Concept Summary

Batesville High School Physics

 Kinetic Energy
 Ifan object is moving, it has energy.
(Be careful, the converse of this
statement is not always true!)
 This energy is called kinetic energy -
the energy of motion.
 Kinetic Energy
 An object’s kinetic energy depends on:
 the object’s mass.
 Kinetic energy is directly proportional to
mass.
 the object’s speed.
 Kinetic
energy is directly proportional to
the square of the object’s speed.
 Kinetic Energy
 In symbols:

1
KE = mv2
2
 Kinetic Energy
 Kineticenergy is a scalar quantity.
 Common units of kinetic energy:
Joules
 An object with mass of 1 kg, moving
at 1 m/s, has a kinetic energy of 0.5
Joule.
 Work
 When the kinetic energy of an
object changes, work has been
done on the object.
 Units of work: Joules
 Work is a scalar quantity.
 Work
 Work depends on:
 The amount of force applied to the object.
 The distance that the object moves while
the force is applied.
 The direction of the force with respect to
the direction the object moves.
 Work
 Ifthe force on the object is in the
direction the object moves, the work
done is:

W = Fx
F

x
 Work
 Ifthe direction of the force is opposite
the direction the object moves, work is:

W = -Fx

x
 Force is NOT Work
 If the force is perpendicular to the
direction the object moves, the work
done is 0.
 If the object doesn’t move, the work
done is 0.
F

W=0
x
 Work and Kinetic Energy
 The work done on an object by the net
force equals the object’s change in
kinetic energy.

Wnet = DKE
 Potential Energy
 Sometimes work is not converted
directly into kinetic energy. Instead it is
“stored”, or “hidden”.
 Potential energy is stored energy or
stored work.
 Potential Energy
 Potentialenergy is energy that an
object (system) has due to its position
or arrangement.
Calculating Potential Energy
 To calculate the potential energy of a
particular arrangement:
1. Pick a position or arrangement that
you want to call the “potential energy =
0” situation.
Calculating Potential Energy
2. The potential energy of any other
position or arrangement equals the
negative of the work that the
conservative force does in changing
from the potential energy = 0 situation
to that one.

PE = - WorkF
 Conservative Forces
 Energy or work is stored when a force
does work “against” a force such as the
gravitational force or a Hooke’s Law
(spring) force.
 Forces that store or hide energy are
called conservative forces.
 Gravitational PE
 Thegravitational potential energy of an
object at height h equals the negative of
the work that gravity does when the
object is lifted from the PE = 0 position.

GPE = mgh
 Mechanical Energy
 Mechanical Energy = PE + KE
 Conservation of Energy
 Ifno external forces act on a system,
the total energy of the system will
remain constant.
 Power
 Power is the rate work is done.
DWork
Power =
time
W

P t
 Power
 Unitsof power: 1 Joule/sec = 1 Watt
 1000 Watts = 1 kilowatt
 Power is a scalar quantity.
 (Simple) Machines
 A machine is a mechanical device used
to do work.
 Examples of simple machines:
 Inclined plane
 Lever

 pulley
 (Simple) Machines
 A machine can never output more work
(energy) than is put into it.
 At best,
Workout = Workin

Workin Workout
Machine
 Mechanical Advantage
 Machines can’t multiply work or energy,
but they can multiply force. Mechanical
advantage measures how much a
machine multiplies force.

Force machine exerts

MA =
Force you exert
 Efficiency
 The efficiency of a machine tells how
much of the energy (work) that goes
into the machine actually does useful
work.
 It is usually expressed as a percent.

Useful work done

Efficiency = x 100%
Energy input
The End