INTRODUCTION TO

ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY
Qushay Umar Malinta
qushay20019@gmail.com
Comparison of neural &
hormonal system
Main functions of
hormone system is…

…REGULATION … of:
 Growth & development
 Muscle & gland cells activity
 Body rhythms (circadian, menstrual, etc.)
 Level of water, electrolytes and nutrients
 Level of energy & metabolic rate
 Body defense mechanisms (partially)
 General concepts about
hormone & endocrine system
 General concepts about
hormone & endocrine system (cont’d)
OVERVIEW OF HORMONES
from Major Endocrine Glands
Summary of major endocrine glands
Hypothalamus &
pituitary (hypophysis)
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
ACTH &
Cortisol
 Somatotropin
(= GH, Growth Hormone)
Indirect effect:
• stimulates production & secretion of IGFs
(insulin-like growth factors)
Direct effect:
• Breaks down fat storage in adipose cells
• Prevents hypoglycemia by reducing cellular
usage of glucose AND by breaking down glycogen in the
liver (glycogenolysis)

Main effects of IGFs on cells are:

• Stimulate cells to use nutrients  cells & tissues grow
larger
• Stimulates collagen formation & also bone hardening
(mineral deposition on cartilage)
 ADH
(=vasopressin)

ADH/ vasopressin acts in different

target organs to preserve body
water

and

is regulated via negative feedback

mechanism
Thyroid
 Calcitonin from parafollicular cells lowers blood Ca++
 Parathormone from parathyroid gland increases blood Ca++
Adrenal
gland
Endocrine
pancreas
 References
• Sherwood - Human Physiology 8th ed 2013
• Marieb - Human Anatomy & Physiology 9th ed 2013
• Tortora - Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14th ed 2014
• Martini - Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 10th ed 2014

TERIMA KASIH