CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE

 Introduction to CRO
 Block diagram of CRO
 Detailed description of CRT
 Multi –Input Oscilloscope
 Lissajous Patterns
 Types of Oscilloscope and it’s application
HOW A CRO LOOKS LIKE
INTRODUCTION TO CRO
 In the late 19 century , CRT were developed, then with the
help of CRT “Karl Ferdinand Braun” invented the first CRT
oscilloscope by applying an oscillating signal to electrically
 Oscilloscope is an very important test instrument in the
field of electrical and electronics engineering.
 Versatile electronic instrument giving visual display of
signals
 Used for measurement of frequency, amplitude, phase etc.
 Also used in determining the nature and characteristics of
various components.
 Has a high bandwidth range thus making it a sensitive and
accurate device.
 Easier to use as the internal routine act as a guide to the
user.
WHAT IS AN OSCILLOSCOPE ?

An oscilloscope a device that

displays a graph of an electrical
signal. The vertical (Y) axis
represents Magnitude and the
horizontal (X) axis represents Time.
The intensity or brightness of the
display is sometimes called the Z
axis
 Basic functional Units of CRO
(Block Diagram General purpose of CRO)
Major functional Units of CRO

 Cathode Ray Tube

 Deflection system
 Vertical Amplifier
 Horizontal Amplifier
 Time Base Generator(Sweep Generator)
 Trigger Circuit
 Delay Line
 CRO with Power Supply Unit
Cathode Ray Tube : The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope
which is large, deep, heavy, and relatively fragile.

The main parts of Cathode Ray Tube are:

• Electron Gun Assembly
• Focusing Anodes
• Deflection Plates Assembly
• Screen for CRT
Electron Gun Assembly
Deflection System
Deflecting System
• X-plates and Y-plates
• X and Y Deflection Amplifiers
• X-shift Control and Y-shift Control
• Sensitivity Control
VERTICAL AMPLIFIER
HORIZONTAL AMPLIFIER
HORIZONTAL AMPLIFIER
TIME-BASE GENERATORS:
• The CRO is used to display a waveform that varies as a function of time. If the
wave form is to be accurately reproduced, the beam should have a constant
horizontal velocity.
• As the beam velocity is a function of the deflecting voltage, the deflecting
voltage must increase linearly with time.
• A voltage with such characteristics is called a ramp voltage. If the voltage
decreases rapidly to zero—with the waveform repeatedly produced, as shown in
Fig.
• we observe a pattern which is generally called a saw-tooth waveform.
• The time taken to return to its initial value is known as fly back or return time.
Screen for CRT
Fluorescent Screen:
Phosphor is used as screen material on the inner surface
of a CRT. Phosphor absorbs the energy of the incident
electrons. The spot of light is produced on the screen
where the electron beam hits.
 The bombarding electrons striking the screen, release
secondary emission electrons.
These electrons are collected or trapped by an aqueous
solution of graphite called “Aquadag” which is connected
to the second anode.
Collection of the secondary electrons is necessary to keep
the screen in a state of electrical equilibrium.
The brightest available phosphor isotope, P31, produces
yellow–green light
Display waveform on the screen:
shows a sine wave applied to vertical deflecting plates and a
repetitive ramp or saw-tooth applied to the horizontal plates.
The ramp waveform at the horizontal plates causes the electron
beam to be deflected horizontally across the screen.
If the waveforms are perfectly synchronized then the exact sine
wave applied to the vertical display appears on the CRO display
screen.
Cathode Ray Tube with power supply