Maxwell’s Equations

Dr. Mohd Naseem Siddique

Department of Physics , MJPRU,
Bareilly
 The Equations of Electromagnetism
(at this point …)

q
Gauss’ Law for Electrostatics  E  dA  0
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism  B  dA  0
d B
Faraday’s Law of Induction  E  dl   dt
Ampere’s Law  B  dl  0 I
 The Equations of Electromagnetism

Gauss’s Laws ..monopole..

q
1
 E  dA  0

2
 B  dA  0 ?
...there’s no
magnetic monopole....!!
 The Equations of Electromagnetism

Faraday’s Law .... ifif you

you change
change aa
d magnetic
magnetic fieldfield you
you
3  E  dl  
dt
B
induce
induce an an electric
electric
field.........
field.........
Ampere’s Law

4  B  dl  0 I .......is
.......is the
the reverse
reverse
true..?
true..?
...lets take a look at charge flowing into a capacitor...

...when we derived Ampere’s Law B E

we assumed constant current...

 B  dl  0 I
...lets take a look at charge flowing into a capacitor...

...when we derived Ampere’s Law B E

we assumed constant current...

 B  dl  0 I
E
.. if the loop encloses one B
plate of the capacitor..there
is a problem … I = 0

Side view: (Surface

is now like a bag:)
 Maxwell solved this problem
by realizing that....

Inside the capacitor there must B E

be an induced magnetic field...

How?.
 Maxwell solved this problem
by realizing that....

Inside the capacitor there must B E

be an induced magnetic field...

How?. Inside the capacitor there is a changing E 

B A changing
x
x x x x
E
electric field
x x x x x induces a
x x
magnetic field
 Maxwell solved this problem
by realizing that....

Inside the capacitor there must B E

be an induced magnetic field...

How?. Inside the capacitor there is a changing E 

B A changing d E
 B  dl  00 dt  0 Id
x
x x x x
E
electric field
x x x x x induces a where Id is called the
x x
magnetic field displacement current
 Maxwell solved this problem
by realizing that....

Inside the capacitor there must B E

be an induced magnetic field...

How?. Inside the capacitor there is a changing E 

B A changing d E
 B  dl  00 dt  0 Id
x
x x x x
E
electric field
x x x x x induces a where Id is called the
x x
magnetic field displacement current

d
d
 B  dl  00 I  0000 dtdt
  
Therefore, Maxwell’s revision
of Ampere’s Law becomes....
B  dl  I  EE
 Derivation of Displacement Current
dq d( EA )
For a capacitor, q  0 EA and I  dt  0 dt .
d ( E )
Now, the electric flux is given by EA, so: I   0 dt ,
where this current , not being associated with charges, is
called the “Displacement current”, Id.
d E
Hence: I d  0  0
dt
and:  B  ds  0( I  Id )
d
  B  ds  0 I  00 E
dt
 Derivation of Displacement Current
dq d( EA )
For a capacitor, q  0 EA and I  dt  0 dt .
d ( E )
Now, the electric flux is given by EA, so: I   0 dt ,
where this current, not being associated with charges, is
called the “Displacement Current”, Id.
d E
Hence: I d  0  0
dt
and:  B  dl  0( I  Id )
d
  B  dl  0 I  00 E
dt
 Maxwell’s Equations of
Electromagnetism
q
Gauss’ Law for Electrostatics
 E  dA   0
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
 B  dA  0
d
Faraday’s Law of Induction  E  dl  
dt
B

d E
Ampere’s Law
 B  dl  0 I  00 dt
 Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
in Vacuum (no charges, no masses)
Consider these equations in a vacuum.....
......no mass, no charges. no currents.....

q
 E  dA   0  E  dA  0
 B  dA  0  B  dA  0
d B d B
 E  dl   dt  E  dl   dt
d d E
 B  dl  0 I   
0 0
dt
E
 B  dl  0 0 dt
Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
in Vacuum (no charges, no masses)

 E  dA  0
 B  dA  0
d B
 E  dl   dt
d E
 B  dl  0 0 dt