TOURISM PLATFORMS

1. ADVOCACY Platform
2. CAUTIONARY Platform
3. ADAPTANCY Platform
4. KNOWLEDGE-BASED Platform
5. SOCIAL JUSTICE Platform
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
A. Advocacy Theories
• Laissez Faire Theory
• Modernization Theory
• Trickle-down Theory
• Neoliberal Theory

B. Cautionary Theories
• Dependency Theory
• Irridex Model
APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT
 No Planning
 Ad-hoc Planning
 Boosterist Approach
 Product-led Development
 Demand-led Development
 Bureaucratic/Government-led Approach
 Middle Path Approach
 Spatial Planning Approach
 Environmental Approach
 Ecotourism Approach
 Social Approach
 Participatory/Stakeholder Approach
 Community-based Tourism
 Pro-poor Approach
 Fair Trade Approach
 Sustainable Tourism Approach
GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
1. Economic Viability
2. Local Prosperity
3. Employment Quality
4. Social Equity
5. Visitor Fulfillment
6. Local Control
7. Community well-being
8. Cultural richness
9. Physical Integrity
10. Biological Diversity
11. Resource Efficiency
12. Environmental Purity
 PRINCIPLES & STRATEGIES OF
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
A.SETTING THE COURSE
• Holistic
• Multi-stakeholder engagement
• Long term perspective
• Address both global & local impacts
• Sustainable consumption
B. Developing the Approach

• Polluter pays principle

• Precautionary principle
• Life cycle perspective
• Considering functional
alternatives
• Respect limits
C. Ensuring Ongoing Process
• Adapt to changes
• Monitor with the use of
indicators

D. Planning Policy Directions

E. Planning Processes
F. Tourism Development
G. Tourism Planning Needs