SCADA and its importance in Control

Centre
Contents
• Introduction of SCADA
• Components of SCADA
• Functions of SCADA
• Architecture of SCADA systems
• Applications in SCADA systems
Introduction
• SCADA – Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
• Eyes and Ears of control centre
• At control centres in India, SCADA is used for data acquisition and monitoring the
grid.
• SCADA system should be…
 Be Highly Reliable
 Have Redundancy
 Be Flexible - Absorb future changes, additions, etc.
 Be Easily Maintainable - Minimum demand on maintenance
 Be Highly Secure
Components of SCADA system
• RTU - measurement and acquisition of electrical parameters

• Communication system – Infrastructure to report from RTU to master station

• Master station – Control centre. Collection of signals from various RTUs

• Human Machine Interface – Displays and Navigation for understanding the

system.

• Historian – Archival of data.

Functions of SCADA in control centres
Data exchange
Provide HMI
with other
(displays etc.) control centres

Data EMS
Acquisition applications
Functions of
SCADA system at
control centre
Control Automated
(remote/local) reports

Alarms Data archival

generation and retrieval
Regulatory requirements
•IEGC Clause: 4.6.2
“Reliable and efficient speech and data communication systems shall be
provided to facilitate necessary communication and data exchange, and
supervision/control of the grid by the RLDC, under normal and
abnormal conditions. All Users, STUs and CTU shall provide Systems to
telemeter power system parameter such as flow, voltage and status of
switches/transformer taps etc. in line with interface requirements and
other guideline made available by RLDC.”
Functions of SCADA system
Data acquisition
• Basic component: RTU
• CT/PT -> Transducers -> RTU
• In SAS, Numerical relays -> SAS Gateway server
• Control signals can be sent for Circuit breakers and Isolators
• Data reporting to Master station (control centre)
• Through IEC 60870-5-101/60870-5-104 protocol
• Communication system: PLCC, Fibre optic and GPRS
• Collection of data at Master station through Front End server (CFE)
• Front end processor sends the data to highly secure SCADA server
Functions of SCADA system
Data acquisition
• Electrical parameters of a substation
• Analogs
 Active Power (of Lines, Generators and Transformers)
 Reactive Power (of Lines, Generators, Transformers, Reactors and Capacitors)
 Bus Voltage
 Bus frequency
 Transformer TAP position
• Digital Status
 Breaker position
 Isolator Position
 SOE (Sequence of events)
• Pulse signals
 Energy measurement etc.
• Weather parameters
Functions of SCADA system
Data acquisition
• Basic component: RTU
• CT/PT -> Transducers -> RTU
• In SAS, Numerical relays -> SAS Gateway server
• Control signals can be sent for Circuit breakers and Isolators
• Data reporting to Master station (control centre)
• Through IEC 60870-5-101/60870-5-104 protocol
• Communication system: PLCC, Fibre optic and GPRS
• Collection of data at Master station through Front End server (CFE)
• Front end processor sends the data to highly secure SCADA server
Functions of SCADA system
Data exchange with other control centres
• Constituents in Western Region
• Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Daman & Diu and
Dadra & Nagar Haveli

• Data exchange required between SLDCs, RLDCs & NLDC

• Protocol used is ICCP TASE 2

Hierarchy of data flow in India
National Load Despatch Centre

ICCP

Regional Load Despatch Centre

IEC 101/104 ICCP IEC 101/104

RTU State Load Despatch RTU

Centre
IEC 101/104 IEC 101/104
ICCP
RTU RTU
Area Load
Despatch Centre
IEC 101/104 IEC 101/104

RTU RTU
 RTU/SAS communication upto control centre
Control Centre Control Centre
EMS HMI HMI EMS

Storage Storage
SCADA ICCP ICCP SCADA
server server
Other ICCP TASE 2
Other
applications applications
FEP FEP FEP FEP

IEC 101/104 IEC 101/104 IEC 101/104 IEC 101/104

RT RT
U U
Substation Substation
Functions of SCADA system
Human Machine Interface
• Mapping of Electrical Parameters on displays
• Better understanding of grid for monitoring
Functions of SCADA system
Alarms generation
• Alarm generation on violation of limits
• Three types of limits
• Operational limit
• Emergency limit
• Load shedding limit
• Appropriate visualizations/annunciators for Limit violations
• Alarm generation on change in status of digital signals (breakers &
isolators)
• Alarm storage and retrieval
Functions of SCADA system
Data archival
• Periodic archival of analog and status data
• Quality flag of data also stored
• Easy retrieval through sampling or raw
• Separate data storage servers with high availability and redundancy
• Tape drives for long term storage
Functions of SCADA system
EMS applications
• State estimation
• For estimation of states of power system
• Required for finding the angle difference hence stress on the system
• Required for forming the base case for further applications
• Contingency Analysis
• To evaluate real time contingency in the power system
• Ranking of contingencies
• Security enhancement OPF
• For optimized actions in case of power flow, voltage contingencies
Thank You