CHAPTER 2

THE EXPANSION OF EUROPEAN

INFLUENCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

“It is only as regards those who fought against you on

account of religion and have driven you out of your homes,
and helped to drive you out, Allah forbids you to befriend
them. And whosoever will befriend them, then such are the
Zalimun (wrong-doers – those who disobey Allah).”
(Al-Mumtahanah:9) 1
OFF
2.1 THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
1826: The Straits Settlements -
• Penang, Malacca and Singapore
• The first capital was Penang

• 1832: Singapore became

capital of the Straits Settlements
• 1857: Petition for transfer of
administration from India’s
control to London
• 1867: Straits Settlements
became a Crown Colony under
the control of the Colonial
2
Office in London
2.2 MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE
After the Straits Settlements became a Crown Colony, British began
to move into the Malay States and be involved in their affairs.

Anarchy in the Fear of other

Malay States foreign
Demand for tin intervention

Need to protect British

trade route to the East
Reasons for
British
Change of British policy
Intervention in
from non-intervention to
Malaya
intervention
3
2.2 MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE
Fear of other foreign
intervention

Demand for tin Anarchy in the

REASONS FOR THE Malay states
BRITISH INTERVENTION
IN MALAYA

Change of British policy from The need to protect British

non-intervention to trade route to the East
intervention
4
2.2 MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE
British Intervention in Perak: 1874

There were rival claims Raja Abdullah, claimant

to the throne in Perak to the Perak throne asked
the British for help

Sir Andrew Clarke

called a meeting of
Perak Chiefs. This
resulted in signing of the
Pangkor Engagement
5
Sir Andrew Clarke
2.2 MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE
Terms of Pangkor Engagement:
• The British recognised Raja Abdullah as rightful Sultan
of Perak.
• The British were allowed to establish their control of
Perak through the appointment of a British Resident.

6
2.2 MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE
Malay Resistance in Perak
• Local chiefs did not support idea of a British Resident
• They were afraid of losing power and income

First Resident of
Perak: J.W.W. Birch

Made many He was disliked

decisions without and murdered in
asking local chiefs 1875
J.W.W. Birch
7
2.2 MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE
Second • Familiar with Malay
Resident of customs and traditions
Perak: Sir • Was able to introduce the
Hugh Low Residential System
successfully
Sir Hugh Low

Reforms of Hugh Low

Ended debt slavery

Established Perak State Council Encouraged people to invest in
Established state treasury agriculture and to develop better
Established law and order communication links

8
2.2 MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE
Malay Resistance in Pahang

• In 1888, J.P. Rodger was appointed British Resident in Pahang

• Local chiefs in Pahang resented British system
• Revolt staged against the British
• Revolt ended in 1895

9
2.3 THE BRITISH RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

Year State First British Resident

1874 Perak J.W.W. Birch
1875 Selangor J.G.Davidson
1888 Pahang J.P. Rodger
1895 Negri Martin Lister
Sembilan

Under the Residential System:

• Sultan retained sovereign rights as head of states, Islamic
religion and Malay customs
• British Resident advised Sultan on matters of administration
10
2.3 THE BRITISH RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

I will advise you on

government
matters.... Yes, but Malay
I amWhat is the residential system?
appointed
religion and customs
are under my control.
resident of
Perak.

11
2.3 THE BRITISH RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

What are the duties of a

resident?
Job of a resident
Maintain law and order
Promote economic activities
Set up a system of administration
Set up a system of revenue collection
12
2.3 THE BRITISH RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM
Residential System
Advantages Disadvantages
• economic development (tin • weakened the power of the
mining, rubber plantation) Sultans
• growth of towns • no co-ordination among the
• development of states
transportation system
• development of
communication systems
• social reform eg. Medical
services Job of a resident
Maintain law and order
Promote economic activities
Set up a system of
Setadministration
up a system of revenue collection
13
2.3 THE BRITISH RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM
Sir Frank Swettenham, Resident of
Perak proposed that Perak,
Selangor, Pahang and Negri
Sembilan should form a federation.

The British wanted to introduce a

centralized and co-ordinated
administration.

The British felt it would encourage

more investors.

In 1896, Federated Malay States

was formed. 14
2.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS
Tin Industry
1848: Tin discovered in Larut, Perak.
Perak’s revenue increased. New towns
opened, new industries set up. Transport and
communication systems improved. Tin producing factory
1880s: More tin discovered in Kinta valley, Perak.
1883: Malaya became the world’s largest producer of tin
1929: World Depression caused decline in tin demand. Over-
production led to fall in tin prices.
1931, 1934, 1937, 1941: International Tin Agreement signed by
tin producing countries to restrict tin production.
1959: After World War II, tin in demand again. Another
15
International Tin Agreement was signed.
2.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS

• Increased world demand caused by canning industry.

• Discovery of large deposits of tin.

• Invention of better tin mining methods.

• Influx of Chinese immigrants to tin mines. 16

2.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS

Rubber Industry

1877: Rubber seedlings planted in Perak

1910: Price of rubber rose
1919: Malaya produced half of world’s
rubber
1925: Malaya was world’s biggest exporter
of rubber
1920s and 1930s: Following outbreak of World War I, there was
rubber slump
1922 and 1934: Stevenson Restriction Scheme and International
Rubber Regulation scheme introduced to control rubber
production 17
2.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS
Development of motor-car industry

Increasing investments by British investors

Landowners changing from growing coffee to growing rubber

Development of H.N. Ridley’s tapping system

Large-scale immigration of Indian workers to rubber plantations

18
2.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS

Immigration
Progress in Malaya’s economy

Chinese and Indian immigrants to Malaya

Chinese – tin miners Indian – rubber planters

19
2.5 THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH

Spanish first conquered Cebu

in 1565

Spanish wanted share of spice

trade; spread of Christianity

By 1574, Spanish had

successfully extended influence
to most of the Philippine
islands

Capital of Philippines: Manila

20
OFF
2.5 THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH

Spanish Administration

Spanish divided Philippines into

villages, or encomiendas

Each encomienda was controlled

by the encomendero.

Filipino villagers had to pay Filipinos suffered

tribute to the encomenderos, work from starvation and
for the Spanish and sell their poverty
produce to the Spanish. 21
OFF
2.5 THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH

Nationalism in the Philippines

• Propaganda Movement – carried out in Europe by educated

Filipinos
• Jose Rizal formed the Filipino League in 1892 to improve
social, economic and political status of Filipinos

• The Spanish immediately arrested him

and exiled him to Mindanao

• From then on, nationalist movement

became more violent

Jose Rizal 22
OFF
2.5 THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH

Katipunan Revolution 1896

Founded in 1892 by Andres

Bonifacio

Aimed to get independence from

Spanish and overthrow the
Spanish by a revolution

Unsuccessful uprising in 1896.

Jose Rizal blamed and executed
by Spanish. Further uprisings
by Emilio Aguinaldo followed
23
OFF
2.5 THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH

Aguinaldo elected President of

Revolutionary Government. Fought
against Spanish. In Dec 1897, Pact of
Biacnabato signed.

1) Aguinaldo to stay in exile

2) Spanish to pay him and
farmers who had suffered
during the revolution
against the Spanish
Emilio Aguinaldo government
However Spanish did not honour the pact. In 1898, Aguinaldo helped the
Americans defeat the Spanish in Manila. Spain surrendered the Philippines to
the United States of America. 24
OFF
2.6 INDONESIA UNDER DUTCH RULE

Return of Dutch to Java in 1816

Before 1816:
• Spice trade very important to the Dutch
• Kew Letters – Dutch colonies to the British

After 1816:
• Dutch colonies returned to them
• Dutch developed coffee, sugar and tea plantations.
• Javanese peasants endured a lot of hardship
• This led to unrest and rebellions in Java

25
OFF
2.6 INDONESIA UNDER DUTCH RULE
Java War 1825 - 1830

Dipo
The abolition of The imposition The leadership Negoro
land lease contracts of high tolls of Dipo Negoro

The Java War came to an end

when Dipo Negoro conceded
defeat to the Dutch. He was
exiled to Menado.
Dipo Negoro surrenders to the Dutch 26
OFF
2.6 INDONESIA UNDER DUTCH RULE

Many Javanese The Dutch lost a lot The Dutch took

lost their lives of money control of many
Javanese
provinces

27
OFF
CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

Government of
the Straits
Settlements

Penang, Malacca and Singapore

under the administration of the
British East India Company

28
CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

Government of
the Straits
Settlements

Singapore became the capital of the

Straits Settlement, replacing Penang

29
CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

Government of
the Straits
Settlements

Petition sent to the British

Parliament in London requesting
transfer of administration from India
to British Crown Colony

30
CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

Government of
the Straits
Settlements

The Straits Settlements became a

British Crown Colony under the
Colonial Office in London

31
CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

1874 – Perak received its Resident J.W.W. Birch

1875 – Selangor received its Resident J.G. Davidson
1888 – Pahang received its Resident J.P. Rogers
1895 – Negri Sembilan received its Resident Martin Lister
1896 – Perak, Pahang, Selangor and Negri Sembilan were brought
together as Federated Malay States

32
CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

1848 – Tin discovered in Larut

1877 – Rubber seedlings first planted in Perak
1880 – Tin discovered in Kinta Valley
1888 – Henry Ridley became Director of Botanic Gardens
- Development of motor car industry and rubber tyres
1897 – Development of H.N. Ridley’s tapping system
1910 – Large influx of Chinese and Indian immigrants
1922 – Stevenson Restriction Scheme introduced
1929 – Beginning of Great Depression
1931 – International Tin Agreement introduced
1934 – International Rubber Regulation Scheme introduced
33
CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

16th Century – The Spanish came to the Philippines. Introduced the

Encomiendero, the Polo System and the Vandala System
1785 – Spain began to open Philippines to trade directly with
foreigners
1860s – Beginning of Filipino Independence Movement. Middle
class Filipino nationalism
1870s – Formation of Propaganda Movement, led by Jose Rizal and
others
1892 – Jose Rizal returned to Philippines. Andres Bonifacio
founded Katipunan secret society
1896 – Katipunan launched revolution. Execution of Rizal
1898 – Spain ceded Philippines to USA
1901 – End of Nationalist movement 34
CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY
1602: Formation of Dutch East
India Company - Dutch V.O.C.
1619: Batavia (Jakarta) in Java
became Dutch capital
INDONESIA UNDER DUTCH RULE -
16TH CENTURY
16th to 17th centuries:
•Unrest and rebellion
•A lot of hardship
16th century: Setting up of
factories in Java, Sumatra,
the Malay peninsular and the
Moluccas
1816s: Attempts made by
Dutch to make money out
of Java for Holland
1824 - 1825: Java War led
by Dipo Negoro
35