Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2006 Pests of Field Crops
2006 Pests of Field Crops
PLNT 1150
Alex Latchininsky
Assistant Professor / Extension Entomologist
Dept. of Renewable Resources
January 2006
DISCLAIMER
Trade or brand names used in this
presentation are used only for
educational purposes
• Trapping
• Using devices like screens and
barriers
Drawbacks: time- and labor-consuming,
slow, often impractical at large-scale
TYPES OF CONTROL
3. Cultural
• Crop rotation – good for insects with long life cycles
(e.g., corn rootworms)
• Trap crops – attracts pests; then the trap crop is
destroyed or treated with insecticide
• Tillage – good for soil-inhabiting insects
• Clean culture – removal of crop residues
• Timing of planting and harvesting
• Resistant plant varieties, including genetically modified
cultivars
Cultural control: advantages
• Normal farming practices, making
environments unfavorable for pests
• Preventive strategy
• Economical
• Good for low-unit-value crops
• Efficient
• Economical
• Fast-acting
• Easy to use
• Generally safe
Chemical control: drawbacks
• Temporary relief
• May cause resistance
• Residues in harvest
• Environment: side-effects to non-targets
• Some insecticides have direct hazards
TYPES OF CONTROL
5. Integrated (IPM)
Management of insect populations by the
utilization of all suitable techniques in a
compatible manner so that damage is kept
below economic levels
adult larva
Diabrotica virgifera - beetle
• The larvae attack the roots, causing the plants to fall
over and become goose-necked.
• The adults feed on the silks and, at times, become so
numerous that pollination cannot occur.
• Overwinter as eggs in the soil. One generation per year.
Western Corn Rootworm
Control
• The most effective means of control
is by crop rotation. Corn grown year
after year on heavy soil is the most
seriously damaged.
• Adults are found on the silks of corn. Like the western corn
rootworm, this species overwinter as eggs, which are deposited in
cornfields. The adults are common on goldenrod flowers.
• Occurs commonly on
cucumber, melon vines,
corn silk, weeds, and in
alfalfa fields.
Damage: The larvae damage roots of
corn and winter rye, and adults eat holes • Overwinter as adults.
in melon foliage. Adults spread bacterial May have two or more
wilt to cucumbers. annual generations.
Size: <1/32”
8 legs
• The color is brown with a darker brown stripe down the middle of the elytra.
• The pronotum has a dark brown stripe through which runs a pale line.
• Adult length is about 1/4 inch (6 mm).
Alfalfa weevil
Eggs Larvae
• Larva is green or yellow with dark head.
• Damage: mostly by larvae. Skeletonize leaves. Feed on the
foliage, especially terminal leaf buds, then drop to the
ground and pupate in the litter.
• Adults overwinter. One generation per year.
Alfalfa weevil
Leaf skeletonization
by larvae
Acyrthosiphon pisum
• Adults:
¼” long, variable in color. Distinct “V” on
the back. Piercing-sucking beak.
• Overwinter as adults. Three generations per year.
Lygus bug
adult
adult nymph
Circulifer tenellus
adult nymphs
• Related to aphids and leafhoppers. The adult has clear wings that
rest rooflike over the body. Predominantly black, with white
markings. Scale like flat nymphs. Psyllids jump quite readily when
disturbed.
• Overwinter as eggs. Several generations per year.
Potato Psyllid
Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Colorado Potato Beetle
adult and eggs
larvae
Epitrix cucumeris
• Adult beetle is 1/16” long and black in color.
• Has enlarged hind legs and jumps vigorously when
disturbed.
• Overwinters as an adult in soil litter. One or two
generations per year.
Potato Flea Beetle
adult larva
Agrotis orthogonia – “miller” moth
Eriophyes tulipae
Diuraphis noxia
Soybean Aphid
Damage:
• RWA initiates feeding at the base of the leaves near the top of the plant. It injects a
toxic saliva into the plant. The edges of the leaf curl inward protecting the pest.
• Plants become purplish and leaves develop longitudinal yellowish and whitish streaks.
• Tillers of heavily infested plants run parallel to the ground (a prostrate appearance).
• Heads are distorted.
Russian Wheat Aphid
Control:
• Cultural – control volunteer wheat; avoid early
planting; use resistant varieties; maintain
healthy stand.
• Biological – parasitic wasps, ladybird beetles.
• Chemical – foliar sprays with systemics.
Greenbug aphids
Based on adult
Survey 2004
Grasshoppers
112 species in Wyoming; only ~10 are serious pests
Migratory Differential
Twostriped Twostriped
Mormon cricket
is neither a grasshopper nor a cricket – it’s a katydid
Anabrus simplex
Grasshoppers in Wyoming
Based on adult
Survey 2004
LIFE
CYCLE
Duration of
IV
nymphal
period:
~ 30-40 d
III
1st instar -
II
critical stage
for GH
I
survival
(up to >90%
mortality)
Grasshopper Treatment
Application Strategies
Conventional/Blanket
RAATs
THE RAATs CONCEPT
• Hoppers killed directly in the treated swaths
100 ft 100 ft
Malathion (Fyfanon®)
Organophosphate; neurotoxin (AcChE inhibitor)
PROS: Low cost/unit
ULV logistics
Reliable results
Familiar product (since 1965)
III
recommended
II
I
Risks for Different Groups
of Non-target Organisms
Human toxicity
(WHO/EPA class) II (Moder.) III (Low) Unlikely to be toxic
Aquatic invertebrate
toxicity Low Moderate High
2005:
Crop protection
module added
CARMA can be downloaded from Grasshoppers of Wyoming and the West at:
www.wygisc.uwyo.edu/grasshopper/
• When is it? February 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 2006. We will begin at 1 PM on the first
day, go from 8 to 5 the second day and release you at noon on the third day.
• Where is it? College of Agriculture Building, 13th & Lewis St., University of
Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
• Who teaches it? Dr. Alex Latchininsky & Scott Schell, UW-CES Extension
Entomologists. Plus guest lectures by other experts in their fields.
http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/UWCES/Entomology.asp