teacher has a strong control over what is learnt in the
classroom, provides feedback, monitoring students, grading
work and strict classroom rules & regulations. (Teacher-
centered).
 Mastery learning
Refers to a theory & practice of using remedial teaching based on
feedback of pupils performance to assist them to achieve the learning
objectives.
Procedures:
Determine learning outcomes by planning explicit learning objective (based
on students performance).
Teach pupils with effective teaching method & technique (use of suitable
learning materials to suit different learning styles)
Evaluate learning result by diagnostic test & summative test (level of
mastering & achievement)
Carry out remedial activities for pupils who have not fully mastered certain
skills & provide enrichment activities for pupils who have mastered the
lesson.
 Programmed Instruction Model
Computer Assisted Instruction (CIA)
The application of technology & computer system in
teaching.
Pupils follow designed learning materials in software
without teachers help.
Teacher has to facilitate the pupils to have interest in
manipulating computer.
Personal
Model
 Personal Model
Non-directive Teaching Model
Developing Positive Self-concepts
Project Model
Research Project
Handicraft Project
Educational Visit
 Non-directive Teaching Model
Based on Carl Rogers work, he
believes that positive human
relationships enable people to
grow.
Therefore instruction should be
based on concepts of human
relations.
 Phase 1 : Defining the Helping Situation
Teacher encourages free expression of feelings.

Phases in
Phase 2: Exploring the Problem
Student is encouraged to define problem. Teacher accepts and clarifies feelings.
Non-directive
Model
Phase 3: Developing Insight
Student discusses problem. Teacher supports student.

Phase 4: Planning and Decision Making

Student plans initial decision making. Teacher clarifies possible decision.

Phase 5: Integration
Student gains further insight and
Teacher is supportive.
develops more positive actions.

Action Outside the Interview

Student initiates positive actions.
 The Importance of Non-directive
Teaching Model
Teacher helps students to explore new ideas.
Students have freedom to making decisions and choices.
Teacher and students are partners in learning.
Nurtures and moulds students to be the way they are.
Encourages students to think and reflect their uncertain
feelings and become better and be positive.
 Developing Positive Self-concepts
Appreciate the abilities and talents one
possesses.
Positive self-concepts evolves with the
moral values that should be emphasised
among students.
Activities that help: Group/Individual
Presentation, musical performances,
stage performances.
The Importance of Positive Self-concepts
Gain knowledge and experiences by
enhancing their interests in learning
through self-concepts.
Teacher shows positive approaches
and optimistic reinforcements.
Boost their confidence.
Provide opportunities for students to
express their ideas and listen to
others opinions.
 Project Model
Based on the belief that learning would be
effective if pupils are interested and ready
to carry out learning activities.
Examples of Project Model:
Research Project.
Handicraft Project.
Educational Visit.
1. Research Project (Principles)
Teacher determines suitable research
topic in accordance to the pupils
experience, ability and interest.
Aims and procedures must be determined
first and pupils are informed about this.
Teacher prepares relevant materials
(check list, questions to be answered, etc.)
to facilitate pupils.
 Continued
Research should be carried out safely
& every pupil should actively involve in
group activities.
Teacher supervises and provides
guidance to pupils.
Teacher discusses the outcomes of
research & evaluation should be
conducted after research is
completed.
 2. Handicraft Project (Principles)
Planning of the project is based on pupils
interest and ability.
Prepare sufficient materials.
Explain procedure precisely.
Show examples of correct ways to do the
project.
Time period is required!
Discussion is carried out to assess the work
when it is done.
Display good quality work to the other
students.
 3. Educational Visit (Principles)
Before the Visit:
Identify the place of visit.
Obtain permission.
Arrange for transport.
Conduct briefing session regarding safety,
precautions, behaviours, aims of visit and
regulations.
Prepare sufficient equipments.
 .continued
During the Visit:
Divide pupils into several small groups.
Every pupil should actively involve.
Watch out for pupils safety.
Give appropriate response to pupils inquiry.
After the Visit:
Hold discussion session with pupils regarding their
observations.
Plan follow-up activity (making model, draw plan
or model, display things)
 The Importance of Project Model
Students able to relate their previous experiences to what
they are studying.
Able to understand objectives of the projects before and after
lesson.
Fun activities that attract students interests in learning more
& apply what they have learnt.
Moral values are applied.
Theories, facts & hypotheses are brought into practices (I do,
I remember & understand).
Co-operations among students.
Direct experiences & additional knowledge.
Social
Model
 Social Model

Model of Group Teaching & Co-operative

Learning
Simulation Model
Sociodrama
Role play
 Uses group inquiry and
problem-solving
strategies

SOCIAL MODEL

Encourages assimilation and Relies on the students

understanding of the personal and social
learners values
 Ways of Teaching
GROUP TEACHING
AND CO-OPERATIVE SIMULATION
LEARNING

INFORMAL FORMAL
LEARNING LEARNING STUDY TEAMS ROLE-PLAY SOCIODRAMA
GROUP GROUP
 ROLE-PLAY

Emphasize the social Role-playing is a teaching

nature of learning strategy that fits within the
social family models
stimulate students both
socially and intellectually -Joyce and Weil, 2000-

Improves interpersonal skills and

enhances communication
 ROLE-PLAY

FOUR STAGES

1. Preparation and explanation of the activity by the teacher

2. Student preparation of the activity

3. The role-playing

4. The discussion after the role-playing activities

 SOCIODRAMA

More like an acting activity

Based on a story which reflects a certain situation

involving conflicting issue, for example, Hang Tuah and
Hang Jebat

Script should be prepared earlier

Next
 ADVANTAGES

Helps them to become aware of the typical ways

they solve problems

Increases both social and personal awareness

Promote acceptance, cooperation in classroom

Back
 Informal learning group

Basically
temporary within a
single class
session
 Formal learning group

Being formed to complete

a specific tasks, such as
to carry a project,
performing a lab
experiment, etc
 Study Teams

Long-term
groups with a
stable
membership
 ELEMENTS
Face-to-face
Positive
Interaction
Interdependence

Individual & Group Group Processing

Accountability

Interpersonal & Small-

group Skills
 Emphasize the worth of
cooperative learning

The Importance of Social Model

Incorporate the Promote social skills including

collective energy of the self-discipline, negotiation,
group democracy, etc.
 Teaching
Approaches
 Approaches

Inductive Deductive
 Inductive Approach

Collecting Analysing Interpreting

Making
Conclusion Concept
generalisation
Example of Inductive Approach
Deductive Approach

General Rule

Specific
Example

Practice
Examples of Deductive Approach
 Any
questions?

Presented by:
Aileen
Yohanieca