3456-SAMRUDDHI MAHAMARG PKG.

14, IGATPURI

BHARAT STAGE EMISSION

by
Mr.Arun Balajee
CPE - Engineer

Date: 29.11.2019

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What BS Means???

 Enforcement by the Government of India to regulate the

expelled pollutants from motor vehicles.
 The Central Pollution Control Board, which is governed
by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change sets the standard for these emissions.
 Bharat Stage Emission Standards were first introduced in
2000 as ‘India 2000’.

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BS Types

 BS1 / India 2000, BS2 and BS3 in 2005 and 2010

respectively.
 While the ongoing BS4 standards were enforced in
2017.
 However, considering the increasing need to make
emission norms stricter, the government has decided to
imply BS6 norms directly, skipping BS5 in the process.

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Bharat Stage Details

Standard YEAR Region

India 2000 2000 Nationwide
2001 NCR, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
Bharat Stage II 2003 NCR + 13 Cities
2005 Nationwide
2005 NCR, 13 Cities
Bharat Stage III
2010 Nationwide
2010 NCR, 13 Cities
Bharat Stage IV
2017 Nationwide
Bharat Stage VI 2019 Nationwide

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INDIA 2000 / Bharat Stage-BS I

It allowed a maximum Carbon Monoxide emission of 2.72

g/km, Hydro carbons + Nitrogen Oxides discharge of 0.97 g/km,
and Respirable suspended particulate matter discharge of 0.14 g/km.

Requirements in India 2000

To achieve India 2000-compliance, the carmakers were

required to re-tune the carburettor, secondary air intake system,
exhaust gas recirculation system, increase the catalyser capacity
along with the addition of a trimetal coating to the system..

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Bharat Stage - BS II
BS II norms led to a vast reduction in the emissions, with a
maximum permissible Carbon Monoxide emission of 2.2 g/km, Hydro
carbons + Nitrogen Oxides discharge of 0.50 g/km and respirable
suspended particulate matter discharge of 0.08g/km. Moreover, the
Sulphur content in the Bharat Stage II-compliant fuels was restricted
to 500 PPM.

Requirements in Engine

Bharat Stage II standards has the replacement of the

carburettor by a Multi-point Fuel Injection (MPFI) system.

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Bharat Stage - BS III
These Engines has a maximum permissible Carbon Monoxide
emission of 2.3 g/km, Hydro carbons+Nitrogen Oxides discharge of
0.35 g/km, and respirable suspended particulate matter discharge of
0.05. Furthermore, the Sulphur content in the Bharat Stage III-
compliant fuels was restricted to 100 PPM.

Requirements in Engine

Carmakers achieved compliance with the BSIII emissions by

installing a catalytic converter that curbed the discharge of Carbon
Monoxide and Hydrocarbons.
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Bharat Stage - BS IV
 The pollutants from petrol-powered passenger vehicles were
restricted to a Carbon Monoxide emission of 1.0 g/km, Hydro
carbons+Nitrogen Oxides discharge of 0.18 g/km, and Respirable
suspended particulate matter discharge of 0.025. Also, the Sulphur
content in the Bharat Stage IV-compliant fuels was restricted to 50
PPM.
Requirements in Engine
 In order to convert BSIII-compliant engines to BSIV units, bigger
catalytic converters are used to minimise nitrogen-based emissions.
Additionally, ECU tweaked to ensure more efficient combustion.
BSIV motors also received modified air intakes and exhaust
systems.

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Bharat Stage - BS VI
 The upcoming emission standards will restrict tailpipe discharge from
petrol cars to a Carbon Monoxide emission of 1.0 g/km, Hydro
carbons+Nitrogen Oxides discharge of 0.16 g/km, and Respirable
suspended particulate matter discharge of 0.05. Also, the Sulphur
content in the Bharat Stage VI-compliant fuels will be restricted to 10
PPM.
 The BS6-compliant engines make use of modern technology to
attain these targets. Some of these include Lean NOx traps (LNTs),
selective catalytic reduction (SCR) units, and diesel particulate filters
(DPFs).
Changes in Engine ? ? ?

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Comparison of Emission Norms

PETROL Emission Norms

Norms CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM
BS-III 2.30 0.20 0.15 - -
BS-IV 1.00 0.10 0.08 - -
BS-VI 1.00 0.10 0.06 - 0.005

DIESEL Emission Norms

Norms CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM
BS-III 0.64 - 0.50 0.56 0.05
BS-IV 0.50 - 0.25 0.30 0.025
BS-VI 0.50 - 0.06 0.17 0.005

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BS VI Fuel
With the rollout of BSVI fuels across the country by 1 April 2020,
several older cars, which would be compliant to BSIV, BSIII, or BSII
norms, will have to run on cleaner fuel. The sulphur content in BSVI
fuels is much lower than that of BSIV fuels. Hence, improved fuel will
only lead to lower pollution.

Talking about the BSVI fuel effect on BSIV cars, the latter could
require some fine-tuning in the long run, but there is nothing that the car
owners should be worried about. Sulphur works as a lubricant for the
injectors of diesel engines, so, the low sulphur content might lead to
higher wear and tear in the long run.

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Carbon Monoxide Consequences

Risk

All people are at risk for CO poisoning. Unborn babies, infants, the elderly,
and people with chronic heart disease, anemia, or respiratory problems are
generally more at risk than others.

Symptoms and Health Effects

Breathing CO can cause headache, dizziness, vomiting, and nausea. If CO

levels are high enough, you may become unconscious or die. Exposure to moderate
and high levels of CO over long periods of time has also been linked with increased
risk of heart disease. People who survive severe CO poisoning may suffer long-
term health problems.

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Hydrocarbon Consequences

 The health effects of hydrocarbons have been noted in occupational

exposures to tetra methyl lead, benzene, etc.

 Hydrocarbon vapours can cause irritation. It is a major contributor to

eye and respiratory irritation caused by photochemical smog. In
Plants, Ethylene causes injury to the leaves of sensitive plants.
Effects are epinasty, chlorosis, curling, leaf abscission and growth
retardation. However, hydrocarbon is not a criteria pollutant,
because, it is predominant only during disasters such as
photochemical smog, etc.
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Nitrogen Oxide Consequences

NOx mainly impacts on respiratory conditions causing

inflammation of the airways at high levels. Long term exposure can
decrease lung function, increase the risk of respiratory conditions
and increases the response to allergens. NOx also contributes to the
formation of fine particles (PM) and ground level ozone, both of
which are associated with adverse health effects.

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Advantages of BSVI

 The engines can be safely run for lakhs of kilometres without

requiring any additional maintenance due to low sulphur content in
fuel.

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