RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
7th semester
BCS ARIA

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Research methodology:

introduction

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The meaning of Research

■ Research is an art of scientific investigation

■ A scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on
a specific topic.
■ A voyage of discovery

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 1. Problem 2. Hypothesis
• Defining • Formulating
• Redefining hypothesis
• Suggested
solution

3. Data
• Collecting
• Organizing
• Evaluating

conclusi
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Objectives of Research

Explorato • To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to

ry achieve new insights into it

Descriptiv • To portray accurately the characteristics of a

e particular individual, situation or a group

• To determine the frequency with which

Diagnostic something occurs or with which it is
associated with something else
Hypothesis- • To test a hypothesis of a causal
relationship between variables
testing
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 Research
Approache
s

Quantitativ
Qualitative
e

Experimen
Inferential Simulation
tal

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Research process
Define research problem

Review of the literature

• Review concept and theories
• Review previous research finding

Formulating hypothesis

Research design

Collecting data

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Lecture
Lecture
#2
#2
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Defining The Research Problem

■ any question you want answered and any assumption or assertion

that you want to challenge or investigate can become a research
problem
■ Research problem is the first and most important step of the research
process.
■ Thus, a research problem is one which requires a researcher to find
out the best solution for the given problem.

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Research problem Alternativ
e means
Balancing
Objective
the
to be
alternativ
achieved
es

Researc
Individual
h Environm
facing
problem proble ent
m
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SELECTING THE PROBLEM

Answer the
Answer the following following
question
question
Whether he is well equipped in terms of his
background to carry out the research?
Whether the study falls within the budget he can
afford?
Whether the necessary cooperation can be
obtained from those who must participate in
research as subjects?

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SELECTING THE PROBLEM

Has it been investigated?

is it controversial ?
Too narrow or too vague problems should be
avoided.
Are the materials and resources available ?

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NECESSITY OF DEFINING THE
PROBLEM
Defining the problem will solve the following question:
1. What data are to be collected?
2. What characteristics of data are relevant and need to be studied?
3. What relations are to be explored?
4. What techniques are to be used for the purpose?

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 TECHNIQUE INVOLVED IN
DEFINING A PROBLEM
Rephrasing
the
Developing research
the ideas problem
Surveying through
the discussions
Understandi available
ng the literature
Statement nature of
of the the problem
problem in
a general
way
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 Steps in formulating a research problem

Identify a broad field or subject area of interest to you.

Dissect the broad area into subareas.

Select what is of most interest to you

Raise research questions

Assess your objectives

Double-check
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Lecture
Lecture #3
#3

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Reviewing literature

■ Reviewing literature is reading, analyzing and criticizing articles, book, journals

conducted research on research problem we are intend to investigate
■ directly , it informs new work, as a source of knowledge
■ indirectly as a guide to how to produce work that will be appreciated.
■ it helps you to understand current theory, discoveries, and debates

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Sourcing Academic Literature

■ The main sources for academic literatures are:

■ Journals online journals.
■ Book
■ Governmental publication

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Sourcing Academic Literature

Do Don’t
Go through valid online Don’t trust all information
sources. on the web sites.
jump to the last page for
reviewing bibliography/ Don’t pick up
Add “pdf” extension for
reference. journals/book without
articles. reference.
Don’t limit yourself to just
Keep it concise, relevant one sector

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Trending IT/CS journals

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Literature Review Hacks

• (Does it imply relevance for your topic area?)

Title

• (Is the source well respected?)

source

• (Are the authors well respected? Are they likely to have a

Author
s
definite ideological view?)

Abstrac
• The shortest possible form of article
t:

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Literature Review Hacks

Is the
purpose of Are the
the paper findings
clearly within
stated? reason?

Does it Do the
appear to findings
have sound appear to
methodology have been
? interpreted
correctly?

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Reading Strategies For Literature
Review

Critically
analyze the
papers you
Deconstruc read
take notes t the topic
Then summarizi
ng
First scan
skim

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Drafting of Literature Review

Be selective in the number of points you draw out.

Summarize and synthesize
use your own words
Be cautious - never claim more than the evidence
will support
Keep your own voice
Revise, revise, revise

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 Ethics of literature Review
Cite every single word taken from another sources.

■ Citation : mentioning the name of the 2. Indirect borrowing ( paraphrasing

author.
 In-text Citation
Rewords the idea of author
1. Direct borrowing ( quotation ): Ex: john 2015 sates in his
Do not change the wordings of author.
Ex: john 2015 sates in his
“ citation is the process of accrediting the
author”

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Hypothesis and research
question
■ hypothesis is a proposition or a set of proposition set forth as an
explanation for the occurrence of some specified group .

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Characteristics of hypothesis:

Hypothesis Hypothesis
Hypothesis
Hypothesis should should be
should be
should be state limited in
capable of
clear and relationship scope and
being
precise. between must be
tested.
variables. specific.

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Characteristics of hypothesis:

Hypothesis Hypothesis
should be must explain Hypothesis
Hypothesis
amenable to the facts should be
should be
testing that gave consistent
stated as far
within a rise to the with most
as possible
reasonable need for known facts
time explanation.

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The Functions Of A Hypothesis

what data to add to the

provides a enhances
collect and
study with
what not to
objectivity in a formulation
focus. study. of theory.
collect.

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Types of hypothesis

Research
Alternate
hypotheses;
hypotheses.

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Errors In Testing A Hypothesis

Incorrect conclusions about the validity of a hypothesis may be drawn

if:
* The study design selected is faulty.
* The sampling procedure adopted is faulty.
* The method of data collection is inaccurate.
* The analysis is wrong.
* The statistical procedures applied are inappropriate.
* The conclusions drawn are incorrect.

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Identifying Variables

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