In the name of ALLAH ,the most Merciful , so Kind

LEARNING
AND ITS TYPES

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
BY KAMRAN AND MY FRIEND KAMRAN AKBAR
LEARNING :-

 Learning refers to relatively enduring change in

behavior or knowledge as a result of experience.
 Learning is relatively permanent in change in behavior
brought about by experience or practice.
 Learning is the process of acquiring new, or modifying
existing, knowledge ,behavior ,skills, values or
preferences.
TYPES OF LEARNING:-

There are three types of learning.

1- Classical conditioning/learning
2- Operant conditioning
3- Observational conditioning
CLASSSICAL CONDITIONING

 Background:
It was a Russian physiologist named
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936).
Was the first person who study and
write about basic principles of
classical conditioning. He also
awarded by a nobel prize.
The concept of classical conditioning
started from the dog salivation by
ringing the bell.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:-

DEFINITION:
“ The basic learning process that involves
repeatedly pairing of neutral stimulus with a response –
producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the
same response.”
Classical conditioning deals with the behavior that are
elicited automatically by some stimulus.
Classical conditioning :

 Association between two stimuli

Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus
to an unlearned, natural stimulus that automatically elicits
a reflexive response.
 Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
Procedure

 Pavlov studied the salivary reflex.

 Stimulus “food” elicits response “salivary”.
ELEMENTS OF CLASSSICAL CONDITIONING

 Unconditioned stimulus
 Unconditioned response
 Conditioned stimulus
 Conditioned response
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

 Def:
“ A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an
involuntary response”.
Unconditioned mean unlearned or naturally ocurring. In
case of Pavlov dog experiment ,the food is the
unconditioned stimulus.
CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)

 Def:
“Stimulus that becomes able to produce the learned
reflex response by being paired with the original UCS”
 Conditioned means learned.
 Pavlov’s dog learned to salivate at the sound of bell.
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)

 Def:
“An involuntary response to a naturally occurring or
unconditioned stimulus”.
 It is unlearned.
 It occurs because of genetic “wiring” in the nervous system.
 The food given to the dogs is the UCS, and the salivation to that
food is the UCR.

“
CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)

 Def: “Learned reflex rensponse to a conditioned

stimulus.”
 The behavior elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
 In the Pavlov experiment the dog salivation due to the
bell ring is CR.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:
ALL PROCEDURE