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49511
49511
EARTHQUAKES
GOAL: DISASTER
RESILIENCE TYPHOONS
FLOODS
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT
POLICIES HAVING HIGH
BENEFIT/COST FOR LANDSLIDES
COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GOAL: EARTHQUAKE
PHILIPPINES’ DISASTER RESILIENCE
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION COMMUNITIES
POLICY OPTIONS
• PREPAREDNESS
HAZARDS: •PROTECTION
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE •EARLY WARNING
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
TSUNAMI RUN UP •RECOVERY and
AFTERSHOCKS
RECONSTRUCTION
THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE:
1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF
YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES,
2) BE PREPARED
3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM
4) EVACUATE
5) LEARN FROM THE
EXPERIENCE AND START OVER
CAUSES
OF RISK
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
CASE HISTORIES
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES
THE PHILIPPINE PLATE
VOLCANOES
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Philippines/Maps/map_philippines_volcanoes.html
MOUNT PINATUBO FACTS
• Pinatubo is a stratovolcano,
a volcano comprised of
layers of lava flows and
pyroclastic material that
gradually accumulated over
time.
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/philippines/pinatubo.html
ANCIENT MOUNT PINATUBO
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/philippines/pinatubo.html
MOUNT PINATUBO FACTS
–Before April 2, 1991,
volcanologists considered
Mount Pinatubo to be an
inconspicuous, currently
inactive volcano that had
once been active a
millennium ago.
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/philippines/pinatubo.html
ERUPTION HISTORY
• The largest prior eruption in the
history of the modern Pinatubo
occurred over 35,000 years ago.
• That eruption distributed over 325
ft (100 m) of pyroclastic flow
material on all sides of the volcano,
signaling the geologic rebirth of the
volcano.
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/philippines/pinatubo.html
ERUPTION HISTORY
.
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/philippines/pinatubo.html
MOUNT PINATUBO FACTS
–Many people residing in the
area, including those in
nearby military bases,
barely knew of Mount
Pinatubo at allm a factor
that hindered evacuation.
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/philippines/pinatubo.html
VOLCANO HAZARDS
CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS (can bury villages)
• EARTHQUAKES (related to
movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing
famine and mass extinctions)
THE PHILIPPINES’ MOST
NOTABLE VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
MOUNT PINATUBO
JUNE 7, 1991
TIME LINE 1
• On July 16, 1990, a 7.8 magnitude
earthquake hit central Luzon. Its
epicenter was 100 km NE of Mt.
Pinatubo
• On March 15, 1991, a series of
earthquakes took place on the NW
side of Mt. Pinatubo
TIME LINE 2
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/philippines/pinatubo.html
EARLY WARNING AND
EVACUATION FACTS
EARLY WARNINGS WERE SUCCESSFUL
• Evacuation
began:
–10 km zone on
April 7
–10-20 km zone
on June 7
–20-40 km zone
on June 14
The Climactic Eruption
• Large tremors began at 13:42 on June 15
• By 14:30 all seismographs were inoperative
• The most violent phase lasted 3 hours and
generated a 34 km high eruption column
• The ash cloud covered 50,000 sq. miles
EVACUATION HAPPENED BEFORE DAY
TURNED TO NIGHT
•
Wednesday,
: 8:15 AM June 12, 1991
A 34-KM-HIGH ERUPTION
COLUMN
The Climactic Eruption
• Typhoon Yunga hit Lazon on the
same day, obscuring direct view
• The eruption ended 9 hours later
at 22:30
MT. PINATUBO: JUNE 15, 1991
VIEW OF PINATUBO AFTER THE
ERUPTION
O’Donnell River
AFTER THE ERUPTION
a popular eco-
tourism destination
TOWARDS DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION FOR VOLCANOES
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITY
• COST
• EXPOSURE
VOLCANIC EXPECTED POLICY
ERUPTIONS • EVENT LOSS ADOPTION
• BENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCES
POLICY ASSESSMENT
MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
AND WARNING SYSTEMS ARE
A VITAL PART OF SURVIVAL.
MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES