18HUM56: SOCIOLOGY AND BUILDING ECONOMICS

MODULE 2: PART - 5
Cities and Society:
• What is Migration?

• Different types of migration.

• The impact of migration on urban form.

What is Migration?

• It is not a term. It’s a process.

• The Latin term ‘migrare’ is considered and it means to move or shift.

• The needs of human are met, they continue to progress and the
moment they feel an inadequacy and insecurity they search for it
elsewhere.

• It requires them to leave his original place of existence, his birth land
and it is called migration.

18HUM56: SOCIOLOGY AND BUILDING ECONOMICS / MODULE 2: PART - 5

TYPES OF MIGRATION

• By political boundaries

• Internal: Migration within the same country, including crossing

political boundaries, rural to urban and urban to suburban.

• International: Migration across country boundaries.

18HUM56: SOCIOLOGY AND BUILDING ECONOMICS / MODULE 2: PART - 5

TYPES OF MIGRATION
• By movement patterns
• Step migration: Initiating from a small settlement and going to a
larger settlement in the urban hierarchy over the years.

• Circular migration: Cyclical movement between origin and

destination settlements, typically for employment. It includes
seasonal migration (driven by seasonal peaks in labor demand)
and return migration (one-time emigration and return after an
extended stay outside the destination).

• Chain migration: Occurs after a small number of groups move to

a host destination and are followed by others in the community.
18HUM56: SOCIOLOGY AND BUILDING ECONOMICS / MODULE 2: PART - 5
TYPES OF MIGRATION
• By decision-making approach
• Voluntary migration: Based on a person’s free will and initiative,
which could involve weighing options and choices.
• Involuntary migration: Reluctant/impelled/imposed: Not forced but
caused by unfavorable situations.
• Forced: Involuntary migration due to environmental and political
factors. These include:
• Refugees: Individuals who are unable to return home.
• Asylees: Individuals undergoing legal procedures to qualify as
refugees in a host country.
• Internally displaced people (IDPs): Individuals who are forced
to leave but do not cross any boundaries

18HUM56: SOCIOLOGY AND BUILDING ECONOMICS / MODULE 2: PART - 5

Causes of Migration
A. Push factors - (Compel people to migrate)
a. Economic
i. Unemployment
ii. Rural poverty
iii. Unsustainable livelihood
b. Socio political
i. Political instability
ii. Safety & security
iii. Conflicts or threats
iv. Slavery or bonded labour
v. Inadequate/limited urban services & infrastructure
c. Ecological
i. Climate change
ii. Crop failure/food scarcity
18HUM56: SOCIOLOGY AND BUILDING ECONOMICS / MODULE 2: PART - 5
Causes of Migration
B. Pull factors - (Attract people to migrate)
a. Economic
i. Job opportunities
ii. Wealth prospects
iii. Industrial innovation
iv. Specialized education
b. Socio political
i. Family reunification
ii. Freedom
iii. Integration & social cohesion
iv. Food security
v. Affordable & accessible urban services
c. Ecological
i. Abundance of natural resources
ii. Favourable climate
18HUM56: SOCIOLOGY AND BUILDING ECONOMICS / MODULE 2: PART - 5
Causes of Migration

18HUM56: SOCIOLOGY AND BUILDING ECONOMICS / MODULE 2: PART - 5

Impact of Migration - Positive

A. Positive
a. Economic
i. Cheap & surplus labour
ii. Closes gaps in skills

b. Social
i. Multi-ethnic society & increased tolerance
ii. New services from country of origin

c. Political
i. Push for inclusive policy making
ii. Integrated development
18HUM56: SOCIOLOGY AND BUILDING ECONOMICS / MODULE 2: PART - 5
Impact of Migration - Negative

B. Negative
a. Economic
Increase in remittances leading to –
i. Native unemployment in case local consumption decreases
ii. Increased capital and risk constraints on local production
with reduced investments
b. Social
i. Urban services & social infrastructure under stress
ii. Xenophobia (dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries)
iii. Cultural dilution
c. Political
i. Stricter immigration norms
18HUM56: SOCIOLOGY AND BUILDING ECONOMICS / MODULE 2: PART - 5