4 - RC CONCRETE

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - V
RC CONCRETE :
❑ Reinforced Concrete is a concrete in which steel is embedded in
such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting
forces.
❑ The reinforcing steel rods, bars, or mesh absorbs the tensile,
shear, and sometimes the compressive stresses in a concrete
structure.
❑ It is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low
tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion
of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility
❑ Reinforced concrete (RC) is a versatile composite and one of
the most widely used materials in modern construction.
❑ Concrete is a relatively brittle material that is strong under
compression but less in tension.
❑ Plain, unreinforced concrete is unsuitable for
many structures as it is relatively poor at withstanding stresses
induced by vibrations, wind loading, and so on.
HISTORY :
❑ Joseph Monier was a French gardener of the nineteenth century, a
pioneer in the development of structure , prefabricated and
reinforced concrete.
❑ François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete as a
technique for constructing building structures.
❑ In 1853, Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a
four-story house at 72 rue Charles Michels in the suburbs of Paris.
❑ Most of the high rises building uses RCC techniques. In an RCC
framed structure, the load is transferred from a slab to the beams
then to the columns and further to lower columns and finally to the
foundation which in turn transfers it to the soil.
TECHNIQUES :
1. Masonry work 10. Finish on wall
2. Concrete work 11. Pace of construction
3. RCC frame work 12. Provision of reinforcement
4. Plastering for thermal stresses
13. Extension of existing
5. Concrete and terrazzo floor
building:
6. RCC Lintels 14. Rich cement treatment on
7. RCC roof slab external walls:
8. Provision of glazed, terrazzo or 15. Movement joints
marble tile on vertical surface 16. Filling in plinth
9. RCC work in exposed condition
MATERIALS USED :
 RATIOS :
❑ The general expression for the proportions of cement, sand and
coarse aggregate is 1 : n : 2n by volume.
❑ 1 : 1 : 2 and 1 : 1.2 : 2.4 for very high strength.
❑ 1 : 1.5 : 3 and 1 : 2 : 4 for normal works.
❑ 1 : 3 : 6 and 1 : 4 : 8 for foundations and mass concrete works.
TYPES OF RCC
CONSTRUCTION :
1. Wall bearing construction
2. Reinforced cement concrete (RCC)
1. Wall bearing construction :
❑ In wall or load bearing construction, all load of roof and structure
is carried by walls down to its foundation.
❑ This type of construction may not use supporting column or
wood pillar.
❑ The size of walls needs to be bigger to carry all the loads.
❑ There is limitation to construct long walls at a stretch. This is
typically used in residential or 1–2 storied buildings
 Reinforced cement concrete
(RCC) :
❑ Most of the high rises building uses RCC techniques. In an RCC
framed structure .
❑ Cement concrete is strong in compressive strength but weak in
tensile strength.To increase tensile strength we use mild steel bars
in cement concrete. Steel bars used in cement concrete provide
good strength to the structure.
❑ Usually steel bars are roughened or corrugated to further improve
the bond or cohesion between the concrete and steel.
❑ Care must be taken that there should be no joints in steel bars used
for RCC work. Curing of all concrete is done at least for 20 days.
Equipments :
❑ Concrete Batching Plant
❑ Concrete Mixer
❑ Concrete Pumps
❑ Shotcrete Machine

➢ Earth Moving Equipment

Excavators
Graders
Loaders
Skid loader
Crawler loaders
Backhoe
Bulldozers
Trenchers
Scrapers
Wheeled loading shovels
2. Construction Vehicle
Tippers
Dumbers
Trailers
Tankers
3. Material Handling Equipment
Crane
Conveyors
Hoists
ForkLifts
4.Construction Equipment
Concrete Mixture
Compactors
Pavers
Road Rollers
5. Tunneling Equipment
Road Headers
Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM)
MIXING METHODS :
❑ For producing the homogeneous mass of concrete, the
ingredients are mixed. Depending on the quality , quantity , etc
the method of mixing is decided.
1.Hand mixing
2.Machine mixing
3.Ready mix concrete
1.HAND MIXING :
❑ The mixing is done by manual labours. This is used only for
small works.
❑ Mixing of materials shall be done on masonry platform or flat
iron sheet plates.
❑Spread the measured quantity of sand on the platform, and then
cement shall be dumped on the sand.
❑The sand and cement shall be mixed thoroughly with the help of
shovels in the dry state.
❑The measured amount of coarse aggregate shall be spread out,
and the mixture of sand cement spread on it and mixed properly.
❑Depression is made at the centre of the mixed materials.
❑ Add 75% of the required quantity of water in the depression and
mix with the help of shovels.
❑ Add the remaining amount of water and continue the mixing
process till a uniform colour and consistency of concrete is
obtained. Time of mixing concrete should not exceed 3 minutes.
❑ The mixing platform should be washed at the end of the day’s
work.
❑ Time for mixing is generally 2 to 3 minutes .

ADVANTAGES :
❑ Relatively cheap ,
❑ Portable and
❑ Very easy to use.
DISADVANTAGES :
❑ May not be strong as machine mixing.
❑ Cannot be adopted for large quantity .
❑ Since the mixing is done with the help of hands proper
supervision is also required.
❑ The work area gets untidy and cleaning work increases.
❑ Process consumes more time.
 2.MACHINE MIXING :
❑ This is similar to hand mixing only the mixing is carried out in a
rotating drum.
❑ For this method all the ingredients of concrete including water are
collected in the revolving drum and then the drum is rotated for
certain period.
❑ First of all, the concrete mixer should be wetted inside of the drum.
❑ After that Cement, sand and coarse aggregate shall be placed in the
portable concrete mixer in required proportion.
❑ The dry materials shall be mixed in the mixing machine. After this,
correct quantity of water shall be added gradually while the machine
is in motion
❑ You must mix concrete for minimum two minutes after all materials
are in the drum.
❑ If there is segregation, after unloading from the mixer, the concrete
shall be remixed.
Types :
1.Batch mixing
2.Continuous mixing
❑ 1.Batch mixing :
batch by batch with a particular time interval.

❑ 2.Continuous mixing:
continuously mixed and discharged.
ADVANTAGES :
❑ The quality of concrete is good and fast.
❑ Cleaning is easily done.
❑ Since machine is potable concrete can be produced in various
location at site.
DISADVANTAGES :
❑ Requires maintenance, cleaning is difficult, blades need to be
checked for any damage.
❑ Requires power and is noisy.
❑ Skilled operator is required for operation.
A well-mixed concrete should fulfill the
following requirements:

Concrete should be uniform in colour.

Homogeneous mixing of all concrete materials like

cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water.

Cement paste should cover all the surface of the

aggregate.

Segregation should not occur after the mixing of

concrete
FAILURES :
❑ failures due to poor concrete quality, reinforcement corrosion,
failure of foundations due to soil etc.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
○ Failure of RCC Column Due to Corrosion of
Reinforcement
○ Failure of Building Due to Improper transfer
of load
○ Failure of Reinforced Concrete Structure
due to Poor concrete mix and water quality
○ Failure of RCC Structure due to use of
Beach Sand in Construction
○ Structural Damage to Failure of Soil
 DAMAGES :
❑ Many of the Reinforced Concrete structures in contact with
water (both seawater and freshwater) have been observed to be
suffering from Corrosion Induced damages.
❑ The damages observed are concrete cracking, spalling of
concrete, efflorescence, water leakages, rust spots, rusted
rebars, broken rebars, etc.
REPAIRS FOR RCC STRUCTURES:
○ PRESSURE GROOTING
○ SHOTCRETE
○ EPOXY MOTAR
○ QUICK SETTING CEMENT MOTAR
PRESSURE GROOTING
Pressure grouting involves injecting a grout material into generally
isolated pore or void space of which neither the configuration or
volume are known, and is often referred to simply as grouting. The grout
may be a cementitious, resinous, or solution chemical mixture. The
greatest use of pressure grouting is to improve geomaterials (soil and
rock). The purpose of grouting can be either to strengthen or reduce
water flow through a formation. It is also used to correct faults in
concrete and masonry structures. Since first usage in the 19th century,
grouting has been performed on the foundation of virtually every one
of the world’s large dams, in order to reduce the amount of leakage
through the rock, and sometimes to strengthen the foundation to
support the weight of the overlying structure, be it of concrete, earth,
or rock fill. Although very specialized, pressure grouting is an essential
construction procedure that is practiced by specialist contractors and
engineers around the world.
 SHOTCRETE
Shotcrete is, in effect, a version of a cast-in-place concrete wall. Rather than placing
concrete into forms, however, a fresh mix is sprayed onto wall panels that have been
erected in the shape of the building. A nozzleman applies concrete from a
pressurized hose to encompass the reinforcement and build up the wall thickness,
forming structural shapes that include walls, floors, roofs, and other assemblies. This
material has also been called “gunite” in reference to the nozzle or “gun” used to
shoot material at the form face. Any surface suitable for accepting fresh concrete
can be used: wood, steel, and polystyrene are common. Finishes are often applied
directly to the concrete while it is still wet. Shotcrete is a method of applying a
combination of sand and portland cement which mixed pneumatically and
conveyed in dry state to the nozzle of a pressure gun, where water is mixed and
hydration takes place just prior to expulsion. The material bonds perfectly to properly
prepared surface of masonry and steel. In versatility of application to curved or
irregular surfaces, its high strength after application and good physical
characteristics, make for an ideal means to achieve added structural capability in
walls and other elements. There are some minor restrictions of clearance, thickness,
direction of application, etc.
EPOXY RESINS
Epoxy resins are excellent binding agents with
high tensile strength. There are chemi- cal
preparations the compositions of which can be
changed as per requirements. The epoxy
components are mixed just prior to application.
The product is of low vis- cosity and can be
injected in small cracks too. The higher viscosity
epoxy resin can be used for surface coating or
filling larger cracks or holes. The epoxy mixture
strength is dependent upon the temperature of
cur- ing (lower strength for higher temperature)
and method of application
QUICK SETTING CEMENT
CONCRETE
○ This material is patented and was
originally developed for the use as a
repair material for reinforced concrete
floors adjacent to steel blast furnaces. It is
a non-hydrous magnesium phosphate
cement with two components, a liquid
and a dry, which can be mixed in a
manner similar to portland cement
concrete.