Maxwell Equations

by
Santhosh Kumar
 It is known that static electric
charges produces electro static
fields

 In the similar manner magneto

static fields produced from steady
dc currents (i.e. from motion of
electric charges)

 Where as time varying currents

produce EM fields or EM waves
 Thesefields are very useful in
all communication ,Antennas
and Radar systems

 Also these are the carriers of

information between
transmitter and receivers in
free space

 With the help of Maxwell's

equations EM waves,
problems related to antennas
 Maxwell's equations in their popularly know0n form

 X H  J  J D

d B
 X E  
d t
 .D   v

 .B  0

 1st equation is known as inconsistency of amperes circuit law

 Second equation is derived from Faradays law

 Point form of Gauss law

 Isolated magnetic bars doesn’t not exists (Gauss law for

magneto statics)
Proof of Maxwell’s Equations
From the differential form of amperes circuit law
 X H  J

Taking divergence on both sides

 .(  X H )   . J
d 
.J  
According to equation of continuity of currentdt
Hence Maxwell Introduced a term called Jd which was displacement
J JJ
current density D

.J  0
d 
.J  .J D  
dt
.D  
dD d 
. 
dt dt

dD
JD 
From this it is clear that dt
Significance of displacement
current density
This displacement current density is due to time varying
electric fields


L
H .d l  
s1
J .d s  I en c  I


L
H .d l  
s
J .d s  I en c  0
2

no physical conductive connection between the parallel plates of a

capacitor. And to ensure current flowing in a circuit or loop remains
constant, we need this term. d d Q

L
H .d l  
S
J d .d s 
d t 
s
D .d s 
d t
 I
2 2
2nd Maxwell's equation

d 
V em f  
d t

V em f  
L
E .d l   
s
B .d s

Applying strokes theorem on both sides

3rd & 4th Maxwell's
equations

In an electrostatic field, the flux passing through a

closed surface is the same as the charge enclosed;
Thus it is possible to have an isolated electric which
also reveals that electric flux lines are not
necessarily closed.
S
 D .d s  Q e n c
Q  
v
 vdv
3rd & 4th Maxwell's
equations(contd..)
Unlike electric flux lines, magnetic flux lines always
close upon themselves This is due to the fact that it
is not possible to have isolated magnetic poles .
Thus the total flux through a closed surface in a
magnetic field must be zero
 B.dS  0
S

Applying divergence theorem on both sides

 .Bdv  0  .B  0
v
Boundary Conditions using Maxwell
Equations
Boundary Conditions using Maxwell
Equations
Refernces
 Elements of Electromagnetic- Sadiku
 Electro Magnetic waves and Transmission Lines-GSN Raju