GUJARAT

TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERCITY

C.K. PITHAWALA COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
B.E. CIVIL 5TH SEM (3RD YEAR)
GROUP NO.: 13
SUB.: DISASTER MANAGEMENT
TOPIC: BUILDING COLLAPSE

GROUP MEMBERS:
NO. NAME ENROLLMENT NO.
1 KINARIWALA PREET 150094106001
2 ANAJWALA PARTH 160093106001
3 BHAGAT HARSH 160093106002
4 DIHORA DHRUVIL 160093106003
INDEX
Sr no. Topic
1. Introduction
2. General causes of failure
3. Case study
4. General precaution
 • WHAT DOES A STRUCTURAL FAILURE MEAN?
• BUILDING FAILURE OCCURS WHEN THE BUILDING LOSES ITS
ABILITY TO PERFORM ITS INTENDED (DESIGN) FUNCTION. HENCE,
BUILDING FAILURES CAN BE CATEGORIZED INTO THE TWO BROAD
INTRODUCTION GROUPS OF PHYSICAL (STRUCTURAL) FAILURES (WHICH RESULT IN
THE LOSS OF CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS, E.G., STRENGTH) AND
PERFORMANCE FAILURES (WHICH MEANS A REDUCTION IN
FUNCTION BELOW AN ESTABLISHED ACCEPTABLE LIMIT)
(DOUGLAS AND RANSOM, 2007).
 GENERAL CAUSES
OF FAILURE

• FAILURE OF A STRUCTURE CAN OCCUR FROM MANY TYPES OF

PROBLEMS, MOSTLY UNIQUE TO THE TYPE OF STRUCTURE OR TO
THE VARIOUS INDUSTRIES.
• DUE TO SIZE, SHAPE, OR THE CHOICE OF MATERIAL, THE
STRUCTURE IS NOT STRONG AND TOUGH ENOUGH TO SUPPORT
THE LOAD. FAILURE CAN OCCUR WHEN THE OVERSTRESSED
CONSTRUCTION REACHES A CRITICAL STRESS LEVEL.
• INSTABILITY, WHETHER DUE TO GEOMETRY, DESIGN OR
MATERIAL CHOICE, CAUSING THE STRUCTURE TO FAIL FROM
FATIGUE OR CORROSION. THESE TYPES OF FAILURE OFTEN
OCCUR AT STRESS POINTS, SUCH AS SQUARED CORNERS OR
FROM BOLT HOLES BEING TOO CLOSE TO THE MATERIAL'S
EDGE, CAUSING CRACKS TO SLOWLY FORM AND THEN
PROGRESS THROUGH CYCLIC LOADING. CONDITIONS.
• MANUFACTURING ERRORS, MAY BE DUE TO IMPROPER
SELECTION OF MATERIALS, INCORRECT SIZING, IMPROPER
HEAT TREATING, FAILING TO ADHERE TO THE DESIGN, OR
SHODDY WORKMANSHIP.
 MAN MADE V/S NATURAL CAUSES
• MOST OF THE STRUCTURAL FAILURES ARE
ASSOCIATED WITH MATERIALS AND ARE THE
CONSEQUENCE OF HUMAN BLUNDER INVOLVING A
LACK OF KNOW-HOW ABOUT MATERIALS OR THE
COMBINATION OF CONTRARY MATERIALS.
• THERE ARE STRUCTURAL FAILURES THAT CAN BE
ENDORSED TO IRREGULARITY IN MATERIALS.
ALTHOUGH TOO MUCH RELIANCE IS GIVEN ON
MODERN STRUCTURAL MATERIALS YET THE
MANUFACTURING OR PRODUCTION FAULTS MAY
EXIST EVEN IN THE MOST DEPENDABLE STRUCTURAL
MATERIALS, SUCH AS STANDARD STRUCTURAL STEEL
OR CENTRALLY BLENDED CONCRETE
• ONE OF THE MAJOR NATURAL FACTORS THAT RESULT
INTO BUILDING COLLAPSE IS RAINFALL; OTHERS MAY
INCLUDE TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, ETC.
• WHEN THERE IS A HEAVY DOWNPOUR OF RAIN, THERE
IS A POSSIBILITY THAT ONE OR MORE
BUILDINGS(COMPLETED OR UNCOMPLETED),
SOMEWHERE , WOULD CAVE IN (CHINWOKWU, 2000).
• THE FACT REMAIN THAT THIS IS A NATURAL
FACTOR THAT CANNOT BE STOPPED, BUILDINGS
THEREFORE NEED TO BE CONSTRUCTED ADEQUATELY
BEARING IN MIND SUCH UNCONTROLLABLE FACTORS.
 CITY-SPECIFIC
REASONS
• PROPERTY PRICES AND RENT IN MUMBAI ARE AMONG THE HIGHEST IN ASIA.
MANY CITIZENS ARE FORCED TO LIVE IN OLD, DILAPIDATED PROPERTIES IN
A LAND-SCARCE CITY.

• AND BETWEEN 2008 AND 2012, THERE WERE 100 BUILDING COLLAPSES IN
THE CITY IN WHICH 53 PEOPLE DIED AND 103 OTHERS WERE INJURED,
AUTHORITIES SAY.

• THE GRADUAL DECAY OF BUILDINGS IS MOST COMMONLY A RESULT OF THE

LACK OF PERIODIC MAINTENANCE, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE BUILDINGS
FALL UNDER THE RENT CONTROL ACT.

• BUILDING COLLAPSES ARE COMMON IN INDIA DUE TO

• SUBSTANDARD MATERIALS
• INADEQUATE SUPERVISION IN CONSTRUCTING MULTISTOREY
STRUCTURES.
• THE INCIDENTS HAVE HIGHLIGHTED SHODDY CONSTRUCTION AND
VIOLATIONS OF THE BUILDING CODE, AMID BURGEONING DEMAND
FOR HOUSING IN MANY PARTS OF INDIA AND ENDEMIC CORRUPTION.

• ADJOINING IS A TIMELINE OF BUILDING COLLAPSES IN MUMBAI IN 2013,

PUBLISHED IN THE DNA NEWSPAPER, DATED 28.09.2013
 COLLAPSE DUE TO
HUMAN ERROR
• ‘CANACONA BUILDING COLLAPSE: WEAK COLUMNS, STRONG BEAMS
REASON FOR DISASTER‘: JANUARY 8, 2014
• THE UNDER-CONSTRUCTION FIVE-STOREY BUILDING CRASHED
KILLING 18 WORKERS, INJURING 14 MORE.
• POOR WORKMANSHIP, LACK OF SOIL ANALYSIS AND
SUBSTANDARD QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS MAY
HAVE BEEN LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TRAGIC COLLAPSE OF
THIS BUILDING IN RUBY RESIDENCY IN CHAUDI, CANACONA, GOA.
• THE DEBRIS OF THE COLLAPSED BUILDING SHOWS SOME BEAMS
AND SLABS SITTING ON TOP OF EACH, BUT NOT A SINGLE COLUMN.
"ALL THE COLUMNS HAVE BEEN REDUCED TO POWDER AT THE
SITE," A SOURCE SAID. IT COULD BE A CASE OF WEAK COLUMNS
AND STRONG BEAMS.
• SOURCES SAID M20 GRADE OF CONCRETE APPEARS TO HAVE
BEEN USED FOR THE COLUMNS. "IT IS OKAY FOR THE SLABS BUT
NOT COLUMNS AND M25 GRADE WOULD HAVE BEEN BETTER,"
ANOTHER SOURCE POINTED OUT.
 Z I L , MA HI M
ALTAF MAN AD COLLAPSED LATE
ON C AD E LL RO
BUILDING THE
ZIL, THE FIVE-STOREY E CITY. A PORTION OF
• A LT AF M A N
AFTER IT RAIN E D H EA V ILY IN TH
TO RAIN, IN MAHIM
,
ON MONDAY NIGHT AP PA R EN TL Y DU E
ING CAVED IN,
FIVE-STOREY BUILD
MUMBAI. OLD
AT ST AND S N EX T TO SEVERAL OTHER
TH NY
MANZIL BUILDING, SINCE RECEIVED A
• THE ALTAF ILT IN 1984, AN D H A D N EV E R
BUILDINGS, WAS BU
RENOVATION. OUND FLOOR OF TH
E
E UP IN T H E GR
D COM HE
OWROOM THAT HA RAL CHANGES TO T
• A CAR SH SHOWROOM HAD M A DE ST R UC T U
IS WHAT PROBABLY
BUILDING. THE CAR P IL L A RS. TH IS
OVING SEVERAL OARDING ON TOP
BASEMENT BY REM T. A SE V EN TO NN E H
ER, SAID A RESIDEN SK, REPORTS SAY.
CAUSED THE DISAST O AD DE D T O TH E RI
ULD HAVE ALS
OF THE BUILDING CO N BMC’S LIST OF
A LR EA D Y O
HOWEVER, WAS G OF MEMBERS
DING IN
• TH E B U IL
EROUS BUILDINGS,
DUE TO T H E W E AK EN
DILAPIDATED/DANG
A R ES U LT OF M O NS OON LASHES.
AS
 GENERAL
PRECAUTIONS
& MEASURES
CONT…
• WATER CEMENT RATIO IS TO BE CONTROLLED.

• REASONABLE PACE OF CONSTRUCTION ADOPTED.

• BRICK WORK OVER LOAD BEARING RCC MEMBERS SHOULD BE

DONE AFTER REMOVAL OF SHUTTING GIVING A TIME GAP.

• BRICK WALLS BETWEEN COLUMNS SHOULD BE DEFERRED AS

MUCH AS POSSIBLE.

• PLASTERING OF AREAS HAVING RCC AND BRICK MEMBERS

SHOULD BE DONE AFTER SUFFICIENT TIME GAP SAY ONE
MONTH OR SUITABLE GROVES PROVIDED IN JUNCTION.

• CORRODED REINFORCEMENT EXPANDS AND CRACKS THE

CONCRETE COVER. TO AVOID THIS PHENOMENON RICH MIX OF
CONCRETE USING PROPER QUALITY OF WATER AND ADEQUATE
COVER SHOULD ADOPTED.

• AVOID BRICKS CONTAINING TOO MUCH SOLUBLE SULPHATES

(MORE THAN 5 %) AND USE RICH MORTAR IN SUCH CASES.

• USE EXPANSION AND CONTROL JOINT AT CLOSURE INTERVALS.

Large trees growing in the vicinity of buildings cause damage in all type of soil conditions. If the soil is shrinkable
clay cracking is severe.
This can be solved by taking precautionary radius around any present vegetation, as non- buildable area.