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Development
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 2
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 3
Development of bone(2)
• Flattened limb buds becomes circular
constriction
• Later a second & third constriction
divides the proximal portion into 2 or 3
segments, and the main parts of the
extremities can be recognized
• Fingers and toes are formed when cell
death in the AER separates this ridge
into five parts
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 4
Development of bone(3)
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 5
Development of bone(4)
• 7th week of gestation the limbs rotate
in opposite directions
– Upper limb rotates 90◦ laterally so that
the extensor muscles lie on the lateral and
posterior surface and the thumbs lie
laterally,
– lower limb rotates approximately 90◦
medially, placing the extensor muscles on
the anterior surface and the big toe
medially.
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 6
Development of bone(5)
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 10
Development of bone(8)
• Endochondral ossification proceeds on both
sides of the plate
• When the bone has acquired its full length, the
epiphyseal plates disappear and the epiphyses
unite with the shaft of the bone.
• In long bones an epiphyseal plate is found on
each extremity
• In smaller bones, such as the phalanges, it is
found only at one extremity
• In irregular bones, such as the vertebrae, one
or more primary centers of ossification and
usually several secondary centers are present.
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 11
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 12
Growth of the Skeleton(1)
• Development of the skeleton, especially
the part played by bone growth, is closely
related to the total development of the
organism
• Estimation, radiological examination
plays a major diagnostic role eg
estimating eventual body height
• Skeletal age evaluated by fusion of the
epiphyseal and apophyseal disks (growth
disks)
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 13
Growth of the Skeleton(2)
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 14
Development of Bone Tissue
• Reticular bone (woven bone) is formed in the
embryonic period & during healing of a
fracture
• Reticular bone corresponds to a hardened
connective tissue rich in fibers and can
originate in two different ways:
1. membrane bone develops directly from the
mesenchyme. This type of ossification is called
membranous or desmal ossification
2. cartilaginous bone precursor first forms in the
mesenchyme is then rebuilt into bone
(endochondral bone). This process is called
endochondral or indirect ossification
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 15
Development of a Long Bone(1)
• Most bones develop indirectly of a
cartilaginous precursor. Only a few bones
(some bones in the skull, theclavicle)
develop directly by membranous
ossification
• Parts of a long bone can develop directly
by membranous ossification even where it
has been laid down in cartilage, e. g., the
perichondral bone cuff that originates in
the diaphysis and that provides the base
from which the bone grows in thickness
(perichondral ossification)
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 16
Development of a Long Bone(2)
• Bony tissue is laid down indirectly, in
that the cartilage is first removed by
cartilage-absorbing cells
(chondroclasts) and then replaced by
chondral ossification.
• Where the diaphysis meets the
epiphysis, an epiphyseal plate
develops, where growth in length takes
place and in which the cartilage cells
divide until growth stops
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 17
Development of a Long Bone(3)
• The epiphyseal plate is visible in the
radiograph by its lack of calcification.
• Bone formation within the epiphyses
(ossific centers) begins only at the time
of birth. Many ossific centers develop
only in the first years of life.
• Special ossific centers that develop on
bone for the attachment of muscles are
called apophyses.
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 18
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 19
Vertebra
CharlesASjuntak, FKIK-Unja 20