USAGE AND DEMAND OF

WATER SUPPLY

LW 3
1
 Water usage

• Domestic demand
• Commercial /trade purpose
• Industrial
• Agriculture
• Public or civic use
• Non Revenue Water (NRW)

2
 Domestic use
 In Malaysia, an average person now uses at
least 300 litres of water per day and in urban areas,
the usage of water is about 500 litres per person per
day.

 As in most countries, the main domestic uses for water

are toilets, showers (or baths) and clothes washing

 Therefore, measures to reduce water consumption

must be targeted at these uses.
 CONT’D

 Recommended fair level of domestic water usage

is 100 litres per person perday.

 Recommended basic water requirement for per

person per day is 50 litres

 But people can get by using only 30 litres:

5 litres for drinking and cooking and 25 litres to
maintain hygiene
Estimated average use
 NON-DOMESTIC USE
 High volume users may include industries,
commercial operations, government buildings,
hospitals, shopping centers, hotels, golf courses,
mosques, churches, universities and schools.
 In the long run, inefficient prices alter land-use
patterns, industrial location decisions, and other
important factors. The sum of all these individual
decisions affects the sustainability of local and
regional water resources
 FACTORS INFLUENCE
WATER DEMAND

POPULATION CLIMATE

TYPES OF WATER AWARENESS

DEMAND

TYPES OF INDUSTRY WATER QUALITY

&
TYPES OF SANITARY
COMMERSE
SYSTEM

8
Importance of population Statistical Record

• From the population can predict:

• Future system design
• Design life of system (average prediction
within 5 year to 50 years
10
Factors Effecting The Population
Growth

• Birth Rate
• Mortality Rate
• Migration Rate

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Factor Influence the population growth

1. Birth Rates
 - Can decrease if
 practice family planning
 More educational people
 Government policies
2. Decease Rate
 Good Medical Facilities- Decease decrease, long-
life,
 Decease of birth reduce
 Decease increase- war, disease, nature disaster
3. Migration Rates
 Increasing of Employment in Urban area.
 Estimate Future Population
• Arithmetic Increase Method
• Geometric Increase Method
• Incremental Increase Method
• Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
• Simple Graphical Method
• Comparative Graphical Method
• Ratio Method

13
 ARITMETIC
METHOD
Assumption used when population
increase with constant rate.

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 Example -
ARITMETIC METHOD
Based on the data given below, estimate the
population growth for the resident A for the year
2020 using the Aritmetic Method.
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Population 12,550 14,756 18,215 21,943 26,434

2,206 3,459 3,728 4,491

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 ARITMETIC
METHOD

2,206 + 3,459 + 3,728 + 4,491

4
3,471 org / 10 year

P2020 = 26,434 + 3,471

= 29,905 persons

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 PROBLEM 1

The table shows data the population from 1970 to 2010. Estimate
population for 2020 and 2030 using arithmetic method.

YEAR POPULATION
1970 12,550
1980 14,569
1990 17,770
2000 22,271
2010 28,112

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 PROBLEM 2
Calculate the expected population in 2020 by
arithmetric increase method.

YEAR POPULATION
2012 55000
2013 58000
2014 65000

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 UNIFORM PERCENTAGE
METHOD/GEOMETRIC
INCREASE METHOD

This method assumes the percentage

increase in population from decade to decade
as constant.

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 UNIFORM/GEOMETRIC
PERCENTAGE METHOD
Based on the data given below, estimate the population
growth for the resident B for the year 2010 using the
Uniform Percentage Method.

Year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Population 86,300 101,900 130,000 141,500 147,750

15,600 28,100 11,500 6,250

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 UNIFORM PERCENTAGE
METHOD

Year Population Population Percentage of population

Growth growth

1960 86,300
15,600 15,600 / 86,300 x 100% = 18.1%
1970 101,900
28,100 28,100 / 101,900 x 100% = 27.6%
1980 130,000
11,500 11,500 / 130,000 x 100% = 8.8%
1990 141,500
6,250 6,250 / 141,500 x 100% = 4.4%
2000 147,750

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 UNIFORM PERCENTAGE
METHOD

15,600 / 86,300 x 100% = 18.1%

128,100 / 101,900 x 100% = 27.6% 18.1% + 27.6% + 8.8% + 4.4%

11,500 / 130,000 x 100% = 8.8% 4

6,250 / 141,500 x 100% = 4.4% = 14.7%

P2010 = 147,750 + ( 14.7/100 x 147,750 )

= 169,469 persons

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 PROBLEM
Year Population

1940 8000
1950 12000
1960 17000
1970 22500

Based on the data given below, estimate the

population growth for the resident A for the year
1980, 1990, 2000 using the Uniform Percentage
Method.
INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
• This method is improvement over the above
two methods. The average increase in the
population is determined by the arithmetical
method and to this is added the average of
the net incremental increase once for each
future decade.
The population after ‘n’ decade

• where
• P = population at present
• Ia = Average Arithmetical increase
• Ic = Average incremental increase
• n = decade
 PROBLEM
Year Population

1940 9000
1950 13000
1960 18000
1970 22500

Based on the data given below, estimate the

population growth for the resident A for the year
1980, 1990, 2000 using the INCREMENTAL
INCREASE METHOD

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 SOLUTION
Year Population Increase in Incremental
Population increase i.e
Increment on the
increase
1940 8000 - -
1950 12000 4000 -
1960 17000 5000 1000
1970 22500 5500 500
Total 14500 1500
Average 4833 750
Use formula

Year Expected Population

1980 22500 + 1 x (4833 + 750) = 28083
1990 28083 + 1 x (4833 + 750) = 33666
2000 33666 + 1 x (4833 + 750) = 39249
 DECREASING RATE OF GROWTH
METHOD
• In this method, the average decrease in the
percentage increase is worked out, and is then
subtracted from the latest percentage
increase to get the percentage increase of
next decade
Year Populatio Increase Percentage Decrease
n in increase in in the
Population population percentag
e increase
1940 8000 - - -
1950 12000 4000 (4000/8000) x -
100 = 50
1960 17000 5000 (5000/12000) +8.3
x 100 =41.7
1970 22500 5500 (5500/17000) +9.3
x 100 = 32.4
Total 14500 17.6
Average 4833 8.8
• Now the population at the end of various
decades shall be as follows:

Year Net percentage Expected Population

increase in
population
1980 32.4 – 8.8 = 23.6 22500 + 23.6/100 x 22500 = 27810

1990 23.6 – 8.8 = 14.8 27810 + 14.8/100 x 27810 = 31926

2000 14.8 – 8.8 = 6.0 31926 + 6/100 x 31926 = 33842

 PROBLEM
Year Population

1940 8000
1950 12500

1960 17500

1970 23500

Based on the data given below, estimate the population

growth for the resident A for the year 1980, 1990, 2000
using the DECREASING RATE OF GROWTH METHOD

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 SIMPLE GRAPHICAL METHOD
• In this method, a graph is plotted from the
available data, between time and population.
The curve is then smoothly extended up to
the desired year. This method gives very
approximate results and should be used along
with other forecasting methods
 COMPARATIVE GRAPHICAL METHOD
• In this method, the cities having conditions
and characteristics similar to the city whose
future population is to be estimated are
selected. It is then assumed that the city
under consideration will develop, as the
selected similar cities have developed in the
past.
 RATIO METHOD
• In this method, the local population and the
country's population for the last four to five
decades is obtained from the census records.
• The ratios of the local population to national
population are then worked out for these
decades.
• A graph is then plotted between time and
these ratios
• This ratio is then multiplied by the expected
national population at the end of the design
period, so as to obtain the required city's
future population.
WATER DEMAND
ESTIMATION

LW 4

36
 Basic Formula For Water Demand
• WDn = P x q x F x F …. + D
n 1 2 m

• WDn = water demand at the end of year “n”

• P projected population at the end of year “n”
n=

• q per capita consumption at the end of year “n”

=

• F service factor at the end of year “n”

1=

• F design factor at the end of year “n”

2=

• D additional demand at the end of year “n”

m=

37
 CLO 1, PLO1

• Pn = projected population at the

end of year “n”
Pn = Po x ( 1 + r )n
Pn = Population estimation at year ‘n’
Po = Total population for the year before
r = Increased of population rate
n = no of years

38
 Example 1
• The following data obtained from Kampung Merah in 2007.
calculate the water demand in 2012.
• Total household = 6000 households
• Average household member = 6 people
• Per capita water consumption = 270 liters/day
• Population growth = 2.65% per year
• Industrial water needs = 1/3 of the population needs
• Design factor = 2.4
• Percentage of NRW = 15%
• Water supply coverage = 97%

39
• Po = 6000 x 6 = 36,000
• r= 2.65% a year = 2.65/100 = 0.0265
• n= 2012- 2007 = 5 years
• Pn = Po x ( 1 + r )n
• P 2008 = 36000 ( 1 + 0.0265 )5
= 41,030
q = 270 litre/capita/day

F1 = 97% = 0.97
F2 = 2.4

Dm = Industrial water need and NRW

wD = ( 41,030 x 270 x 0.97 x 2.4) + [ 1/3 ( 41030 x 270 x 2.4)]

+ 0.15 [(41030 x 270) + ( 1/3 x 41030 x 270)]

= 25.79 x 10˄6 + 8.86 x 10 ˄6 + 2.22 x 10 ˄6

= 36.87 x 10˄6 litres/ day

40
 CLO 1, PLO1
Problem 1
Based on the data for the 1994 below,
calculate the population on 2000.
a) No. of houses = 5000 unit
b) average of person = 5.5
c) Percentage of population growth = 2.75% a year
d) Per capita water consumption = 275 liters/day
e) Industrial water needs : 1/3 of the population need
f) Percentage of NRW = 10%
g)Water supply coverage = 90%
h) Design factor = 1.5

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 Problem 2

• The data given is collected from

Taman Aman in year 2012.
Estimate the daily water demand
if water supply coverage 97%.
• i. total population = 520,000
• ii. Water usage per capita = 270
liters/day
• iii. Industry water demand = 1/3
from requirements of the 42
 Problem 3
• Given the total daily water per capacity is 230
liter/ day (q), population is 32003, calculate
the water demand estimation (WDn) if the
services factor (F1) is 0.98 and the design
factor (F2) is 2.5. assume that there is no
additional demand.

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