Calamansi Extracts(

Citrofortunella
microcarpa)as
Additives in Making
Toothpaste
GROUP 3 STEM
 Problem and its Background

The researchers wanted to produce an

affordable toothpaste.
The researchers aim to prove if
Kalamansi extract toothpaste is
effective
 Introduction
 One of the most useful fruit in the Philippines is Calamansi. It is used in cooking, cleaning,
and beauty products. It is also used as sauce on different menus when mixed with soy
sauce. This fruit helps in enhancing beauty, helps promote your immune system and help
you lose weight. This fruit is useful for food recipes, eliminate bad smell on fish, skin lightening
and take away stains on the clothes. Moreover, it washes body dirt, can be used as
deodorizer eliminate itching and promotes hair growth. And it is good source of vitamin C.
(Yayang,2014)
 Tooth decay is the destruction of tooth structure and can affect both the enamel (the outer
coating of the tooth) and the dentin layer of the tooth. Tooth decay occurs when foods
containing carbohydrates (sugars and starches), such as breads, cereals, milk, soda, fruits,
cakes, or candy are left on the teeth.
 Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush to clean and maintain the
aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it is an abrasive
that aids in removing dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis,
and delivers active ingredients (most commonly fluoride) to help prevent tooth decay
(dental caries) and gum disease (gingivitis).[1] Salt and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
are among materials that can be substituted for commercial toothpaste. Large amounts of
swallowed toothpaste can be toxic.
Statement of the Problem

 In the market, some toothpaste is cheap but not effective enough to kill
bacterias in consumers mouth. On the other hand, toothpaste that are in
good quality are expensive which normal people cannot afford. That’s why
many Filipinos are not used to brush their teeth which causes tooth decay
and other oral health problem.
 Therefore, the researches purpose is to prove whether it could be effective
to our mouth. This product aims to be an alternative toothpaste to be used
in the household.
 Formulation of the Hypothesis
 The production of toothpaste within a country has the potential to make fluoride toothpaste more
affordable than imported products. In Nepal, fluoride toothpaste was limited to expensive imported
products. However, due to successful advocacy for locally manufactured fluoride toothpaste, the
least expensive locally manufactured fluoride toothpaste is now 170 times less costly than the most
expensive import. In the Philippines, local manufacturers are able to satisfy consumer preferences
and compete against multinationals by discounting the price of toothpaste by as much as 55%
against global brands; and typically receive a 40% profit margin compared to 70% for multinational
producers. So aside from discount, our product is also have an affordable price that every Filipino
can afford.
 Calamansi extract is effective for our mouth because Calamansi extract can reduces foul urine
odor and lightens its color,” Shaikh claimed. “Regular intake of the juice also purifies the organs
and detoxifies the colon. It improves bowel movement and relieves constipation.” also increases
collagen production. Vitamin C, which calamansi is loaded, is a crucial element in collagen
production, which is the compound needed to create every tissue, muscle fiber and cell in the
body. “Collagen acts as cement to bind loosely connected cells and tissues; this way, it is able to
prevent signs of aging like wrinkles,” wrote Josephine Mills in an article titled, “Calamansi Health
Benefits.”
 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The researchers will focus on Calamansi fruit.

They will not use flouride, making sure that the
product has original component. The
participants of this study are the 20 students of
Grade 12 Stem of Punturin Senior High School.
The researchers will conduct an assessment in 3
days to the participants about the usage of the
product.
Significance of the Study

 Students. They are the main beneficiaries of this study. This study will help them
to take care of their oral health to avoid diseases like tooth decay and gum
diseases especially to the young learners from elementary.
 Filipinos. Aside from its affordable prize, it is also better to use local product to
promote Philippine own market.
 Parents. This study will also help parents to save money because this product is
affordable to everyone.
 Punturin Senior High School. This will serve as a reference for the related topic
researches to their school libraries.
 Future researchers. It can be used as a reference material for their own
research.
 Filipino farmers. The farmers are also the beneficiaries of this study. When we are
buying calamasi, they will earn money so that they can help to their family.
 CHAPTER 2 :Review of related
literature and studies

This chapter aims to present

gathered information that are
relevant to the study and can
served as reference in
understanding the nature of
topic.
 Definition of terms

 Deodorizer – remove or conceal an unpleasant smell in.

 Enamel – coat or decorate ( a metallic on hand object ).
 Halitosis – technical terms of bad breath.
 Bicarbonate – a salt containing the anion HCo3
 Detoxifies - remove toxic substances or qualities from.
 Dental Plaque - is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that grows on surfaces within the mouth. It is
a sticky colorless deposit at first, but when it forms tartar, it is often brown or pale yellow.
 Adequate - satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.
 Oral Health
 Dental and oral health is an essential part of your overall health and well-being. Poor oral
hygiene can lead to dental cavities and gum disease, and has also been linked to heart
disease, cancer, and diabetes.
 Maintaining healthy teeth and gums is a lifelong commitment. The earlier you learn proper oral
hygiene habits — such as brushing, flossing, and limiting your sugar intake — the easier it’ll be to
avoid costly dental procedures and long-term health issues.
 Your oral cavity collects all sorts of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Some of them belong there,
making up the normal flora of your mouth. They’re generally harmless in small quantities. But a
diet high in sugar creates conditions in which acid-producing bacteria can flourish. This acid
dissolves tooth enamel and causes dental cavities.

 Bacteria near your gumline thrive in a sticky matrix called plaque. Plaque accumulates, hardens,
and migrates down the length of your tooth if it isn’t removed regularly by brushing and flossing.
This can inflame your gums and cause the condition known as gingivitis.

 Increased inflammation causes your gums to begin to pull away from your teeth. This process
creates pockets in which pus may eventually collect. This more advanced stage of gum disease
is called periodontitis.
 Health benefits of the customers
 Fluoride helps prevent tooth decay by slowing the breakdown of
enamel and increasing the rate of the remineralization process.
The new enamel crystals that form are harder, larger and more
resistant to acid. Tooth enamel is hard yet porous. Plaque on the
surface of your teeth can produce acids that seep into the pores
(rods) of the enamel and break down its internal structure. This
process, called demineralization, can create a weak spot in the
tooth that may become a cavity if left untreated. Learning what
fluoride does for the health of your teeth will help you become
more aware of how to identify plaque and prevent it from
becoming a cavity.
 Tooth Decay

 Tooth decay is the destruction of tooth structure and can affect both the enamel (the
outer coating of the tooth) and the dentin layer of the tooth. Tooth decay occurs
when foods containing carbohydrates (sugars and starches), such as breads, cereals,
milk, soda, fruits, cakes, or candy are left on the teeth.
 Tooth decay occurs when foods containing carbohydrates (sugars and starches),
such as breads, cereals, milk, soda, fruits, cakes, or candy are left on the teeth.
Bacteria that live in the mouth digest these foods, turning them into acids. The
bacteria, acid, food debris, and saliva combine to form plaque, which clings to the
teeth. The acids in plaque dissolve the enamel surface of the teeth, creating holes in
the teeth called cavities.
 Effects of the breath

 "Probably nothing good," said Matthew Messina, dentist and

American Dental Association spokesman. Most people who stop
brushing their teeth will develop cavities (tooth decay) and/or
periodontal disease (gum disease). Both can be painful and both
can cause teeth to fall out.
 n the short term, if you continue to not brush your teeth, you will
encounter problems such as plaque build up, tartar build up, and
bad breath. Longer term more serious problems such as tooth
decay, tooth loss and gum disease will occur if you do not
regularly brush your teeth.
 Academic Performance

 We measured the impact of dental diseases on the academic performance of disadvantaged

children by sociodemographic characteristics and access to care determinants
 Methods. We performed clinical dental examinations on 1495 disadvantaged elementary and
high school students from Los Angeles County public schools. We matched data with academic
achievement and attendance data provided by the school district and linked these to the
child’s social determinants of oral health and the impact of oral health on the child’s school and
the parents’ school or work absences.
 Results. Students with toothaches were almost 4 times more likely to have a low grade point
average. About 11% of students with inaccessible needed dental care missed school compared
with 4% of those with access. Per 100 elementary and high school–aged children, 58 and 80
school hours, respectively, are missed annually. Parents averaged 2.5 absent days from work or
school per year because of their children’s dental problems.
 Conclusions. Oral health affects students’ academic performance. Studies are needed that
unbundle the clinical, socioeconomic, and cultural challenges associated with this epidemic of
dental disease in children.
 Poor oral health affects systemic health with consequences that can seriously compromise
quality of life and life expectancy. Oral diseases can lead to systemic diseases, emergency
hospital visits, hospital stays, medications, even death. Moreover, oral disease can increase
personal, societal, and financial burdens and contribute to rising health care costs in general.1
 Anecdotally, we know that there is an epidemic of dental diseases among disadvantaged children in
Los Angeles County, as is consistently observed by health professionals and community stakeholders.
To quantify this observation, we established a campus–community project with the goals of
measuring this epidemic and its impact and designing appropriate intervention programs to
ultimately reduce the burden of poor oral health among these children. Previously, we documented
that the overall prevalence of dental caries in this population of disadvantaged children was 73%
and that no important racial/ethnic differences were found between Blacks, Asians, White, and non-
White or “other” Hispanics.2 One aspect of this project, which we have reported in this article, is to
measure the impact of dental diseases on the academic performance of these disadvantaged
children by their sociodemographic characteristics and access to care determinants.
 It has been suggested that objective measures of oral health should be linked to measures of social
outcome to place dental conditions within a broader context that is relevant to
policymakers.3 Based on the National Health Interview Survey of 1989, it has been estimated that 51
million school hours are lost yearly because of dental disease based on a 15-day recollection.4 This
result has been widely cited. A Google search provided more than 57 000 hits when queried for
“dental” + “51 million school hours.” According to the Thomson Scientific’s Institute for Scientific
Information web of knowledge, this resource has been cited in the scientific literature 55 times. More
recently, the California Health Interview Survey asked about the number of school days missed in the
past year because of dental problems; the question was asked only in the survey of 2007.5 No other
literature sources provide definitive estimates of the number of school hours missed because of
dental problems besides that reported by Gift et al.,4 nor is there any estimation of the impact of oral
health on the students’ academic achievement. Furthermore, it should be noted that the means and
SDs reported by Gift et al. were acknowledged as being inaccurate, and no corrected estimates
were subsequently published.6 We have provided an updated estimate of the impact of dental
problems on disadvantaged children missing school and parents missing school or work based on
their 1-year recall. Also, we explored the relationship of oral health with academic achievement and
attendance by school level, gender, and race/ethnicity. We will report other aspects of the project
elsewhere
 Synthesis

 In summary, the literature review shows that many studies has been carried out regarding
the tooth decay and factors affecting academic performance and the overall effect of
mouth disease on human including adult and children but no adequate research
concerning the effect of tooth diseases on all the main variables mentioned above
regarding students. Therefore, the rationale for the study is to further develop the literature
degree and fill in the gab in the research by examining if the calamansi toothpaste
extract is effective for everyone
Chapter 3
Research Methodology
 Research Design
 The research entitled “ Calamsi Extract ( Citrofortunella microcarpa ) as additives
in making toothpaste “ is a type of quantitative methods emphasize objective
measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data
collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-
existing statistical data using computational techniques.
 Your goal in conducting quantitative research study is to determine the
relationship between one thing [an independent variable] and another [a
dependent or outcome variable] within a population. Quantitative research
designs are either descriptive [subjects usually measured once] or experimental
[subjects measured before and after a treatment]. A descriptive study establishes
only associations between variables; an experimental study establishes causality.

 Quantitative research deals in numbers, logic, and an objective stance.

Quantitative research focuses on numeric and unchanging data and detailed,
convergent reasoning rather than divergent reasoning [i.e., the generation of a
variety of ideas about a research problem in a spontaneous, free-flowing manner].
Chapter 4

Demographic Analysis
 Demographic Analysis
 Consumer decision-making process varies with the type of buying decision. There are great
differences between buying toothpaste, a tennis racket, a personal computer and a new
car. Complex and expensive purchases are likely to involve more buyer deliberation and more
participants. Usually evaluating consumer behavior goes far from advertising and marketing
concepts to connect consumers and understanding their behaviors, motivations and sincere
needs. Further consumer behavior is individually influenced by physical and social environment
where one has to assume his or her perception on product, brand, service, or company. They may
purchase as a result of their moods and their ambiance. Often consumers feel secure when they
feel that products that are satisfying their needs surround to society and environment where one
lives and communicates easily with its demographic factors. The purpose of this study is to
understand the demographic behavior of consumers on selected brands of toothpaste. In this
study the researchers selected 20 students of Grade 12 Stem of Punturin Senior High School
descriptive research design. The primary data collected through structured questionnaire and
secondary data collected through website, journal, magazine etc. Analysis of variance test was
applied to find the association between toothpaste buying behavior and demographic factors. The
results will prove that age, gender, educational qualification, marital status, number of years
married, age group of children, family type, and family size influencing the consumer for
buying selected brands of toothpaste.Keywords: Consumer behavior, consumer buying
behavior, Toothpaste buying, Perceptions, Decision Making
Demographic Variable

46
41

23 23 23

12

Male Female Total

Number 23 23 46
Percentage 12 41 23
Number Percentage
Age

Number Percentage
Age, Under 10 year
10 - 20
21 – 30
Over, 30 years
Total:
Age:
10-20 years and 20-30 years
respondents were almost equally distributed in two age-groups. The frequency and
percentage
of child respondents are shown in Table 4.1. Of 175, 92 child respondents (52.57%) fell
in the
younger age-group i.e. between 8 and 10. Rest 83 respondents fell in the older age-
group of
11-12 years.
Level of Education

Number Percentage
Senior High
Junior High
Elementary
Total:
 Gender: Since gender had only two categories, it was taken as dummy
variable (boy = 1 and
 girl = 2). Out of the 175 child respondents, 116 were boys (66.28%) and 59
were girls
 (33.71%