Mitosis: Division

is also
Multiplication
Cell Division
• Allows an increase in cell
numbers.
• Comes in two ways.
• Starts with interphase.
Four Phases of Mitosis
4 Phase of Mitosis
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
Checkpoints – found in different
Checkpoints – found in different
stages of cell division
stages of cell division
The Cell Cycle
 Interphase
G1 Phase
G – stands for gap.
In G1, the cell synthesizes mRNA and
proteins, which are needed for
chromosome application.
• There are two checkpoint in G1:
 G1 DNA damage checkpoint.
 Restriction checkpoint.
• Restriction Checkpoint – evaluates the
cell capability to undergo cell division.
• Cell in G0 are either quiescent or
senescent.
Quiescent Cells – may go back to cell
division.
Senescent Cells – due to damaged
DNA.
• p53 Proteins(also called tP53) -
Tumor suppressing proteins that
help in regulating the cell cycle.
• Apoptosis – refers to a process
of programmed cell death.
S Phase( Synthesis Phase)

• Chromosomes are replicated.

• Each chromosome consist of two
chromatids.
• The chromosome will become visible
only in prophase.
The DNA replication in S phase
The S DNA damage checkpoint
monitors the replication process
during this phase.
G2 Phase
• The cell rapidly grows and protein
synthesis continues
• G2 DNA damage checkpoint – checks
activities in G2 to ensure its proper
flow
• Unreplicated DNA checkpoint -
ensures that DNA synthesis is
complete before proceeding to
mitosis.
 Mitosis Proper
Prophase
The chromosome condense and are
now visible even with just using the ordinary
light microscope.
• A chromosome consists of two or more
sister chromatids attached to the single
centromere
 Parts of
Chromosome
Kinetochore

• A special protein complex,

appears at the centromere.
• Its function is to link the spindle
fibers to the centromere.
Prophase
Metaphase

There are three kinds of microtubules

in the spindle fibers.
1. Astral
2. Polar
3. Kinetochore
Astral Microtubule
- grow only near the centrosome.

Polar Microtubule
- grow away from the centrosome.

Kinetochore Microtubule
- only ones attached to the
kinetochore.
Types of microtubule in spindle fibers
 In this stage , the kinetochore
microtubule directs the chromosomes
toward the center of the cell in area.
(metaphase plate or the equatorial
plate)
Spindle Assembly Checkpoint –
guarantees the proper alignment of the
chromosomes at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase

Sub stages
• Anaphase A
• Anaphase B
Anaphase A

The Kinetochore microtubules of

the spindle fiber separate and
move the sister chromatids toward
opposite poles.
Anaphase B

The polar microtubules begin to

elongate, while the astral microtubules
pull them on the other side.

Cytokinesis – starts at anaphase and

continues to the next phase.
- process of the cytoplasm
dividing into half.
• Pic anaphase b
 Telophase

The chromosome uncoil, and

both the nucleolus and the
nuclear envelope reappear.
Cleavage Furrow – a groove on
the cell membrane between the
poles usually observed in animal
cells.
Contractile Cells
- made up of proteins
constricts the middle of the cell.
Chromosome Segregation
Checkpoint
- prevent cytokinesis to start
until all chromosomes are correctly
separated.
• The cell wall of plants is a
strong substance.
• The cell plate is involved in
forming the cell wall of each
daughter cell in plants.
• Mitosis ensure that the
chromosomes of the parent
cell is identical to its two
daughter cells.
• Ensures the growth of
offspring.
Why must cell
divide?
• Mitosis also replaces the
damaged cells in wounds. The
damaged cells are the replaced
by new cells produced by the
healthy cells. The faster the
healthy cells replaced the
damaged cells, the faster the
healing process will be.
• Located in chromosome 17 are
p53 proteins. If p53 mutates
mitosis would not stop which may
result in cancer.
• Cancer is defined as cells that
undergo continuous division
without stopping.
• Fig 5.12
 Cancer patients undergoing
chemotherapy may lose the
mitotic activity in the hair root.