Dr. Abdikadir Omer Rabile MBBS PGY1 Family Medicine MD Amoud - Hope Program Resdiency at Borama Regional Hospital Amoud University

 Dr.
Abdikadir Omer Rabile

MBBS PGY1 family medicine MD
Amoud –Hope Program
Resdiency at Borama Regional Hospital
Amoud University
11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 1

Introduction
 Histology: histo-tissue
 logy-study..
.

Tissues
 Cells work together in functionally related

groups called tissues
 Types of tissues:
1. Epithelial – lining and covering
2. Connective – support
3. Muscle – movement
4. Nervous – control
NB: these tissues where formed by cells
and molecules generically called
11/23/2019
extracellular matrix.
histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 4
Epithelial Tissues
Structure
 Epithelial tissue covers the whole
surface of the body. It is made up of
cells closely packed and ranged in one
or more layers.
 This tissue is specialized to form the
covering or lining of all internal and
external body surfaces.
 Epithelial tissue that occurs on
surfaces on the interior of the body is
known as endothelium
 Epithelial cells are packed tightly together,
with almost no intercellular spaces and only
a small amount of intercellular substance.
 Epithelial tissue, regardless of the type, is
usually separated from the underlying tissue
by a thin sheet of connective tissue;
basement membrane.
 The basement membrane provides
structural support for the epithelium and
also binds it to neighboring structures.

Functions of Epithelial
Tissue
1.Protection
Epithelial cells from the skin protect underlying tissue

from mechanical injury, harmful chemicals, invading
bacteria and from excessive loss of water.
2.Sensation
Sensory stimuli penetrate specialized epithelial cells.

Specialized epithelial tissue containing sensory nerve
endings is found in the skin, eyes, ears, nose and on
the tongue.

3.Secretion
In glands, epithelial tissue is specialized to

secrete specific chemical substances such
as enzymes, hormones and lubricating
fluids.
4.Absorption
Certain epithelial cells lining the small

intestine absorb nutrients from the
digestion of food.

5.Excretion
Epithelial tissues in the kidney excrete waste
products from the body and reabsorb needed
materials from the urine. Sweat is also excreted
from the body by epithelial cells in the sweat
glands.
6.Diffusion
Simple epithelium promotes the diffusion of
gases, liquids and nutrients. Because they form
such a thin lining, they are ideal for the diffusion
of gases (e.g. walls of capillaries and lungs).
7.Cleaning
Ciliated epithelium assists in removing dust
particles and foreign bodies which have
entered the air passages.
8.Reduces Friction
The smooth, tightly-interlocking, epithelial
cells that line the entire circulatory system
reduce friction between the blood and the
walls of the blood vessels.

Types of Epithelial Tissue
 Epithelial tissue can be divided into two
groups depending on the number of layers
of which it is composes.
 Epithelial tissue which is only one cell
thick is known as simple epithelium.
 If it is two or more cells thick such as the
skin, it is known as stratified epithelium.

NB
 We classify epithelial cells according to
 1. number of layers(simple and stratified )
 2.according to the shape
(squamous,cuboidal and columunar)
 3. especialized cells {not following the above
naming}.(transitional and pseudostarified).

Simple epithelium
 Simple epithelium can be subdivided
according to the shape and function of its
cells
1. Squamous epithelium
Squamous cells have the appearance of thin,
flat plates.
The shape of the nucleus usually
corresponds to the cell form and help to
identify the type of epithelium.
 Squamous cells, for example, tend to
have horizontal flattened, elliptical nuclei
because of the thin flattened form of the
cell.
 They form the lining of cavities such as
the mouth, blood vessels, heart and lungs
and make up the outer layers of the skin

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium.
 As their name implies, cuboidal cells are
roughly square or cuboidal in shape.
 Each cell has a spherical nucleus in the
center. Cuboidal epithelium is found in
glands and in the lining of the kidney
tubules as well as in the ducts of the glands.
 They also constitute the germinal
epithelium which produces the egg cells in
the female ovary and the sperm cells in the
male testes.
Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple Columnar Epithelium
 Columnar epithelial cells occur in one or

more layers. The cells are elongated and
column-shaped.
 The nuclei are elongated and are usually
located near the base of the cells.
 Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the
stomach and intestines.

 Some columnar cells are specialized for
sensory reception such as in the nose, ears
and the taste buds of the tongue.
 Goblet cells (unicellular glands) are found
between the columnar epithelial cells of
the duodenum. They secrete mucus or
slime, a lubricating substance which
keeps the surface smooth.

Simple columnar epithelium

Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
 These are simple columnar epithelial cells,
but in addition, they posses fine hair-like
outgrowths, cilia on their free surfaces.
These cilia are capable of rapid, rhythmic,
wavelike beatings in a certain direction.

 This movement of the cilia in a certain
direction causes the mucus, which is
secreted by the goblet cells, to move (flow
or stream) in that direction.
 Ciliated epithelium is usually found in the
air passages like the nose.
 It is also found in the uterus and Fallopian
tubes of females. The movement of the
cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.

Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

all cells rest on basement membrane;
nuclei placed at different level and appear to be stratified but
NOT TRULY.
epithelium has both columnar ciliated and non ciliated basal
cells*
* stem cells to maintain the population of the cells in the
epithelium.

Lining of bronchus – pseudo stratified columnar ciliated epithelium –
for defense
cilia
columnar cell with
cilia
basal cell
basement membrane
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium is almost exclusive for respiratory

system
cilia act as a biological escalator to remove dust and mucous

from the air way

Stratified epithelium
multilayered suitable for protection rather than

for absorption and secretion
-epithelia are named based on the shape of
cells in the superficial layer

Stratified squamous epithelium
basal layer has columnar / cuboidal cells resting on the
basement membrane
intermediate layer ( many layers) has polyhedral cells with
spherical nucleus in the center of the cells
superficial layer has squamous cells
superficial layer of
squamous cells
Basement membrane
Basal layer

Types of stratified squamous epithelium:
non keratinized: does not have keratin (intermediate
filamentous protein) e.g. lining epithelium of esophagus, anal
canal, vagina and large ducts of salivary glands
Uterine cervix
x 100 Apical layer
x 400
lymphocytes
Basal layer

keratinized
-found in places that are subjected to constant physical assault;
e.g. epidermis of skin
-cells contain keratin intermediate filament protein

-- keratinization can be induced in epithelial tissue by exposing it to
physical abrasion and desiccation
keratin layer

Stratified cuboidal epithelium
-more than one layer of cells - usually two layers

-basal layer columnar / cuboidal resting on the basement membrane
-superficial layer has cuboidal cells
-e. g sweat duct, ducts in mammary gland , large ducts in salivary
glands - moderately absorptive in function
Stratified columnar epithelium
basal layer of cuboidal or columnar cell resting

on the basement membrane
-superficial layer has columnar cells
-rare epithelium found in the terminal part of
male urethra , conjunctiva
and in ducts of some serous secretory gland.

exclusive of urinary system
Transitional
epithelium
-stratified epithelium
- basal layer of columnar cells
- dome shaped cells
-intermediate layer of cuboidal cells
-superficial layer has ‘ dome’ shaped or umbrella cells that change
shape depending on the functional status of the organ; flattened when
the organ is distended; becomes dome shaped when the organ contracts;
Naming of epithelia:
squamous cuboidal columnar
simple simple simple simple pseudostratifie

columnar d
squamous cuboidal
columnar
ciliated; simple
columnar
ciliated
epithelium
stratified squamous stratified stratified transitional
* cuboidal* columnar *
•based on the shape of the cells in the superficial (surface) layer

Epithelial Glands
Type of gland Classification Duct system Secretory unit
Unicellular Exocrine Simple Tubular
Tubulo
Multicellular Endocrine Compound Acinar
Acinar

Modes of Secretion
Holocrine Apocrine Merocrine

• Holocrine gland: is a gland the secretion of
which consists of disintegrated cells of the
gland itself, e.g., a sebaceous gland.
• Apocrine gland: Denoting a mechanism of
glandular secretion in which the apical
portion of secretory cells is shed and
incorporated into the secretion.
• Merocrine gland: is a gland that releases
only an acellular secretory product.

 Merocrine secretion – secretory vesicles
released via exocytosis (saliviary
glands)
 Apocrine secretion – apical portion of

the cell is lost, cytoplasm + secretory
product (mammary glands)
 Holocrine secretion – entire cell is

destroyed during secretion (sebaceous
gland)
Types of secretions
Serous Mucous
• Serous: Relating to, containing, or producing serum or a

substance having a watery consistency.
• Mucous: Relating to mucus which is integrated
secretion.

Basement membrane
0.05 micron thick
-non cellular sheet specialized from extracellular matrix
-anchor the base of the epithelial cells to the underlying
support tissue
- because of its high content of sugar, it is well
demonstrated with PAS technique (periodic acid Schiff)
as magenta colored membrane.

Structure of basement
membrane:
three layers
1. lamina Lucida or lamina rarae – abuts the epithelium;

electron lucent.
2. lamina densa – electron dense; thickest component;
often referred to as basal lamina.
3. reticular lamina ( lamina fibroreticularis)- formed by
collagen type III, merges with fibrous protein of the
matrix.

composition of basal lamina:
five components
1. collagen type IV – gives structural stability
2. proteoglycans (glycosaminoglycan GAG +
proteins - heparin sulphate) – forms the bulk of the
basal lamina; highly anionic in character (- ve charge)
;

3. Laminin: binding sites for integrins, type IV
collagen, and heparan sulfate. It binds lamina
lucida to lamina densa.
4. Entactin and fibronectin: type of
glycoproteins; highly adhesive; act as glue to
bind various components of the basal lamina.
.

Functions of basement membrane:
1. provide structural attachment to the epithelial
cells
2. molecular sieve:
-compartmentalize epithelium from the
surrounding connective tissue to regulate flow
of substances ( permeability function);
- the pore size depends on the charge of
GAG.
3. regulates cell organization & differentiation:
forms impenetrable barrier for the downward
growth of epithelial cells thus regulating the
epithelial growth.
* in epithelial malignancy, the basement
membrane is breached allowing passage of tumor
cells across it – a diagnostic value to assess the
degree of malignancy.

Break…..

Cell surface modifications:
- epithelial cells have distinct polarity: apical, lateral, basal
surfaces specialized for distinct function
Apical modifications:
1. microvilli
2. cilia
3. stereocilia: A nonmotile long
microvillus

Microvilli
o fine finger like projections of apical cell
membrane along with cytoplasm, to increase
surface area.
o appears as striated border or brush border
o vary in number and length depending on the
function of the cells; many & long in
absorptive cells of small intestine and kidney
tubules.

Structure of microvilli
o formed by actin filaments that are cross linked to

each other and to the surrounding plasma
membrane by proteins ;
o actin filaments are attached to cytoplasmic
microfilaments that form terminal web just
beneath the apical surface of the cell
o covered by glycocalyx

Stereocilia- long microvilli
o unusual surface modifications, limited to the
epithelium of epididymis and the hair cells
of vestibulo -auditory apparatus
 serve as receptor device rather than
absorptive structure.

Cilia & Flagella
o long, motile cytoplasmic structure of 0.25 microns in
diameter for transport.
o have an internal structure to provide support as well as
motile force.
o vary in length and number indicative of epithelial
function ( more in respiratory epithelium, fewer in
oviduct).
o some cells have a single cilium – more of sensory role as
in the hair cells of the organ of corti, crista ampullaris
and macula.

o Ciliary action: serve as mechanical escalators
undergo regular, synchronous movement
exhibit a rapid forward movement (effective stroke)
followed by a slower return movement ( the
recovery stroke)
o forward movement is powered by ATP (
mitochondrial concentration will be evident at
the apical region of ciliated cells)

Lateral and basal folding:
o specialized folds in the lateral / basal
surface of cells in epithelia to increase
the surface area for transportation.
o concerned with rapid/active
transportation of ions and hence water.
e.g. in the intestinal epithelial cells, in lining
of kidney tubules.
in these situations apical surfaces of the cells
transport ions (Na+) and water passively down
concentration gradient; the ions leave the basal
(kidney)or the lateral (intestine) surface of the cells
against concentration gradient powered by Na+ /
K+ ATPase.
*mitochondrial concentration is high in these
regions.

Junctional Complexes
o epithelial cells are cohesive & adherent ; held

tightly.
o need strong mechanical force to separate them
Functions :
1. to keep cells together
2. to provide means of communication for a
coordinated function of the epithelial cells
3. form tight seals to prevent paracellular flow of
substances.
adhesion is provided by
1. binding action of glycoprotein (integral
membrane proteins)
2. intercellular proteoglycans
3. intercellular junctions provided by
specialized parts of lateral cell membrane –
junctional complexes.

Types of junctional complexes:
I. Zonula occludens – tight
junction
II. Zonula adherens
III. Macula adherens- desmosomes
IV. Gap junction

Functional classification:
1. impermeable junction: zonula

occludens
2. adhering junction: zonula adherens,
macula adherens (desmosomes)
and hemidesmosomes
3. communicating junction : gap
junction
Zonula Occludens
-location : close to the luminal aspect

of the cell
-form: like a band encircling the cell
- structure:
outer leaflet of adjacent cell
membrane are stitched by sealing
strands formed by membrane protein
of opposing plasma membrane

-fusion site may be one or more depending on
the function of the epithelium;
e.g. in renal tubule epithelium it is one or
few; in urinary epithelium (in dome cells ) it is
numerous.
Fascia occludens: patches of zonula occludens ;

found in endothelial cells

Zonula adherens
-to reinforce zonula occludens

-Location : next to the zonula occludens close to the apical surface
of the cell
Form: form a continuous belt around the surface of the cell

Structure:
-along the cytoplasmic surface of the participating
cells a moderately dense substance form a plaque (
myosin, tropomyosin and vinculin)
-- actin microfilaments are anchored to the plaque
-actin microfilaments are continuous with the
‘terminal web’ (formed by network of intermediate
filaments just beneath the apex of the cell where most
of the organelles are excluded form the cell)

Macula adherens – Desmosome (bond +
soma)
-Location : along the lateral surface of the cell
-- distributed in patches below zonula adherens
-Purpose : to provide adhesion between cells
-Structure : along the cytoplasmic aspect of the
participating cells presents attachment plaque formed by
12 different kinds of proteins;
- plaque gives attachment to keratin intermediate filaments
which make hairpin bends back to cytoplasm to continue
with the cytoskeleton
-have intercellular space (> 30nm) wider than normal
space (20nm) containing fibrillar material derived form
both the cell membrane that form transmembrane
linker between the cells
- Occurrence: cornea, skin, vagina, esophagus
-* only junction present in the epidermis

Hemidesmosomes
Location: between the epithelial cell and the basal lamina

Purpose: to prevent separation of the epithelial cell from
the basal lamina
Structure: half desmosome in structure
- cytoplasmic surface of the basal part of the cell
contain plaque formed by integrin (transmembrane
protein) with intermediate keratin filaments attached to it
- the extracellular linker protein formed by
glycoproteins and proteoglycans attach integrin to basal
lamina
Gap Junction
-Occurrence : anywhere along the lateral surface of the cell
- found nearly in all mammalian cells
* skeletal muscle is an exception
Structure : cells are apposed to each other with 2 nm gap between
them
- characterized by small channels called connexons that
penetrate adjacent cell membrane & contain a pore size of 1.5 nm
- connexons are formed by gap proteins called connexins with
aqueous pore for passage for water and water soluble molecules

Functions: permit passage
of molecules with molecular
mass <1500 Da (signaling
molecules & ions , cAMP)
between cells
-# Ca++ ions are important for the integrity of
the junction
-a rise in intracellular calcium ions results in
closure of the pores in the gap junctions
causing cell death


Dr. Abdikadir Omer Rabile MBBS PGY1 Family Medicine MD Amoud - Hope Program Resdiency at Borama Regional Hospital Amoud University

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 Dr.

Abdikadir Omer Rabile

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 1

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 3

 Cells work together in functionally related

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 7

Epithelial cells from the skin protect underlying tissue

Sensory stimuli penetrate specialized epithelial cells.

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 8

In glands, epithelial tissue is specialized to

Certain epithelial cells lining the small

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 9

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 11

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 12

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 13

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 16

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 17

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 19

 Columnar epithelial cells occur in one or

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 20

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 21

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 22

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11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 24

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 25

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 26

- pseudostratified columnar epithelium is almost exclusive for respiratory

cilia act as a biological escalator to remove dust and mucous

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 27

multilayered suitable for protection rather than

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 28

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 29

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 30

-cells contain keratin intermediate filament protein

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 31

-more than one layer of cells - usually two layers

basal layer of cuboidal or columnar cell resting

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 33

simple simple simple simple pseudostratifie

•based on the shape of the cells in the superficial (surface) layer

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 35

Unicellular Exocrine Simple Tubular

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 37

Holocrine Apocrine Merocrine

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 39

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 Apocrine secretion – apical portion of

 Holocrine secretion – entire cell is

• Serous: Relating to, containing, or producing serum or a

11/23/2019 histology by.Dr.abdikadir rabile 42

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1. lamina Lucida or lamina rarae – abuts the epithelium;

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o formed by actin filaments that are cross linked to

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