DJA20063 AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

• Explain basic electrical quantities

• Explain types of electrical circuits
• Explain Ohm’s Law
• Explain electrical power
• Explain electrical energy
• Explain the characteristics of series and parallel circuits
BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
Electromotive Force (EMF)
• Force or electric pressure causes the flow of electric charge. Source
of electric energy is battery and power plant.
• The potential difference between two points of a conductor creates
an electromotive force which pushes free electrons in a conducting
material to move towards the positive terminal, creating current.

• Symbol : E
• Unit : Volt (V)
ELECTRIC CHARGE

• Consist of positive and negative charge. Charge quantity is Coulomb.

• Electric charge is a basic property of electrons, protons and other
subatomic particles. Electrons are negatively charged while protons
are positively charged.

• Symbol: Q
• Unit : Coulomb(C)
CURRENT
• The movement of electric charge causes by the movement of free
electrons. Current moves from positive to negative terminal
• An electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge past a point or
region

• Symbol: I
• Unit : Ampere (A)
VOLTAGE (POTENTIAL ENERGY)
• The potential difference between two points in an electric circuit.

• Symbol : V
• Unit : Volt (V)
RESISTANCE
• The property opposes the movement of current.

• Symbol :R
• Unit : Ohm (Ω)
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RESISTANCE OF
CONDUCTOR MATERIAL
1) Material (Resistivity)
• It is a conductor where it opposes or reduces flow of current
through it.
• Symbol : ρ (rho)
• Unit : Ohm meter (Ωm)

• Resistance is directly proportional to resistivity.

R
2) Length

•The resistance will increase when the wire length

is increase.
•Resistance is directly proportional to length.

R
3) Cross-sectional area.

• Resistance is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area.

1
R
A
4) Temperature

• Temperature also affects the value of resistance.

• Higher value of temperature, the resistance will be higher

RT
RESISTANCE FORMULA
• From the above relationship between resistance with length, cross-
sectional area and the resistivity, the derived formula is:


R 
A
Where , R = Resictance (Ω)
ρ = Resistivity, (Ωm)
l = Length , (m)
A = Area, (m2)
EXAMPLE 1.1
• Calculate resistance of aluminium cable which has length of 1.5 km.
Given that the diameter for the wire is 10 mm and resistivity is 0.025
.m.
Solution:
• Given d  10 x103 m
  1.5 x103 m
  0.025 x106 m


• Equation R
A

d 2 10 x103 2
• Where A  ( )  ( )  78.54 x10 6 m2
2 2

(0.025 x106 )(1.5 x103 )

R  6
 0.477
78.54 x10
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
• Electric circuit is an arrangement of conductor or cable for current flow from
voltage source into electric components.
• There are 4 types of electric circuit which are :
1. Simple Circuit
2. Complex Circuit
3. Open Circuit
4. Short Circuit
 1) Simple Circuit

• It is close circuit which allows flow of current perfectly from source to other
components and back to the source.
• The circuit consists of voltage supply (V), electric current (I) and resistance
(R).

V R
2) Complex Circuit

• A complex set of electronic components and their interconnections

that are etched or imprinted onto a tiny slice of semiconducting
material.
3) OPEN CIRCUIT

• The electric circuit is no source of burden results to no current flow

through the circuit.

V
4) Short Circuit

• The connection is short by a conductor with no burden and has no

resistance value. The current flow is big.
• Commonly, when short circuit occurs, the fuse will burn.

Short by a
V cable
 Measurement of Voltage, Current and Resistance.
1) Voltmeter
• Voltmeter is used to measure the potential different or voltage (V) in
a circuit. Place one pole of voltmeter at one end of resistor and
another pole at another end as shown below.
 2) Ammeter

• Ammeter is used to measure current (I)

in an electric circuit.
• The ammeter must be connected in
circuit in order to get the reading from
ammeter as shown in diagram.
3) Ohmmeter

• Ohmmeter is used to measure the resistance in a circuit. Place

ohmmeter according to the diagram below
OHM’S LAW

• Ohm’s Law states that current in complete circuit is directly proportional to

pressure or voltage but inversely proportional to resistance. If the resistance
value is remained but the voltage increase, the current also will increase.
• Equation for Ohm’s Law is :

V  IR
Where, I = Current (A)
V = Voltage (V)
R = Resistance( )
Linear Resistance

• From the exaperiment, relationship between current and voltage is

explain in the graph below where resistance and temperature is keep
constant.
• From experiment with vary of resistance, graph is shown below
Example 1.2

• Calculate current when resistance is 10Ω dan voltage supply is 15V.

Then, calculate current when resistance change to 10 k.
SOLUTION

• Given , V= 15V


i) For R = 10 ,
Ohm’s Law, V= IR
V 15
I    1.5 A
R 10


ii) For R = 10k ,
V 15 3
I   3
 1.5 x10 A  1.5mA
R 10 x10
ELECTRIC POWER

• Electric power is a work done in a time. Equation below shows the

relation between powe, current and voltage.
• Symbol : P
• Unit : Watt (W)

Where P  IV
P = Power (W),
I = Current (A)
V = Voltage (V)
 V
• From Ohm’s law, V
and  IR, I
R

PI R 2

2
V
P
R
Example 1.3

• A toaster has current of 5A and home voltage supply is 240V.

Calculate the power consumption needed for the toaster.
Solution

• Given I = 5 A , V = 240V

P  IV  (5)( 240)  1200W

 SERIES CIRCUIT
It is called as series cicuit because of the resistor connection in the circuit.
Series connection is a connection of resistor is in line from end to end as
shown in diagram below.

R1 R2 R3

+ V1 - + V2 - + V3 -
VT +
Vn R n

-
• Total Resistance, RT

RT  R1  R2  R3  .....  Rn
• Total Current, IT

I T  I1  I 2  I 2  ......  I n
• Total Voltage, VT

VT  V1  V2  V3  ......  Vn

V1  I T R1
V 2  I T R2
V3  I T R3
V n  I T Rn
Voltage Divider Rule

• We can use volatge divider rule in order to calculate the value of

individual voltage through every resistor in series circuit

• i). For circuit has 3 resistors :

R1
V1  ( )VT
R1  R2  R3
R2
V2  ( )VT
R1  R2  R3

R3
V3  ( )VT
R1  R2  R3
• ii). For circuit has 2 resistors:

R1
V1  ( )VT
R1  R2

R2
V2  ( )VT
R1  R2
 R1=15Ω
Example

R2=10Ω
V=120V

From the diagram, determine ;

i). Total resistance, RT
ii). Circuit current, IT
iii). Voltage reduction in every resistor.
Solution

i). Total resistance, RT

RT = R1 + R2 = (15 + 10) = 25 

ii). Circuit current, IT

IT = =V = 4.8A
120
RT 25
iii) Voltage reduction in every resistor
VR1 = ITR1 = (4.8)(15) = 72 V
VR2 = ITR2 = (4.8)(10) = 48 V
PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Parallel connection
IT
I1 I2 I3

R1 V R2 V2 R3 V3
VT 1
• Total Voltage, VT

VT  V1  V2  V2  ......  Vn
• Total Current, IT

I T  I1  I 2  I 3  .....  I n
Total Resistance, RT
• For a circuit has 3 resistors;

1 1 1 1
  
RT R1 R2 R3
or
R1 R2 R3
RT 
R1 R2  R2 R3  R1 R3
 Current Divider Rule
We can use Current Divider Rule for determine current value in every
junction in circuit

i). For circuit has 2 resistors

IT

R2 I1 I2
I1  ( )IT
R1  R2
R1 V1 R2 V2
V T
R1
I2  ( ) IT
R1  R2
Example
IT

I1 I2
240V
V R1 2Ω R2 4Ω
T

According to above diagram, calculate;

i). Total resistence, RT
ii). Total curent, IT
iii). Current I1 and I2
Solution
i) Total resistence, RT
R1 R2 (2)( 4)
RT = R1  R2 = 2  4 = 1.33Ω

ii) Total curent, IT

IT = VT = 240 = 180 A
RT 1.333
iii) Current I1 and I2
V 240
I1    120 A
R1 2
V 240
I2    60 A
R2 4
 Combination circuit
Consist of series and parallel circuits. R2 I2

R1 R3 I3

Refer to above diagram, if R1 = 10, R2 = 20 , R3 = 15 and power supply is V = 120 V.
Calculate
i). Total resistence, RT
ii). Total curent, IT
iii). Current I2 and I3
 i) Total resistence, RT

R2 R3
R23   (20)(15)  8.57 Ω
R2  R3 20  15
RT = R23 + R1 = 8.57 + 10 = 18.57

ii) Total curent, IT

IT = = = 6.46 A
V 120
RT 18.57
iii) Current I2 and I3
Arus , I2 = R3 15 = 2.79 A
( )I  ( )6.46
R2  R3 20  15
I3 = I – I2 = (6.46 – 2.79) = 3.67 A