PUMPS, VALVES,

& FANS

…Moving fluids
 Objectives
• Comprehend the basic construction and
application of valves used
• Comprehend the basic operation and
application of different pumps
• Know Bernoulli’s principle, the concept
of pressure, & Net Positive Suction Head
• Be familiar with operation and
application of centrifugal & axial fans
 Valves
• Def’n: devices which control the amount and
direction of fluid flow in piping systems
• Typically made of bronze, brass, iron, or steel
alloy
• Components:
- Valve body - Packing
- Disc - Packing gland/nut
- Seat - Stem
- Bonnet - Wheel
 Types of Valves
• Two basic groups:
• Stop valves - used to shut off or partially shut
off the flow of fluid ( ex: globe, gate, plug,
needle, butterfly)
• Check Valves - used to permit flow in only one
direction (ex: ball-check, swing-check, lift-
check)
• Special types:
• Relief valves
• Pressure-reducing valves
• Remote-operated valves
 Stop Valves
• Globe Valves
• Most common type of stop valve
• Used in steam, air, water, & oil lines
• Disc attached to valve stem rests against seat
to shut off flow of fluid
• Adv: Used for throttling
• Disadv: flow resistance
Globe Valve
 Stop Valves
• Gate Valves
• Used when there must be straight-line flow
of fluid w/ min. resistance
• Gate usually wedge-shaped or a vertical disc
• Adv: No flow restrictions
• Disadv: poor throttling
Gate Valve
 Stop Valves
• Butterfly Valves
• Used in water, fuel, and ventilation systems
• Adv: small, light-weight, & quick-acting
• Disadv: leaks early & only low-flow throttle
• Ball Valves
• Similar to butterfly valves
• Normally found in seawater, sanitary, trim
and drain, and hydraulic systems
Butterfly Valve
 Check Valves
• Controls direction of flow
• Operated by flow of fluid in pipe
• Types:
• Swing check - disc moves through an arc
• Lift check - disc moves up and down
• Ball check - ball is located at end of stem and
lifts to allow flow
Swing-check Valve
 Relief Valves
• Used to protect piping system from
excessive pressure
• Opens automatically when fluid pressure
becomes too high (pressure acts against
spring pressure)
• Relieving pressure set by an adjusting
screw
 Pressure-reducing Valves
• Used to automatically provide a steady,
lower pressure to a system from a higher
pressure source
• Used in air, lube-oil, seawater, and other
systems
 Remote-operated Valves
• Valves that allow operation from distant
stations
• Types:
• Mechanical - uses reach rods and gears
• Hydraulic - uses fluid and piston set up
• Motor - uses and electric or pneumatic
motor
• Solenoid - uses coil and core mechanism to
open or close on an electric signal
Pumps
 Pumps
• Def’n: device that uses and external
power source to apply force to a fluid in
order to move it from one place to
another
• Must overcome:
• (1) frictional forces from large quantities of
fluid
• (2) difference in static pressure between two
locations
• Must provide any velocity desired
 Pumps – Bernoulli’s Theorem
• Pressure head: measure of fluid’s mech. PE
• Velocity head: measure of fluid’s mech. KE
• Friction head: measure of energy lost that heats fluid
Z1 + P1/r + V12/2g = Z2 + P2/r + V22/2g + [(U2 – U1) – W – Q]

q + wshaft = (h2 – h1) + (v22 – v12)/2 + g(z2 –z1)

Z/z: fluid height; P: fluid pressure; r: fluid density

V/v: fluid velocity U: internal energy W/w: work
Q/q: heat transferred h: enthalpy g: grav. acceleration

• BOTTOM LINE: Total energy within the control volume is

constant under SS conditions.
 Components of Pumps
• Drive mechanism (steam, electric, gear)
• Pump shaft
• Impeller or piston
• Casing
 Types of Pumps
• Positive Displacement
• Fixed volume of fluid is displaced during
each cycle regardless of static head/pressure
pumping against
• Uses either a piston, gear, or screw type
(reciprocating, rotary gear, rotary screw,
etc)
Positive Displacement Pump
 Pumps
• Non-positive Displacement: volume of
fluid is dependent on static
head/pressure
• Centrifugal: impeller inside a case (called
volute). Impeller is a disc w/ curved vanes
mounted radially (like a paddle wheel)
• Suction is the Eye -> fluid accelerated as it travels
outward & then enters volute
• Propeller: uses prop inside casing to move
fluid -> not used much in Navy
Centrifugal Pump
 Pumps
• Jet pumps:
• Bernoulli’s principle and no moving parts
• Velocity Head vs. Pressure head

hin + vin2/2 = hout + vout2/2

 Jet Pump
• Types:
• Eductor - used to pump liquids
• Ejector - used to pump gases
 Pump Characteristic Curves
• Pump Parameters:
• N = pump speed, RPM
• V = volumetric flow rate, GPM
• Hp = pump head (discharge pressure), psig
• P = power required, Hp
• Centrifugal Pump Laws
• VaN
• Hp a N2
• W a N3
Positive Displacement Pumps

N1 N2
Hp N2 = ____

GPM
 Centrifugal Pumps
• Parallel Pumps

V2 = ____
Hp Hp2 = ____
2 Pumps

1 Pump

GPM
 Centrifugal Pumps
• Series pumps (called staging)

V2 = ____
Hp 2 Pumps
Hp2 = ____

1 Pump

GPM
 Fans
• Same Principle as Non-positive
displacement pumps
• Types:
• Centrifugal: majority used for compressors
• Axial (like propeller): cooling fans
Fans
Questions?

Questions?