Chapter 5

Diode Rectifiers

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-1

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Diode Rectifier Block Diagram

• Uncontrolled utility interface (ac to dc)

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-2

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 A Simple Circuit

• Resistive load

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-3

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 A Simple Circuit (R-L Load)

• Current continues to flows for a while even after the input

voltage has gone negative
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-4
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 A Simple Circuit (Load has a dc back-emf)

• Current begins to flow when the input voltage exceeds the dc back-emf
• Current continues to flows for a while even after the input voltage has
gone below the dc back-emf
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-5
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Single-Phase Diode Rectifier Bridge

• Large capacitor at the dc output for filtering and energy

storage
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-6
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Diode-Rectifier Bridge Analysis

• Two simple (idealized) cases to begin with

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-7

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Redrawing Diode-Rectifier Bridge

• Two groups, each with two diodes

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-8

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
Waveforms with a
purely resistive load
and a purely dc current
at the output

• In both cases, the dc-side

voltage waveform is the same

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-9

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Diode-Rectifier Bridge Input Current

• Idealized case with a purely dc output current

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-10

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Diode-Rectifier Bridge Analysis with AC-
Side Inductance

• Output current is assumed to be purely dc

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-11

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Understanding Current Commutation

• Assuming inductance in this circuit to be zero

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-12

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Understanding Current Commutation (cont.)

• Inductance in this circuit is included

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-13

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Current Commutation Waveforms

• Shows the volt-seconds needed to commutate current

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-14
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Current Commutation in Full-Bridge Rectifier

• Shows the necessary volt-seconds

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-15
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Understanding Current Commutation

• Note the current loops for analysis

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-16

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
Rectifier with a dc-
side voltage

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-17

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 DC-Side Voltage and Current Relationship

• Zero current corresponds to dc voltage equal to the peak of

the input ac voltage
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-18
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Effect of DC-Side Current on
THD, PF and DPF

• Very high THD at low current values

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-19

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Crest Factor versus the Current Loading

• The Crest Factor is very high at low values of current

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-20

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Diode-Rectifier with a Capacitor Filter

• Power electronics load is represented by an equivalent load

resistance
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-21
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Diode Rectifier Bridge

• Equivalent circuit for analysis on one-half cycle basis

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-22

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Diode-Bridge Rectifier: Waveforms

• Analysis using MATLAB

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-23

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Diode-Bridge Rectifier: Waveforms

• Analysis using PSpice

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-24

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Input Line-Current Distortion

• Analysis using PSpice

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-25

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Line-Voltage Distortion

• PCC is the point of common coupling

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-26

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Line-Voltage Distortion

• Distortion in voltage supplied to other loads

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-27

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Voltage Doubler Rectifier

• In 115-V position, one capacitor at-a-time is charged from the

input.
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-28
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 A Three-Phase, Four-Wire System

• A common neutral wire is assumed

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-29

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Current in A Three-Phase, Four-Wire
System

• The current in the neutral wire can be very high

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-30

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier

• Commonly used

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-31

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier: Redrawn

• Two groups with three diodes each

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-32

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier Waveforms

• Output current is
assumed to be dc

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-33

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier: Input
Line-Current

• Assuming output current to be purely dc and zero ac-side

inductance
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-34
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier

• Including the ac-side inductance

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-35

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 3-Phase Rectifier: Current Commutation

• output
current is
assumed to be
purely dc

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-36

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Rectifier with a Large Filter Capacitor

• Output voltage is assumed to be purely dc

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-37
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier

• THD, PF and DPF as functions of load current

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-38
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Crest Factor versus the Current Loading

• The Crest Factor is very high at low values of current

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-39
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers
 Three-Phase Rectifier Waveforms

• PSpice-based analysis

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode 5-40

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rectifiers