 GNC System

 Guidance
 Navigation
 Control
 sensor
 Gyroscope sensor
 Principe
 Accelerometer sensor
 GNC system Accomplishes three main functions for aircraft as well as space craft
 Navigation (where am I?)
 Guidance (where to go/ where go next )
 Control (how to get there)
There fore GNC system interfaces with sensor and actuators
GNC system
Navigation system
It is the art of determining where you are ?
It also determines the current position and orientation.
Based on sensor measurements, it estimates the current dynamic states
It takes also many inputs from different sensors(may be gyro, accelero, GPS
compass etc. )
 Guidance system
Its function is where go next
It is the deriver of vehicles of aircraft/ spacecraft
Based on mission requirements, it specifies the desired dynamic state
In general takes many input from navigation system(where am I) and uses
targeting information (where do I want to go) to send signals to the flight
control system to reach its destination .
Mission may be am, Vm, Xm and at, Vt and Pt
Control system
 Guidance send signals to the flight control and Digital autopilot interfaces b/n
guidance and control.
 Based on the desired & estimated state,
it calculates the required control action such that the actuators force the current
state to much the desired ones.
 It used to minimize the tracking error b/n the desired and estimated state
 Integrated guidance, navigation and control system
 What is sensor?
 Transducer is a device which transforms energy from one type to another
 Transducer can be further divided into sensors which monitors a system and
actuators which impose an action on the system.
 A sensor is a device that measures a physical or abstract quantity and converts it into
a signal which can be read by an observer or instrument.
 A device that detects or measures a signal or stimulus

 Acquires information from the real world

 Actuator
 is something that converts energy into motion. It also can be
used to
apply a force.
 A device that generates a signal or stimulus
Gyroscope sensor
 It is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of
conservation of angular momentum.
 In a missile gyroscope is a part of the missiles guidance system telling the missile if
it has rolled, yawed and pitched in flight system.
 Gyroscopes can be used to construct gyrocompasses , and
replace magnetic compasses (in ships, aircraft and spacecraft, vehicles in general), to
assist in stability.
 Rigidity in space
 The axis of rotation of gyroscope will remain in a fixed position in space if no
force applied.
 Precession;

 The axis of rotation has a tendency to turn at right angle/ 90* to gyro in the
direction of an applied force.
 It is the movement of the spin axis when a force is applied to the
spin axis of gyroscope.
 Behavior of vertical gyro
 The gyro continuously being corrected to vertical position of airplane this will make
possible for pilot to know the actual attitude of his air plane.
 Vertical gyro called because its spin axis is automatically maintain vertically by
gravity sensing roll and pitch erection systems
Attitude; a) nose up nose down (pitch)
b) wing level (roll)
The output from gyro is used in
a)Flight recorder
b) Radar antenna stabilization
c) Flight director
 Acceleration is a measure of how quickly speed changes.
 Just as a speedometer is that measures speed,
 An accelerometer is a meter that measures acceleration and can use an
accelerometer's ability to sense acceleration
 An accelerometer can tell you how much one is oriented with respect to the Earth’s
surface.
 In general accelerometer is an instrument for measuring acceleration, detecting and
measuring vibrations, or for measuring acceleration due to gravity (inclination)
 By sensing the amount of dynamic acceleration, you can analyze the way the device
is moving.
 F=Ma=FS=KX ,
 But acceleration is in the function of (f(x) due to displacement x
 Then a=f(x) if we sense/measure the displacement (x)

then we can calculate the acceleration of the body.

 There are d/t methods to measure displacement (x)
 Capacitive, inductive & resistance technique/sensor
 Then if taken capacitive accelerometer technique we can
measure displacement x There for by increasing/ decreasing the
capacitor plates C=f(A/d) , so c decrease and d increase
 F=Ma=FS=KX
GPS system
 Is a satellite-based navigation system, which provides accurate
position and velocity info worldwide.
 A network of about 30 satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of
20,000 km.
 Developed by the US government for military navigation but latter
become available to anyone around the world.
Gps
 3 Satellites => latitude and longitude
 4 Satellites => Latitude, longitude and altitude
 Once it has information on how far away at least three satellites
are, GPS receiver pinpoint your location using a process called
trilateration
 GPS is receiver can be a device or can be
integrated ic on mobiles laptop or other
electronic equipment.
 Drawback
 Operational capability degrades in harsh environments.
 Completely blocked by buildings and dense foliage
 Slow update frequency like 1Hz
 GPS in subject to jamming
Selective Availability (SA)
 SA is the intentional degradation of GPS signals controlled by the DOD to limit
accuracy for non-U. S.
 SA was turned off in May, 2000!
 Magnetometer can be used as compass where as compass can’t.
 compass is an instrument to show dirn - the dirn of magnetic north
(or south).
 It is used for navigation and things like that.
 It shows the direction of the horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field.
 It does not care about the magnitude of the magnetic field.
 Magnetometer is a different kind of instrument. It mainly shows the
magnitude of the magnetic field.
Gps..
 Magnetometer are measurement instruments used for two general
purposes:
 to measure the magnetization of a magnetic material like a
ferromeagnet or
 to measure the strength and in some cases the direction of the
magnetic field at a point in space.