Basic Laws

Discussion D2.1
Chapter 2
Sections 2-1 – 2-6, 2-10

1
 Basic Laws
• Ohm's Law
• Kirchhoff's Laws
• Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• Source Exchange

2
 Georg Simon Ohm (1789 – 1854)

German professor who publishes a book

in 1827 that includes what is now known
as Ohm's law.

Ohm's Law: The voltage across a resistor

is directly proportional to the currect
flowing through it.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/PictDisplay/Ohm.html
3
 Resistance
  resistivity in Ohm-meters

Resistance R  l A

l = length

Good conductors (low ): Copper, Gold

A
Good insulators (high ): Glass, Paper

4
 Ohm's Law
v -

+
i R
-

+
v v
v  iR i R
R i
R i1
v  i1R (i  i1 )
v -
+

Units of resistance, R, is Ohms (W)

R = 0: short circuit R   : open circuit
5
 Conductance, G
i G
-

+
v -

+
1
G Unit of G is siemens (S),
R
1 S = 1 A/V

i i
v i  Gv G
G v
6
 Power
A resistor always dissipates energy; it transforms
electrical energy, and dissipates it in the form of heat.

Rate of energy dissipation is the instantaneous power

2
v (t )
p(t )  v(t )i(t )  Ri (t ) 
2
0
R

2
i (t )
p(t )  v(t )i (t )  Gv (t ) 
2
0
G
7
 Basic Laws
• Ohm's Law
• Kirchhoff's Laws
• Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• Source Exchange

8
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824 – 1887)

Born in Prussia (now Russia), Kirchhoff

developed his "laws" while a student in
1845. These laws allowed him to
calculate the voltages and currents in
multiple loop circuits.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/PictDisplay/Kirchhoff.html
9
 CIRCUIT TOPOLOGY
• Topology: How a circuit is laid out.
• A branch represents a single circuit (network)
element; that is, any two terminal element.
• A node is the point of connection between two or
more branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit (network).
• A loop is said to be independent if it contains a
branch which is not in any other loop.

10
Fundamental Theorem of Network Topology

For a network with b branches, n nodes

and l independent loops:

b  l  n 1
Example
b 9
7W

1W 2W 6W

DC 3W 4W 5W 2A n 5
l 5 11
 Elements in Series
Two or more elements are connected in series if they
carry the same current and are connected sequentially.
I

R1

R2
V0

12
 Elements in Parallel
Two or more elements are connected in parallel if they
are connected to the same two nodes & consequently
have the same voltage across them.
I

I1 I2
R1 R2
V

13
 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

The algebraic sum of the currents entering a

node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
N

i
n 1
n 0

where N = the number of branches connected to

the node and in = the nth current entering
(leaving) the node. 14
Sign convention: Currents entering the node are positive,
currents leaving the node are negative.

i
n 1
n 0 i2
i1 i3
i5 i4

i1  i2  i3  i4  i5  0
15
 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)
The algebraic sum of the currents entering
(or leaving) a node is zero.
i2
Entering: i1  i2  i3  i4  i5  0 i1 i3
i5 i4
Leaving: i1  i2  i3  i4  i5  0
The sum of the currents entering a node is
equal to the sum of the currents leaving a node.
i1  i2  i4  i3  i5 16
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of the voltages around

any loop is zero.
M

v
m 1
m 0

where M = the number of voltages in the loop

and vm = the mth voltage in the loop.
17
 Sign convention: The sign of each voltage is the polarity of the
terminal first encountered in traveling around the loop.

I The direction of travel is arbitrary.

+
R1 V1 Clockwise:
-
A
+ V0  V1  V2  0
R2 V2
V0
Counter-clockwise:
-
V2  V1  V0  0
V0  V1  V2
18
 Basic Laws
• Ohm's Law
• Kirchhoff's Laws
• Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• Source Exchange

19
 Series Resistors
I
+ V0  V1  V2  IR1  IR2
R1 V1
-  I  R1  R2 
A
+
R2 V2  IRs
V0
- Rs  R1  R2
I

Rs
V

20
 Voltage Divider
V0 V0
I I 
Rs R1  R2

R1 V1
V0
V2  IR2  R2
A  R1  R2 
R2 V2
V0
R2
V2  V0
 R1  R2 
R1
Also V1  V0
 R1  R2 
21
 Basic Laws
• Ohm's Law
• Kirchhoff's Laws
• Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• Source Exchange

22
 Parallel Resistors
I V V
I  I1  I 2  
R1 R2
I1 I2
V
R1 R2 1 1 
V   
 R1 R2 
V

1 1 1 Rp
I  
Rp R1 R2

Rp
V R1 R2
Rp 
R1  R2
23
 Current Division
i
v(t ) R2
+
i1 (t )   i (t )
i1 i2 R1 R1  R2
i(t) R1 R2 v(t)
-
v(t ) R1
i2 (t )   i (t )
R2 R1  R2
R1 R2
v(t )  R p i (t )  i (t )
R1  R2

Current divides in inverse proportion to the resistances

24
 Current Division
N resistors in parallel

1 1 1 1
     v(t )  R p i (t )
Rp R1 R2 Rn

v(t ) R p
Current in jth branch is i j (t )   i (t )
Rj Rj

25
 Basic Laws
• Ohm's Law
• Kirchhoff's Laws
• Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• Source Exchange

26
 Source Exchange
ia ia '
+ +

Rs vs
vab Rs v
ab
Rs
DC vs
- -

We can always replace a voltage source in series with a

resistor by a current source in parallel with the same resistor
and vice-versa.
Doing this, however, makes it impossible to directly find the
original source current. 27
 Source Exchange Proof
ia ia '
+ +

Rs vs
RL vL Rs RL vL
Rs
DC vs
- -

RL Rs vs
vL  vs ia '   ia
 Rs  RL   Rs  RL  Rs
vs RL
ia  vL  ia ' RL  vs
 Rs  RL   Rs  RL 
Voltage across and current through any load are the same28