Free-Body Diagram

Physics 211: Lecture 6
Today’s Agenda
 Recap
 Problems...problems...problems!!
 Accelerometer
 Inclined plane
 Motion in a circle
Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 1

Something from Opportunity Set 2

Total acceleration = tangential plus radial
blue arrow
is velocity Look at this in polar
coordinates
Tangential motion
Tangential accel
Radial motion?
Radial accel
a  aTANG
2
 aRADIAL
2
Tangential
deceleration
blue arrow
is velocity Tang accel is given
Radial accel
depends on v and R
aR=v2/R
Figure out v at
bottom, to figure out
a there.
Tangential a  aTANG
2
 aRADIAL
2
deceleration

blue arrow
is velocity a  aTANG
2
 aRADIAL
2
Tang accel is given

given
Radial accel
depends on v and R
v2
Centripetal
aR=v 2
/R =
R
Figure out v at
bottom, to figure out
a there.
v 2  v02  2aTANG  path length 

Tangential
R
deceleration path length =
2
Review
 Discussion of dynamics.
 Review Newton’s 3 Laws
 The Free Body Diagram
 The tools we have for making & solving problems:

» Ropes & Pulleys (tension)
» Hooke’s Law (springs)

Review: Pegs & Pulleys
 Used to change the direction of forces

 An ideal massless pulley or ideal smooth peg will
change the direction of an applied force without altering
the magnitude: The tension is the same on both sides
for a massless rope!
massless rope
F1 = -T i
ideal peg | F 1 | = | F2 |
or pulley
F2 = T j

Review: Springs Spring demo
 Hooke’s Law: The force exerted by a spring is proportional

to the distance the spring is stretched or compressed from
its relaxed position.
 FX = -kx Where x is the displacement from the

equilibrium and k is the constant of
proportionality.
relaxed
position
FX = 0
x

Lecture 6, Act 1
Springs
 A spring with spring constant 40 N/m has a relaxed length of 1 m. When the spring is stretched
so that it is 1.5 m long, what force is exerted on a block attached to the end of the spring?
x=0 x=1 x=0 x = 1.5

k k
M M
(a) -20 N (b) 60 N (c) -60 N

Lecture 6, Act 1
Solution
 Recall Hooke’s law:
 FX = -kx Where x is the displacement from equilibrium.
FX = - (40) ( .5)
FX = - 20 N
(a) -20 N (b) 60 N (c) -60 N

Problem: Pendulum Accelerometer
 A weight of mass m is hung from the ceiling of a car with a

massless string. The car travels on a horizontal road (duh, it’s
Illinois), and has an acceleration a in the x direction. The
string makes an angle  with respect to the vertical (y) axis.
Solve for  in terms of a and g.
  tells you what a is, then. The pendulum is an accelerometer
a

i

Accelerometer...
 Draw a free body diagram for the mass:

Remember
 What are all of the forces acting?
Fnet=ma
T (string tension)

i
mg (gravitational force)

Accelerometer...
 Using components (recommended) you decompose or

resolve (same thing) F=ma into components:
i: FX = TX = T sin  = ma TX

TY
j: FY = TY  mg T  j
= T cos  mg = 0
m
ma i
mg

Accelerometer...
 Using components :
i: T sin  = ma
TX
j: T cos - mg = 0
TY
T  j
 Eliminate T :
m
a ma i
T sin = ma tan  
T cos = mg g
mg
It’s an accelerometer!
For every  there is a particular a

a
tan   Accelerometer...
g
Cart w/
 Let’s put in some numbers: accelerometer
 Say the car goes from 0 to 60 mph in 10 seconds:

 60 mph = 60 x 0.45 m/s = 27 m/s.
 Acceleration a = Δv/Δt = 2.7 m/s2.
helium
 So a/g = 2.7 / 9.8 = 0.28 (no units).
accelerometer
  = arctan (a/g) = 15.6 deg
a


Another Problem: Inclined plane
 A block of mass m slides down a frictionless ramp that

makes angle  with respect to the horizontal. What is its
acceleration a ?
m
a

Inclined plane...
 Define convenient axes parallel and perpendicular to plane:

 Acceleration a is in x direction only.
j
m
a
g
i

What’s the “physics” here? Gravity provides downward force.

Ramp constrains the motion
Where’s block going to go?

Inclined plane...
Identify the forces in the problem
free body diagram Incline
 Force components: consider x and y components
separately: just draw forces acting on box
 i: mg sin  =ma. a = g sin 
 j: N - mg cos = 0. N = mg cos 
ma j
mg sin 
N 
mg cos  i
mg

Angles of an Inclined plane
The triangles are similar, so the angles are the same!

Prove the triangles are similar
ma = mg sin 
N 
mg


Lecture 6, Act 2
Forces and Motion
 A block of mass M = 5.1 kg is supported on a frictionless ramp by a spring having constant k = 125 N/m. When the ramp is horizontal the equilibrium position of the mass is at x = 0. When the
angle of the ramp is changed to 30o what is the new equilibrium position of the block x1?
(a) x1 = 20cm (b) x1 = 25cm (c) x1 = 30cm
= ?
x1
x=0 k
k M
M  = 30o

Lecture 6, Act 2
Solution
 Choose the x-axis to be along downward direction of ramp. (smart)
 FBD: The total force on the block is zero since it’s at rest. (aha!)
 Consider x-direction:Force of gravity on block is Fx,g = Mg sin
Force of spring on block is Fx,s = -kx1
N
0
x1 -k x1
convenient coord system =
F x, s
y k
M
x
Fx,g = Mg sin
 Mg


Lecture 6, Act 2
Solution
 Since the total force in the x-direction must be 0:
Μg sin θ
Mg sinkx1 x1 
κ
5.1kg  9.8 1m s 2  0.5
x1   0 .2 m
125 N m
x1 -k x1
=
F x, s
y k
M
x 
s i n
M g
=
F x, g


Problem: Two Blocks
 Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in contact on a

horizontal frictionless surface. If a force of magnitude F is
applied to the box of mass m1, what is the force on the
block of mass m2?
 Intuition
 Technique (free body diagram or FBD)
Only force acting on 2

F F2,1 Is F2,1
F1,2
m1 m2

Problem: Two Blocks
 Realize that F = (m1+ m2) a :
F / (m1+ m2) = a
 Draw FBD of block m2 and apply FNET = ma:
F2,1 = m2 a F2,1
m2
 Substitute for a :
 F  m2
F2,1  m2   F2,1  F
 m1  m2  (m1 + m2)

Problem: Two Blocks
 What about the net force on mass 1?
 F acts in +x-direction, but F1,2 acts in –x-direction
 The net force on mass 1 matters
 m1 
FNET on m1  F
m1  m2

Problem: Tension and Angles
 A box is suspended from the ceiling by two ropes making an

angle  with the horizontal. What is the tension in each rope?
 

Problem: Tension and Angles
 Draw a FBD: T1 T2
j
T1sin  T2sin 
 
T1cos  T2cos  i
mg
 Since the box isn’t going anywhere, Fx,NET = 0 and Fy,NET = 0
Fx,NET = T1cos  - T2cos  = 0 T1 = T2
mg
Fy,NET = T1sin  + T2sin  - mg = 0 T1 = T2 =
2 sin 

Problem: Motion in a Circle
Tetherball
 A boy ties a rock of mass m to the end of a string and twirls
it in the vertical plane. The distance from his hand to the
rock is R. The speed of the rock at the top of its trajectory is
v.
 What is the tension T in the string at the top of the rock’s
trajectory?
v
T

Motion in a Circle...
 Draw a Free Body Diagram (pick y-direction to be down):

 We will use FNET = ma (surprise)
y
 First find FNET in y direction:
mg
FNET = mg +T T

Motion in a Circle...
FNET = mg +T
 Acceleration in y direction is known: v y

 It’s centripetal…
mg
ma = mv2 / R T
F = ma
mg + T = mv2 / R
R
T = mv2 / R - mg

Motion in a Circle... Bucket
 What is the minimum speed of the mass at the top of the trajectory such that the string does not go limp?
 i.e. find v such that T = 0.
mv2 / R = mg + T
v2 / R = g
 Notice that this does

not depend on m.
mg
T= 0
v  Rg

Lecture 6, Act 3 Track
Motion in a Circle w/ bump
 A skier of mass m goes over a mogul having a radius of
curvature R. How fast can she go without leaving the
ground?
v
mg N
Rg
(a) v = mRg (b) v = (c) v = Rg
m

Lecture 6, Act 3
Solution
 mv2 / R = mg - N
 For N = 0:
v  Rg v
mg N

Recap of Today’s lecture:
 Example Problems
 Accelerometer
 Inclined plane (Text: example 6-1)
 Motion in a circle (Text: 3-5, 5-2, 9-1)
 Look at textbook problems Chapter 4: # 49

Chapter 5: # 65, 69
 Next time: Friction…

Accelerometer...
 Alternative solution using vectors (elegant but not as

straightforward):
 Find the total vector force FNET:
T T (string tension)

mg 
m
FTOT

Accelerometer...
 Alternative solution using vectors (elegant but not as

systematic):
 Find the total vector force FNET:
 Recall that FNET = ma:
T (string tension)

T
mg 
m
ma
 So ma a a
tan    tan  
mg g g

Inclined plane...
 Alternative solution using vectors:
j
m
N 
mg
i
a = g sin i
How do we know what is?
N = mg cos j

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Physics 211: Lecture 6

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 1

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 2

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 4

Tang accel is given

v 2  v02  2aTANG  path length 

 Review Newton’s 3 Laws

 The Free Body Diagram

 The tools we have for making & solving problems:

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 10

 Used to change the direction of forces

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 11

 Hooke’s Law: The force exerted by a spring is proportional

 FX = -kx Where x is the displacement from the

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 12

x=0 x=1 x=0 x = 1.5

(a) -20 N (b) 60 N (c) -60 N

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 13

 FX = -kx Where x is the displacement from equilibrium.

(a) -20 N (b) 60 N (c) -60 N

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 14

 A weight of mass m is hung from the ceiling of a car with a

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 15

 Draw a free body diagram for the mass:

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 16

 Using components (recommended) you decompose or

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 17

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 18

 Say the car goes from 0 to 60 mph in 10 seconds:

  = arctan (a/g) = 15.6 deg

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 19

 A block of mass m slides down a frictionless ramp that

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 20

 Define convenient axes parallel and perpendicular to plane:

What’s the “physics” here? Gravity provides downward force.

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 21

 j: N - mg cos = 0. N = mg cos 

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 22

The triangles are similar, so the angles are the same!

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 23

(a) x1 = 20cm (b) x1 = 25cm (c) x1 = 30cm

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 24

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 25

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 26

 Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in contact on a

Only force acting on 2

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 27

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 28

 What about the net force on mass 1?

 F acts in +x-direction, but F1,2 acts in –x-direction

 The net force on mass 1 matters

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 29

 A box is suspended from the ceiling by two ropes making an

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 30

 Since the box isn’t going anywhere, Fx,NET = 0 and Fy,NET = 0

Fx,NET = T1cos  - T2cos  = 0 T1 = T2

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 31

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 32

 Draw a Free Body Diagram (pick y-direction to be down):

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 33

 Acceleration in y direction is known: v y

Physics 211: Lecture 6, Pg 34

 Notice that this does