Stone as a presented

buildingby:
M.irfan
material
Qasim Hassan
M.Hasnain
Ahsan Aijaz
Saad Nadeem
 STONE
Types of stone

1.NATURAL STONES 2.ARTIFICIAL STONES

 •STONES
The stones which are suitable for the
construction of the structures such as
retaining walls, abutments, dams,
barrages, roads etc. are known as building
stones. Building stones should possess
enough strength and durability. Stones
have been considered as one of the
popular building material from the olden
days due to their availability in abundance
from the natural rocks.
 History of Stones
Stone has been used as a building material since
prehistoric times.Throghout the history, stones have
ever been regarded as materials of great durability and
a symbol of power.
The famous Rohtas fort also known as
Rohtas Qilla situated near the city of Jehlum in Pakistan
is an example of stone masonary.
Similarly, the Kafirkot fort situated near
town of Bilot in D.I. Khan district of Pakistan.
• QUARRYINFG OF STONES:
• Stones are extracted from
natural rocks in different sizes.
The various methods which
are involved in the extraction of
stones from rock beds are
collectively termed as
“Quarrying of Stones”.
• Open part of the natural
rock from which useful
material is obtained is
known as quarry.
• For this purpose particular rock
is
Methods of quarrying:

• It is depending upon the rock and purpose

for which it is to be used.
• Commonly two methods are used
for quarrying.
• (1) Quarrying by digging
• (2) Quarrying by blasting
Dressing of stones
• The process to give them proper shape and surface.
Classification of Building Stone

Building Stone, also called dimension

stone, drives from one of three naturally
occurring rocks. The rocks are classified
into many types, three of which are
discussed here
• Chemical Classification
• Geological Classification
• Physical Classification
Chemical Classification of Stones

• Silicious Rocks
• Calcarious
Rocks
• Aegilicious
Rocks
1. Silicious rocks

The stones which contain

(Silica SiO2) as principal
constituent are called
silicious rocks. These stones
are durable stones.
The examples of silicious
rocks are granite, Quartzite
and Sand stone etc
2. Calcareous Rocks:
• The stones which contain
calcareous material (CaCO3)
as principal constituent are
called calcareous rocks. They
also Contain some proportion
of siliceous and clay matter.
• The examples of calcareous
rocks are marble stone and lime
stone, etc.
3. Argillaceous Rocks:
Argillaceous or clay stones are those
stones which contain (alumina Al2O3)
(clay) as principal
constituent. These stones are less
durable stones. All clay stones
belong to this group.
The examples of argillaceous
rocks are Slate, Laterite, etc.
(2) PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION:
Physically rocks are classified as:

(i) Stratified Rocks:

The rocks which are split into thin slabs or
layers easily are called stratified rocks. All
sedimentary rocks are essentially stratified and
metamorphic rocks may be either stratified or
unstartified depending upon its parent rock.
The examples of stratified rocks are Slate,
Sand stone and Lime stone.
• (ii) Unstratified Rocks:
• These rocks do not show sign
of stratification and can not be
easily split into thin slabs or
layers are called unstratified
rocks. All igneous rocks are
essentially unstratified and
metamorphic rocks may be
either stratified or unstartified.
• The examples of unstratified
rocks are Granite, Basalt
and Lime Trap.
(3) GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:
• Geologically stones are stones are
classified into three groups.

• (i) Igneous or Primary Rocks:

• These are primary rocks which are formed from
molten magma. They represent different structural
features depending upon the condition of
solidification and composition. Generally igneous
rocks are strong and durable.
(ii) Sedimentary or Secondary
Rocks:
• These are secondary rocks and are
formed by the denudation and
deposition of previously existing
rocks due to weathering actions.
Water (rain) is the most powerful
and principal weathering agent. The
other destructive agents are frost,
winds and chemical actions. The
destructive agents break up the
surface of earth which gets further
broken up when carried down by
rains and rivers. When the velocity
of water in the rivers those
(iii) Metamorphic or Tertiary Rocks:

• Rocks which are formed due to metamorphic

action of pressure or internal heat or by both
(or) alteration of original structure due to heat
and excessive pressure) are called
Metamorphic Rocks.
• Examples: Marble etc.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD BUILDING
STONES:
There are so many characteristics of good building stones, but
some important characteristics are given below.
1. Hardness:
Hardness denotes several qualities of stones
such as resistance to cutting and resistance
to abrasion ( rub with each other). specially
stones are used in case of roads and railway
tracks. to check the hardness of stones
various tests are conducted in the
laboratories. the more important tests to
check the hardness is loss angles abrasion
test. it depends upon the nature of its
constituent minerals.
2. Durability

• Durability is the power of stone to resist atmospheric

and other external effects. It depends upon:
• Chemical composition,
• Physical structure,
• Resistance to weatherin effects,
• Place where it is used
• Stones which contain silicates will be durable than those
stone which contain calcareous substances.Stone
• Reliability :
• When exposed to fire stone should be reliable (good in
quality).
• Weight:
• This is an important characteristic of stone. It depends
upon the type of structure of stone in which we shall use.
• E.g. we shall use heavy stones in the construction of the
dams, bridges, etc.
• Strength :
• It is power of stone to sustain pressure or resistance to
crushing force.
• Average crushing strength of stone is 3 tons per
square inch.
• (3)Porosity and Absorption:
• Stone can hold water in two ways
Either through porosity or absorption
• For building purposes, the better stones are those
• which are less porous because they will absorb
less moisture. Porous stones damaged easily.
• (4) Decomposition :
Gases and acids in rain water dissolve some
constituents of stone and cause the stone decay.

• (5)Disintegration :
• In cold countries water freezes and expands and
thus disintegrates the stones.
• Appearance and color :
• Highly colorful stones are preferred for architectural purpose
but those are soft and thus less durable.
• Therefore, lighter stones are preferred than to darker ones.
• Physical Strength :
• Crystalline structures are more durable than non-
crystalline structure stone.
• Seasoning Qualities :
• A good building stone should have good seasoning qualities. All
the stones contain some moisture which is known as quarry sap
stones.
• The period 3-6 months are enough for seasoning.
• Fire resistance:
• A good building stone should be fire resistant. Some
stones such as basalt and trap resist fire very well but
some varieties of igneous and metamorphic stones are
very weak against fire.
COMMON b USES OF BUILDING
STONE:
It is used in foundations of buildings,
It is used in construction of dams, barrages, etc,
In its crushed (powdered form) it is used as artificial
sand,
It is used as raw material for manufacturing of cement, In
its broken form it is used as material for construction of
road and railway tracks,
It is used as decorative material in buildings,
It is also used as parts of buildings such as lintels and
arches, etc,
It is also used as thin slabs for building roofing, It is
also used for ornamental works in buildings,
In its broken form it is in the manufacturing of concrete,