BONES, JOINTS &

MUSCLE INJURIES
ALLIZA ROSE SAWALI
ARTEIN RUSSEL UMALI
STEPHANIE KISHLEY VERTUCIO
ANGELA MARIE YLAGAN
ANGELU YUZON
BONE INJURIES

FRACTURES- is a break or crack in the bone that needs medical

attention.

If you suspect the person involved in the accident has a fracture,

do not move the person unless there is danger. You can treat the
person within the area by using splint or sling to lessen the
damage to a person.
 BONE FRACTURE CATEGORIES:
 DISPLACED FRACTURE: bone breaks into two or
more pieces and moves out of alignment.
TYPES OF
FRACTURE  NON-DISPLACED FRACTURE: the bone breaks
but does not move out of alignment.

S
 CLOSED FRACTURE: the skin is not broken.

 OPEN FRACTURE: the bone has broken through

the skin – this is a medical emergency and you
should be seen in the 
emergency or urgent care department
 immediately.
TYPES OF BONE FRACTURES
TYPES OF FRACTURES
 COMMON TYPES OF BREAKS INCLUDE:
 Transverse: breaks straight across the bone
 Linear Fracture: the break is parallel to the bone’s long axis.
 Oblique: breaks at an angle
 Spiral
Fracture: one part of the bone has been twisted at
the break point.
 Stressfracture: a very thin crack, also called a hairline
fracture
 Greenstick: breaks on one side, but bends on the other--like
a fresh stick from a tree
 Comminuted: bone breaks into three or more pieces
CARE FOR FRACTURES
 SPLINT- any hard but light material used to support and minimize the
movement of the injured part of the body.

a. Do not move the victim unless necessary.

b. Assess and locate the area of the injury.
c. Make sure that the splint to be used is longer than the
injury.
d. Use neckties, bandages, ropes, and others for ties.
e. Place the splint on both sides of the injury.
f. Ask the victim regarding the rigidity of the splint/ check
the victim’s pulse
CARE FOR FRACTURES
 SLING- any cloth, plastic, or strap used to support or raise a weight.
It is commonly used for a person with fracture or dislocation in the
arm and shoulder.

a. Check if the person has a fracture on the arm and need

splinting.
b. Execute splinting on the arm before making a sling.
c. Put the cloth in the chest of the person, one edge should be
in the shoulder & wrap it to the arm and placing the other
edge to the back of the neck meeting the other edges.
d. Tie both ends. Make sure that the person is comfortable with
the sling.
JOINT INJURIES

DISLOCATION- occurs when a joint comes apart and stays

apart with the bone ends no longer in contact.

SPRAIN- occurs when a ligament is stretched or torn and

requires medical attention if become serious. It usually
happens in knees and ankles.
CARE FOR DISLOCATIONS
 Use the RICE procedures:
• Rest
• Ice
• Compression
• Elevation
 Use a splint to stabilize the joint.
 Do not try to reduce the joint.
 Seek medical care.
CARE FOR SPRAINS
a. Immediately cover the injured area with elastic bandage.
b. Apply cold pack for 20 minutes every 4 hours for 48
hours.
c. Immobilize the injured ankle or knee and elevate for 24
hours.
d. Paracetamol / ibuprofen can be taken if there is pain.
e. Apply heat compress / use heating pad to the injured
area after 48 hours to regulate blood flow.
f. If there is still severe pain/ no improvement after 3 days,
consult a medical doctor.
MUSCLE INJURIES
STRAINS- occurs when a muscle is stretched, pulled or torn. This
usually happens to a person having strenuous activities, too much
physical activities and poor flexibility.

CRAMPS- occurs when a muscle goes into an uncontrolled spasm and

contraction. Associated with diabetes, atherosclerosis, and physical activity. It
has two categories: •Night cramps- occurs at night or at rest
• Heat cramps- related to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

MUSCLE CONTUSION / MUSCLE BRUISE- an injury to the soft tissue of

the upper leg. The muscle contusion may be accompanied by
bone contusion (bruise) or even a fracture (broken bone).
CARE FOR STRAINS
 Manage swelling by applying cold
compress on the injured part for 10-15
minutes for an hour. Do not put directly on
the skin.
 Use either hot or cold compress if the
injured muscle is still in pain after 3 days.
 Immobilize the strained muscle and
elevate above the heart.
 If possible, do not use the strained muscle
until the pain goes away.
 Seek a medical doctor if the person cannot
move the muscle or there is bleeding in the
injury.
CARE FOR CRAMPS

• Gently stretch the muscle.

• Relax the muscle.
• Apply an ice pack.
• Pinch the upper lip hard.
• Drink lightly salted cool water.
• Drink a commercial sports drink.
CARE FOR MUSCLE
CONTUSION
 Use the RICE procedures:
• Rest
• Ice
• Compression
• Elevation