I think I need to wear

eyeglasses.
Because my students
are bright.
 Proving
Theorems
Plane and Solid Geometry
 Conditional,
Converse and
Biconditional
Conditional, Converses and Biconditional

Conditional Statements are of

the form “If p, then q.”, where p
stands for the antecedent and q
stands for the consequent.
Conditional, Converses and Biconditional

Example:
1. If I will study, then I will get good
grades.
2. If one is a good soldier, then he is
brave.
Conditional, Converses and Biconditional

How do we prove a conditional

statement?
Conditional, Converses and Biconditional

Suppose that an implication,

“if p, then q” is given. Then the
converse of this statement is
given by, “if q, then p.”
Conditional, Converses and Biconditional

Example:
If I will study, then I will pass.
Converse: If I will pass, then I
will study.
Conditional, Converses and Biconditional

Biconditionals are
statements of the form “p if
and only if q.”
Conditional, Converses and Biconditional

Example:
1. Our crops will be saved if and only if
it will rain.
2. One will not fail if and only if he is
diligent.
Conditional, Converses and Biconditional

Biconditional Statements can

be broken down into two
implications, each of which is
the converse of each other.
Conditional, Converses and Biconditional

1. Our crops will be saved if and only if

it will rain.
a) If it will rain, then our crops will be
saved.
b) If our crops are saved, it will rain.
Conditional, Converses and Biconditional

The phrase if and only if can

be written more compactly as
“iff”.
Inference
Inference

The act or process of reaching a conclusion

based on known facts or evidence.
Inference
In an insurance company, Mr. Cruz, Mr.
Reyes, and Mr. Santos work as
actuarian, lawyer and promotion
manager. Determine the occupation of
each man based on the following clues.
Inference
a) The offices of the promotion manager
and the lawyer are on the first floor.
b) Mr. Reyes has to use the elevator in
going to his office.
c) Mr. Santos and the promotion
manager are good friends.
 Proving
Theorems
 Proving
Theorems

There are many ways of writing

proofs (two-column proof and the
paragraph proof).
Proving Theorems

Steps in writing proof:

1. Identify the hypothesis or the given

parts of the statement to be proved.
2. Identify the statement to be proved or
the desired conclusion.
Proving Theorems

Steps in writing proof:

3. Use diagrams or illustrations to reflect the

problem situation.
4. Use the rules of deductive inference together
with your knowledge of previously accepted
statements to arrive at the desired conclusion.
Theorem 1.

If a line is given, then it

contains an infinite number
of points.
Theorem 2.

A line and a point not on it

lie in exactly one plane.
Example

1. Persons wearing eyeglasses are intelligent.

2. Every integer ending in 0 is divisible by 5.
3. Star players train regularly.
4. Wise men respect the truth.
5. The intersection of two distinct planes is a
line.
Theorem 2.

If AB and a point P not on AB

are given, then AB and P lie in
exactly one plane.
Theorem 3. Point Plotting Theorem

Let AB be a ray, and let x be a

positive number. Then there is
exactly one point P of AB such
that AP = x.
Midpoint

A point B is called a midpoint of a

segment AC if B is between A and C, and
AB=BC.
Midpoint

We can also say that B bisects

AC or B is a bisector of AB
Theorem 4.
If two different lines
intersect, their intersection
contains only one point.
Theorem 5.
If two intersecting lines are
given, then the lines lie in
exactly one plane.