DC TO DC SWITCHED MODE AND

ISOLATED CONVERTERS
 DEFINITION
• A DC/DC converter that stabilizes the voltage
is often referred to as a voltage regulator.
• Two types of regulators exist, classified by a
conversion method: linear or switching.
 LINEAR REGULATOR
• Linear Regulator
• As its name suggests, a linear regulator is one
where a linear component (such as a resistive
load) is used to regulate the output.
• It is also sometimes called a series regulator
because the control elements are arranged in
series between the input and output.
• Linear regulators use linear, non-
switching techniques to regulate
the voltageoutput from the power supply. ...
They are a simple and cheap solution,
but linear regulators are normally inefficient
because the difference between the
inputvoltage and regulated output voltage is
continually dissipated as heat.
• Advantages
• Simple circuit configuration
• Few external parts
• Low noise

• Disadvantages
• Relatively poor efficiency
• Considerable heat generation
• Only step-down (buck) operation
•  A switching regulator is a
voltage regulator that uses a
switching element to transform the incoming
power supply into a pulsed voltage, which is
then smoothed using capacitors, inductors,
and other elements.
 SWITCHING REGULATORS
• A switching regulator works by taking small
chunks of energy, bit by bit, from the input
voltage source, and moving them to the
output. ... The energy losses involved in
moving chunks of energy around in this
way are relatively small, and the result is that
a switching regulator can typically have 85%
efficiency.
• A switching regulator is a voltage regulator that uses a
switching element to transform the incoming power
supply into a pulsed voltage, which is then smoothed
using capacitors, inductors, and other elements.
• Power is supplied from the input to the output by turning
ON a switch (MOSFET) until the desired voltage is
reached.
• Once the output voltage reaches the predetermined value
the switch element is turned OFF and no input power is
consumed.
• Repeating this operation at high speeds makes it possible
to supply voltage efficiently and with less heat generation.
• AdvantagesDisadvantagesHigh efficiency
• Low heat generation
• Boost/buck/negative voltage operation
possible
• More external parts required
• Complicated design
• Increased noise
 LINEAR REGULATORS
• Linear regulators use linear, non-
switching techniques to regulate
the voltageoutput from the power supply. ...
They are a simple and cheap solution,
but linear regulators are normally inefficient
because the difference between the
inputvoltage and regulated output voltage is
continually dissipated as heat.
• Advantages
• High efficiency
• Low heat generation
• Boost/buck/negative voltage operation
possible
• Disadvantages
• More external parts required
• Complicated design
• Increased noise
 TYPES
• There are two types of Linear
voltage regulators: Series and Shunt.
• There are three types of
Switching voltage regulators:
• Step up,
• Step down
• Inverter voltage regulators.
SCHEMATIC OF SWITCHED MODE POWER
SUPPLY
BUCK CONVERTER(NON ISOLATED DC TO DC
CONVERTER)

The buck converter is a ubiquitous DC-DC converter that efficiently converts a

high voltage to a low voltage efficiently
In buck regulator, the average output voltage Vo is less
than the input voltage Vs , hence the name ‘buck’.
The chopper CH is a switch like Bjt or Mosfet or Igbt etc.

Assumptions :-
(1) Let the value of capacitance be so large that the
output voltage remains almost constant.
(2) The output current is constant and equal to Io .
• Buck regulator operation can be divided into two modes.
• Mode-1 :-     ( 0 ≤ t ≤ Ton )
• During this duration, chopper CH is  ON and therefore
freewheeling diode FD is reverse biased by the supply
voltage VS and therefore FD acts as an open switch. The
circuit reduces to as shown below.
• Mode-2 :-     (Ton ≤ t ≤ T )
• During this duration, chopper CH is  OFF. Since inductor
current cannot become zero immediately therefore , i L flows
through FD  i.e FD acts as a closed switch. Equivalent circuit is
shown below.
• Inductor current decreases linearly from I max to Imin  i.e rate of
change of inductor current is negative and hence voltage
induced across inductor is of negative polarity and the
inductor acts as a energy source.
BOOST CONVERTER
• In boost regulator, the average output voltage Vo is greater than the input
supply voltage Vs , hence the name ‘boost’.
• Assumptions :-
• (1) The value of capacitance be large enough that the output voltage
remains almost constant.
• (2) Lossless circuit.
• (3) The load current remains constant at Io .
• The boost converter operation can be divided into two
modes.

• Mode-1 :-   ( 0 ≤ t ≤ TON )
• During this mode, chopper remains ON. With chopper ON,
the diode is reverse biased by the initial voltage of the
capacitor and it acts like an open circuit.
• Therefore, the boost converter circuit diagram during this
mode looks like
• In Loop 1 the current rises from Imin to Imax,
so the inductor stores the energy in this mode.
• In Loop 2, the capacitor discharges through
the load. As,     ic = - Io   and  Io = constant ,
therefore ic is constant with negative sign.
• Mode-2 :-   (TON ≤ t ≤ T )
• During this mode, chopper is OFF. But since
iL cannot become zero immediately therefore,
it takes path through the diode. Diode acts as
a closed switch.
• The circuit during this mode looks like
• CAPACITOR CURRENT :-
• ic = iL – Io    from the circuit.
• Since iL decreases linearly from  Imax  to  Imin  and
Io is constant. Therefore, ic decreases linearly
from   ( Imax - Io )  to  ( Imin - Io ) in Toff time.
• A buck-boost regulator provides an output
voltage that may be less than or greater than
the input voltage hence the name ‘buck-
boost’. The output voltage polarity is opposite
to that of the input voltage. The regulator is
also known as inverting regulator.
• Assumptions :-
• (1) The value of capacitance be large enough that
the output voltage       Vo remains almost constant.
• (2) Lossless circuit.
• (3) The load current remains constant at Io .
• Mode-1 :-   ( 0 ≤ t ≤ TON )
• During this mode, chopper remains ON. With
chopper ON, the diode is reverse biased and
acts like an open circuit.
• The circuit diagram during this mode looks like
as above
• The inductor stores energy during this mode.
• In loop-2, the capacitor discharges through
the load.
• As,     ic = - Io   and  Io = constant , therefore ic is
constant with negative sign.
• Mode-2 :-   (TON ≤ t ≤ T )
• During this mode, chopper is swithed OFF. But since
iL cannot become zero immediately therefore,
iL would flow through L,D,C and the load.
IL decreases linearly from Imax to Imin . VL polarity is
reversed.
• The energy stored in inductor L would be transferred
to the load and the inductor current would fall until
chopper is switched ON again in the next cycle.
• ic = iL – Io    from the circuit.
• Since iL decreases linearly from  Imax  to  Imin  and
Io is constant. Therefore, ic decreases linearly
from   ( Imax - Io )  to  ( Imin - Io ) in Toff time.
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
• The flyback converter is used in both AC/DC
and DC/DC conversion with galvanic isolation
between the input and any outputs.
The flyback converter is a buck-
boost converter with the inductor split to
form a transformer, so that the voltage ratios
are multiplied with an additional advantage of
isolation.
When the switch is closed the primary of the transformer is
directly connected to the input voltage source. The primary
current and magnetic flux in the transformer increases,
storing energy in the transformer. The voltage induced in the
secondary winding is negative, so the diode is reverse-biased
(i.e., blocked). The output capacitor supplies energy to the
output load.

When the switch is opened, the primary current and

magnetic flux drops. The secondary voltage is positive,
forward-biasing the diode, allowing current to flow
from the transformer. The energy from the
transformer core recharges the capacitor and supplies
the load.
• The operation of storing energy in the
transformer before transferring to the output
of the converter allows the topology to easily
generate multiple outputs with little
additional circuitry, although the output
voltages have to be able to match each other
through the turns ratio. 
Waveforms under continuous flux
Waveforms under discontinuous flux
 FORWARD CONVERTER
• The operating principle is similar to the
buck converter, but an
additionaltransformer is used to achieve
galvanic isolation of the input and output. To
show the working principle of the circuit the
magnetizing inductance (Lm) and a primary
side demagnetizing winding are neglected for
simplicity.
CUK CONVERTER
• Similar to buck boost converter it provides a
negative polarity regulated output voltage
with respect to common terminal of the input
voltage.
• Capacitor C1 is primary source of storing and
transferring energy from input to output.
•
PUSH PULL CONVERTER
• Forward converter with a demagnetizing
winding.
• Main function of the demagnetizing winding is
when the switch is OFF, energy in the core is
put through the demagnetizing winding into
the supply.
HALF BRIDGE CONVERTER
• Secondary portion remains unchanged like
push pull converter and only primary changes.
FULL BRIDGE CONVERTER