Antena

-Basic Antenna
Theory-
11 Februari 2015

Heri Rahmadyanto
 Definition
• Websters Dictionary:
“a usually metallic device for
radiating or receiving radio waves”

• IEEE:
“a means for radiating or receiving
radio waves”
 How Antennas Radiate
Radiation is a disturbance in the electromagnetic
fields that propagates away from the source of the
disturbance

This disturbance is created by

a time-varying current source
that has an accelerated charge
distribution associated with it.

If charges are accelerated back and forth (i.e. oscillate), a

regular disturbance is created and radiation is continuous
Antennas are designed to support charge oscillations
• To create
radiation,
there must be
a time varying
current or an
acceleration(or
decceleration)
of charge.
Facts from Physics: Accelerated
Charges Radiate

dz
Current : I  ql
dt
dz
then : Il  ql l  qv
dt
next dI dv
l  q  qv
dt dt
or Il  qv
Since accelerated charge qv produces radiation, it follows from
this equation that time-changing current I produces radiation
 What is the BIG question?
Given the distribution of time-varying current, find
the radiation characteristics of the antenna

Time varying
current element
creates
S

accelerated
charges and
radiation occurs
Radiation
Pattern Reflector Antenna
Wire Antenna

The overall antenna radiation performance can be

obtained by the superposition (in vector) sense of the
elementary current elements
Macam-macam bentuk
Antena
Macam-macam
bentuk Antena
Macam-macam
bentuk Antena
Mekanisme radiasi pada
patch mikrostrip
 Four Laws
Maxwell’s equations in integral form are a set
of FOUR LAWS resulting from several
experimental findings and a purely
mathematical contribution.
•Faraday’s Law
•Ampere’s Circuital Law
•Gauss’s Law for the Electrical Field
•Gauss’s Law for the Magnetic Field
 Faraday’s Law
The electromotive force around a closed
path is equal to the time rate of change of
the magnetic flux enclosed by the path
d
C E  dl   dt S B  dS
 Ampere’s Circuital Law
The magnetomotive force around a closed
path is equal to the algebraic sum of the
current due to the flow of charges and the
displacement current bounded by the path

C H  dl  I 
C S 
d
 D  dS Displacement
current introduced
dt S by Maxwell

I C S   J  dS
Current due to
flow of free
charges
S

d
C H  dl  S J  dS  dt S D  dS
 Gauss’ Law for Electric Field
The displacement flux emanating from a
closed surface is equal to the charge
contained within the volume.
The volume bounded by the surface S,

 D  dS  Q   dv
S
V
V

Free Charge
charge density

 D  dS   dv
S V
D  E
 Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Field
The magnetic flux emanating from a closed
surface is equal to zero

 B  dS  0
S

Note that Gauss’ Law for

magnetic field is consistent
with Faraday’s Law
d
C E  dl   dt S B  dS1 d
0  B  dS
1 1

d
C E  dl   dt S B  dS2 dt S1  S2
2 2
 Law of Conservation of Charge
The net current due to flow of charge emanating
from a closed surface is equal to the time rate of
decreases of the charge within the volume
bounded by the surface
d
S J  dS   dt V dv

 D  dS   dv
S V
Gauss’ Law
d

dt S
D  dS    J  dS Ampere’s Law
S
 Maxwell’s Equations in Integral
Form
d
C E  dl   dt S B  dS Faraday’s Law

d
C H  dl  S J  dS  dt S D  dS Ampere’s Law

 D  dS   dv
S V
Gauss’ Law

 B  dS  0
S
Gauss’ Law

d
S J  dS   dt V dv Law of Conservation of Charge
REVIEW OF MAXWELL EQUATION

 x E = - jB (FARADAY’S LAW)

 x H = jD + J (AMPERE’S LAW)
 .D= (GAUSS’S LAW)
 .B=0 (CONTINUITY OF
MAGNETIC FLUX)
 . J = - j (CONTINUITY LAW)
 An Elegant Way to Solve Radiation
Problem from Maxwell’s Equations
Time-harmonic Maxwell’s Eqs. scalar potential yet
in homogeneous and isotropic to be determined
medium   (E  jA)  0
  E   jH then
E  jA   3
  H  jE  J
known observe
 Vector
1 E  Find E & H !     0 calculus
 identity
B  0 2 1 1
B   A H B  A
  J   j  
Vector potential yet
Vector observe that to be determined
calculus     A  0
identity
 An Elegant Way to Solve Radiation
Problem from Maxwell’s Equations
1  jA   3
2 H  A 1
     A  jE  J
m.e.   H  jE  J

    A  (  A)  2 A
vector calculus identity

then 2 A   2 A  ( j    A)  J 4

3 E   jA   
  ( jA  ) 
m.e.   E   
  2
    2
then 
 2   j  A   5 vector calculus identity

Note: Equation (4) and (5) are coupled !!
 Far Field Approximations
In many practical situation, the obervation point is typically
quite far away from the source region, simplified results can
be constructed.   
r' r

z R 
 
r' r  
 r' r 
R  R  r  r ' cos   r  r '   r  r 'rˆ
r' r

r' r
 jR

 j ( r  r ' rˆ )  jr y
e e e 
jr ' rˆ
   e x
4R 4 (r  r 'rˆ) 4r source region
much smaller than r
 jr
Far field e  jr 'rˆ Very important result !
approximation:
A
4r  J(r ' )e dv'
ˆ ˆ 1
E & H fields: E   j ( A  A ); H  r̂  E

ON FREE-SPACE ENVIRONMENT,
THE CONSTITUTIVE RELATION :

D = 0 E
B = 0 H

WHERE :

0 = 1/36 x 10-9  F / m

0 = 4 x 10-7  H / m
BOUNDARY CONDITION

PERFECT CONDUCTOR

nxE=0 Surface tangential component of E is

continuous across the
boundary

n.H=0 No magnetic flux penetrates into the

conductor

n x H = Js Surface current density flows on the

conductor

n.D= Flux lines of D terminate on the

charge since there is no field
within the conductor
IMPERFECT CONDUCTOR

INFLUENCED BY SKIN DEPTH AS:

s = (2 / 0) 1/2

n x E = Zs n x Js
Where : Zs is surface impedance

Zs = (1 + j) / s [ ohm / square ]

BOUNDARY BETWEEN TWO
DIELECTRIC MEDIA

At the boundary the tangential field

component are aqual on adjacent sides
:

n x E1 = n x E2
n x H1 = n x H2

Normal electric flux is continuous :

n . D1 = n . D2