PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by
Janice Meeking,
Mount Royal College

CHAPTER 1
The Human
Body: An
Orientation:
Part B
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 Anatomical Position

• Standard anatomical body position:

• Body erect
• Feet slightly apart
• Palms facing forward

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
 Regional Terms

• Two major divisions of body:

• Axial
• Head, neck, and trunk
• Appendicular
• Limbs
• Regional terms designate specific areas

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 Cephalic Upper limb
Frontal Acromial
Orbital Brachial (arm)
Nasal Antecubital
Oral Antebrachial
Mental (forearm)
Cervical Carpal (wrist)
Thoracic Manus (hand)
Axillary Palmar
Mammary Pollex
Sternal Digital
Abdominal Lower limb
Umbilical Coxal (hip)
Pelvic Femoral (thigh)
Inguinal Patellar
(groin) Crural (leg)
Pubic Fibular or peroneal
(genital) Pedal (foot)
Thorax Tarsal (ankle)
Abdomen Metatarsal
Back (Dorsum) Digital
(a) Anterior/Ventral Hallux

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a

 Upper limb Cephalic
Acromial Otic
Brachial (arm) Occipital (back
Olecranal of head)
Antebrachial Cervical
(forearm) Back (dorsal)
Manus (hand) Scapular
Metacarpal Vertebral
Digital Lumbar
Lower limb Sacral
Femoral (thigh) Gluteal
Popliteal Perineal (between
Sural (calf) anus and external
Fibular or peroneal genitalia)
Pedal (foot)
Thorax
Calcaneal Abdomen
Plantar Back (Dorsum)

(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7b
 Body Planes

• Plane: Flat surface along which body or

structure is cut for anatomical study

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 Body Planes

• Sagittal plane
• Divides body vertically into right and left parts
• Produces a sagittal section
• Midsagittal (median) plane
• Lies on midline
• Parasagittal plane
• Not on midline

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 Body Planes

• Frontal (coronal) plane

• Divides body vertically into anterior and
posterior parts
• Transverse (horizontal) plane
• Divides body horizontally into superior and
inferior parts
• Produces a cross section
• Oblique section
• Cuts made diagonally
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 Frontal plane

Median (midsagittal) plane

Transverse plane

(a) Frontal section (b) Transverse section (c) Median section

(through torso) (through torso, (midsagittal)
inferior view)
Pancreas

Aorta

Spleen

Left and Liver Heart Spleen Liver Spinal cord Rectum Intestines
Body wall Vertebral
right lungs Stomach Arm Subcutaneous fat layer column

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8

 Anatomical Variability

• Over 90% of all anatomical structures match

textbook descriptions, but:
• Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out
of place
• Small muscles may be missing

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 Body Cavities

• Dorsal cavity
• Protects nervous system
• Two subdivisions:
• Cranial cavity
• Encases brain
• Vertebral cavity
• Encases spinal cord

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 Body Cavities

• Ventral cavity
• Houses internal organs (viscera)
• Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity

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 Ventral Body Cavities

• Thoracic cavity subdivisions:

• Two pleural cavities
• Each houses a lung
• Mediastinum
• Contains pericardial cavity
• Surrounds thoracic organs
• Pericardial cavity
• Encloses heart

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 Ventral Body Cavities

• Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:

• Abdominal cavity
• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and
liver
• Pelvic cavity
• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum

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 Cranial
Cranial Dorsal body cavity
cavity
cavity Ventral body cavity
(contains
brain) Vertebral
cavity
Superior
Dorsal Thoracic mediastinum
body cavity Pleural
cavity (contains cavity
heart and Pericardial
lungs) cavity within
Vertebral the mediastinum
Ventral body
cavity Diaphragm
cavity
(contains
Abdominal cavity (thoracic and
spinal Abdomino- abdominopelvic
(contains digestive
cord) pelvic cavities)
viscera)
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b

 Serous Membrane (Serosa)

• Thin, double-layered membrane separated by

serous fluid
• Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
• Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

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 Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)

Heart

Parietal
pericardium

Pericardial
space with
serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium

(b) The serosae associated with the heart.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a-b

 Abdominopelvic Regions

• Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists

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 Right upper Left upper
quadrant quadrant
(RUQ) (LUQ)

Right lower Left lower

quadrant quadrant
(RLQ) (LLQ)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11

 Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• Divisions used primarily by medical personnel

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 Liver Diaphragm
Right Left
Epigastric
hypochondriac hypochondriac
region
region region Gallbladder Stomach

Transverse colon
Right Left Ascending colon of
Umbilical of large intestine
lumbar lumbar large intestine
region
region region Small intestine Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac Initial part of
(inguinal) (pubic) (inguinal) Appendix sigmoid colon
region region region
Urinary bladder

(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12

 Other Body Cavities

• Oral and digestive cavities

• Nasal cavity
• Orbital cavities
• Middle ear cavities
• Synovial cavities

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